148 Luso Brazilian Review 31:2

tary totem called Dependency. ...And if the old national motto was
'Orificio e Ingresso,' the new one, according to Dr. Althussio, should
be 'Dependency or Death!'."3

CONCLUSION

This sampling-by no means complete-of recent studies of the essayist

1930s shows that scholarship has established a baseline of biographical inf
and excellent critical readings. The recent crop of biographical studies has b
cially good at specifying the links between literary modernism of the 1920s
social science of the 1930s. As the first postmortem studies reviewing co
careers, biographical essays have also identified continuities that, in retrospe
light on the meaning of the essays of the 1930s. However, the current cycle of
has not yet produced a definitive critical biography of any of the essayists. The
of Freyre are more complex, but that is not to say that they are much more
The next round should have the benefit of access to archival collections of t
of Holanda and Freyre, now on deposit.
There is tension in the current research among periodizations of Brazilian
lectual history that catch these thinkers in different contexts. On the one h
studies that read them as a culmination of the modernista renovation of literature and
social thought begun in 1922. On the other hand are studies of the institutionalization
of the social sciences, which tend to look back to 1933 or 1934 as the horizon of the
contemporary period. As always in Latin America, scholars find it hard to analyze the
1930s as a period in their own right, rather than as a breakpoint. The few studies that
place Freyre, Prado Jr., and Holanda in the context of the 1930s tend to assume the
political relevance of their "influential" ideas, rather than prove it. Many studies
endorse the vigorous polemical positions of Carlos Guilherme Mota's Ideologia da
Cultura Brasileira (1975), but few have deepened or refined them. The next round of
research on the essayists should be able to integrate with the research on political ide-
ology and propaganda emerging from the CPDOC of the Fundacao Getulio Vargas
and other institutions, in order to scrupulously weigh the generational resemblances
and divergences within the 1930s.

NOTES

'There have been many late and posthumous publications: Sergio Buarque de Holand
Extremo Oeste (Sao Paulo: Brasiliense and Secretaria de Estado da Cultura, 1986); Raizes de S
Buarque de Holanda (1989), and Capitulos de Literatura Colonial (Sao Paulo: Brasiliense, 1
Gilberto Freyre, Modos de Homem & Modas de Mulher. 2nd ed. (Rio de Janeiro: Record, 19
Oliveira Vianna, Hist6ria Social da Economia Capitalista no Brasil (Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1
and Ensaios Iniditos (Campinas: Editora da Unicamp, 1991).
'Carlos Guilherme Mota, Ideologia da Cultura Brasileira, (1933-1974): Pontos de Partida para u
Revisdo Histdrica. 4th ed. Sao Paulo: Atica, 1978.
3Sergio Miceli, Intelectuais e Classe Dirigente no Brasil (1920-1945). Sao Paulo: DIFEL, 1979
4Candido, "Prefacio," Raizes do Brasil. 14th ed. Rio deJaneiro,Jose Olympio, 1981.
5Lauerhass, Getilio, translates a 1972 thesis. For more recent explorations of the problem

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Borges 149

ideas and politics in the 1930s, see Lucia Lippi Oliveira, M6nica Pimenta Velloso, and Angela
Maria Castro Gomes, Estado Novo: Ideologia e Poder (Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1982), and Simon
Schwartzman, Helena Maria Bousquet Bomeny, and Vanda Maria Ribero Costa, Tempos de
Capanema (Rio deJaneiro: Paz e Terra; Sao Paulo: EDUSP, 1984).
6Bolivar Lamounier, "Formacao de um Pensamento Politico Autoritario na Primeira
Republica: Uma Interpretacao," in Boris Fausto, ed., Histdria Geral da Civilizacdo Brasileira, Tomo
III, vol. 2 (Rio deJaneiro: Civilizacao Brasileira, 1977), 343-74; Gilberto Vasconcellos, Ideologia
Curupira: Andlise do Discurso Integralista (Sao Paulo: Brasiliense, 1979); Alcir Lenharo, Sacralizacdo
da Politica (Campinas: Papirus and Unicamp, 1986). See also Dain Borges, "'Puffy, Ugly, Slothful,
and Inert': Degeneration in Brazilian Social Thought, 1880-1940,"Journal of Latin American Studies
25, 2 (1993): 235-256.
7Carvalho extrapolates his definition of iberismo from a reading of Richard Morse, Espelho de
Prdspero (Sao Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1988). Another version of Morse's arguments can be
found in "Claims of Political Tradition," in New World Soundings.
8Ant6nio Candido, "Literatura e Cultura de 1900 a 1945," in Literatura e Sociedade: Estudos de
Teoria e Hist6ria Literdria (Sao Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1976), 109-138.
9A Volta de Macluhanaima, the Brazilian translation of New World Soundings, adds the essay
"Economia Manchesteriana e Sociologia Paulista," previously published in English as "Manchester
Economics and Paulista Sociology," in Manchester and Sao Paulo: Problems of Rapid Urban Growth,
edited byJohn Wirth and RichardJones (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978), 7-34; it omits
"Claims of Political Tradition" and "Puerto Rico: Eternal Crossroads."

l?For discussion of Holanda's theoretical background, see Maria Odila Leite da Silva Dias,
"Sergio Buarque de Holanda, historiador (Introducao)," in Sergio Buarque de Holanda (Sao Paulo:
Atica, 1985), pp. 7-64.
"The best guide in English is Morse, New World Soundings, and "The Multiverse of Latin
American Identity, 1920-1970," in The Cambridge History of Latin America (forthcoming 1995).
2Mota, Ideologia da Cultura ...
"SThe recent works include Edson Nery da Fonseca, ed., Casa-grande & Senzala e a Critica
Brasileira de 1933 a 1944 (Recife: Companhia Editora de Pernambuco, 1985); and Fonseca, ed.,
Novas Perspectivas em Casa-grande & Senzala: Conferencias de um ciclo promovido conjuntamente pela
FundardoJoaquim Nabuco epelo Governo do Estado de Pernambuco (Recife: Massangana and Fundacao
Joaquim Nabuco, 1985).
'4Jeffrey D. Needell, "The Stranger at Home: The Origins of Gilberto Freyre's Oeuvre," paper
presented at "Reflections on Culture and Ideology in the Americas: A Conference in Honor of
Richard M. Morse," Washington, D.C., March 19-21, 1993, 37-42.
5Freyre, cited in Freston, Carreira..., 62.
"6Luiz A. Castro Santos, "O Espirito da Aldeia: Orgulho Ferido e Vaidade na Trajet6ria
Intelectual de Gilberto Freyre," Novos Estudos CEBRAP 27 (July 1990), 45-66. See also, "Duas
Vis6es do Paraiso (Convite a Todorov para ler Sergio Buarque de Holanda)," in Terceiro Coldquio...
'7Morse, "Multiverse."
'8Roberto Da Matta, Carnivals, Rogues, and Heroes: An Interpretation of the Brazilian Dilemma
(Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991); A Casa & a Rua: Esparo, Cidadania, Mulher
e Morte no Brasil (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Guanabara, 1987).
I9Roberto Da Matta, "A Originalidade de Gilberto Freyre," BIB: Boletim Informativo de Ciencias
Sociais, 24 (1987), 3-10; and "Brasil: Uma Nacao em Mudanca e uma Sociedade Imutavel?
Considera6ces sobre a Natureza do Dilema Brasileiro," Estudos Historicos, 1, 2 (1988), 204-19.
20Misplaced Ideas, an anthology of Schwarz's criticism, includes the first two chapters of Ao
Vencedor as Batatas: Forma Literdria e Processo Social nos Inicios do Romance Brasileiro (Sao Paulo: Duas

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150 Luso Brazilian Review 31:2

Cidades, 1977) and essays from Que

21Richard Graham, Politics and Pat
University Press, 1990); Emilia Viotti
University of Chicago Press, 1985
Ideology and Praxis," in Terms of Conf
and Ronald Hellman (Philadelphia: IS
A Politica Imperial (Sao Paulo: Vertic
2Ricardo Benzaquen de Araujo, "In
de Ciencias Sociais, 30, 2 (1987):, 131-
23Morse, New World Soundings, p. 24

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