SPE 75503

Establishing Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) for Gas Condensate Wells

Sarfraz A. Jokhio and Djebbar Tiab/University of Oklahoma, SPE MEMBERS

Copyright 2002, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.

conditions are reached such reservoirs become two phase
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Gas Technology Symposium held in in nature.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 30 April2 May 2002.
Finally, a field example is analyzed to show the use of
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of
information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as
new method developed and a step-by-step procedure is used
presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to to establish the well performance. Small operators,
correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any
position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Papers presented at Independents, will benefit from this method at the most, since
SPE meetings are subject to publication review by Editorial Committees of the Society of
Petroleum Engineers. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper
data acquisition like relative permeability curves require the
for commercial purposes without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is laboratory experiments on cores, an expensive procedure.
prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300
words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous
acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper was presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Introduction
Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435.
Retrograde Gas-condensate systems have not been treated
Abstract so intensively as solution gas reservoirs have been. Main
A new simple method of establishing Inflow Performance reason is the phase behavior of light (C1-C10) hydrocarbons
Relationship for gas condensate wells is proposed. The in the reservoirs. Retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs are
proposed method uses transient pressure test data to estimate primarily gas reservoirs. A zone of liquid begins to form as the
effective permeability as function of pressure and then uses it dew point pressure is reached. The liquid keeps accumulating
to convert production BHFP data into pseudopressure to and does not flow until the critical liquid saturation is reached.
establish well performance. Requirement of relative Pressure at this point in the reservoir is termed P*.
permeability as function of saturation thus has been Interestingly, this liquid may re-vaporize as the pressure
completely eliminated. Effective permeability of either phase further crosses the lower line on two-phase envelope of phase
can be used to predict the production of second phase. A diagram. This behavior of re-vaporization of the oil phase is
scheme has also been devised to estimate the effective called the Retrograde behavior. Fig.2 through Fig.4 show
permeability using well testing mathematical models available the schematics of such phenomenon in vertical and horizontal
in literature. well. Deliverability loss in such conditions is mainly due to
Also mathematical models of well deliverability loss due two reasons: a) Gas undergoing liquid phase and b)
to condensate deposition when dew point pressure is reached, permeability impairment by the liquid. Thus both have to be
and deliverability gain due to condensate mobility when P* is handled mathematically to predict the well performance with
reached have been developed. Pseudopressure curves for both reasonable accuracy.
oil and gas phase have been developed for quick conversion of
pressure data into pseudopressure. Relative permeability
curves if available can also be used, however, the knowledge
of saturation has to be known at all the stages of the depletion
to be able to use them.
Gas condensate reservoirs are primarily gas reservoirs. As
the pressure declines with depletion, reservoir conditions of
pressure may go below dew point and liquid begins to buildup.
Such reservoirs may go under liquid buildup without showing
any trace of liquid production. Sudden well deliverability loss
and very high skin factor estimates from pressure tests are
strong indicators of liquid buildup. PVT characteristics like
phase diagram help identify the problem too. As the critical
Fig. 1. Phase behavior of the condensate fluids.
2 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

Predicting production behavior of a well in gas-

condensate reservoirs has been a topic of continuous research
lately. Simple correlation for productivity index estimations
Pe
for oil wells (J = q/P) was being used until 1968 for solution
S wc gas reservoirs too. Vogel1, 1968, first published IPR for
Pd
P*
solution-gas reservoirs, which handles the two-phase flow of
P wf oil and gas. Vogel using Wellers concepts was able to
generate family of IPR curve in terms of only two parameters
flow rate and BHP. Recently Raghavan and Jones4 discuss the
issues in predicting production performance of condensate
Fig.2. Three regions in a gas condensate reservoir with systems in vertical wells. Fevang and Whitson5 model the
vertical well. Gas-Condensate well deliverability using simulator and by
keeping the track of saturation with pressure and relative
permeability. The most recent work on the gas condensate
Pi well performance comes from Guehria15.
Pd
Predicting well performance of gas-condensate wells
P*
is challenging and a necessity at the same time. Its use in
optimizing production equipment including tubing, artificial
Pwf
lift systems, pumps, and surface facilities is of paramount
importance.

Mathematical Basis
Flow of real gases in porous media in the presence of
Fig.3 Three regions indicating two-phase flow around the more than one phase can be expressed using Darcy's law.
horizontal well, single-phase flow but with liquid buildup, and Under pseudo-steady state conditions and in field units
the free gas flow in the farther region. total gas flow rate is expressed as follows:
q gt = C .mPgt (1)
Or q gt = q g , free + q o Rs (2)
Pi Pd
For vertical wells
P*
0.00708.h
C= (3)
Pwf r
ln e 0.75 + S a
rw
And for horizontal wells
0.00708.b
C= (4)
A1 / 2
ln + ln C H 0.75 + S a
Fig.4 Fluid and pressure distribution around the fully rw
penetrating horizontal well. mP, the pseudopressure for gas phase can be written as5.
Pr
Literature Review k .k ro k .k rg
The quantitative two-phase flow in the reservoirs was first
mPgt =
Pwf

Bo . o

Rs +
B gd . gd
dp


(5)
studied by Muskat and Evinger17. They were the first
researchers who indicated that the curvature in IPR curve of For convenience we keep the ke = k.krg, the effective
solution gas drive reservoirs is due to the decreasing relative permeability inside the integral. Eq.5. can further be
permeability of the oil phase with depletion. Based on divided into three equations representing Region-1,
Wellers2 approximations of constant de-saturation of oil and Region-2 and the Region-3 as discussed by Fevang and
constant GOR at a given instant (not for whole life of the Whitson5.
reservoir) in the reservoir, Vogel1was able to solve psuedo- Region-1 (Inner wellbore region)
steady state two phase flow equation based on relative P*
k .k ro k .k rg
permeabilities of each phase, and provided the industry an
equation that would revolutionize the performance prediction
mPg1 =
Pwf

Bo . o

Rs +
B gd . gd
dp


(6)

of solution gas drive reservoirs. Camacho-Raghavan22, Jones-

Region-2 (Region where liquid develops)
Blount-Glaze18, Wiggins21, and Sukarnos19 work on IPRs
follows the Vogels1 work.
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 3

Pd
k .k rg
P
k .k (
R Rs )
Rs + p
ro
mPg1,o =
mPg2 = dp
B gd . gd
*
(7)
Pwf
Bo . o
(
1 Rs R p ) dp (17)
P
Region-3 (Only gas region) Oil Phase
PR
1
mPg3 = k .k rg ( S wi ) B gd . gd
Pd
dp


(8) 17.0E+3

16.0E+3
P*

It is not likely that three regions occur altogether at the same 15.0E+3

time. But it is most likely that any of the two exist at a given

Producing GOR [scf/STB]

moment in time. 14.0E+3

13.0E+3

Producing Gas Oil Ratio 12.0E+3

As the pressure drops below the dew point, producing
gas oil ratio GOR, increases monotonically15, i.e., a one-to-one 11.0E+3

relationship exists between the producing gas oil ratio and the 10.0E+3

pressure as shown in Fig.5. It dives as the P* approaches and

liquid becomes mobile. However, it stabilizes as effective
9.0E +3
5000 4800 4600 4400 4200 4000 3800
Pressure [psia]
liquid permeability stabilizes.
Fig. 5. Producing gas oil ratio as a function of pressure
By definition5,15.
(Eq.12)
q gT q g , free + qo, free RS
RP = = (9)
qoT qo, free + q g , free Ro 10000

k rg k
C + ro RS

q gT Bg g Bo o 1000
P* = 4300 psi

RP = = (10)
qOT k k rg
C ro + Ro
krg/kro

Bo o Bg g
100

On simplification
10

k rg Bo o
RP = Rs +

(
1 Ro RP ) (11)
k ro Bg g 1

1 3900 3950 4000 4050 4100 4150 4200 4250 4300 4350

k rg Bo o k rg Bo o
R P = R s + 1 + Ro (12)
Pressure [psi]

k B
k ro B g g ro g g
Fig.6 Ratio of gas relative permeability to oil relative
permeability as a function of pressure (Eq.13).
Solving for krg/kro results,
k rg (RP Rs ) Bg g

(
k = 1 R R B ) (13) 20000

ro o P o o

(R Rs ) g B g {kk ro }
18000

k g = kk rg = P
1/Ro
(14)
(1 Ro RP ) o Bo 16000

P*

{ }
[scf/STB]

(1 Ro RP ) o Bo kk rg
14000

k o = kk ro = (15)
(RP Rs ) g Bg 12000
Pd = 5000 psi

Modeling Pseudopressure Function 10000

Rp

Substituting Eq.15 and 14 in Eq.6 and simplifying

results the gas phase pseudopressure function in terms of gas 8000

and oil effective permeability, respectively. 5000 4900 4800 4700 4600 4500 4400

Pressure[psia]
4300 4200 4100 4000 3900 3800

Gas Phase
Fig. 7. Determination of P*, pressure at which liquid is mobile
P* in a multiphase system.
k.k R (1 R R )
mPg1, g =
P (P )dp
rg o S
(16)
( B
Pwf g g
)

(
R p Rs )
4 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

In order to model oil phase Eq.1 can be written as 70.6q g , free

qot = qofree + qg.Ro k g = kk rg = (26)


q ot = C.mPot (18)
dmPws
h
Since oil phase is mobile in only Region-1 therefore the oil (t + t ) g ct
phase pseudopressure can be written as d ln

t c
P* gi ti SP
k .k ro k .k rg
mPo1 =
Pwf
+
Bo . o B g . g

Ro dp


(19) Several gas well tests were simulated in order to establish
relationship between pressure and effective permeability for
Substituting Eq. 14 and Eq. 15 in Eq. 19 respectively result the gas wells.
oil phase pseudopressure function in terms of oil and gas 0.1

effective permeability, respectively. Kg

P*
k .k 1 Ro R s 0.08

dp

ro
mPo1,o = (20)
Bo . o 1 Ro R p

Effective Permeability [md]

Pwf 0.06

P*

(
1 Ro R p ) k .k rg
dp
+ Ro
0.04
mPo1, g = (21)
R p Rs B g . g
Pwf 0.02
Ko

Modeling Effective Permeability as a Function of Pressure: 0

5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000

Vertical Wells (Pressure Drawdown Test) Pressure [psi]

The effective oil and gas permeability during pressure Fig. 8. Effective permeability from pressure test data in a
transient period can be expressed as follows, respectively13: multiphase system (Vertical Well).
70.6qo, free o Bo
k o = kk ro = (22)
Pwf
0.1

h
ln (t )

0.09

0.08

70.6q g , free 0.07

k g = kk rg (23)
mPwf
0.06
Ko [md]

h
ln (t ) SP

0.05

0.04

Above equations are valid for a fully developed semi-log 0.03

straight line. Both the equation can also be written as 0.02

0.01

Pressure Buildup 0
5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
P ressure [psi]

70.6q o o Bo
k o = kk ro = (24) Fig.9. Oil effective permeability as a function of pressure
(Vertical Well)

Pws
h

0.01
t + t
ln 0.009

t 0.008

Similarly 0.007
Effective Permeability [md]

70.6q g , free 0.006

k g = kk rg = (25) 0.005

0.004

mPws
h 0.003

t + t
ln 0.002

t SP 0.001

To be more accurate following equation can be used. 0

5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
P ressure [psia]

Fig. 10. Gas effective permeability as a function of pressure

during a pressure test.
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 5

0.2
Earlty Time Radial Flow Regime
0.18
From Left To
Right
Equation of this flow regime during a pressure
qo [STB/D]
drawdown test is
0.16 10
20
k k t
y z
40

qB log
0.14 60
100

Pi Pwf = 162.6 ct rw2 (27)

150
0.12 200

Lw k y k z
Ko [md]

0.1
3.227 + 0.866s m
0.08

According to Darcy law the flow rate of any phase towards the
0.06
wellbore is the function of the preesure. But pressure is
0.04
function of the distance from the wellore.
0.02
2 rLkk rm P
q m = 1.127 x10 3 (28)
m Bm r w
0
5010 4760 4510 4260 4010 3760 3510 3260 3010
Pressure [psia]

Fig. 11. Effect of oil flow rate on effective oil permeability Where absolute permeability k = k H kv and kH and kv are
(Pd = 5000 psi) the permeabilty in horizontal and vertical direction
0.016
respectively. For tD/rD2 50 pressure is function of Boltzman
0.014
From Left
To Right variable z = r2/t. Thus one can write
qg [Mscf/D]
P dP P P
0.012 50 r = 2 z = 2t 2 (29)
100
200
r dz t ln(t )
300
0.01
500 Substituting above equation in a Darcy law, one gets
750
2 Lkk rm Pwf
Kg [md]

1000

q m = 1.127 x10 3 2 (30)

0.008

0.006
m Bm ln(t )
Solving for Effective permeability, results
0.004
70.6q m m Bm
kk rm = (31)
0.002
Pwf
L

0
5500 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 ln(t )
Pressure [psi]
For Oil phase
70.6qo, free o Bo
Fig. 12. Effect of gas flow rate on effective gas permeability kk ro = (32)
(Pd = 5000 psi) Pwf
L

Horizontal Wells ln(t )
And for gas phase
70.6q g , free
kk rg = (33)
mPwf
L

ln(t ) SP
Similarly for pressure buildup
70.6q o o Bo
kk ro = (34)
Pws
L
ln(t H )
70.6q g , free
kk rg = (35)
mPws
L
ln(t H ) SP
Where tH is the Horner time. Above equations are valid for a
fully developed radial regime that appears for tD/rD2 50. It is
possible from a transient well pressure data to develop the
Fig.13 Early and late radial flow towards horizontal well16. relative permeability curves provided absolute formation
permeability is known. Such curves like the absolute
permeability (in single phase systems) obtained from the
6 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

pressure transient data are the averaged values that capture

8.128qO BO O
the effects of fluid and formation properties. If the radial line Oil Phase k ey ( P) = (44)
is masked by the wellbore effects or the linear flow regime, it dP ct
hX h z
should be extrapolated. Several algorithms are available in the d t
literature to calculate the log derivative of the pressure.
8.128q g 1
Gas Phase k ey (P ) = (45)
Early Time Linear Flow Regime dmPSP ct
g ( P) hZ h X
This flow period is represented by d t
8.128qB t 141.2qB
Pi Pwf = + (s z + sm ) (36) 1000

Lw h z c
k y t Lw k y k z
Taking the derivative of pressure with respect to square root
of time gives

P & t.dP/dln(t)
dP 8.128qB
= (37) 100

d t Lw h z k y ct
Solving for ky, the effective permeability in lateral direction,
y, results
1
o dP
k ey ( P ) = 8.128q o Bo Lw h z (38)
10

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

ct d t
Tim e[ hrs]

For Gas phase Fig.14. Simulated horizontal wellbore pressure response

8.128q g 1 without wellbore storage and skin indicating early and late
k ey (P ) = (39) radial flow regimes.
dmPSP ct
g ( P) L h z
w d t
0 .3 1

Late Radial Flow Regime 0 .2 9

This flow regime is represented by 0 .2 7

N o F lo w U p p e r a n d L o w e r

162.6q B o k x t B o u n d a ry E ffe c ts
0 .2 5

log 2.023 +
Ko [md]

Pi Pwf = 2
h z k y k x ct Lw
0 .2 3

(40) 0 .2 1

141.2q Bo
(s z + sm ) 0 .1 9

Lw k y k z 0 .1 7

Taking the time log derivative of this equation, and then 0 .1 5

4900 4850 4800 4750 4700 4650 4600 4550 4500 4450 4400
solving for effectve permeability, results P re s s u re [p s i]

Oil Phase
Fig.15. Profile of oil effective permability from horizontal
70.6q O B o
k exy (P ) = k y k x = (41) well pressure data with upper and lower noflow
dPwf boundary effects.
hz
d ln(t ) 0.31

Gas Phase 0.29

70.6q g , free
k exy (P ) = k rg k y k x = (42) 0.27

dmPwf

hz 0.25

d ln(t ) SP
Ko [md]

0.23

Late Time Linear Flow 0.21

This flow period during a drawdown pressure test is 0.19

represented by 0.17

8.128qB t 141.2q B
P = + (s x + s z + s m ) (43) 0.15
49 00 48 00 47 00 46 00 45 00 44 00 43 00

hx hz k y ct Lw k y k z P re ss u re [p s i]

Thus effective permeability in y-direction from this period is Fig. 16. Profile of oil effective permability from horizontal
estimated as follows well pressure data without upper and lower noflow
boundary effects.
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 7

100

From Left to
0.9 Right
qo [STB/D]
10
0.8 10
20
40
P & t.dP/dln(t)

0.7
60
100

Ko [md]
1 0.6 150
200

0.5

0.4
0.1

0.3

0.2
0.01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
0.1
Tim e[ hrs]
5000 4900 4800 4700 4600 4500 4400 4300
Pressure [psi]

Fig. 17. An infinite acting (lateral direction) horizontal well

pressure response without wellbore storage and skin Fig.20. Effect of condensate flow rate on effective
factor.(Fully developed late radial flow regime) permeability to oil (Horizontal Well Pd = 5000 psi)
5
0.1
From Left to
4 .5
R ight
0.09
qg [M scf/D ]

4 0.08 50
100
200
3 .5 0.07
300

Kg [md]
500
3 0.06 750
1000
Ko [md]

2 .5 0.05

2
0.04

0.03
1 .5

0.02
1

0.01
0 .5

0
0 5100 5000 4900 4800 4700 4600 4500 4400 4300
5000 4998 4996 4994 4992 4990 4988 4986 4984 4982 4980

P r e s s u r e [p s i] Pressure [psi]

Fig. 18. Profile of oil effective permability from horizontal Fig.21. effect of condensate flow rate on effective
well pressure data with upper and lower noflow permeability to gas (Horizontal Well Pd = 5000 psi)
boundary effects.
1
Effective Permeability With Measured Surface Rate
0 .9 5
In phase changing multiphase environment such as gas
0 .9
condensate systems it is hard to measure the free rate at
surface. The total rate is the combination of the free oil and
gas flow and dissolved gas in oil and vapor phase in the gas
0 .8 5

0 .8
phase. Thus a scheme is devised to get effective permeability
Kg [md]

0 .7 5
using the surface measured rate from well test analysis instead
0 .7
of free rate.
0 .6 5 Pressure transient response in terms of
0 .6 pseudopressure can be represented as
0 .5 5 k ( P)
q g ,meas log(t ) + log e
mPP < P* mPwf = 162.6 c r 2

0 .5

t w
5000 4998 4996 4994 4992 4990 4988 4986 4984 4982

P r e s s u r e [p s i]
h

Fig.19. Gas effective permeability profile from pressure test in 3.2275 + 0.8686S
horizontal wells. (45a)
Gas phase pseudopressure for Region-1 has been define by
Eq.16 and 17. With equation 16, Eq. 45a can be expressed
as follows
8 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

P*
k.k Well Deliverability Gain Due to Condensate Production
rg R P (1 Ro R S )
(P )dp = in Region-1
Pwf
( B )
g g

(
R p Rs ) Single-phase gas pseudopressure for gas reservoirs can be
expressed as
(46)
k ( P) P*
k .k rg
q g ,meas log(t ) + log e
162.6
h


c r 2
t w


mPg,sp = dp
B g . g

(52)
Pwf sp
3.2275 + 0.8686S And Eq.16 is the pseudopressure in gas condensate reservoirs.
Re-arranging, yields P*
k.k rg RP (1 Ro RS )
mPg1, g = (P )dp (16)
P*
R P (1 Ro R S ) ( B )
g g R p Rs ( )
( (P )dp = Pwf
Pwf g Bg (
) R p Rs ) Comparing the integral in Eq.16 with single-phase gas
pseudopressure in Eq. 52, the difference is the gas phase

recovery due to liquid production. Effective permeability in
(47) Eq.16 is lower than that in Eq.52. The recovery term is equal
q g ,meas log(t ) + log k e ( P) to
162.6 c r 2
P* t w R P (1 Ro R S )

k.k (P )dp h
rg
3.2275 + 0.8686S

P*
(R p Rs ) (P )d
Pwf
Pwf
P * Pwf
p (53)

Now gas phase effective permeability integral as a function Or

pressure can be estimated as P*
P* R P (1 RO R S )

k.k rg (P )dp = 162.6

q g ,meas
(48)
q g , sp (R p )(
R s P * Pwf ) (P )dp = q gt ,2 P (54)
dmPg1, g Pwf
Pwf h
Term in Eq. 53 is the production gain factor in the Region-1
d ln(t ) due to liquid mobility. This can be converted into vapor
Gas phase effective permeability now is the derivative of the equivalent as follows.
above equation. Similarly oil phase effective permeability
integral can be estimated as Veq = 133,000 o (54a)
P* Mo
q g ,meas Veq is the gas equivalent of the condensate.
k.k ro (P )dp = 162.6 (49)
dmPg1,o
Pwf h
Well Deliverability Loss Due to Condensation
d ln(t ) The recovery in the absence of liquid accumulation in Regio-1
Oil phase effective permeability then is the derivative of above would be
equation. Using surface oil rate qg,sp = C mPg,sp (55)
P* P
q o,meas k
k.k rg (P )dp = 162.6 (50) mPg,sp = dp
B g . g
(56)
dmPo1, g
Pwf h

Pwf sp
d ln(t ) Since qg,sp > qgt,2P, (flow rate with condensate accumulation)
P* therefore, well efficiency in this case can be expressed as
q o,meas
k.k ro (P )dp = 162.6 (51)
w, 2 p [%] =
q gt , 2 P
x100
dmPo1,o (57)
Pwf h

q g , sP
d ln(t ) And the damage factor then is
Establishing IPR q g , sP q gt , 2 P
Since pseudopressure has been developed, Rawlins 1 w, 2 p = (58)
and Schellhard20 equation can be used to establish well q g , sP
performance.
Gas phase q g = C . mPg n ( ) (51a)
Oil phase qo = C .(mPo ) n
(51b)
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 9

P*
k.k Procedure to calculate Table 2
rg R P (1 RO R S )
C (P )dp ** Calculate the critical temperature and pressure. I used
Pwf
( g B g )

R p Rs ( ) correlation for California gases using following equation.
w, 2 p = (59) Tpc = 298.6 SG + 181.89
P
kk rg Tpc = 298.6 (0.94) +181.89 = 462.574 oR
C
B g . g

dp

sp
Ppc = -514.01 SG 4 + 1788.2 SG 3 - 2337.5 SG2 + 1305.3SG
Pwf + 415.07

P*
k.k rg 2 p

( )
R P (1 Ro R S ) Table 1 Well, reservoir and fluid data is given in
w, 2 p = (P )dp (60)
(kk rg ) sp R p R s P * Pwf )
Pwf
( )( ) following table.
Pi 6750 psia qc 2.8 STB/D
Since effective permeability in single-phase gas reservoirs is Pd 6750 psia h 216.5 ft
equal to absolute permeability, therefore, above equation can GOR 9470 scf/STB 0.062
T 354 oF rw 0.54 ft
be rewritten as Gas SG 0.94 [MW =27.17] API 50 [Assumed]
P*
(
k.k rg )2 P R P (1 Ro R S ) qg 75.4 Mscf/D T 2.85 oF/100FT
w, 2 p =
Pwf
k
(R p Rs )(P * Pwf ) (P )dp (61)
Ppc = -514.01 (0.94) 4 + 1788.2 (0.94) 3 - 2337.5 (0.94) 2 +
Eq.61 shows that the delivery loss in Region-1 is only due to 1305.3(0.94) + 415.07 = 660.57 psi
relative permeability loss of the gas phase. Partially the loss is At 2200 psi
recovered as liquid production. Tr = T/Tpc = 354 + 460 /462.574 = 1.759
Ppr = P/Ppc = 2200/660.57 = 3.33
Damage Factor in Region-2 ** Calculate the compressibility factor using Gopal
In this region, only gas phase is mobile, therefore; equations given in Appendix A. Choose proper equation.
Following equation fits the above critical conditions of
Pd
k.k rg 2 P ( ) temperature and pressure.
P*

k


Z =Pr (-0.0284Tr + 0.0625) + 0.4714Tr -0.0011
DF2 = 1 (63) Z =(3.33) [-0.0284(1.759) + 0.0625] + 0.4714(1.759) -0.001
(Pd P *) = 0.8699
Equation 63 indicates that the delivery loss in Region-2 is the zT
** Calculate the Bg using Eq.P-15. B g = 0.00504
result of permeability loss due to condensation. P
P1
(0.8699)(354 + 460)
B g = 0.00504 =0.0016 bbl/scf
0.9
22
0.8 ** Calculate gas density using Eq.P-21
Pd Production Loss in Region-2
MW .P
g = 1.601846 x10 2
0.7

0.6 RT
Table 2 PVT Properties for example-1
mPwf

0.5
Production Gain in Region-1
0.4 P* P Ppr Z Bg Vis Rso Ro
B/scf Cp scf/B B/scf
0.3
200 0.3028 0.9818 0.0201 0.015 42.45 -7.59E-06
0.2 600 0.9083 0.9491 0.0065 0.016 150.7 4.83E-06
0.1
1000 1.5138 0.9186 0.0038 0.016 271.7 1.26E-05
1400 2.1194 0.8992 0.0026 0.017 400.6 1.90E-05
0 Pwf 1800 2.7249 0.8797 0.002 0.018 535.3 2.48E-05
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2200 3.3304 0.8701 0.0016 0.019 674.7 3.03E-05
Qg
2600 3.936 0.8777 0.0014 0.02 818.1 3.59E-05
3000 4.5415 0.8853 0.0012 0.022 965 4.16E-05
3400 5.147 0.8929 0.0011 0.023 1115 4.78E-05
Fig.22 Production trend in gas condensate systems 3800 5.7526 0.8811 0.001 0.025 1267 5.45E-05
4200 6.3581 0.9149 0.0009 0.027 1423 6.20E-05
Example-1 4600 6.9636 0.9487 0.0008 0.029 1580 7.03E-05
5000 7.5692 0.9825 0.0008 0.031 1739 7.98E-05
This example is taken from reference 12. The 11, 500
5400 8.1747 1.0163 0.0008 0.034 1901 9.05E-05
ft deep well KAL-5 (Yugoslavia) has following properties. 5800 8.7802 1.0501 0.0007 0.037 2064 1.03E-04
The initial conditions coincide with retrograde conditions. In 6200 9.3858 1.0839 0.0007 0.04 2229 1.16E-04
Table 3 the mP values have been estimated using Eq. 16. Once 6750 10.218 1.1304 0.0007 0.045 2459 1.38E-04
the derivative of the pseudopressure is estimated, the effective
permeability integral is calculated using Eq.48. Where R (10.73) is the universal gas constant, T is in oR and P
is in psi. The gas density is in gm/cc. MW is the molecular
weight of the gas.
10 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

(27.17)22,00 Procedure to calculate Table 3

g = 1.601846 x10 2 =0.10962 gm/cc
(10.73)(354 + 460) ** Having calculated table 2 convert the pressure data into
** Calculate the gas viscosity using Eq.P-16, pseudopressure using Eq.16. without the k.krg term.
(9.4 + 0.02M )T 1.5 P* R (1 R R )
X1 = 1
209 + 19M + T mPg1 =

P O S
(P )dp
( g B g ) (
R p Rs )
X1 =
(9.4 + 0.02(27.17))(354)1.5
= 61.365 Pwf
209 + 19(27.17) + (354)
The integral can be evaluated numerically as follows
986
X 2 = 3.5 + + 0.01M P*
T 1 R (1 R R )
mPg1 =
( )
P O S
P dp
X 2 = 3.5 +
986
354
+ 0.01(27.17) = 6.557
Pwf
( g B g )

( )
R p Rs

X 3 = 2.4 0.2 X 2 P*
X 3 = 2.4 0.2(6.557) = 1.0886
X
mPg1 = X (P )dp
PB
g = 10 4 X 1 exp( X 2 3 )
X 0 + X 200
mP(200) = (200 0)
g = 10 4 (61.365) exp(6.557)(0.1096)1.0886 ) = 0.011 cp 2
0 + 3242.079
** Calculate Rso using Eq.P-2 mP(200) = (200 0) = 324207.9 = 3242
2
I used following equation for light oils 2
psi /cp
Rso = (P1.1535) (SG / 37.966) 10 (9.441 API / T)
3242.079 + 9882.76
Rso = (2,2001.1535) (0.94 / 37.966) 10 (9.441 (50) / (354+460)) = mP(600) = mP(200) + (600 200) =
674.73 scf/STB 2
** Calculate vapor phase in gas phase, Ro [STB/MMscf], 3242.079 + 9882.76
mP(600) = 324207.9 + (600 200) =
using following equation. 2
42.3815 2949175.7 an so on.
Ro = 11.66 + 4.706 x10 9 Rs 3 + 1.623 Rs Procedure to calculate pseudopressure derivative group,
Rs
t.dmP/d(ln(t)
42.3815 Using following equation
Ro = 11.66 + 4.706x109 (674.73) 3 + 1.623 674.73)
674.73 mp = mP-mP(t=0)
= 30.31233 STB/MMscf = 3.0312x10-5 STB/scf. dmPi 1 dmPi +1
ln(t ) i +1 +
** Producing gas oil ratio, Rp, is measured at surface during
dmP ln(t ) ln(t ) ln(t ) i 1
the well test, 9,470 SCF/STB. = i 1 i +1

d ln(t ) i [ ln(t ) i +1 + ln(t ) i 1 ]

Table 3. Pressure and pseudopressure data, with Eq.16.
Time P mP1g,g mP t.dmP/d(ln(t) Integral[Keg] Table 4. Integral evaluation data.
hrs psi Eq.16
Pr = 6750 248.3555 X = Rp(1RoRs)/
0 1083.1 9.690342 0 P Bg Gas Vis. Rso Ro
[(Rp-Rso)(Bgg)]
0.167 1174.5 11.4 1.709663
0.333 1226.7 12.4369 2.746561 psi [bbl/scf] [Cp] [scf/bbl] [B/scf] Rp = 9,470
0.5 1303.6 14.04406 4.353722 3.84810177 200 0.020138962 0.01538971 42.4507256 -7.58E-06 3242.079135
1 1490.6 18.34433 8.653984 6.18010128 600 0.00648931 0.01583345 150.745544 4.83E-06 9882.761598
2 1751.6 25.25937 15.56903 16.4412385 1000 0.003768687 0.0164451 271.735901 1.26E-05 16554.87436
3 2046 34.35381 24.66347 22.5880236 1400 0.002634882 0.0171969 400.595154 1.90E-05 22868.63006
4 2279.4 42.35781 32.66747 33.7942807 1800 0.00200499 0.0180827 535.308167 2.48E-05 28846.64708
6 2759.4 60.66817 50.97782 49.9686048 2200 0.00162264 0.01910453 674.732422 3.03E-05 34022.62432
8 3246.5 81.41431 71.72397 79.5896594 2600 0.00138497 0.0202691 818.123291 3.59E-05 37847.212
12 4210 127.6456 117.9553 117.600946 3000 0.001210678 0.02158655 964.953491 4.16E-05 40893.98613
16 5162 174.5628 164.8725 133.490764
3400 0.001077396 0.02306997 1114.82825 4.78E-05 43171.70082
22 6161 221.9433 212.2529 92.4258768
3800 0.000951253 0.02473525 1267.43994 5.45E-05 45676.80014
28 6336.5 229.9477 220.2574 66.411804 Start of SLL
34 6406.1 233.0914 223.4011 20.7617509 0.002727533 4200 0.000893679 0.02660116 1422.54187 6.20E-05 45136.22568
42 6452.5 235.1772 225.4869 12.3720492 0.004577121 4600 0.000846117 0.02868952 1579.93115 7.03E-05 43948.96444
50 6487.3 236.7363 227.046 7.66378648 0.007389084 5000 0.000806166 0.03102551 1739.43787 7.98E-05 42180.59821
58 6507.6 237.6437 227.9533 7.0386556 0.008045338 5400 0.000772133 0.03363803 1900.91724 9.05E-05 39887.95688
68 6526.5 238.4871 228.7967 6.60753927 0.008570265 5800 0.000742794 0.03656014 2064.24487 1.03E-04 37120.43519
82 6556.9 239.8407 230.1504 4.96192743 0.011412573 6200 0.000717241 0.03982965 2229.31177 1.16E-04 33921.35589
97 6574.3 240.614 230.9236 5.41043564 0.010466507 6750 0.000687051 0.04497274 2458.94556 1.38E-04 28887.92587
112 6587.3 241.1909 231.5005 3.83858505 0.014752405
141 6601.8 241.8336 232.1433 At t = 68 hours and P = 6526.5 psi
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 11

mP = 511.067-23.3728 = 487.6942 7000

At t = 82 hours and P = 6556.9 psi

6000

mP = 511.9648-23.3728 = 488.592
dmP = mP(t =82)- mP(t =68) 488.592 487.6942 = 0.8978 5000

dln(t) = ln(82)-ln(68) = 0.1872

Shutin Pressure [psi]

4000

At t = 97 hours and P = 6574.3 psi

mP = 512.4781-23.3728 = 489.1053
3000

dmP = 489.1053- 488.592 = 0.5133 2000

ln(t) = ln(97)-ln(82) = 0.16799 1000

At t = 112 hours and P = 6587.3 psi

. mP = 512.8614-23.3728 = 489.4886
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Time [hr]

dmP = 489.4886 489.1053 = 0.3833

dln(t) = ln(112)-ln(91) = 0.143787 Fig.23. Transient pressure semi-log plot.
Then the derivative at 97 hours, P = 6574.3 is
dmPi-1 = 0.8978 Table 5. Pressure and Pseudopressure data.
Time P mP1g,o mP t.dmP/d(ln(t) Integral[Keo]
ln(t)i-1 = 0.1872 hrs psi Eq.17 MM psi2/Cp
dmPi+1 = 0.3833 Pr = 6750 517.6423
ln(t)i+1 = 0.143787 0 1083.1 23.3728 0
0.167 1174.5 25.82054 2.447743
0.8978 0.3833 0.333 1226.7 27.24284 3.870043
0.143787 + 0.1872
dmP 0 .1872 0.143787 0.5 1303.6 29.37082 5.998017 4.876688764
= 1 1490.6 34.71134 11.33854 7.493499072
d ln(t ) i [0.1872 + 0.143787] 2 1751.6 42.57468 19.20188 17.59814272
= 3.590871565 3 2046 52.05665 28.68385 23.02276104
4 2279.4 60.07426 36.70146 33.95911145
Where the point i is the point where derivative is calculated 6 2759.4 78.13077 54.75797 50.2170588
and point i-1 is the point before it and i+1 is the point after it. 8 3246.5 99.00624 75.63344 86.65745905
ln(t) = ln(t1) ln(t2) 12 4210 151.2229 127.8501 180.0784224
16 5162 233.9581 210.5853 524.924176
** Plot the pseudopressure and its derivative and locate the 22 6161 500.2031 476.8303 142.9481323
start of radial straight line. This is the semi-log straight line on 28 6336.5 505.4348 482.062 323.2790984 Start of SSL
the semi-log plot of pressure vs. time. 34 6406.1 507.5021 484.1293 13.60094325 0.004163561
42 6452.5 508.8777 485.5049 8.151117177 0.006947313
50 6487.3 509.908 486.5352 5.062244746 0.011186413
The effective permeability 58 6507.6 510.5084 487.1356 4.655564686 0.012163586
The integral [Keg] is calculated from the straight line portion 68 6526.5 511.067 487.6942 4.376948091 0.012937864
and onwards using following equation 82 6556.9 511.9648 488.592 3.290109705 0.017211694
97 6574.3 512.4781 489.1053 3.590871565 0.015770088
P
q g ,meas dmP 1
(k.k rg (P ))dp = 162.6
112 6587.3 512.8614 489.4886 2.549689479 0.022209905

h d ln(t ) 141 6601.8 513.2888 489.916
Pwf
The effective permeability integral is calculated using 1000

following equation, after the semi-log straight line has

developed.
P
q g , meas dmP 1
(k.k rg (P ))dp = 162.6
100

d ln(t )
h

Un-e xpe cte d

Pwf
anom aly

( )
10

162.6 75.4 *1000

k .k rg (6574.3) dp = 6

Pwf
3.5908715x10 216.5
= 0.01577 1
0.1 1 10 100 1000

Oil effective permeability T im e [h rs]

Use same procedure for table 5 with equation 17 instead of Fig.24. Pseudopressure and its derivative vs. time. The
Eq. 16 to calculate pseudopressure and following equation to unexpected anomaly is observed. The initial reservoir pressure
calculate oil effective permeability. is equal to dew point pressure. Thus it is suspected that the
P
162.6 q g , meas 1 anomaly is the approaching P*.
(k.kro (P ))dp =
Pwf h

mP

12 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

Two-point numerical derivative can also be used to calculate 0.025

effective permeability as a function of pressure.

Integral[kg ] 2 Integral[kg ] 2 0.02

k .k rg =
P2 P1
0.015

It is possible that the producing gas oil ratio estimated at the

surface may have human error in it. Thus a sensitivity analysis 0.01

was performed by increasing the GOR by 10% and see its

impact on the effective permeability and skin factor since in 0.005

gas condensate systems skin factor is also added due to change

in effective permeability. This was done by using the skin 0

factor equation at different values of gas effective 6300 6350 6400 6450

P re ssu re [p si]
6500 6550 6600

permeability.
0.012
Fig. 27 Oil effective permeability integral as function of
pressure. Vertical solid line is the start of semi-log straight line
0.01
[Eq.17]

Table 7 Effect of 10% increase in GOR on oil

0.008

0.006 E x p e c te d P * effective permeability.

P Keo Keo % Error
0.004 psi Rp = 9,470 Rp = 10,417
6406.1 5.73045E-05 5.16527E-05 9.862689
0.002 6452.5 5.99946E-05 5.45406E-05 9.090909
6487.3 0.000121813 0.000110739 9.090909
0 6507.6 4.81366E-05 4.37605E-05 9.090909
6650 6600 6550 6500 6450

P re ssu re [p si]
6400 6350 6300
6526.5 4.09671E-05 3.72428E-05 9.090909
6556.9 0.000140586 0.000127806 9.090909
6574.3 8.28509E-05 7.5319E-05 9.090909
Fig.25 Gas effective permeability integral as function of 6587.3 0.000495371 0.000450337 9.090909
pressure. Vertical solid line is the start of semi-log straight line For oil phase effective permeability, slope of Eq. 51 can be
[Eq.16] used.
P
q g ,meas dmP 1
(k.k ro (P ))dp = 162.6
Pwf h

d ln(t )

Table 8. Effect of 10% increase in producing GOR on gas
effective permeability.
Time P Keg Keg % Error
hrs psi md md
Rp = 9,470 Rp =10,417
34 6406.1 2.69E-05 2.78E-05 3.02190686
42 6452.5 3.99E-05 4.11E-05 3.06048534
50 6487.3 8.08E-05 8.33E-05 3.04016961
58 6507.6 3.23E-05 3.34E-05 3.21625527
68 6526.5 2.78E-05 2.87E-05 3.35208414
82 6556.9 9.35E-05 9.64E-05 3.07862887
97 6574.3 5.44E-05 5.59E-05 2.88401789
Fig.26 Gas effective permeability integral extrapolated to 112 6587.3 0.00033 0.00034 3.08949186
zero pressure. 141 6601.8
Using following equation for various values of pressure and
effective permeability, skin factor was estimated as function of
Table 6 Gas effective permeability as function of pressure. pressure. Table 9 indicates that the increase in gas oil ratio
Pressure Keg Pressure Keg also causes increase in skin factor. This may be due to the fact
500 6.005e-08 4000 1.971e-07 that the increase in gas rate gives rise in the non-Darcy flow.
1000 5.681e-08 4500 2.952e-07 Condensed liquid occupies more space thereby reducing the
1500 6.159e-08 5000 4.936e-07
2000 7.107e-08 5500 9.949e-07
rate and the non-Darcy flow effects.
2500 8.575e-08 6000 2.974e-06 mPg M g h k eg ( P )
3000 8.597e-08 6500 4.104e-05 S1 = 1.1513 log + 3.2275
q g ,meas c r 2
3500 1.418e-07 t w
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 13

Table 9. Absolute error in skin factor to gas with 10 % 5. Use Eq.20 without k.kro term. to calculate pseudopressure
increase in producing GOR. P*
1 1 Ro R s
B . dp
P Skin Skin % Error
mPo =
Psi Rp = 9,470 Rp = 10,417 1 Ro R p
6452.5 -3.53405 -3.488564948 1.287002 Pwf o o
6487.3 -3.92994 -3.866652757 1.610467
6507.6 -3.53555 -3.467571977 1.922726 P
q dmPo 1
6526.5 -3.53051 -3.45896314 2.026399 6. Use equation (k.k ro (P ))dp = 162.6 o,meas

d ln(t )
6556.9 -4.18602 -4.098223812 2.097282
Pwf h
6574.3 -4.01019 -3.929811734 2.004447
6587.3 -4.92164 -4.813667252 2.193882 to calculate oil effective permeability integral.
8000

Procedure to calculate IPR

1. Chose the pressure data as shown in Table 10,
7000

column 1. 6000

2. Convert the pressure data into pseudopressure as we 5000

did earlier in this example without Krg term. This is 4000

equal to mP/Mg. (Column-2) 3000

3. Using the same pressure data (Column 1) evaluate

integral using equation given in Fig. 26. This is the 2000

term Mg (Column-3) 1000

4. Now calculate the final value of pseudopressure by 0

multiplying the mP/Mg with Mg to get mP

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

P re ssu re [p si]

(Column-4)
5. Plot the mP Vs flow rate on a log-log plot and Fig. 29. Gas phase IPR against pressure
calculate the sole n, and intercept C. In this example
we assumed values such that they match the rate and Table 10. Well performance data. [n = 0.8, C = 0.948,
BHFP during the well test since we did not have Assumed Values]
Integral[Keg] mP q
production data for this well. Estimate these P mP/Mg Mg MM psi2/cp Scf/D
parameters separately for oil and gas phases. 0 0 0 0 74.91424
6. Now establish IPR using Rawlins and Schellhardt20 200 0.32339411 7.40445E-05 2.39456E-05 74.91232
equation. 600 2.94400525 0.000100002 0.000294406 74.89056
1000 8.25361881 0.000122767 0.001013273 74.83273
Gas phase: q g = C . mPg n ( ) 1400 16.1918666 0.000146064 0.002365048 74.72395
1800 26.6565599 0.000171361 0.004567893 74.54659
Oil phase qo = C .(mPo )n 2200 39.5642106 0.000199845 0.007906711 74.27757
2600 54.3308111 0.000232845 0.01265068 73.89491
3000 70.6711157 0.000272102 0.019229763 73.36341
0.8 3400 88.3323739 0.000320103 0.028275479 72.63107
3800 107.419393 0.00038065 0.040889153 71.60676
0.7
4200 127.150589 0.000459941 0.058481785 70.17197
0.6 4600 146.954463 0.000568898 0.083602079 68.11042
5000 166.651224 0.000728781 0.121452239 64.97424
0.5
5400 186.091089 0.000987312 0.183729879 59.72925
0.4 5800 205.150979 0.001478542 0.303324261 49.31097
6200 223.731447 0.002779552 0.621873294 17.75325
0.3
6750 248.355527 0.003 0.74506658 0
0.2

0.1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

G a s F lo w R a re [M sc f/D ]

Fig.28. Gas Phase IPR vs. pseudopressure. [n = 0.8 and C =

0.0948, assumed and closely matched with rate during well
test, since we did not have the production data for this well]

Oil Phase
For oil phase use following equations
1. Pseudo-critical Temperature, Eq. P-26.
2. Pseudo-critical Pressure, Eq.P-27
3. Oil formation Volume Factor (Bo), Eq.P-28. Fig.30. Oil effective permeability integral.
4.Viscosity, Eq.P-30
14 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

0.00001 Table 11. Time, pressure, pseudopressure, and effective

0.000009 permeability to oil data.
t.dmP/d(ln Integral[K
Time P mP1o,o mP Keo
0.000008

0.000007 (t)) eo]

2
0.000006
Hrs psi Psia /cp Eq.20
0.000005
0 1083.1 37.69242 0
0.167 1174.5 45.06127 7.368851
0.333 1226.7 49.60332 11.9109
0.000004

0.000003
0.5 1303.6 56.74562 19.05319 17.46048
0.000002
1 1490.6 76.42196 38.72953 28.77838
0.000001
2 1751.6 109.62 71.92376 82.02722
0 3 2046 155.6 117.9054 120.4391
4 2279.4 198.9084 161.216 191.8662
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

P re ssu re [p si]

6 2759.4 308.5168 270.8244 321.6509

Fig. 31. Oil phase effective permeability, derivative of Eq.17. 8 3246.5 450.2727 412.5802 603.1635
10000
12 4210 829.7878 792.0953 1133.067
16 5162 1339.958 1302.266 1594.884
22 6161 2012.652 1974.959 1104.705
Start of
28 6336.5 2143.882 2106.189 969.7653
SSL
1000
34 6406.1 2196.913 2159.22 344.0685 0.006112 0.0000567
42 6452.5 2232.571 2194.878 210.5204 0.009989 0.0000836
50 6487.3 2259.472 2221.78 131.9755 0.015934 0.0001708

58 6507.6 2275.226 2237.534 121.9627 0.017242 0.0000644

100 68 6526.5 2289.935 2252.242 115.2834 0.018241 0.0000529

82 6556.9 2313.675 2275.982 86.96564 0.024181 0.0001954
97 6574.3 2327.308 2289.615 95.23596 0.022081 0.0001207
112 6587.3 2337.515 2299.823 67.81678 0.031009 0.0006867
10 141 6601.8 2348.921 2311.229
0.1 1 10 100 1000

Tim e [hrs]

Fig.32. Oil phase pseudopressure and its derivative. Table 12 Oil Phase IPR
P mP1o,o/Mo Integral mP qo
100 Eq. 20 Mo [Fig.30] Psi2/cp STB/D
90
0 0 0 0 2.862683
200 1.005179 7.89E-05 7.93358E-05 2.862681
80
600 10.36004 0.000139 0.00143703 2.862644
70 1000 31.6242 0.00019 0.006010048 2.862518
Pseudopressure [psia2/cp]

60 1400 66.47398 0.000242 0.01609866 2.86224

1800 116.5378 0.000299 0.034792975 2.861724
50
2200 183.47 0.000362 0.066391755 2.860853
40
2600 268.93 0.000435 0.117008362 2.859458
30 3000 374.5329 0.000522 0.195527471 2.857294
20
3400 501.7112 0.000628 0.315218734 2.853995
3800 651.6465 0.000762 0.496653232 2.848993
10
4200 825.1444 0.000937 0.773404912 2.841363
0 4600 1022.557 0.001178 1.204296865 2.829481
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Oil flow Rate [STB/D] 5000 1243.743 0.00153 1.903079384 2.810206
5400 1488.069 0.002099 3.123445954 2.776527
Fig.33. Condensate phase well performance vs. 5800 1754.464 0.003177 5.573699342 2.708841
pseudopressure. 6200 2041.501 0.006013 12.27577953 2.52324
6600 2347.504 0.034292 80.50032368 0.573717
6750 2466.777 0.04 98.67109403 0
6000

Conclusions
5000 1. New method of projecting performance of gas
4000
condensate wells have been introduced that integrates
well test transient pressure data and the production
Pressure [psi]

3000 test data.

2000
2. Well test data is used to estimate effective
permeability of each (gas and condensate) phase and
1000 then is used to convert production pressure data into
0
pseudopressure data.
2.5 2.55 2.6 2.65 2.7

Oil Flow Rate [STB/D]

2.75 2.8 2.85 2.9
3. Thus relative permeability curves have been
completely eliminated.
Fig.34. Oil phase well performance against pressure.
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 15

4. Well test equations have been modified in order to o1,o = Oil phase in Region-1 using oil effective permeability
provide effective permeability of each phase as a o1,g = Oil phase in Region-1 using gas effective permeability
function of pressure.
5. The effective permeability of one phase can also be References
used to convert the pressure data into pseudopressure 1. Vogel, J.T.: Inflow Performance Relationships for
of other phase. This is very useful in case only one Solution-Gas Drive Wells, JPT Jan. 1968, (83-92).
phase production data is available. 2. Weller, W.T.: Reservoir Performance During Two
6. Sensitivity analysis shows that 10% increase in Phase Flow, JPT Feb.1966 (240-245).
producing gas oil ratio causes 9% absolute error in oil 3. Fetkovich, M.D., Guerrero, E.T., Fetkovich, M.J., and
effective permeability and 3% in gas Thomas, L.K.: Oil and Gas Relative Permeabilities
effective permeability. Determined from Rate-Time Performance Data, paper
SPE 15431 presented at the 1986 SPE Annual Technical
Nomenclature Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Oct. 5-8
Bo = Oil FVF, RB/STB 4. Raghavan, R., Jones, J.R.: Depletion Performance of
Bgd = Dry gas FVF cf/scf Gas-Condensate Reservoirs, JPT Aug. 1996
kro = Oil relative permeability 5. Fevang, O. and Whitson, C.H. Modeling Gas-
krg = Gas relative permeability Condensate deliverability, Paper SPE 30714 presented at
qg = Gas flow rate, scf/D the 1995 SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Rs = Solution GOR, SCF/STB Exhibition, Dallas, Oct. 22-25.
Rsgw = Solution gas water ratio, scf/STB 6. Gopal, V.N.: Gas Z-Factor Equations Developed For
Rp = Producing GOR, scf/STB (qg/qo) Computer, Oil and Gas Journal (Aug. 8, 1977) 58-60.
Rpgw = Producing gas water ratio, scf/STB 7. Aguilera, R. et al.: Horizontal Wells, Gulf Publishing Co.,
Rpow = Producing oil water ratio, STB/STB Houston TX.(185-187)
S = skin 8. McCain, W.D. Jr.: The Properties of Petroleum Reservoir
SSL = Semi-log straight line. Fluids, Second Edition, PennWell Publishing company.,
SOC = Critical oil saturation, fraction 9. Craft, B.C. and Hawkins, M.F: Applied Petroleum
Xe = a = Reservoir width, ft Reservoir Engineering, Second Edition, prentice Hall
mP = pseudo-pressure function, MMpsia2/cp PTR Publishing Company.
o = Oil viscosity, cp 10. Gopal, V.N.: Gas Z-Factor Equations Developed For
g = Gas viscosity, cp Computer, Oil and Gas Journal (Aug. 8, 1977) 58-60.
Subscripts 11. Standing, M.B. and Katz, D.L.: Density Of Natural
g = Gas Gases, Trans., AIME (1942), 146, 140-149.
o = Oil 12. Penuela, G. and Civan, F.: Gas-Condensate Well Test
w = Water Analysis With and Without Relative Permeability
r = relative Curves, SPE 63160.
e = effective 13. Serra, K.V., Peres, M.M., and Reynolds,. A.C.: Well-
z = in Z direction Test Analysis for Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs: Part-1
x = in X direction Determination of Relative and Absolute Permeabilities
y = in y direction SPEFE June 1990, P-124-131.
meas = Measured 14. Economides M.J. et al. The Stimulation of a Tight, Very-
1 hr = One hour High-Temperature Gas Condensate Well SPEFE March
w = wellbore (In well testing equations) 1989, 63-72.
cor = Corrected 15. Guehria, F.M. Inflow Performance Relationships for Gas
b = Bubble Condensates, SPE 63158.
d = Dew 16. Horne N.R., Modern Well Test Analysis, Second Edition,
trans = Transient Petroway Inc., 1998.
sp = Single phase 17. Evinger, H.H. and Muskat, M.: Calculation of
sp-trans = Single phase from transient test Theoretical Productivity Factors, Trans.,AIME (1942)
wf = wellbore flowing 146, 126-139.
s = shut-in 18. Jones, L.G., Blount, E.M. and Glaze, O.H.: Use of Short
t = total Term Multiple Rate Flow Tests to Predict Performance of
1 = Region-1 Wells Having Turbulence, paper SPE 6133 presented at
2 = Region-1 the 1976 SPE Annual Technical Meeting and Exhibition,
3 = Region-1 New Orleans, Oct. 3-6
g1,o = gas phase in Region-1 using oil effective permeability 19. Sukarno, P. and Wisnogroho, A.: Genaralized Two
g1,g = gas phase in Region-1 using gas effective permeability Phase IPR Curve Equation Under Influence of Non-linear
Flow Efficiency, Proc. of the Soc. of Indonesian
16 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

Petroleum Engineers Production Optimization Pseudo critical pressure

International Symposium, Bandung, Indonesia, July 24- Californian Gases
26, 1995, 31-43. Psp(psia) = -44.906(g,cor)3 + 93.189(g,cor)2 - 108.17(g,cor) +
20. Rawlins, E.L. and Schellhardt, M.A.: Backpressure Data 717.85 (P-12)
on Natural Gas Wells and Their Application to Oklahoma gases
Production Practices, USBM (1935) 7. Psp(psia) = -514.01(g,cor)4 + 1788.2(g,cor)3 - 2337.5(g,cor)2 +
21. Wiggins, M.L.: Inflow Performance of Oil Wells 1305.3(g,cor)+ 415.07 (P-13)
Producing Water, PhD dissertation, Texas A&M U., Gas formation volume factor (Bg)
College Station, TX (1991). zT
22. 22. Camacho V. and Raghavan R., Inflow Performance Bg = 0.02829 , cu ft/SCF (P14)
P
Relationships for Solution-Gas Drive Reservoirs. JPT
zT
(May 1989), P-541-550. Bg = 0.00504 , bbl/SCF (P-15)
P
Appendix A: Fluid Properties Used in This Study Natural gas viscosity (g)
Light Oil Properties (API > 31.1) For its convenient mathematical form Lee and Gonzalez
Bubble point Pressure: To estimate the bubble point pressure model for viscosity is used.
of the liquid phase of the condensate system Standings X
modified correlation was chosen. g = 10 4 X 1 exp( X 2 3 ) (P-16)
0.7857 Where g is the gas density in g/cc and g is the gas viscosity
R 10 0.0009T
Pb = 31.7648 s . 0.0148. API (P-1) in cp, and
g 10
(9.4 + 0.02M )T 1.5
X1 = (P-19)
Solution Gas Oil Ratio (Rso): Modified Kartoatmodjo's 209 + 19M + T
Correlation 986
12.753. API X 2 = 3.5 + + 0.01M (P-18)
T
(
R s = 0.01347 g ,corr )0.3873 (Pb )1.1715 x 10 T + 460
(P-2) X 3 = 2.4 0.2 X 2 (P-20)
Where MP
g = 1.601846 x10 2 (P-21)
Psp
( )
g,corr = g .Psp 1+ 0.1595.API0.4078Tsp 0.2466. log (P-3)
RT
Where T is in oR, is in lb/cu ft, P in psia, R is 10.732 psia-
114.7
cuft/[lb-mole-oR]
Dead oil viscosity (d) Gas compressibility (Z)
(Modified Egbogah-Jack's Correlation) For gas compressibility Gopal6 equations generated for
log. log(od +1) = 1.8513 0.025548.API 0.56238. logTg (P-4) ( ) computer use have been selected. (Table A)
Gas saturated oil viscosity: Gas gravity at reservoir conditions: Three stage separation
(Modified Beggs and Robinson Correlation ( )
R1 g + 4,602 o + R 2 g + R3 g
g = (P-22)
o1 = 0.032124 + 0.9289.F 0.02865.F 2 (P-5) 133,316 o
R1 + + ( R 2 + R3 )
[ ]
o1 = 25.1921(Rso + 100)0.6487 od [2.7516(Rso +150) ] (P-6)
0.2135
Mo
Condensate specific gravity (o) Two stage separation,
141.5
g =
(
R1 g + 4,602 o + R3 g )
o = (P-7) (P-23)
131.5 + API R1 + 133,316 o M o1 + R3
Molecular weight of condensate (Mo) Also
5,954 R1 g + 4,602 o + G pa g
Mo = (P-8)
API 8.811 g = (P-24)
R1 + Veq
42.43 o
Mo = (P-9) Condensates
1.008 o
Pseudo-critical temperature
Natural Gas Properties Tsp (oR) = -71.647(g,cor)2 + 333.52(g,cor) + 182.2 (P-26)
For the temperature range of 300-700 oF and gravity range of Pseudo-critical Pressure
0.5-1.8 the following parameters are estimated as
Psp(psia) = -22.334(g,cor)2 - 35.575(g,cor) + 704.99 (P-27)
Pseudo Critical Temperature
Oil formation Volume Factor (Bo)
Standing correlation for California gases
Standing co-relation
Tsp (oR) = 295.48g,cor + 181.89 (P-10)
Standing correlation for Oklahoma gases Bo = 0.972 + 0.000147F 1.175 (P-28)
Tsp (oR) = 298.6 g,cor + 179.44 (P-11)
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 17

0.5
g
350
Gas Gravity

Where F = Rso + 1.25T , T = oF (P-29)

340
From Top-
Bottom

o
330

320
0.60
310

For crude oil viscosity (In Pa-S), Miadonye et al one 300

0.65
0.70

parameter correlation is available 290

280
0.75
0.80
0.85
d
T 30
270
0.90

ln o = 2.30259b1 + 6.912375 (P-30)

260
0.95
250 1.00
303.15 240 1.05
230

Where b = log (@ 30o C ,0 MPag ) + 3.002 (P-31) 220

Rp =
5000[scf/ST
210 B]

And d = 0.006694b + 3.5364 200 T = 200 F

API = 45

mP[MM psi2/cp]/Mg1
190

Where T is in oC.
SG = 0.6
180

Table A-1Gopal6 Equations for Estimating Gas

170

160

Compressibility Factor (Z). 150

140

Pr Tr Equations N 130

o 120

0.2 1.05 To 1.2 Pr (1.6643 Tr - 2.2114) - 0.367 Tr + 1.4385 1 110

To 1.2 + To 1.4 Pr (0.5222 Tr - 0.8511) - 0.0364Tr *+ 1.0490 2 100

3+
90
1.2 1.4+ To 2.0 Pr (0.1391 Tr - 0.2988) + 0.0007Tr * + 0.9969 80
2.0+ To 3.0 Pr (0.0295 Tr - 0.0825) + 0.0009Tr * + 0.9967 4+ 70

1.2 1.05 To 1.2 Pr (-1.3570 Tr +1.4942) + 4.6315 Tr - 4.7009 5+ 60

+
+ 1.2 + To 1.4 Pr (0.1717 Tr - 0.3232) + 0.5869 Tr +0.1229 50

To 1.4+ To 2.0 Pr (0.0984 Tr - 0.2053) + 0.0621Tr + 0.858 6 40

2.8 2.0+ To 3.0 Pr (0.0211 Tr - 0.0527) + 0.0127Tr + 0.9549 7 30

8
20

10
2.8 1.05 To 1.2 Pr (-03278Tr + 0.4752) +1.8223Tr -1.9036 9+ 0

+ 1.2 + To 1.4 Pr (-0.2521Tr + 0.3871) +1.6087Tr -1.6635 10 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Pressure [psi]
3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

+
To 1.4+ To 2.0 Pr (-0.0284Tr + 0.0625) + 0.4714Tr -0.0011*
5.4 2.0+ To 3.0 Pr (0.0041Tr + 0.0039) + 0.0607 Tr +0.7927 11
12 Fig.B-2 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
5.4 1.05 To 3.0 Pr (0.711 + 3.66Tr)-1.4667 -1.637/(0.319Tr + 0.522) + [T = 200 oF]
+ 2.071 13
To
15. 300
G as G ravity
0 290 From Top-
Bottom
*These terms may be ignored. 280

+For a very slight loss in accuracy, Equations 3 and 4 and 270 0.60
0.65
9 and 10 can, respectively, be replaced by the following two equations: 260
0.70
++Preferably use this equation for Pr up to 2.6 only. For Pr = 2.6+, equation 9 will give 250 0.75
0.80
slightly better results. Also, preferably, use Equation 1 for 1.08 Tr 1.19 and Pr 1.4. 240
0.85
0.90
Appendix B: Pseudopressure Function Charts
230
0.95
220
1.00
Gas Phase Region-1 210 1.05

200
350
Rp =
G a s G r a v it y 190 5000[scf/S TB
340
Fr o m T o p - ]
330 Bo tto m 180
T = 300 F
320
170 AP I = 45
0 .6 0
mP[MM psi2/cp]/Mg1

3 10

300
0 .6 5 160

0 .7 0
290 150
0 .7 5
280
0 .8 0 140
270 0 .8 5
130
260 0 .9 0
250 0 .9 5 120

240
1 .0 0
110
1 .0 5
230
100
220
Rp =
90
2 10 5 0 0 0 [ s c f /S T
200 B] 80
19 0 T = 150 F
70
18 0
A PI = 45
S G = 0 .6 60
17 0

16 0 50
15 0
40
14 0
30
13 0

12 0 20

110
10
10 0
0
90
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
80 Pressure [psi]
70

Fig.B-3 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]

60

50

[T = 300 oF]
40

30

20

10

0
0 500 10 0 0 15 0 0 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

P r e s s u r e [ p s i]

Fig.B-1Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]

[T = 150 oF]
18 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

Effect of API Gravity Effect of Producing Gas Oil Ratio, Rp

45 0
350
44 0
G as G ravity G as G ravity
F ro m To p- 340
43 0 F ro m To p -
42 0
B o tto m 330 B o tto m
41 0 320
0.60
40 0
310 0.60
0.65
39 0 0.65
0.70 300
38 0 0.70
0.75 290
37 0 0.75
0.80
36 0 280 0.80
0.85
35 0
270 0.85
0.90
34 0 0.90
0.95 260
33 0 0.95
1.00 250
32 0 1.00
1.05
31 0 240 1.05
30 0
Rp = 230
29 0 Rp
5000 [sc f/S TB 220
28 0 =6000 [scf/S T
] 210
27 0 B]
T = 1 50 F

mP[MM psi /cp]/Mg1

26 0 200 T = 150 F
AP I = 50
25 0
190 AP I = 45
mP[MM psi /cp]/Mg1

24 0
180

2
23 0
2

22 0 170
21 0 160
20 0
150
19 0
140
18 0
17 0 130
16 0 120
15 0
110
14 0
100
13 0
12 0 90
11 0 80
10 0
70
90
60
80
70 50
60 40
50
30
40
30
20
20 10
10 0
0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
0 50 0 10 00 15 00 20 00 25 00 30 00 35 00 40 00 45 00 50 00 55 00 60 00
P ressure [p si] P re ssure [p si]

Fig.B-4 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ] Fig.B-6 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[API = 50] [Rp = 6,000 scf/STB]

600
Gas Gr avity
575 Fr o m T o p -
30 0
Bo tto m G as G ravity
550 29 0
F ro m Top -
0.60 28 0 B o tto m
525
0.65
27 0
0.70 0.60
500
0.75 26 0 0.65
475 0.80 25 0
0.70
0.85 0.75
450 0.90 24 0 0.80
0.95 23 0
0.85
425 1.00 0.90
1.05
22 0 0.95
400
21 0
1.00
1.05
375
Rp = 20 0
5000[s cf/ST
19 0 Rp
B]
350
=7 000[scf/S T
T = 150 F 18 0
B]
325 A PI = 55 T = 1 50 F
17 0
AP I = 45
mP[MM psi /cp]/Mg1

300
16 0
2

275 15 0

14 0
250
13 0
225
12 0

200 11 0

10 0
175

90
150
80

125
70

100 60

50
75
40
50
30

25 20

0 10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
0
P re ssu re [p si] 0 50 0 10 00 15 00 20 00 25 00 30 00 35 00 40 00 45 00 50 00
P ressure [p si]

Fig.B-5 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]

Fig.B-7 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ]
[API = 55]
[Rp = 7,000 scf/STB]
SPE 75503 ESTABLISHING INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP (IPR) FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS 19

G as
300 25
G as G ravity G ravity
290
F rom To p- 24 F ro m To p-
280 B o ttom B o tto m
23
270
0.60 0.60
22 0.65
260 0.65
0.70 0.70
21
250
0.75 0.75
240 0.80 20 0.80
0.85
0.85
230 19 0.90
0.90
0.95
220 0.95
18 1.00
1.00
210 1.05
1.05 17 1.10
200

Rp 16
190 R p = 5000

Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]/Mo1

=8000[scf/S T S C F /S TB
180 15
B] T = 2 00 F
170 T = 150 F 14 AP I = 45

2
AP I = 45
mP[MM psi /cp]/Mg1

d = 0.5 c p
160
13 P b = 100 0
2

150 p si
12
140
11
130

120
10

110 9

100 8
90
7
80
6
70
5
60

50
4

40 3

30 2
20
1
10
0
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pressure [p si] P ressu re [p si]

Fig.B-10 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21]

Fig.B-8 Gas phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.16 ] [T=200 oF]
[Rp = 8,000 scf/STB]

Oil Phase Region-1 25

G as
G ravity
Gas 24 F ro m Top -
30 B o tto m
Gr avit y
29 Fr o m T o p - 23
0.60
28 Bo tto m 22 0.65
27 0.70
0.60 21
0.75
26 0.65 0.80
20
25 0.70 0.85
0.75 19 0.90
24
0.80 0.95
23 0.85 18 1.00
0.90 1.05
22 17 1.10
0.95
21
1.00 16
R p = 5000
Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]/Mo1

20 1.05
15 S C F /S TB
/cp]/Mo1

19 1.10 T = 2 50 F
18 14 AP I = 45
2

Rp = 5000 d = 0.5 c p
17 13
2

SC F/ST B P b = 1000
p si
Pseudopressure [MMpsi

16 T = 150 F 12
A PI = 45
15
d = 0.5 cp 11
14 Pb = 1000
10
13 ps i
12 9

11 8
10 7
9
6
8
5
7
6 4

5 3
4
2
3
1
2
1 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
0
P ressu re [p si]
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Pr e s s u r e [p s i]

Fig.B-9 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21] Fig.B-11 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21]
[T=150 oF] [T=250 oF]
20 S. A. JOKHIO AND D. TIAB SPE 75503

G as
20
G ravity
F ro m To p-
19 B o tto m

18 0.60
0.65
17 0.70
0.75
16 0.80
0.85
0.90
15
0.95
1.00
14 1.05
1.10
13
R p = 5000
Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]/Mo1

12 S C F /S TB
T = 4 00 F
AP I = 45
2

11
d = 0.5 c p
P b = 100 0
10
p si

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
P ressu re [p si]

Fig.B-12 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21 ]

[T= 400 oF]

G as
30
G ravity
29 F ro m To p-
B o tto m
28
27 0.60
0.65
26
0.70
25 0.75
24 0.80
0.85
23 0.90
22 0.95
1.00
21 1.05
20 1.10

19 Rp =
Pseudopressure [MMpsi /cp]/Mo1

18 10,0 00
S C F /S TB
17 T = 1 50 F
2

16 AP I = 45
d = 0.5 c p
15
P b = 100 0
14 p si
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
P ressu re [p si]

Fig.B-13 Oil phase pseudopressure Region-1[Eq.21 ]

[Rp = 10,000 scf/STB]