Digital Leak Detector

D Digital Sound Quality

D Sensitive
D Lightweight
D Easy to use
 Features
Digital Audio Processor
Dynamic range compression - accentuates leak sounds,
reduces loud noises
Hears leaks where other instruments cannot
Precise digital filters block ambient noise
Automatic rejection of electrical interference (60dB)
Lightweight (< 1 lb.)
Wearable, strap or belt clip

User Interface Buttons

LISTEN: Click on/off or press-and-hold to listen
VOLUME: 45 dB range in 29 steps
FILTER: Five digital filters for:
Ground (Gnd): Hard surfaces, soil, plastic pipe
Service (SEr): Service pipes
Contact (Con): Valve, hydrant, service connections
Survey (SUr): Surveying
Open (OPn): Full listening range

High-Resolution, Waterproof Universal Sensor

Contact microphone for meters and fittings
Ground listening plate with quick-release sensor
Magnetic base for hydrants and valves

Smart Volume Limiting

Continuous, automatic volume protection
Suppresses clicks, pops and sudden loud sounds

Automatic Leak Location

Leak Index Score from 0 to 999 provides a
visual determination when you are over the leak

Technical Specifications
Digital Audio Processor Unit: Universal Sensor:
Frequency range: 30 - 4,000Hz Type: High-resolution piezo-ceramic
Power supply: 2 AA alkaline batteries Sensitivity: 20V/g
Battery life: > 12.5 hours continuous listening Resolution: 0.05g/RHz
Display: LCD Protection: IP68, waterproof, fully submersible
Protection: IP54, weatherproof, splash-proof Shock proof: 6,000g
Weight: 15 ounces (408.2 grams)
Dimensions: 5 x 3.5 x 1.5 Ground Microphone Unit:
(127mm x 88.9mm x 38.1mm) Dimensions: Height - 34; Disk - 4.5 diameter
(h = 860mm; d = 114mm)
Accessories: Weight: 2 lbs. (910g) with sensor attached
Carrying Case: Rugged, light-weight Materials: Rod - anodized aluminum
Probe: Stainless steel; connects to sensor Disk - stainless steel

2 Clock Tower Place, Ste 425

Maynard, MA 01754 USA
800.517.4737
www.flowmetrix.com
 ZCorr: Multi-Sensor Overnight Leak Survey and
Pinpointing In One Step
The ZCorr system is a new, systematic approach to pipeline surveying. ZCorr digital correlating loggers
offer significant advantages over listening loggers by detecting and pinpointing multiple leaks in a zone
overnight. ZCorrs technical advances make leak surveying viable for water utilities at less effort and cost.

The ZCorr Concept Deployment is typically in underground valve

chambers, on fire hydrants, or other pipe fittings.
ZCorr is a software-driven approach that allows
a distribution system leak survey to be efficiently
directed from the office, integrating leak 2. Retrieve
detection data, maps, and database tools to: During the night the
synchronized ZCorr
1. Plan the survey and print deployment orders loggers record at the user-
2. Pinpoint leaks and print repair reports programmed times.
3. Track survey progress and performance Recorded vibration
samples are saved in
The ZCorr survey has 3 steps: DEPLOY, memory. The loggers then
RETRIEVE and ANALYZE. Each step can be enter low-power mode
performed either in the office or in the field. until they are reconnected
with the docking station.
1. Deploy
Eight ZCorr loggers are 3. Analyze
held in a compact The recorded data is downloaded from the ZCorr
Docking Station, which loggers, via the docking station, using the PC
is connected to a PC. software. Eight loggers produce 28 distinct pairs
The docking station for correlation analysis. ZCorr analysis finds all
communicates with the significant leak noise correlations automatically.
ZCorr logger Results are ranked by Correlation Score (0
electronically, without 100), scored by the determination of leakage
cables. versus usage, correlation signal quality, and the
smallest estimated error in pinpointed location of
The PC software user: any leak(s).

Sets the synchronized recording times (by

default, 3 AM, 3:30 AM, and 4 AM)
Places the loggers on a map image
Optionally prints a deployment work order

How ZCorr Loggers Work

The ZCorr system has several patented1
innovations, described in the next sections, in the
areas of synchronization (timing), data recording,
processing, and PC software analysis.
The ZCorr loggers are then deployed in the field
in readiness for the nighttime recording.
1
U.S. Patent #: 6,567,006

1
Real-Time Clock
At the heart of the ZCorr logger is an ultra low-
power, temperature-compensated Real-Time
Clock (RTC). The RTC is used to synchronize
ZCorr loggers via the docking station. Over an
18-hour period, between deployment and
retrieval for an overnight recording, an ordinary
wrist watch would drift in time by up to 50 parts
per million (ppm), i.e. about 3 seconds. In a
correlation analysis this could lead to errors of
10,000 feet or more in the pinpointed location of
a leak. Using a combination of ultra-low power
electronic and software techniques, timing drifts
are reduced by a factor of 2,500 times. The
patented method of timing compensation
restricts errors in leak location to typically less
than 3 feet.
Recording
The ZCorr logger is fitted with a low-noise
piezo-ceramic acceleration sensor, known as an
accelerometer. Accelerometers sense vibration
and convert it to a tiny electrical charge.
Sensitive conditioning electronics amplify and
filter this electrical response. As with audio and
other amplifiers, the accuracy, precision, and
intrinsic noise level of the amplifier is more
important to the recording quality than the gain
or volume level, per se. In an accelerometer,
intrinsic noise is often defined by resolution and
gain is referred to as sensitivity. In ZCorr, a
sensitivity of 1V/g at a resolution of 0.025 g /
Hz is followed by additional electronic gain.
The earths gravitational field is defined as
having a constant acceleration of 1 g. In contrast,
leak signals are sensed from pipes as a varying
pattern of acceleration as small as microgs, i.e.
millionths of gs. These are imperceptible levels
of vibration to humans and require very low-
noise, precise electronic amplification and
filtering to preserve the leak signal. In addition,
in a correlating logger the sensor is positioned
very close to the loggers electronics. Most real-
time correlators can advantageously separate the
sensor and recording electronics by a long cable.
To overcome this potential interference problem,
the ZCorr logger uses a custom-designed discrete
amplifier and filter circuit, integrated very
closely with the sensor.
Digitizing of the analog signal is performed with
a 23-bit ADC. Most acoustic loggers use
between 8 and 12 bits, allowing a digitizing
resolution of between 1 part in 256 and 4096.
Vibration signals on pipes have a useful dynamic
range of up to 80 dB, i.e. one part in 10,000. A
23-bit ADC, with a resolution of 1 part in over
500,000, is therefore adequate and necessary to
preserve the fine detail of pipe vibrations and the
leak signal.
Data Processing
After digitizing, the pipe vibration signal is
encoded and saved in low-power memory. The
ZCorr data processor is programmed to employ
special encoding techniques in different
situations. For example, different pipe materials
(plastic, cement or metal), large-diameter pipes,
and long distances between loggers (with the
presumption of very small leak signals), are all
situations where the encoding is set to enhance
the leak acoustic signature.
Data Downloading
Data is downloaded to a
PC via the ZCorr
docking station. A
waterproof connector
facilitates a high-speed
data link between the
logger, docking station,
and PC. This is the final
link in the chain of high
resolution recording,
processing, and data
transfer for correlation
analysis.
ZCorr Data Analysis
ALFA Optimal Correlation
Flow Metrix has developed an advanced leak
noise correlation method called ALFA, or
Automatic Leak Frequency Analysis.
ALFA works by identifying a leak acoustic
signature in 2-logger recordings. The leak sound
may be very different between the 2 loggers,
both in sound level and frequency pattern, and is
often not audible or otherwise discernible to the
human user. The ALFA process identifies the
acoustic signature of the leak sound at each
logger and designs an optimal correlation filter
that is unique for that 2-logger recording. The
ALFA filter concentrates on the leak sounds and
discards other vibrations, for example those due
to normal flow, transient usage, and
environmental sounds such as traffic.
2

ALFA is particularly useful with large-diameter
pipes, multiple leaks, and noisy environments.
The graphic above shows a ZCorr correlation
result with 6 correlation peaks, identifying 6
leaks in and outside a 530-foot recording span.
Another benefit of ALFA is enhanced
productivity. Recordings in a zone with one or
more leaks may readily produce a total of 28
correlations, one for every possible pair of
loggers. ALFA produces 28 optimal correlations,
each ranked by Correlation Score, without the
need for time-consuming experimentation with
manual filter settings.
Enhanced Listening Analysis
Unlike listening loggers, which only store
statistics, ZCorr stores actual CD quality
recorded nighttime sound.
A Leak Index (a 0 100 ranking) for each logger
shows the sound levels present at the quietest
time of the night. Each logger is represented by
a bar (red = abnormal leak index; green =
normal). The listening and sound analysis
provide additional capabilities that can
supplement the correlation information.
Data Management
The ZCorr PC software includes:
1. Electronic maps converted from the utilitys
Geographic Information System (GIS) and
integrated into the ZCorr user interface
2. An integrated Data Manager that:
Stores an unlimited number of ZCorr
recordings in a database
Provides typical database functions,
such as searching and sorting
Can export recording information and
results to other database and GIS
software programs
Financial Benefits of a Leak
Survey Program
The following Financial Benefit Analysis is
typical for a small town (population 20,000
50,000) or a network region. The example
distribution system has:
100 miles of mains pipe
10,000 service connections
Daily production of 4 million gallons
Unaccounted for water of 15%
Using the Flow Metrix Water Loss Calculator
software program2, approximately half of the
unaccounted for water is likely to be recoverable
leakage (the remainder is due to meter error and
un-metered or unauthorized usage). Recoverable
leakage is expected to be 312,000 gallons per
day, with 4 mains leaks at 30 gallons per minute
(gpm) and 15 service line leaks at 6.5 gpm.
Eight ZCorr loggers deployed overnight at
spacings of 1,000 feet will survey an estimated 2
miles of pipe. This pipe mileage includes
lateral mains and services that convey leak
sounds to the loggers. The operational expense
is calculated for one leak detection crew for 3
hours, at a total cost of $100 per hour. The entire
distribution system is surveyed in 44 nights. The
value of lost water is taken to be $1.50 per
thousand gallons.
The chart below shows a benefit of over
$170,000 per year, with a total cost of $17,700,
i.e. an annual crew cost of $13,200 plus the
ZCorr equipment cost amortized over 5 years
($4,500). The operational expense outweighs the
capital expense, despite the fact that ZCorr is
significantly more productive than other leak
detection methods. The financial benefit of
recovered leakage pays for the entire leak
2
www.flowmetrix.com
3
 detection program and generates a considerable 2. Three times as many listening loggers are
surplus to invest in other operations and needed at 1/3 the cost of ZCorr loggers
maintenance activities. 3. Two thirds of leakage is successfully
recovered using real-time correlation to
Annual Costs and Savings ($000's)
investigate true (30%) and false (70%)
200 positive detections.
160
4. One third of recoverable leakage is missed;
typically very quiet long-running service
120
line leaks.
80

40 The correlative domain is more sensitive to - and

0
specific for - leak noise. This advantage
Amortized Crew Cost Total Cost Benefit translates into finding more leakage with less
Equipment operational effort and less equipment cost. The
Cost
table below shows a comparison of ZCorr
Productivity Comparison: correlating loggers and simple listening loggers:
ZCorr Versus Other Logger Parameter ZCorr Listening Comments
Technologies Logger
Correlating loggers such as ZCorr offer Inter- 800 Up to 500 ZCorr
significant advantages over listening loggers: logger 1,500 feet feet loggers
spacing have wider
1. A single overnight correlation study of 3 coverage
recordings almost completely eliminates any Duration of Overnight 17 ZCorr
false positive detection of leak noise. deployment nights loggers
2. A listening logger can only register leak work
noise that is close to or louder than overnight
background vibration levels. In contrast, the False Less than 67 90% Listening
ZCorr correlation process is capable of positive 5% loggers
detecting and pinpointing leak noise that is rate of leak have a high
inaudible and over a hundred times quieter detection false
than background noise. positive
3. The ZCorr correlation process rate
simultaneously detects and pinpoints Sensitivity Very high Moderate The
multiple leaks between any 2 loggers. to leak correlation
noise process
will detect
ZCorr Versus Listening Loggers
& pinpoint
Annual Costs and Savings ($000's)
inaudible
200 leak sounds
160 Operational About 20 20 minutes It is time-
effort minutes per logger consuming
120
per + to rule out
80 logger leak leakage
40 verification when the
+ majority of
0
Amortized Crew Cost Total Cost B enefit leak indications
Equipment pinpointing are false
Cost effort positives

The bar graph above compares the capital and

operational expense of ZCorr (green bars) and
listening logger (blue bars) survey programs.
The following assumptions were made:
1. The listening loggers are used for 3 nights at
each location
Summary
The ZCorr correlating logger system is
operationally viable for most water utilities with
over 2,000 service connections. It has superior
performance and is cost-effective, compared to
other leak survey methods.

4
Equipment

D LD

DigiCorr III

DLD is the first true digital leak detector in the

The third generation of the DigiCorr - industry. It is light-weight and easy to use. Using

the original true digital correlator. dynamic range compression and digital precision,

DigiCorr III uses state-of-the-art sound DLD eaily identifies leaks that are undectable with

processing and high resolution digital other leak detectors.

radio links to find leaks other correlators

miss. DigiCorr technology is patent-

protected (U.S. Patent No. 5,974,862).

Analysis

ZCorr
F

Flow Metrixs advanced leak

detection software allows

Flow Metrixs Digital Correlating Loggers give low Metrix develops cutting edge products which are the framework for true unprecedented ease-of-use: leak

breakthrough price/ performance in detecting enterprise solutions to water loss management. Our products are designed to fit the detection at the press of a button in

specific needs of every type of utility and its budget. All Flow Metrix products are

and pinpointing leaks over several miles of water the field to analysis of the

distribution system pipe. Their patented patented or patent pending.
distribution system in the office.

technology makes highly synchronized sound Our enterprise solutions have been designed to ensure success in reducing Unaccounted Data from our products can be sent

recordings overnight from valves. After daytime For Water and maintaining the integrity of your distribution system infrastructure and electronically to Flow Metrix for

include the following:

retrieval of the loggers, Flow Metrixs advanced comprehensive analysis. You will

signal processing software automatically receive the analysis results and report

Planning - We help you design a complete leakage management plan,

pinpoints any leak(s) present. ZCorr technology including digital map integration via email.

is patent-protected (U.S. Patent No. 6,567,006).

Training - We train utility personnel to implement your plan efficiently and

effectively

Digital Leak Detection Equipment - We help you determine which

equipment you need to make your plan work
n l
Unilog

Analysis - We support you through the analysis stage by helping you Training

understand your results and by providing a comprehensive analysis service

These light-activated digital sound

Flow Metrix's professional training

loggers economically survey a wide Support - Flow Metrix Support is always available, offering assistance either

area of a distribution system for on-site or via telephone, fax or email team will explain the leak survey

plan and method to utility

leakage. They rule out leakage in

most areas, allowing leak personnel, teach them to use the

equipment, and assist in

pinpointing efforts to be

productively concentrated in areas implementing the plan at all

stages.

where leaks are probable.

Support
og
Mlog

Flow Metrix is most proud of its

MLOG is a network of intelligent, leak detecting sensors which applications and technical support

monitors the entire water distribution system 365 days a year. organization - unequaled in the industry

MLOG is the first affordable and comprehensive solution to today. Customers may contact Flow

minimizing water losses in a distribution system. Leak detection Metrix Support via our toll-free number,

data is collected automatically by radio from throughout the fax or e-mail for assistance. Problem

distribution system (optionally as part of the meter reading process). resolution begins immediately.

With many advanced software features, the patented MLOG system

can detect and localize leaks and direct pinpointing, repair and

remediation efforts (U.S. Patent No. 6,957,157).

 Enterprise Solutions for
Water Loss Management

More Information:

Flow Metrix, Inc.

One Clock Tower Place
Suite 100
Maynard, MA 01754 USA
Toll Free: 800.517.4737
Tel: 978.897.2033
Fax: 978.897.1292
info@flowmetrix.com
www.flowmetrix.com

Flow Metrix is a growing,

dynamic, and innovative
company, providing
technologically superior leak
detection solutions to the
water industry while
maintaining a company-wide
dedication to building positive
and energetic relationships
with our customers.
 WHITE PAPER

DigiCorr: The Original True-Digital Correlator

Water demand is now doubling every 20 years and it is predicted that approximately 60%
of the worlds population will be short of water by 2025. With losses from water
distribution systems varying from 10% to 60% (dependant upon geography, measurement
method and politics) it is widely recognized that these losses are not sustainable. This
paper identifies the important role of the leak noise correlator for modern leak location in
water pipes. It sets out the major innovations and advantages of DigiCorr, compared to
the older technologies in other leak noise correlators.

History of Correlation 1. Complete Digital Signal Path from Sensor

The first leak noise correlator was developed in
Europe and introduced in the late 1970s (shown
in Figure 1 together with late1990s low-cost
analog correlator.
to process CD quality sound directly from
the sensor
2. Digital Data Radio Communication with a
1-MHz bandwidth to transmit this CD
quality sound to the correlation processor.
3. Intelligent Field Sensor Units (FSUs) in
constant two-way communication with the
correlation processor. The FSUs record
vibrations optimally according to the pipe
and environmental conditions.
4. Advanced digital signal processing
capabilities to pinpoint leak sounds that
conventional correlators are unable to hear
or distinguish from ambient noise or pipe
vibrations.

DigiCorr III is the latest evolution of DigiCorr.

Innovations include:

Figure 1, Leak Noise Correlator circa 1979.
This correlator was able to find leaks but was
very large, had limited range, and needed cables
for sensor connection. The early 1980s saw the
introduction of radio systems which gave easier
deployment and faster leak location. The leak
signal was continuously amplified and filtered,
and its resolution was reduced for transmission
as an FM analog radio signal. The signal
degraded with range and was transmitted with as
much radio power as permitted. Today the FCC
limits radio-frequency power in many frequency
bands. This approach is essentially unchanged
today in analog correlators.
History of Digital Correlation
The first digital correlator, the DigiCorr, was
developed by Flow Metrix (Maynard, MA) in
1997. The unique elements of the DigiCorr are:
1. Automatic Leak Frequency Analysis
(ALFA) characterizes and uses the specific
time-frequency signature of leak sound to
improve pinpointing precision and aid
identification of multiple leaks
2. Delayed Recording Mode means that
operation is unlimited by radio range
restrictions or access to pipes
3. Digital Mapping and Database Tools for
detailed analysis of an unlimited number of
recordings and creation of an audit trail.
Arent all Correlators Digital?
All leak noise correlators since the late 1970s
have used digital logic for correlation processing.
Several patented processes together make
DigiCorr and Archimedes innovative:
Digitization of the recorded leak noise as
soon as electrically advantageous after the
sensor and with the highest attainable
resolution.

1

Transmission with CD sound quality
through the digital radio system to the
correlation processing stage, providing a
high resolution leak signal which can be
pinpointed where conventional correlators
sometimes fail.
Advanced PC-based digital signal
processing to analyze data more effectively
than older, expensive microprocessor-based
units.
Figure 2. The
DigiCorr III
Field Sensor
Unit (FSU),
with intelligent
processing and
2-way digital
radio
communication.
Leak Noise Resolution
The idea of a digital data path has been
uniquely introduced in the DigiCorr. This digital
data path is at the core of the patented DigiCorr
architecture 1 . The sensor, a micro-machined
accelerometer, is a purely analog device which
transduces the analog pipe vibration into an
analog charge. An ultra low-noise charge
amplifier converts the flow of charge to a signal
voltage suitable for digitizing. The sensor is
hermetically sealed in a stainless steel vessel
designed to isolate this circuitry from the
environment both physically, electrically, and
magnetically. Alternatively, a hydrophone
sensor can be used, where suitable fittings allow,
providing direct detection of the acoustic energy
from the water. A low-noise, electrically
1
US Patent No. 5,974,862, Lander et al.,
Method for detecting leaks in pipelines. Patent
pending in other territories.
WHITE PAPER
shielded cable brings power into the sensor from
the FSU and conveys the signal voltage to the
digitizer at a necessary distance within the FSU.
Why Not Digitize in the Sensor?
To preserve the fidelity of the signal voltage it is
important to isolate sources of interference
physically from the sensor and charge amplifier.
The inevitable interference sources encountered
include:
1. Noise from the digital power supplies
needed for the digitizer and processor. This
noise is kept physically remote from the
sensor by the cable. The low-noise cable
appears invisible to the digitizer because
the impedance of the cable is many millions
of times lower than the input impedance of
the digitizer.
2. Electromagnetic (60-Hz) interference from
power lines. This interference is removed
digitally in the PC software, eliminating the
need for leak signal distorting electronic
filters.
3. Interference caused by movement of the
cable, due to wind or environmental
vibrations. This low-frequency interference
is picked up by the sensor in all correlators.
When transmitted it can significantly limit
the resolution of the leak noise. It is
removed in DigiCorr by software digital
signal processing, both in the FSU and the
PC software. Artifact due to the tribo-
electric effect (caused by vibration of the
charge amplifier itself), is avoided altogether
in DigiCorr & Archimedes by selection of
materials.
The Intelligent Digital FSU
Once the signal voltage reaches the FSU it is
immediately digitized without any filtering. The
variations in amplitude of the acoustic signal
depend upon the noise in the pipe, particularly
the low-frequency components. This range is
very wide (on the order of 1:10,000).
Conventional correlators can transmit a signal
range of the order of only 1:100 and therefore
must significantly reduce the resolution of the
leak noise. DigiCorr uses software
programmable-gain and a 16-bit Analog to
Digital Converter (ADC), achieving a useful
signal range of over 1:500,000. DigiCorr is
therefore able to capture the signal from the pipe
at any level and to convert it to a digital
representation with better than CD quality.
2

DigiCorrs digital data radios are inherently 2-
way devices, putting the FSUs in constant
communication with the correlation processor
(PC software). This permits the correlation
processor to:
1. Manage power in the FSUs remotely
2. Program the FSU with the recording
parameters that best suit the environment
(large-diameter or plastic pipes, long range,
etc.)
3. Implement unique features, such as remote
access and delayed recording, under user
control
Unlike conventional correlators, DigiCorr can
optimize its recording protocol (sampling rate,
data resolution, transmission coding, and other
parameters) in every recording. The recording
protocol is set transparently to the user, in
response to commands from the PC software and
digital processing performed in the FSU.
Digital Data Radio
Communication
DigiCorr uses sophisticated frequency-hopping
spread spectrum (FHSS), digital radios, which
operate at 2.4GHz. These radios are sometimes
called software radios because of their ability
to transmit large amounts of digital data
intelligently.
Conventional Frequency Modulated (FM) radios
transmit an analog representation of the vibration
sensed from the pipe. The sound quality
deteriorates with distance transmitted and is
typically poor (analogous to a 78-rpm record)
upon reception at the base station. If another
transmitter is present at the same frequency then
the transmission will be blocked (jammed). FM
radios in leak noise correlators typically transmit
at 433 - 470 MHz, with an available bandwidth
of 25 kHz (or 10 kbps) and require product
approval in most parts of the world.
In contrast, FHSS digital radios utilize a
bandwidth of 1 MHz (or typically 256 kbps).
This makes it possible for DigiCorr to transmit
high resolution vibrations sensed from the pipe.
The transmission is a true digital signal
(approximately equal to or better than CD
quality). Within certain power and antenna limits
DigiCorr can be programmed for license-free use
worldwide.
WHITE PAPER
If another transmitter is present, frequency
hopping radios will automatically switch to
another frequency channel to avoid jamming.
This feature is becoming particularly important
with the proliferation of wireless devices. If the
radio-frequency environment is noisy (poor
reception, other transmitters, etc.) DigiCorr will
automatically re-transmit any data from the
FSUs that was not received by the base station.
ALFA Automatic Leak
Frequency Analysis
Introduction
DigiCorr has introduced a powerful new
software tool ALFA. Conventional leak noise
correlators are limited by:
1. Their need for manual selection of discrete
filters at the base station.
2. Disturbance of the correlation from flow
noise, usage, traffic and other environmental
noise
3. Loss of the leak noise correlation due to
limited recording resolution
The need for discrete filters has significantly
limited the usefulness of conventional leak noise
correlators. A skilled operator must sometimes
experiment with a selection of filters either to
detect a leak or to pinpoint the leak accurately.
Occasionally a leak is missed (does not correlate)
because no single (parametric) linear bandpass
filter is able to isolate a coherent leak sound at
both sensors. This process can be time-
consuming for the user and requires their
attention after each recording. Multiple leaks
present in one recording can be missed.
How ALFA Works
DigiCorr uses a system of Automatic Leak
Frequency Analysis (ALFA) to detect and
pinpoint leak sounds with no user intervention.
ALFA is a digital signal process capable of
isolating (multiple) leak sounds individually at
either sensor and statistically optimizing their
correlation at each possible value of time delay.
It can be thought of as constantly scanning the
data arriving at each sensor, looking for energy
that is coherent in time and frequency between
the two sensors. Unlike conventional filters,
ALFA is able to extract leak sounds from the
recording even when much greater noise may be
present at the same frequencies. It is able to
3

collect leak sound energy from many different
frequencies not just a single frequency band -
and to discriminate among multiple sources of
leak sounds. ALFA tracks the spectral patterns
of leak sound over time to tune in to the leak
sound even when other noise dominates the
recording. Once ALFA has registered the
characteristics of the leak sound, the results of
the correlation process will be significantly less
susceptible to disruption by ambient noise, such
as traffic, or changing flow noise due to usage
variations. A key aspect of ALFA is that this
tracking and characterization of leak sounds is
performed uniquely and optimized in every
recording.
The Benefits of ALFA
With ALFA an accurate registration and
pinpointing of each leak sound occurs
automatically with every recording. This
includes multiple leak sounds within a
correlation span and leak sounds that would have
been lost in analog FM radio transmission).
When no leak is present no correlation occurs. It
is not necessary to re-record with many different
filter settings to ensure that no leak is truly
present.
Figure 4. Comparison of Correlation With and
Without ALFA Processing.
The benefit of ALFA is shown in Figure 4. The
screen above and left depicts the digital
correlation result over 869 feet of 4 diameter
cast iron pipe. No correlation peak is observed.
The screen below and right shows exactly the
same leak noise data file but processed using
ALFA filtering. A correlation peak indicates a
leak at 91 feet from the red sensor.
WHITE PAPER
Leakage Management Tools
ALFA makes possible the software tools for
leakage management available in DigiCorr Pro.
Because ALFA works transparently it is possible
to make recordings from many sites, analyze that
data and pinpoint the leak in the field, and also
automatically store that data.
DigiCorr is the first correlator that can be used
for network-wide surveying and analysis:
1. A single 60-second recording is analyzed,
saved, and any leak(s) present are
pinpointed without user intervention.
2. An unlimited number of recordings can be
archived in a built-in database.
3. Any recording can be retrieved for
subsequent analysis or review by searching
for text addresses, map locations, dates, etc.
4. The DigiCorr database can be read by
popular database, spreadsheet, and statistics
software programs to analyze leakage by
zone, pipe material, pipe size, dates etc.
5. The DigiCorr database can be flexibly
extended by the user, for example, by
adding fields for pipe age, pressure zone etc.
DigiCorr Results
Figure 5. Correlation result with sensors nearly a
mile apart (4,643 feet) on a 24 cast iron trunk main.
Figure 6. Pinpointed leak on polyethylene (MDPE)
pipe over a distance of 512 feet.
4
 MLOG: Comprehensive Pipeline Integrity Management For
Water Distribution Systems
Water loss from pipelines impacts ecological and infrastructure integrity. MLOG is the first proactive permanent
tool for continuous assessment of pipeline integrity. An enterprise solution, MLOG enables water utilities to prevent
water loss and manage pipeline integrity in a sustainable and affordable manner.
Water Distribution Systems
Water distribution systems in the U.S. typically draw
water from surface or underground sources. Water is
treated and pumped into a network of transmission,
distribution, and service pipes.
This buried
infrastructure is
documented by
Geographic
Information Systems
(GIS). Pipelines are
currently maintained
by excavation and
infrequent acoustic
surveys little
changed in 150 years.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates
that up to $200 billion will be required by 2025 to
maintain and rehabilitate the aging pipeline
infrastructure. The MLOG system addresses a
pressing need for monitoring pipeline integrity
automatically, 365 days a year.
Water Losses
Breaks in transmission and distribution pipes, with
diameters ranging of 2 to 96 inches, may occur
randomly due to corrosion and stress or because of
third party damage or ground movement. Mains
breaks have a tendency to occur on cold Winter
nights, when the pipe is weakest and the static
pressure is maximal. The mains break below spilled
over 1 million gallons of water in 48 hours, at a rate
of 400 gallons per minute (gpm).
Perhaps surprisingly, such mains breaks typically
account for less than 1% of water produced annually.
A chronic service line leak of 7 gpm will lose more
water every 90 days and will typically run undetected
for several years. One in approximately every 600
1,000 services will fail every 12 months 1 , due to
corrosion or stress. Losses from long-running
pipeline leaks, the majority in smaller service pipes,
typically account for 5 15% of total water produced.
These leaks often do not propagate a strong acoustic
signal during the daytime since operating pressures
(and therefore sound levels) are reduced, flow thru
the leak is laminar, and usage flows on the mains
masks the audible leak sound energy. As a result
long-running leakage which forms the core of water
loss - is often difficult to detect during daytime
acoustic surveys.
Economic Cost of Lost Water
The amount of lost water in a distribution system can
generally be predicted using some simple
assumptions and readily available operating data 2 .
Service line leakage predominates, typically
accounting for more than 70% of total water lost.
Breaks in mains tend to occur in particular areas
related to pipe types and diurnal pressure variations 3 .
The cost of pipeline integrity failures in water
distribution systems include:
Production / treatment cost of lost water
Wholesale or retail value of lost water
Damage to buried infrastructure (power,
communications etc.) caused by pipeline breaks
Capital and interest expense invested in surplus
production facilities
Intangible costs from depletion of water
resources, water scarcity, and hurdles to
economic development
1
See www.flowmetrix.com and www.iwahq.org.uk
2
Flow Metrix has a simple Water Loss Calculator software
program which can be used by any water utility with over
5,000 service connections.
3
See references in Note 1 above.
1
There is a tendency to underestimate the true cost of
pipeline integrity failures by considering only the
immediate operational cost, i.e. production /
treatment expenses.
The MLOG Concept
The MLOG sensor is a low-cost, battery-powered
sensor, permanently installed near a water service
meter. The sensor is waterproof and can be installed
indoors or in outdoor meter pits.
MLOG sensors are installed by field crews, typically
on every 10th water service, or about every 500 feet
of water mains. An installation plan is developed
within the MLOG software program from a graphical
mapping interface.
Installation can advantageously be performed on the
same schedule as installation of meter or Automatic
Meter Reading (AMR) equipment. Once installed
the MLOG sensor is maintenance-free, with a 15-
year battery life.
MLOG Analysis
Every night each MLOG sensor records vibrations
over a period of 4 hours. The recordings are
processed to characterize the evolving nighttime
sound patterns over days and months. The processed
sound patterns are stored in memory and transmitted
by radio on demand.
MLOG PC software analyzes all available data from
the entire distribution system and assigns each
MLOG sensor a Leak Status:
No leak present
Possible leak
Probable leak
No data available
The MLOG software provides tools for:
Visualizing leak locations on water distribution
system maps
Ranking all MLOG sensors by leak status and
other factors
Printed and electronic reports
Acoustic Leak Index
The Leak Index is the signal processing heart of the
MLOG system. It is a number from 0 to 100,
indicating the likelihood of a leak being present in the
vicinity of each MLOG sensor. The MLOG analysis
considers many factors in computing leak index:
1. Historical sound patterns at each sensor.
2. Groups of MLOG sensors, with unusual or
changing activity. A group may be defined by
2
 geography, particular types of pipe, or other
user-defined characteristics.
3. Information from leaks discovered previously.
The MLOG software is able to refine the
definition of a leak acoustic signature, improving
the accuracy of leak identification, size & type.
The leak index for every MLOG sensor in the network
can be ranked to show locations with the greatest
likelihood of leakage.
One particular innovation of the MLOG system is the
system-wide, adaptive approach to characterizing
leak sounds. The MLOG sensor uses patented signal
processing techniques 4 to model the vibration
patterns present in its vicinity and track them over
time.
MLOG Color Map
The MLOG color map plots the leak index over a
geographical area, superimposing a solid color map
from blue (low leak index) to red (high leak index)
on a utility GIS map.
In the MLOG Color Map above, 2 (red) areas of
leakage are discerned. This image guides the
pinpointing crews to deploy Flow Metrixs leak noise
correlating tools to verify 2 or more leaks.
Subsequent feedback from the detection and
pinpointing process helps the MLOG software learn
to identify leaks more effectively. Printed reports
4
US Patent: Tracking vibrations in a pipeline network,
publication date and patent number pending
and MOG color maps speed
the leak pinpointing and
verification process.
Electronic reports allow the
utility to add information
about non-revenue water and
pipeline integrity to GIS.
MLOG Data Collection
A key feature of the MLOG automatic leak detecting
system is the transparent and effortless collection of
data from MLOG sensors distributed throughout the
water distribution system. MLOG transmits leak
detection data to a central computer in one of 2 ways:
Via AMR, typically with a fixed installation
radio network, reading MLOG sensors every few
hours
With a handheld MLOG radio controller carried
by utility personnel, reading MLOG sensors
every 30-60 days
Connecting MLOG Sensors to an
AMR Network
AMR networks are proprietary wireless data
networks which convey utility meter readings to a
central computer. Fixed installation networks
typically read meters every few hours, while drive-by
systems read meters on a data collection schedule;
usually every 30 90 days.
The MLOG sensor interfaces seamlessly to different
AMR units by emulating a register-encoded water
meter. In some cases the MLOG sensor can connect
to the same AMR port as the meter, transferring its
data before the meter has been read. This allows the
MLOG sensor to be retrofitted to an existing AMR
unit. A few drive-by AMR systems are capable of
receiving up to 30 days of MLOG sensor data. AMR
data from MLOG sensors is separated from the
billing data by software, prior to being analyzed in
the MLOG PC software. In general, fixed
installation AMR is a superior means of reading
MLOG sensor data because:
Leak information is delivered effortlessly to
the utility desktop every day
A response time to new leaks of less than 24
hours is typical
MLOG sensors provide complementary data to the
meter data: the meter registers billing revenues while
3
MLOG data provides the means indirectly to measure
and recover non-revenue water.
Collecting Data From MLOG Sensors
With a Radio Controller
The MLOG radio controller
automatically downloads leak
information when brought
near an MLOG sensor. The
portable controller is battery
powered and can store data
from over 4,000 sensors. Data
is then transferred to a PC
through a USB port.
The controller communicates with the MLOG sensor
using a sophisticated wireless protocol, operating
license-free in the U.S. under FCC rules, part 15.247 5 .
MLOG is an intelligent (software programmable),
short-range radio device, designed to minimize its
radio emissions and power consumption and to
maximize speed and reliability of communication.
The designer of wireless instruments for utilities
faces a number of important choices. The first is the
frequency of operation, ranging from 300 to 2,400
MHz. In general devices that use lower frequencies
(up to 500 MHz) have longer range in urban areas but
can transfer only small amounts of data. Devices
that operate at high frequencies (greater than 1,000
MHz) can transfer more data and link to more distant
receivers, if the receiver is located in line-of-sight
and/or at elevation, such as on rooftops. Single-
channel devices require a license and are vulnerable
to jamming.
Invariably there are trade-offs involved in picking the
frequency of operation. These include cost, range,
bandwidth (how much data can be transferred in a
given time period), immunity to jamming (the bet
that a little used channel today will remain quiet in
the coming 10 20 years), connectivity in a typical
environment (urban, suburban, rural), and the
expected location of the receiver (fixed at elevation,
vehicle-based, or handheld).
MLOG is a multi-channel device that operates in the
frequency band 902 928 MHz. It is frequency-
hopping, which means that it can intelligently hop
among multiple frequency channels to avoid
jamming. MLOG is also a spread-spectrum device,
5 and other costs of developing water resources.
FCC ID: RIC-MLOG01
meaning it regularly hops from channel to channel to
spread radio emissions over a wider bandwidth. As a
frequency-hopping, spread-spectrum device MLOG
has a software-programmable radio with enhanced
performance:
Always able to communicate with a controller
Avoids collisions with other transmitters
Sends and receives large quantities of data
quickly and reliably
Minimizes radio power consumption to achieve a
15-year battery life
Achieving Sustainable Minimal
Levels of Lost Water
To examine the economics of an MLOG deployment,
consider a hypothetical urban/suburban utility with
1,000 miles of mains, 80,000 service connections
(serving a population of 500,000), and daily
production of 80 million gallons. Assuming
unaccounted for water at 15% (typical for the U.S.)
and a value of $1.50 per thousand gallons, the utility
is losing over $3.5 million annually ($44 per account).
A nnual C ost / Benefit ($000's)
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Cap Ex Op Ex Repair Total Cost Benefit
Using the Flow Metrix Water Loss Calculator this
utility statistically might have 100-300 service line
leaks and 20-100 mains leaks at any one time.
The capital expense (Cap Ex) of 8,000 MLOG
sensors is less than $3.00 per service annually,
amortized over 5 years. (NB: The MLOG sensor is
specified for 15 years.) Operational (Op Ex) and
pipe repair expenses are both reduced compared to
routine expenditures in reactive leak repair programs.
A total payback time of less than 2.5 years is typical.
Summary
The MLOG system is a complete solution for
recovering lost water and monitoring pipeline
integrity. Benefits include optimizing operating
resources and long-term reduction of the financial