FREEDOM ACADEMY ARTICLE NOTES

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THE ARTICLE Remember the position of Indefinite article in
Article determiner noun different structures
definite indefinite Rule 1 nonu article
A, An The Articles a, an
Articles noun Would you like a drink?
define I've finally got a good job.
Article (Pronunciation) An elephant and a mouse fell in love.
(forms) Week form Strong form Rule 2 Singular countable Noun
CHART Adjective Adverb + Adjective
Articles Weak forms Strong form Article Adjective Adverb
A
An As:- Article + Noun

Y
The She is a girl. (S.C.N.)
Article + adj. + S.C.N.

M
She is a beautiful (adj.) girl (N.).
As:- The Aero plane, The Umbrella She is a very (Adverb) beautiful (Adj.) girl (N.).
Adverb + adj. + S.C.N.

E
As:- The Car, The dog
The Use Rule 3 A/An" (Abbreviations)

As:- In the room, The tree. AD

As:-
He is an I.A.S. and his wife is a P.O.
Dharmendra is an NCC Officer.
AC
Indefinite article Rule 4 profession
A An Indefinite Articles A/An"
As:-
Indefinite Singular Countable Noun Mary is training to be an engineer.
He wants to be a dancer.
M

Mahesh is a teacher.
Article A - Noun
(Consonant sound) Note: 'Post' person
DO

As: - Articles
Gold is a ( v.) Precious ( C.) Metal. As:-
A ( v.) European ( C.) come here. The doctor has come ( doctor)
I met a European. A doctor has come. ( doctor)
EE

Rule 5 (One) A/An

Means to say ( ) Vowel Consonant As:-
Consonant Vowel Every state has a chief minister.
Vowel = Vowel Consonant = Consonant
FR

I need a kilogram of sugar.

VC VC VC.... CV CV CV.... The burglar took a diamond necklace and some
valuable paintings.
One-eyed girl, European, University, uniform, useful, You can't run a mile in 5 minutes
utensil, uniform, useless, unit, one, union. I'd like an orange and two lemons please.
Article An - Noun Rule 6 Nouns Singular
(Vowel sound) noun Indefinite Article
Salary, lie, journey, headache, noise, lesson, dress,
an pest, tell a lie, make a noise, make a mess .
Honest, M.A., M.B.A., M.L.A. Heir, Heiress, N.C.C., Hour, She gets salary timely. (x)
H.M.T. Watch, Umpire, honorable She gets a salary timely. ( )
As: - Shikha has headache at present. (x)
I have an ( C.) umbrella ( V.).
Shikha has a headache at present. ( )
An (C.) elephant (V.) is very strong.
He made journey last year. (x)
Sohan is an honest (V.) man.
He made a journey last year. ( )
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He made a travel last year. ( ) To give ear in hand
travel uncountable noun By mistake by chance
travel In danger to take heart
As:-
Rule 7 exclamatory sentence what, such how David is in a good condition. (x)
noun a , an David is in good condition. ( )
Such/what + A/an + SCN Note In a good state In a bad state
OR As:-
Such/What + A/an + Adj. + SCN You are in a good state. ( )
As:-
Such an idea! Such a man! She is in a bad state. ( )
What an idea! What a fool! Rule 9 Verb Noun

Y
Such a good idea! Such a tall man! Indefinite Article
What a good idea! What a big fool! As:-

M
How fine a night! He gave me answer to the question. (x)
He gave me an answer to the question. ( )
Rule 8 phrases Indefinite Article
He gave reply at present. (x)

E
In a hurry in a temper in a rage Priya gives a reply at present. ( )
In a fix
In a nutshell
Make a fun of
Make a request
Make a fool
in a mood

make a noise
make an impression
make a guess at
in a dilemma
in a high spirits in a diagram
make a fun AD
Rule 10
A/An"
As:-
(Each/Every) (per)
(price, speed, ratio)

They went there once a month.

AC
Rice sells fifty rupees a kilo.
Make an excuse Keep a secret,
Keep a promise keep an appointment, She can run twelve kilometers an hour.
Have a smoke have a liking Rule 11 singular countable noun
Have a good/bad education/ knowledge noun A/An"
M

Have a drink/talk/rest/pain/cough/fever /dream

/headache/taste/meal//bath/beer/chance/ a try As:-
shower/shave/conversation/chat/an advantage/ An elephant is a huge animal.
DO

fight/quarrel A dog is a faithful animal.

Have an interest in Have a pride in The mouse had a tiny nose.
Go for a walk Go for a ride The elephant had a long trunk.
It is a shame/surprise/pity/wonder It was a very strange car.
EE

At a loss Go into a comma

On a journey tell a lie Rule 12 noun
Half a kilo Pay a visit article a, an
Give a chance Give a jump/warning John is an Englishman.
FR

Give a warning Give an advantage over Kate is a Catholic.

Cat a cold/catch cold A large quantity of Rule 13 Verb Noun
A large quantity of A great number of A/An"
Keep a secret catch a cold As:-
Take an interest take a meal/rest/ risk The queen has gone for a ride.
Take a vacation/ bath as a rule I had a long talk with Suman yesterday.
As a matter/a short take an interest in Rule 14
Take a vacation Take a fancy to
As:- A/An"
She replied me in moment. (x) As:-
She replied me in a moment. ( ) He is a Gandhi.
Note Idioms Article She is a Lata Mangesker.
In good condition, in bad condition, Rule 15 asverb adjective
In detail, in brief, article a, an
In conclusion, in final,
Take part to set foot So/Too/As/How + adj. + A/An + SCN
As:-
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So good an idea. Rule 1 noun
So mad a dog Use the to refer to something which has already
So important an idea. been mentioned.
Too weak a child. On Monday, an unarmed man stole $1,000
Too big a bag. from the bank. The thief hasn't been caught
As tall a girl. yet.
As experienced a doctor. I was walking past Benny's Bakery when I
As ugly a woman. decided to go into the bakery to get some
As right an approach. bread.
How tall a girl. There's a position available in my team. The
How short a man. job will involve some international travel.

Rule 16 article A/An many singular Rule 2 assume

Y
mention
Use the when you assume there is just one of

M
Many + A/An + SCN something in that place, even if it has not been
OR mentioned before.
Many + A/An + Adj. + SCN We went on a walk in the forest yesterday.

E
As:-
Where is the bathroom?
Many a pen was lying on the road.
Many a useful pen is available here.
Many an interesting novel has been read by
me.
Plural noun singular form
AD
Rule 3
Turn left and go to number 45. Our house is
across from the Italian restaurant.
My father enjoyed the book you gave him.
AC
article a, an Use the in sentences or clauses where you define
Here is a six man committee. or identify a particular person or object.
A five days journey. The man who wrote this book is famous.
I scratched the red car parked outside.
Rule 17 Rather + A/An + SCN
I live in the small house with a blue door.
M

A + Rather + Adj + SCN He is the doctor I came to see.

The S.P. has come.
DO

Rather + A/An + Adj. + SCN The decision was taken by the chief minister.
As:-
Rule 4 The Adjective
It is rather a horror.
The institute 'SUCCESS POINT' has given a Use the with adjectives, to refer to a whole group
EE

rather surprising result. ( ) of people.

The Institute 'SUCCESS POINT' has given The elderly The disabled The needy
rather a surprising result. ( ) The unemployed The rich The sick
The homeless The young The restless
FR

It is a rather complicated problem. ( )

The blind The dumb The lame
It is rather a complicated problem. ( ) The young The old The brave
Rule 18 quite article a, an The scholarly The miserly The cowardly

Quite + A/an + Adj. + Noun The French enjoy cheese.

As:-
The elderly require special attention.
It is a quite long distance. () She has given a lot of money to the poor.
It is quite a long distance. ( )
Rule 5 (decade)
I am an quite intelligent boy. ()
Use the with decades.
I am quite an intelligent boy. ( )
He was born in the seventies.
Definite article This is a painting from the 1820s.
The Definite Article Singular
Rule 6 only same clause
Countable Noun, Plural Countable Noun
Use the with clauses introduced by only/same.
Uncountable Noun noun noun
This is the only day we've had sunshine all
(definite)
week.
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You are the only person he will listen to. most=very
The only tea I like is black tea. Article (a, an)
This is the same bike as I bought last year.
Rule 7 The He is a most handsome boy. (most = very)
Most birds can fly.
Open window. ()
Note question word
Open the window. ( )
most best the
Stand up on bench. ()
Stand up on the bench. ( ) What books do you like the most? (most)
Rule 8 Singular Countable Noun Which persons do you like the best? (best)
The
Rule 15 Comparative degree

Y
The dog is a faithful animal. Select definite Article
The cow is a useful animal.

M
As:-
Rule 9 The Ram is taller (Com. Degree) of two boys. (x)
Ram is the taller of the two boys. ( )

E
Oil is sold by the liter.
Sugar is sold by the kilo. She is the stronger of the two girls. ( )
Cloth is sold by the meter.
Rule 10 The Musical Instruments

I can play the guitar.

AD This is the better of the two books. ( )
The + C.D. ..The + C.D.
The more you get, the more you want.
The higher you go, the cooler you feel.
AC
Juhi plays the harmonium every morning. Rule 16 Relative Pronoun noun
definite article As:-
Rule 11 (Invention) The
He is a boy (noun) who (relative pro.) can do
The television (The T.V.) The cinema, it. (x)
M

The radio, The wireless He is the boy who can do it. ( )

Who invented the telescope/telephone?
Rule 17 plural republic,
DO

kingdom state
Watch/on Television/T.V.
Use the with countries that have plural names
Rule 12 (Part of the body) The United States The Soviet Union
The The Republic of Congo
EE

The police hit him on the head.

The criminal was shot in the leg. I have never been to the Netherlands.
But, Do you know anyone who lives in the
At hand/on foot/in hand. Philippines?
FR

She is visiting the United States.

Rule 13 Singular Countable Noun (Common
James is from the Republic of Ireland.
Noun) Abstract Noun
The Rule 18 The Unique
Noun As:- The Earth, The Sun, The Stars, The Universe, The
The World, The Moon, The equator, the CEO, the
The doctor in him advises me to take human race
medicine in time. The sun rose at 6:17 this morning.
The mother in her loves me a lot. You can go anywhere in the world.
Clouds drifted across the sky.
Rule 14 Superlative Degree The
The president will be speaking on TV
Babita is the best student of the class. tonight.
Ankita is the most beautiful girl in her family. The CEO of Infosys is coming to our meeting.
Sachin is the best player of the team. Rule 19 The Ordinal Adjectives
The most birds can fly.

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The next bus, the first president of India, the Rule 26 The common noun
second page, the last page, the third floor etc. particular
Dr. Shahid is the first person to arrive in the (i) (River), (Sea), (Ocean),
meeting.
(Bay), (Gulf), (Canal) The
This is the third time I have called you today.
She read the last chapter of her new book first
River The Ganges/The Ganga, The Koshi, The Sone
next/last Sunday, Monday,
January, February, Week, month, year etc. The Krishna, The Brahmaputra etc.
The Sea The Red Sea, The Mediterranean Sea, The
Arabian Sea tec.
Soni and Moni came here the last week. () Ocean The Atlantic ocean, The Pacific Ocean, The Indian
Soni and Moni came here last week. ( ) ocean .

Y
I met Suman the last Tuesday. () Bay The Bay of Bengal, The Bay of Biscay etc.
I met Suman last Tuesday. ( )
Gulf The Gulf of Mexico

M
Rule 20 Most of, some of, both of, half of, none of, all Canal The Panama Canal, The Suez Canal etc.
of, either of, neither of, 20% of, each of, one of, They are travelling in the Arctic.

E
few of, any of etc noun Our ship crossed the Atlantic in 7 days.
The I will go on a cruise down the Nile.
All of players have come.
All of the players have come.
Either of boys is able to do the sum.
()
( )

Either of the boys is able to do the sum.

AD
(ii)
(Groups of Islands)
(Mountain ranges)
The
Mountain Ranges The Alps, The Himalayas, The
Eastern Ghats etc.
AC
Neither of girls is ready.
Neither of the girls is ready. Groups of Island The West Indies, The Nicobars, The
Andaman, The Philippines etc.
Rule 21 Proper Noun Adjective Hiking across the Rocky Mountains would be
Noun Qualify
difficult.
M

Adjective The
(Mountain peak)
Napoleon, the warrior.
Ashoka, the great. (Individual) Island) Article
DO

Rule 22 The Mountain peak - Kanchenjunga, Mount Abu,

Adjective Parasnath Mount Everest, Nanda Devi, Dhaulagiri
The poor, the rich, the young, the old, the deaf, Individual Island - Sicily, Ceylon, Jaya, Sumatra etc
EE

the lame, the dumb, the honest, the dishonest Individual lake - Lake Windermere etc
etc
Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in
The old = old people
Rule 23 The Comparison same Alaska.
FR

She lives near Lake Windermere.

These pens are the same as we saw in that Have you ever visited any Long Island?
shop. (iii) (Desert), (Train),
Your book is the same as mine. (Aero plane), (Ship) The
Rule 24 The Idiomatic phrases
Desert The Desert of Sahara/The Sahara Desert
All the way, by the way, speak the truth, the whole, in Aero plane The Kashmir Princess, The Boeing etc
the nick of time, all the time.
Ship: The Vikrant, The Victoria, The Queen Mary etc
Rule 25 Article the Train The Himgir Express, The Magadha Express,
The Punjab Mail, The Intercity etc
Use the with the names of families, but not with (iv) (Nationality words),
the names of individuals.
(Physical position), (Geographical
We're having dinner with the Smiths tonight.
The Browns are going to the play with us. Directions), (Physical Environment)
The
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Nationally words The French, The English, The Note:- Buildings Institutions
Indian etc
Physical position At the bottom of the outer of, the The
front of, the bank of etc
Geographical Direction The east, the west, the This is Shyam Narayan building.
south, the north etc Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son.
Physical Environment The rain, The fog, the wind, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.
The weather, the seaside, The sunshine, The unique Rule 21 Both/All + the + Noun Or
Political Party The Bhartiya Janta Party, The Both / All + the + Adjective + Noun
Congress Party, The Rastriya Janta Dal etc. But, the + whole + noun
Religious Community The Hindu, The Sikhs, The All the laborious students
All the best players

Y
Muslims, The Christians etc
Both the doctors
Religious Book The Geeta, The Mahabharata, The

M
Rule 21 noun a/an use
Ramayana, The Quran, The Holy Bible, The Iliad etc.
noun repetition
Armed forces The Police, The Army, The Navy, The
the use

E
Air Force etc I saw a girl, the girl was beautiful.
Government Branches The Executive, the She has a dog, the dog is very lazy.
Legislative, The Judiciary etc
Hotel & Restaurant The Maurya, the Grand Hotel,
The Suraj, The Samrat International, The Taj Hotel
They are staying at the Hilton on 6th street.
AD
Yesterday a man came to me, the man was
very hungry.
Omission of Article (a, an, the) /No article
AC
/Zero Article
We ate at the Golden Lion.
Note: hotel Rule 1 'A/An' Uncountable Nouns,
Plural Countable Nouns Adjective
the
Noun
I ate Rasgulla at Ram-Shyam hotel at highway.
M

As:-
Theatre/Club The Apsara, the Lions Club etc People drink a water. (x)
Museum & Library The British Museum, The British People drink water. ( )
DO

Library . She gave me a books. (x)

Newspapers The Hindustan Times, The Indian She gave me a book. ( )
Express, The New York Times, The Times of India etc. Children are a naughty. (x)
I read it in the Guardian. Children are naughty. ( )
EE

She works for the New York Times. Jaya is an intelligent. (x)
Historical Buildings The Qutab Minar, The Red Fort, Jaya is an intelligent girl. ( )
The Taj Mahal, The Char Minar etc.
FR

Rule 2 Clause Noun Article

Have you been to the Vietnam Memorial?
We went to the Louvre and saw the Mona As:-
Lisa. Raman is a singer and a dancer. (x)
I would like to visit the Eiffel Tower. Raman is a singer and dancer. ( )
I saw King Lear at the Taj mahal. A tall and handsome boy (one person)
Dynasty The Slave Dynasty, The Mauryan noun adjective article
Dynasty, The Gupta Dynasty etc
Empire The Roman Empire, The Mughal An honest and an intelligent teacher. (two persons)
Empire etc. The red and the white rose look beautiful.
Historical Events: The French Revolution, The Note not only, but also, either or, neither nor,
Russian Revolution, The Battle of Panipat, The Quit both and, as well as etc.
India Movement etc.
Historical Periods/Age: The Victorian Period, The As:-
Raman isnt only a singer but also dancer. (x)
Victorian Age, The Elizabethan Age etc.
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Raman isn't only a singer but also a dancer. ( ) Rule 9 profession subject
object
Rule 3 nouns Indefinite Article Do not use the with professions
Scenery, poetry, stationary, perfumer, Engineering is a well-paid career.
knowledge, postage, haltage, damage, luggage, He'll probably study medicine.
baggage, breakage, news, pain, telephone, traffics, Rule 10 Do not use the with years
bread, soap, information, advice, abuse, offspring, 1948 was a wonderful year.
education etc.
He was born in 1995.
As:-
She has composed a poetry. (x) Rule 11 (Disease)
She has composed poetry (a poem). ( ) Article
a piece of advice, a word of abuse, a piece of As:-
bread, a cake of soap He died of diabetes/consumption.

Y
the
Rule 4 (Language), (Colour)

M
(Subject) Article As:-
As:- The Plague, The measles, The mumps
Anish wants to learn Urdu and Bengali.

E
Rule 12 (Days), (Months), (Festivals)
English uses many words of Latin origin. Article
Indonesian is a relatively new language.
article the

He knows the urban who lives here.

(Urban urban )
AD
As:-

Note:
He came on Monday.
I was engaged her on Diwali.
particular article a
AC
Rule 5 Proper, abstract, uncountable Noun
article I was born on a Thursday.
As:- Could I come over on a Saturday sometime?
The Deepak has come. () Rule 13 (Material Noun)
Deepak has come. ( ) (Abstract Noun) Article
M

I live in Patna. ( )
Rice is an important food in Asia. ( ) As:-
DO

Milk is often added to tea in England. ( ) We drink water.

War is destructive. ( ) One cannot live without air.
Proper Noun Common Noun Gold is a costly metal.
Article Nouns Definite
EE

The The
As:- As:-
Gold I bought yesterday is precious. (x) The gold of Aloks ring is not pure.
The gold I bought yesterday is precious. ( ) Where is the milk Suman has bought?
FR

Rule 14 (game & sports)

Rule 6 common noun commonest
Article
article
Before a common noun used in its commonest We like a Cricket. ()
sense: We like Cricket. ( )
Man is mortal. I used to play a football. ()
Iron is a useful metal. I used to play football. ( )
Rule 7 plural noun Nouns
Before plural nouns used to denote a class: The
Apples are red. Rule 15 Phrases Nouns
Camels are useful animals. Article The
Warm clothes are necessary in cold climates. The post of, the rank of, the position of, the title of
Rule 8 common noun pair As:-
She was given the job of the assistant. ()
Both husband and wife received serious She was given the job of assistant. ( )
injuries.
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Akshay has been promoted to the rank of The Note:- 'meals' Adjectives Very + Adj.
B.D.O. () Indefinite article As:-
Akshay has been promoted to the rank of
B.D.O. ( ) Art. + Adj. + meals Art. + Adv. + adj. + meals

Rule 16 Appoint, Make, Nominate, Elect, Select, That was a tasteful br eakfast. (Correct)
become, crown Noun Art. Adj. N.
Article
That was a ver y tasteful lunch. (Correct)
As:-
He was elected an M.P. () Art. Adj. Adj. N.
He was elected M.P. ( ) Rule 19 noun location
They made him a monitor. () (location)
They made him monitor. ( )

Y
She was appointed an engineer. () When referring to the location, use "the"
She was appointed engineer. ( ) The meeting is at the school. (Location-campus)

M
I was nominated the secretary. () They are remodeling the movie theater.
I was nominated secretary. ( ) (Location-building)

E
Rule 17 Nouns Article The new student had trouble finding the class.
(Location-classroom)
Nouns
School, College, University, Bed, Church, Temple,
Mosque, Court, Jail, Prison, Market, Hospital
As:-
AD
Rule 20 phrases article
On foot, at school, from top to bottom, at
home, in bed, by train, by car, in debt, in hand, on
earth, at noon, on board, in jest, at best, at worst etc.
AC
Children go to school at 10 A.M. He is in the debt. ()
(For the purpose of study)
She goes to temple at 5 P.M. He is in debt. ( )
(For the purpose of prayer) He is at the school. ()
I went to market to purchase a T.V. He is at school. ( )
(To purchase) He spent the whole day in bed. ()
M

I usually go to bed at 11 A.M. (to sleep) He spent the whole day in bed. ( )
The criminal was sent to jail.
Rule 21 phrases verb
DO

(For punishment)
The injured persons were sent to hospital.
(For treatment)
I am going to school now. (activity-study)
He is always on time for class. (activity-learn)
EE
transitive
In certain phrases consisting of a transitive verb and
its object:
Give ear, set sail, take heart, send word, catch fire,

condition article take offence, leave office, leave home, leave office
the etc.
noun location He took the offence at my words. ()
(location)
FR

He took offence at my words. ( )

When referring to the location, use "the"
The meeting is at the school. (Location-campus)
They are remodeling the movie theater.
(Location-building)
The new student had trouble finding the class.
(Location-classroom)
He went to the city hospital for meeting her
father.
Rule 18 Meals / breakfast / lunch / dinner
Article
As:-
A breakfast is ready for you. (x)
Breakfast is ready for you. ( )
She left the home in the morning. ()
She left home in the morning. ( )
Rule 22 Parts of a day (Sunset, sunrise, afternoon,
noon, night, mornings, evenings) article
As:-
I met her at the noon. (x)
I met her at noon. ( )
Lili arrived here at the sunset. (x)
Lili arrived here at sunset. ( )
Note In the morning, In the afternoon, In the
evening

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Rule 23 Definite article
God, love, nature, death, society,
virtue, providence etc.
As:-
The love is sweeter than honey. (x)
Love is sweeter than honey. ( )
Rule 24 possessive adjective (my, our, your, his, her,
its, their) or possessive case (s, ) article
this, these, that, those
This is the my book. ()
This is my book. ( )
That was your a pen. ()

Y
That was your pen. ( )
This is the Marys bag. ()

M
This is Marys bag. ( )
Bohans this house is so beautiful. ()

E
This house of Bohan is so beautiful. ()
His brother's the car was stolen. ()
His brother's car was stolen. ( )

Some abstract nouns can be used in a particular

sense with a/an, but in the singular only:
AD
AC
A help:
My children are a great help to me.
A good map would be a help.
A relief:
It was a relief to sit down.
M

A Knowledge + of
He had a good knowledge of mathematics.
DO

A dislike/dread/hatred/horror/love + of is also
possible:
a love of music a hatred of violence
A mercy/pity/shame/wonder can be used with
that-clauses introduced by it:
EE

It's a pity you weren't here.

It's a shame he wasn't paid.
A fear / fears, a hope / hopes, a suspicion
FR

/suspicions
These can be used with that-clauses introduced by
there:
There is a fear/There are fears that he has
been murdered.
Read some examples as given
1. A Mr. Sharma gave me a book. (unknown person)
2. If the students want a good knowledge of English,
they should read this book.
3. I caught him in the arm.
4. When I found a baby, the father aroused in me.
5. Abdul kalam is the Newton of India.
6. There are two Mohans in the class, but I like the
Mohan who is absent today.

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