Waters Importance

No species can live without

water.
Plays
y a key y role in shaping
p g
the earths surface,
moderating climate,
removing and diluting
wastes.
Takes huge amount to
provide food, shelter and
other needs
needs.
71% of our planet
Waters Unique Properties
Hydrogen bonding: waters unique
properties
i comes from
f the
h strong
attractive forces between molecules.
Waters Unique Properties
Liquid over wide
temperature range:
without its high boiling
point the oceans would
have evaporated long
ago.
Changes temperature
slowly: high specific
heat means slow
temperature changes.
H l moderate
Helps d t
climate.
Waters Unique Properties
High heat of evaporation:
evaporation takes a lot of
heat. This explains why
sweating makes you feel
cooler.
Great dissolving power:
known as the universal
sol ent beca
solvent because
se so ma
may
things dissolve well in it.
Leads to pollution
problems as well.
Waters Unique Properties
Filters out ultraviolet
radiation: protecting
aquatic organisms from
sun rays.
Adhesion and cohesion:
strong forces of attraction
between molecules allows
water
ater to rise up
p inside
plants from roots to
leaves.
Waters Unique Properties
Expands when it freezes:
most substances contract
when frozen, not water.
Water expands and is less
dense in its solid form.
H
Hence, iice floats.
fl t

Water is also one of few

substances found
commonly as a solid,
solid
liquid and gas.
How Much Water Is Available?
71% of earth is water
97.4%
97 4% off that
th t is
i in
i oceans
Most of the remaining
2 6% is in ice caps and
2.6%
glaciers.
Only about 0.014%
0 014% is
easily available fresh water.

If earths water was 26

gallons, 2.5 teaspoons
would be available.
Supply of Water
Supply of Water Resources

Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater

Groundwater Biota
0.592% 0.0001%
Lakes
0.0007% Rivers
0.0001%
0 014%
0.014%
Ice caps Soil
and glaciers moisture Atmospheric
0 592%
0.592% 0 0005%
0.0005% water vapor
0.0001%
Water Cycle: Renewing Water
Surface Water
Surface runoff: precipitation that does not
infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere.

Reliable runoff: the amount of water that

can be counted on each year as a stable source.
Surface Runoff
Watershed: the
region of land
from which
surface water
drains into a
river, lake,
wetland or
other body of
water
t
Watershed
Ground Water
Flowing
artesian well

Precipitation
Evaporation and transpiration
Well requiring a pump
Evaporation
Confined
Recharge Area

R
Runoff
ff

Aquifer
Stream
Infiltration Water table
Lake
Infiltration
Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer
Less permeable material
such as clay
Confirming permeable rock layer
Groundwater
One of the most important source
of water.
Precipitation filters down through
pores and cracks in soil and rocks.
Groundwater found within 1km of
the surface contains 100 times
more water than all the rivers,
streams and lakes
Use of Water Resources

Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff

Agriculture:
g
worldwide about 70%
of water is used to
irrigate crops.
85% of that is not
returned to the water
ways.
ways Source: UN Water
Use of Water Resources
Industry: 22% of water
withdrawn each year is
used by industry.

Domestic: 8% is used byy

cities and residencies.
Access to Freshwater

About 1 in 6 people (1 billion people) do not

have access to regular, clean water supplies.
Too Little Water: 4 Reasons
Dry climate: people
living or growing
cropsp in areas where
little precipitation
naturally falls
Too Little Water

Drought:
prolonged
periods of
below average
precipitation.
precipitation
Too Little Water

Desiccation: drying
of exposed soil
because of activities
such as
deforestation and
overgrazing.
Too Little Water
Water stress: low per
capita availability of
water due to increasing
population demands.
Some regions get plenty of
water,, but not near where
people live
g
Some regions get
g plenty
p y of
water, but not at the right
time of year
Some regions have no
capacity to store water.
Natural Capital Degradation.
Degradation Stress on the
worlds river basins.
Water Resources Sustainability
We live in a world
where approximately
1.1 billion people lack
safe
f drinking
d i ki water,t
approximately 2.6
billion people lack
adequate sanitation, and
between 2 and 5 million
people die annually
from water-related
water related
diseases..
Water Resources Sustainability

Water resources sustainabilityy is the

ability to use water in sufficient
quantities and quality from the local
to the global scale to meet the needs
of humans and ecosystems for the
present and the future to sustain life,
and to protect humans from the
d
damages b
brought
ht about
b tb by natural
t l
and human-caused disasters that
affect sustaining life
life.

Water Resources Sustainability
Facets:
1.Availability of supply
2.Infra for provision and protection
3 Infra for quality
3.Infra
4.Water supply and excess management
5.Local, regional, national and
international basis
6.Integrated water resources
management
 Luzon
Philippines
Watershed link. Total watershed
area is 2,920 km2 (largely agricultural
and built-up) with over 100 flowing
rivers.
Water sys
system link. Laguna
gu Lake is
s
connected to Manila Bay via Pasig
River (only lake outlet) and flows in
reverse direction in the dry season.

Anthropogenic
p g link. Located at the
center of urban development Metro Legend:
Manila, with over 13 million Monitoring
inhabitants. platform
Fish pens
Mt. Pinatubo Area Diablo Pass

Metro Manila
Laguna Lake
Manila Bay

Laguna Lake

LAGUNA LAKE, Philippines

Physico--biochemical connectivity
Physico
 Impacts Demands

Forest denudation Waste disposal Aquaculture Industrial cooling

Shore land
Encroachment Power generation Irrigation
reclamation

Eutrophication Algal blooms Water supply Recreation

Millennium Development Goals
Challenges to WRS
As the Earths population continue to grow, so
will the growth of cities continue across the
globe, stretching resources and the ability to
cope with disasters such as floods and droughts.

Factors:
1.Urbanization
2D
2.Droughts
h
3.Climate change
4 Flooding
4.Flooding
5.Human-induced factors
The Urban Water Cycle
Water Management
Water Supply:
1 Sources
1.Sources
2.Transmission
3.Water treatment
4.Distribution system
5.Wastewater collection
6.Wastewater treatment
7.Reuse
Water Excess:
1.Collection/drainage system
2 St
2.Storage/treatment
/t t t
3.Flood control components
Urban Storm Water Runoff
Major Impacts of Increased Runoff:
1 Increased stream flows
1.Increased
2.Decline in runoff water quality
3.Higher runoff with higher pollutant
4.Diminished GW recharge
5.Increased flooding
6.Sanitary sewer overflows
7.Damage to stream and aquatic life
8 D t i ffood
8.Destroying d sources/habitats
/h bit t off aquatic
ti life
lif
Groundwater Changes
Reduced GW recharge due to imperviousness

Increased GW discharge

Decreased GW recharge due to export

Groundwater Changes
Groundwater Changes

Pre-development
p Post-development
p
Droughts and Floods
Droughts and Floods
Factors affecting urban flood management:

1. Development with no planning

2. High population concentration
3. Lack of stormwater and sewage facilities
4. Polluted air and water
5. Difficulty of water supply against population
6. Poor public transportation
Increasing Water Supplies

1) Build dams and

reservoirs
2) Transfer water to places
it is needed
3) Withdraw groundwater
4) Desalinization
5) Reduce water waste
6) Import food from
regions where irrigation
is not needed.
Using Dams and Reservoirs
Large dams can
produce cheap
electricity, reduce
downstream
flooding and
pprovide a yyear-
round source of
water, but they
completely alter
the river
ecos stem
ecosystem.
Using Dams and Reservoirs to
Supply More Water: The Trade-offs
Trade offs
Flooded land destroys
y Downstream cropland and
forests or cropland and estuaries are deprived of
displaces people nutrient-rich silt
Large losses
of water through Downstream flooding
evaporation is red
reduced
ced

Reservoir is useful for

recreation and fishing
Provides water
for year-round
irrigation of
Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) cropland

Migration and spawning of some fish are disrupted

Tapping Groundwater: Benefits

Year-round
Year round use:
aquifers provide
reliable year-round
y
use.
of worlds drinking
g
water
In US ggroundwater is
being withdrawn 4
times its replacement
rate.
Tapping Groundwater: Benefits

Little Water Loss:

there is no loss of water
due to evaporation.

Often Cheaper:
groundwater is often
cheap to extract.
Tapping Groundwater: Costs

Using ground water

has tradeoffs.

Water tables around

the world are
falling.
falling
Problems with Using Groundwater

Water table lowering

Depletion
p
Subsidence
Saltwater intrusion
Chemical contamination
Reduced stream flows
Potential Sources of Groundwater
Contamination
Problems with Using Groundwater

As groundwater is
pumped out of
the ground,
ground the
ground may
subside.
subside
Problems Using Groundwater

Salt Water Intrusion:

As water is pumped
out of ground
ground,
saltwater can move
inland to pollute
pollute
the well.
Problems Using Groundwater
Increasing
g Water Supplies
pp

Distillation desalination: removing salt

from seawater by evaporation of water leaving
salt behind
behind.
Increasing Water Supplies
Reverse osmosis desalination: pumping
saltwater under high pressure through a
membrane to take out salt.
Increasing Water Supplies

Desalination is veryy
expensive: only several
oil-rich and water
poor countries use
large-scale
desalinization.
TAKES TREMENDOUS
AMOUNT OF
ENERGY
Future Potential???
Increasing Water Supplies

Cloud Seeding:
releasing tiny
particles into air to
produce rain clouds.
Towing Icebergs:
moving ice around
world.
world
Using Oil Tankers
Fill d with
Filled i h water.
 CALIFORNIA
Shasta Lake NEVADA
UTAH
Sacramento Oroville Dam and
River Reservoir
Feather
North Bay Lake Tahoe
River
Aqueduct
Sacramento
San Francisco
Hoover Dam and
South Bay
Reservoir (Lake
Aqueduct
Fresno Mead)
San Luis Dam and
Reservoir Colorado
Los Angeles River
Aqueduct
C lif
California
i Aqueduct
A d ARIZONA
Colorado River
Santa Barbara Aqueduct Central Arizona
g
Los Angeles Project

Phoenix
Salton Sea
San Diego

Tucson

MEXICO
Using Water More Efficiently

Reduce losses due to leakage: we waste

about 2/3rd of the water we use, but simple
steps could reduce that to 15%.
Using Water More Efficiently

Reform water laws:

Higher water prices
Encouraging
conservation
Reward people for
using less water
Using Water More Efficiently

Improve irrigation
efficiency: 60% of
water applied to land
does not reach crops.
Evaporation
Seepage
Runoff
Using Water More Efficiently

Improve irrigation
efficiency:
Center pivot
sprinklers
Time controlled
irrigation
Soil moisture detectors
Drip Irrigation
Using Water More Efficiently

Water efficient
l d
landscaping
i
(xeriscaping): using
vegetation
t ti that
th t does
d nott
require much water.
Using Water More Efficiently

Water efficient
appliances:
Low Flow Toilets
Washers that use less
water
Reusing water:
Using brownwater
brownwater for
non-drinking water
usages.
g
SOLUTIONS
Sustainable Water Use

Waste less water and subsidize

water conservation

Do not deplete aquifers

Preserve water quality

Protect forests, wetlands, mountain

glaciers, watersheds, and other
natural systems that store and release
water

Get agreements among regions and

countries sharing surface water
resources
Raise water prices
Slow population growth
The quality of the earths
earth s water is
vital to our existence.

We rely on
clean water
in almost
every aspect
of our lives.
Unfortunately,y, we have no guarantee
g
that clean water, relied on so heavily,
will always be available
available. The supply
of clean water on the earth is finite,
and it is being threatened by water
pollution.
Human Activities that affect
Water Quality
Sedimentation
Eutrophication
u op c o
Thermal Pollution
Acidification
Microbial contamination
Salinization
Trace metals and mercuryy
Pesticides
Sources of water pollution
Storm water runoff
Domestic discharges
Industrial discharges
Accidental spills
p