Landslide Detection Using Various Features

from Multispectral Imagery

I
 Abstract

The main terrain type in Taiwan is slopeland which cover about 73% of total

area. When the rainy season comes during typhoons, the landslides, mudslides and

other disasters occurred frequently due to the steep terrain, rapid rivers, high

geological vulnerability, and over development of slopelands. The landslope disasters

always damage people as well as their property. How to quickly get the information

of landslope disaster and predict the disaster in the future for preparedness has been

the main study issue which the government and the relevant departments focus on.

For disaster monitoring, satellite images are usually used to detect landslide locatons

because such images contain larger range of areas and can re-capture the images of

same place in a short period. Furthermore, with the development of the image

processing technology, many novel classification methods, involoving the

object-oriented-based and knowledge-based classification methods, are proposed. The

accuracy of landslides detection would be expected be improved if these new

classification methods could be applied effectively.

In this study, the object-oriented classification method is applied to detect the

landslides from the satellite images which are captured separately before and after a

typeoon event. Single feature extracted from a pixel and various features extract from

objects are used to interpret the landslides. Single feature is usually derived from the

spectral statistics of a single pixel and can be used in traditional supervised or

unsupervised classification methods. However, the single feature does not consider

the correlations between neighboring pixels. In addition, the sizes and the textures of

objects do not be taken into account either. The result is that it can classify the objects

hardly when the terrain is composed of many complicated or similar primitives. For

this reason, various features derived from spectral, shape and texture of segmented
II
objects are chosen in this thesis. The basic idea is based on object-oriented analysis.

Firstly, the procedure of feature selecting is performed in order to find an appropriate

condition to classify objects. Secondly, the knowledge database is established and be

used to detect landslides according to the reasonable logic. This thesis also used many

common techniques of change detection to recognize landslides, and the results were

compared with the maximum likelihood method, object-oriented method in order to

identify the most suitable classification method for satellite images and to improve the

accuracy and efficiency of landslide detection.

keywordsImage Classification, Object-Oriented, Knowledgebase, Change Detection

III


IV


Abstract II

IV

VII

1
1-1 1
1-2 2
1-3 4
1-4 5
1-5 8
1-6 10

12
2-1 12
2-2 18
2-3 24
2-4 33

37
3-1- 37
3-2 41

46
4-1 47
4-2 64
4-3 70

78
5-1 80
5-2 83
5-3 88
5-4 111
V
 5-5 117

133
6-1 133
6-2 136
6-3 144

145
7-1 145
7-2 148

150

VI


2-1 .................................................... 13
2-2Varnes ........................................... 14
2-3 ............................................................ 20
2-4 .................................... 21
2-5 ............ 22
2-6 ........................................................ 34
2-7 .................................... 35
2-8 ............................ 36
3-1 ................................................................ 39
3-2- ...................................... 40
3-3 ............................................ 41
3-4SPOT HRV ............................................... 43
3-5SPOT ........... 43
3-6 ............................................................ 45
4-1 ........ 50
4-2 NDVI ...................................... 54
4-3 NDVI ( Change (-2)
) ................................................................................. 54
4-4 NDVI .................. 58
4-5 NDVI
........................................................................................................... 58
4-6 ............................ 60
4-7
....................................................................................................................... 60
4-8 .................................... 62
4-9
....................................................................................................................... 62
4-10 NDVI
........................................................................................... 63
4-11
........................................................................................... 63
4-12 .......................................... 66
4-13 .............................. 66
4-14 .......................................... 67
4-15 .............................. 67
4-16 .......................................... 68

VII
 4-17 .............................. 68
4-18()
................................................................................... 69
4-19JM-distance TD ................................. 71
4-20 PCA
............................................................................................................................... 74
4-21 PCA
............................................................................................... 74
4-22 MNF ...... 75
4-23MNF
............................................................................................................................... 77
5-1 ........................................................ 84
5-2 2126
............................................................................................................... 85
5-3 2126
............................................................................................................... 87
5-4 ................................................................ 96
5-5 .................................................................... 98
5-6 ........................................................................ 99
5-7 .......................................................................... 100
5-8 .......................................................................... 101
5-9 .......................................................................... 102
5-10 ............................................................ 103
5-11 ........................................ 105
5-12 AB ...................................... 108
5-13 ............................................ 110
5-14 5 20 .............................. 114
5-15 VS ........................ 116
5-16 ........................................ 122
5-17 ........................................ 122
5-18 ........................................ 122
5-19 ........................ 131
5-20 2 ................................ 132
6-1- 137
6-2-MNF
..................................................... 139
6-3-
..................................................................................................................... 142

VIII
 6-4- 1
............................................................................................. 142
6-5- 1
............................................................................. 143
6-6- 2
............................................................................. 143
6-7-
..................................................................................................... 143
7-1 .................................................................. 146

IX


1-1 .......................................................................... 9
1-2 .............................................. 9
1-3 ........................................................................ 11
2-1Varnes ............................... 16
2-2 93 .......... 17
2-3 .................................................................... 19
2-4 ............ 23
2-5 ............................................................ 24
2-6 ............................................................ 26
2-7 ............................................ 30
2-8Gamanya ......................... 33
3-1 ........................................................ 37
3-2 ............................................................................ 40
3-3 ........................ 40
3-4SPOT-5 ................................................................... 44
3-5 ................................................................ 45
4-1 ................ 47
4-2 ENVI ................. 48
4-3 1 ............ 49
4-4 .............. 51
4-5 1 NDVI ....................... 53
4-6 NDVI ....... 54
4-7 ...................... 56
4-88 16 NDVI ................ 57
4-98 31 NDVI ................ 57
4-10 NDVI ........................ 57
4-118 16 ................ 59
4-128 31 ................ 59
4-13 ................... 60
4-148 16 ............ 61
4-158 31 ............ 61
4-16 ........................... 61
4-17 NDVI .................. 62
4-18 ............... 63
4-19 ....................... 65
4-20 ....................... 67

X
 4-21 ....................... 68
4-22()
....................................................... 69
4-23 ENVI 71
4-24 ENVI
........................................................... 71
4-25 ................................... 73
4-26 1 ......... 74
4-27 1 MNF .............................. 76
5-1Definiens ..................................................... 78
5-2 ........................................................ 79
5-3Definiens ..................................................... 82
5-4 .... 82
5-5 ........................ 84
5-6 .................................................................... 85
5-7 .................................................... 86
5-8 ................................................ 87
5-9 ............................ 87
5-10 .............................................. 88
5-11GLCM ......................................................................... 92
5-12 .................................................................. 92
5-13 GLCM ............................................ 94
5-14 .......................................... 98
5-15 .............................................. 99
5-16 ............................................ 100
5-17 ............................................ 101
5-18 ............................................ 102
5-19 ........................ 107
5-20() .................................... 112
5-21()() ............................ 113
5-2220 ................................... 115
5-23 ................ 117
5-24 NDVI 0.10 ........................ 118
5-25 ........................ 119
5-26 NDVI .................................................. 120
5-27 NDVI .......................... 120
5-28 ............ 123
5-29 ................ 124

XI
 5-30 ........................................................ 125
5-31 ............................................................ 125
5-32 ............................................ 126
5-33 .................................................... 127
5-34 ........................................................................ 128
5-35.shp ENVI
............................................................................................. 128
5-36 2 ............................................ 129
5-37 2 ........................ 129
5-38() ............ 132
6-1 .................................................................................. 133
6-2
............................................................................................................................. 137

XII


1-1

(1)

(2)

(3)

1-2

()

()

()

SPOT 12.5

WorldViewQUICKBIRDIKONOS

(1)

(2)

(3)

(Risk

Analysis)

()

1-3

DVI()NDVI()TVI()

(Kauth &Thomas,1976)

NDVI

1-4

(Clustering)(Object)

()

(Similarity)

[Han,2000]

(Han, 2000)

ENVI (Region of Interests,ROIs)

()

()

()

LillesandKiefer,1994

1999

()

()

(1)

()

3 5

(2005)

DVI()NDVI(
6
 )TVI()

(Kauth &Thomas,1976)

(2)

(2002)

(Shape Index)(

2004)

(2002)

(3)

(1998) SPOT

(pattern)(orientation)

(Hay et al,1996)(texture)

1-5

()

1-1 object 1 object 2 object 1

object 2 ()

1 2

8
 1-1

()

()

1-2

1-2
9
1-6

(1)

(2)

(3)

SPOT-5

NDVI

MNF

(1)

10
(2)

1-3

1-3
11


2-1

2-1-1

(Landslide)

shear stress

shear strength

1998)

2-1-2

2-1 () D.J. Varnes 1978

2-2
12
 2-1


()

Sharpe 1938


1.

2. 4550
10~20
1954
3. :


4. :
5. :

1971

(Fall)(Topples)
Varnes 1978 (Slides)(Spread)(Flow)

(mass
movements)(surface water erosion)
(fall)(slide)(flow)

1.


Fookes
1985 2. (1) (rotational

slide)
(2)(planar or translational slide)

3. (debris flow)(mud flow)
(1)
(2)(3)
(4)

13
 2-1


()

)
(




(landdslide)

1
1987




(1)
(2)(3)


(4)

1
1995

2
2003 (landslide)




( )

(1)
(2)
(3)

2-2Varnes

(2004)

14
() ()(Falls):

2-1(a)

() (Topples):

2-1(b)

() (Slide):

(Rotational)(Translation) 2-1(c)

() (Lateral Spreads):

2-1(d)

() (Flows):

2-1(e)

15
 (a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)
2-1Varnes (2004)

2-1-3

(1993)

(1)

100 500

15~40

(2)

16
(3)

(4)

(5)

2-2 93

2-2 93

17
2-2

2-2-1

Supervised ClassificationUnsupervised Classification

( Lillesand and Kiefer,1994)

(spectral pattern recognition)(

()

2-3

(1)

(2)

(3) (Discriminant Function)

(4) (Classification Accuracy)

18


2-3

(Maximum Likelihood

Classifier, MLC)

(Normal Distribution)

(Covariance Matrix)

2-2-2

()

(2000)
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
19
 (6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)
() (2006)

2-3

2-3

()

()

()

20
(3)

2-4 (20022008)

2-4

(Red Edge)
()

21
2-2-3

2-5

2-5

SPOT
Zhao 1997 ISODATA

NDVI
Lyon 1998
NDVI



2000



SPOT
MapInfo

2000



GIS
Turker

and 2000

Derenyi

DVI()NDVI(
)TVI()
2001




2004

22
 2-5()




2004

(Multi-Level)

LiDARDEM

2006 GIS


SPOT
2006 NDVI

MNF DA

2007

2-4

2-4

23
2-3

(Object-Oriented Classification)

(Image Segmentation)

()

) 2-5

2-5

2-3-1

(Baatz et al,2004)

Walter (2004)

N Niemeyer
24
 Canty (2001)

(2002)- IKONOS

(1999)

(Category-guided)

(1) ()

Core

Category

(Core)

(2) ()

(Core)

25


(eCognittion, 2007)

(1)

(2)

Pixel-baseed Classificcation

(3)



(Multireesolution Segmentation
n)

(4)

(5)

2-3--2

(S
Segmentatioon)

(Class hieerarchy)
(Classiffication)

22-7

2-6
2


26
()

()

(scale)

(heterogeneity)

()

(1) (Inheritance)

(super-class)

(sub-class)

(2) (Group)

()

27
2-3-3

()

1981

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

()

(Fuzzy Logic)

L.A. Zadeh

1965 Zadeh

(Fuzzy Sets)

(degree of

membership)

28


Zadeh

20041999)

membership function

0~1

1 0

2-7(a)

0.1 10

3:1 0 7:1

1 3 7

5 0.5

3 7

0 1 01

2-7(b)

A X X

29
 (a) (b)

2-7

2-3-4

Definiens Image

Definiens Professional 5 ( eCognition)

2-3-1

Definiens (Multiresolution)

(Baatz ,2000)

(1) (reproducibility)

(2) (universality)

(3) (multiresolution)

(4) (speed)

(5) (high quality image object primitives)

30


Definiens 1999

()

(Heterogeneity)

5-1

2-3-5

(Feature Extraction)

( NDVI)

(Compactness)(Density)(Length/Width)

(Roundness)(Shape index)

(Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix, GLCM)(Haralic,

1973;2004)

(Homogeneity)(Contrast)(Dissimilarity)(Entropy)

(Angular Second Moment)(Mean)(Correlation)

5-2

(Knowledge-based Classification)

Mockler1992

31


(2002)

(1)

(2)

(3)

2-3-6

(Standardized

objected-Oriented Automatic Classification Method, SOOAC )(Gamanya, De Maeyer

& De Dapper, 2007)(Decision Tree Classifier)

2-8

32
 2-8Gamanya

2-4

2-4-1

(1987)

(1984)

2-6

33
 2-6

2-4-2

(regions)

(map data)

(geographic information systems)

(Xiao and Raafat, 1992)

2-7

34
 2-7

()
()(
)
75%

( 55 )

2-4-3

2-8

35
 2-8

1985

30
1988 ~39

1994


1998


Fernandez
1999



2003

2004

36


3-1-

3-1

3-1

3-1-1

37
,,,

,,

, 16.5 ,,

3-1-2

52 9

() 93

94

Nephelometric Turbidity Unit NTU

()

105

4 5 110

132

3-1

93

967 mm

8,594 cms 2,788 ()

9% 73%94 819 mm

42.1 ha 5,300 cms 1,000

()

38
 3-1()


(mm) (cms) (104m3)
52 9 1,375 1,0141 1,947
58 9 493 5,703 503
60 9 515 5,172 523
61 8 607 5,665 523
65 8 454 5,488 203
74 8 538 4,906 370
85 7 715 6,363 867
93 8 967 8,594 2,788
94 8 819 5,322 1,000

3-1-3

3-2

25 22 3-2

854

2,000 3-3

()

86~90 5.7 (

1.1 48.1

49.2 2.73

39
 3-2-()
(AERE)
() 2004 8 25
:2004 8 23 2 30 :2004 8 23 14

30
:2004 8 26 11 30 :2004 8 26 11

30

48.0 (/)



15
14 18

3-2(2004)()

3-3(
)
40
3-2

(Formosat-2) SPOT

IKONOS QuickBird

3-3 SPOT 5

3-3
SPOT 5(HRG) FORMOSAT-2 IKONOS QUICKBIRD

(m) 1.082 2.898 10 8.839

(km) 822 891 681 450


(push-broom) (push-broom) (push-broom) (push-broom)

26
27 25
/(deg) 45
260 km 24 km 11 km 16.5 km
XS10 XS8 XS4 XS2.44~2.88
(m) PAN2.5 or 5 PAN2 PAN1 PAN0.61~0.72
PAN0.49~0.69 PAN0.45~0.90 PAN0.45~0.90 PAN0.45~0.90
B10.50~0.59 XS0.45~0.52 XS 0.45~0.52 XS 0.45~0.52

B20.61~0.68 0.52~0.60 0.52~0.60 0.52~0.60
(m)
B30.78~0.89 0.63~0.69 0.63~0.69 0.63~0.69
SWIR1.58~1.75 0.76~0.90 0.76~0.90 0.76~0.90
8 Bits 8 Bits 11 Bits 11 Bits

98.7 98.99 98.1 98

101.4 mins 103 mins 98 mins
93.5 mins
26 days 14 / 14.6 /

41
3-2-1SPOT

SPOT

Landsat SPOT

CBERS JRS ERS Radarsat

SPOT

(Photo Detectors)

(Spectral Filters) (Prisms) (Belokon et

al.,1997)

1986 2

SPOT 1990 1 SPOT-2 1993 9

SPOT-3 1996 11 SPOT-4 1998

SPOT-5

2002 5 4 2.5

(Supermode)()

SPOT 832 101.4

14.2 26

10 30 10 45

98.77 SPOT-1-3 HRV ( High Resolution Visible )

XSPAN

XS10.50m - 0.59mXS20.61m

- 0.68mXS30.79m - 0.89m 3-4

0.51 0.73m HRV 4.25

42
 60 HRV 27

HRV 6000 CCD()

SPOT-5 SPOT-5 HRG

HRG HMHI

SWIRHM 12000 CCD

5 HI 6000 CCD 10 SWIR 3000

CCD 20 HRG HM

2.5

Supermode 60 3-4 3-5

SPOT

3-4SPOT HRV (1995 )

(m)

XS 1 0.50~0.59


XS 2 0.61~0.68


1.
XS 3 0.79~0.89
2.
3.

3-5SPOT

PAN 10 m
SPOT1-3 HRV
XS 20 m
M 10 m
SPOT4 HRV
XI 20 m
HM 5m
SPOT5 HRG THR 2.5 m
HI 10 m

43
 3-4SPOT-5 (
http://www.spotimage.fr/automne_modules_files/standard/public/p555_fi
leLINKEDFILE_supermode-E.pdf)

3-2-2

3-1 SPOT

2004 8 16 2004 8 31

(Fusion) 2.5

3-5

1 2 3-5

44
 3-5()

1 2
3-6
1 () ()

3,172,500 19,828,125 67,539 422,118.75

2 () ()

9,827,136 61,419,600 185,754 1,160,962.5

45


(Change Detection)

1994)(1)(2)(3)

(4)(5)(6)

(Jensen,1996)

()

()

()

SPOT AVHRR

TM

46


4-1

DN NDVI

4-1-1

4-1

()(Red Edge)

4-1

47


()) DN

DN

DN
(Normallization)

DN DN
DN
DN DN

DN DN
D
DN N
DN DN

DN

())

DN


(

)

11
1
6

20%



11
4-2

4-2
ENVI




48

1
4-3(a)
8 16
4--3(b)

8 31
4-3(c)

DN
D

11


4-1

(a) 8 16

(b) 8 31

(c)



(

)
4-3
4 1

49
 4-1

(2593894/2654884)97.70% (6549/517616)1.27%

(2593894/3104961)83.54% (6549/67539)9.70%
(2600443/3172500) 81.9683% Kappa -0.0159

4-1 4-3(C)

( 83%)

DN

4-4

4-4

DN

50
 4-4

4-1-2(NDVI)

(Normalized Difference

Vegetation Index, NDVI)

(Vegetation Index,VI)

(Normalized

Difference Vegetation Index ,NDVI) (Price and Bausch ,1995Green et al.,1997)

NDVI

(Biomass) NDVI

NDVI (Oechel and Reid,1984Jakubauskas

et al.,1990)(Specht,1981)
51
(Viedma et al.,1997) NDVI (Choudhury,1994)

(1995)(1999) NDVI

NDVI

() NDVI

NDVI

NIR RED
NDVI
NIR RED

NDVI (RED)(NIR)

-1 +1 4-5

NDVI

NDVI

NDVI 0.2~0.6

NDVI -0.1~0.2

() NDVI

NDVI NDVI

4-1-1 NDVI 11

4-6

11 NDVI

4-2

()

4-6 NDVI ( 4-2

8 ) NDVI

52
 NDVI

(Decision Tree)

(a) 8 16 NDVI

(b) 8 31 NDVI

4-5 1 NDVI

53
 4-6 NDVI (
)

4-2 NDVI
(3,172,500points) ( 8 4-6 )

1 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 0.0001 0.0001
3 1850 1852 0.0583 0.0584
4 29697 31549 0.9361 0.9945
5 751665 783214 23.6931 24.6876
6 0 783214 0.0000 24.6876
7 2014192 2797406 63.4891 88.1767
8 312361 3109767 9.8459 98.0226
9 62252 3172019 1.9622 99.9848
10 481 3172500 0.0152 100.0000
11 0 3172500 0 100.0000

4-3 NDVI ( Change (-2)

)

(2815762/2860139)98.45% (23162/312361)7.42%

(2815762/3104961)90.69% (23162/67539)34.29%
(2838924/3172500)89.4854% Kappa 0.0901

54
4-1-3 NDVI

NDVI

NDVI 11 ()

NDVI

NDVI

4-7 NDVI

NDVI

NDVI

4-7

C C

C C

55

NDVI NDVI

Yes No
NDVI> T1

NDVI > T1 NDVI NDVI < T1 NDVI

Yes No Yes No
NDVI> T2 NDVI> T2

NDVI > T1 NDVI > T2 NDVI < T1 NDVI > T2
C :
:

NDVI > T1 NDVI < T2 NDVI < T1 NDVI < T2
:
:

4-7

NDVI NDVI

(Histogram) 4-8 4-9 8 16 8

31 NDVI ()()

()()()

4-8 NDVI T 0.23

4-9 NDVI T 0.15

4-10 4-4
56





()

T 0.23

4-88 16 NDVI

()

T 0.15

4-98 31 NDVI

4-10 NDVI (

57
 4-4 NDVI

(
)
NDVI >0.23 2,449,493
:
NDVI >0.15 (77.2102 %)
NDVI >0.23 268,075
C
NDVI <0.15 (8.4500 %)
C : NDVI <0.23 187,787

NDVI >0.15 (5.9192 %)
C : NDVI <0.23 267,145

NDVI <0.15 (8.4206 %)

4-5 NDVI

( 2885080/2904425) 99.33% ( 48194/268075) 17.98%

(2885080/3104961) 92.92% ( 48194/67539) 71.36%
(2933274/3172500) 92.4594% Kappa 0.2621

4-1-4

Kauth & Thomas 1976

(2002)

spectral

variation

SPOT

SPOT

58
 green 0.03012 XS1 0.40321 XS2 0.86408 XS3
brightness 0.60539 XS1 0.61922 XS2 0.50008 XS3

XS1 XS2 XS3

()

NDVI

4-11 4-12 8 16 8

31

4-11 T 30 4-12

T 33 4-13 4-6

()

T 30

4-118 16

()

T 33

4-128 31

59
 4-13
()

4-6


()
>30 1,816,351
:
>33 (57.2530 %)
>30 1,107,148
C
<33 (34.8983 %)
C : <30 56,890

>33 (1.7932 %)
C : <30 191,111

<33 (6.0555 %)

4-7

(2042047/2065352)98.87% (44234/1107148)4.00%

(2042047/3104961)65.77% (44234/67539) 65.49%
(2086281/3172500) 65.7614% Kappa 0.0367

()

4-14 4-15 8 16 8 31

4-14

T 72 4-15 T 85

4-16 4-8

60

65.49% 4.00% 64.29%
12.88%

()
T 72

4-148 16

()
T 85

4-158 31

4-16
()

61
 4-8

(
)
<72 2,278,225
:
<85 (71.8117 %)
<72 337,212
C
>85 (10.6292 %)
C : >72 182,654

<85 (5.7574 %)
C : >72 374,409

>85 (11.8017 %)

4-9

(2811167/2835288)99.15% (43418/337212)12.88%

(2811167/3104961)90.54% (43418/67539)64.29%
(2854585/3172500) 89.9790% Kappa 0.1857

() NDVI NDVI
NDVI
4-17 4-18
4-10 4-11

4-17 NDVI
()

62
 4-18
()

4-10 NDVI

( 2973478/3005734)98.93% ( 35283/166766)21.16%

(2973478/3104961)95.77% (35283/67539)52.24%
(3008761/3172500) 94.8388% Kappa 0.2793

4-11

(3036689/3073962)98.79 % (30266/98538)30.72%

(3036689/3104961)97.80% (30266/67539)44.81%
(3066955/3172500) 96.6731% Kappa 0.3480

NDVI

Kappa

NDVI

63
4-2

4-2-1

(Maximum Likelihood Classifier,MLC)

(Gupta, 2003)

1 1
p ( x | i ) = ( 2 ) N / 2 | i | 1 / 2 exp ( x mi ) t i ( x mi )
2

N i i mi i

(Bayes Theorem)

p( x i ) p(i )
p(i x) =
P( x)

x i

Di ( x ) = ln i ( x mi ) t i1 ( x mi )

(Richard,1999)
64


(20072004)

()
4-19 (a)()
()() 4-19 (b) 4-12

(a)

(b)

()

4-19

65
 4-12(3,172,500 points)


ROIs
()

47209 620,139 19.547% 3,875,868.75

236560 2,448,461 77.178% 15,302,881.25

14835 103,900 3.275% 649,375.00

4-13(
)

(2545775/2552361)99.74% (60953/620139)9.83%

(2545775/3104961)81.99% (60953/67539)90.25%
(2606728/3172500) 82.1664% Kappa 0.1444

()
4-20 (a)()
()()()() 4-20 (b)
4-14

(a)

66
 (b)
()
4-20

4-14(3,172,500 points)


ROIs

()

46,615 427,607 13.479% 2,672,543.75

184,041 2,187,376 68.948% 13,671,100
14,835 104,190 3.284% 651,187.5
13,334 214,879 6.773% 1,342,993.75
4,285 238,448 7.516% 1,490,300

4-15(
)

(2735829/2744893)99.67% ( 58475/427607)13.67 %

(2735829/3104961)88.11% ( 58475/67539) 86.58 %
(2794304/3172500) 88.0789% Kappa 0.2070
()
4-21(a)()
()()()()
() 4-21 (b) 4-16

67
 (a)

(b) (
)

4-21

4-16(3,172,500 points)


ROIs
()

46,615 380,852 12.005% 2,380,325
184,041 2,187,376 68.948% 13,671,100
14,835 103,194 3.253% 644,962.5
13,334 209,114 6.591% 1,306,962.5
4,285 238,447 7.516% 1,490,293.75
2303 53,517 1.687% 334,481.25
4-17(
)

(2773326/2791648)99.34% (49217/380852)12.92%

(2773326/3104961)89.32% (49217/67539)72.87%
(2822543/3172500) 88.9690% Kappa 0.1902
68
4-2-2

(Weismiller et al.,1977 ; Rubec and Thie,1987)

[Stow et al.,1980]

(2004) 4-22

4-22()
()
4-18()

(2775670/2796506)99.25% (46703/375994)12.42%

(2775670/3104961)89.39% (46703/67539)69.15%
(2822373/3172500) 88.9637% Kappa 0.1810
69
4-3

4-3-1

(2007)

(1)Divergence (D)
(2)Transformed Divergence (TD)
(3)Bhattacharyya Distance (B-distance)
(4)Jeffreys-Matusita Distance (JM-distance)

Jeffreys-Matusita Distance(JM-distance) Transformed

Divergence(TD)

(1)Jeffreys-Matusita Distance - (JM-distance)

[
JM = 2(1 e ) ]1/ 2

ci + c j 1 (ci + c j ) / 2
1 ( mi m j ) t ( ) 1 (mi m j ) + ln
8 2 2 ci 1 / 2 c j 1 / 2

ijc i i mi i

(2)Transformed Divergence - (TD)

dij / 8
d T ij = 2(1 e )
ij c i i
mi i tr T

[ ] [
d ij 0.5tr (ci c j )(ci 1 c j 1 ) + 0.5tr (ci 1 c j 1 )(mi m j )(mi m j )
T
]
70


4-203 ENVI

4-21 ENVI

() ENVI Transformed Divergence (TD)

Jeffreys-Matusita Distance (JM-distance) 0 ~

2.0 1.9

4-19JM-distance TD
Jeffreys-Matusita Distance Transformed Divergence
VS 1.78276377 1.99968894
VS 0.79721987 1.02862944
VS 1.9242525 1.99999742

71
4-3-2 PCA

(Principle Component Analysis,PCA)

PCA

PCA

(2002

( spectral feature space)

(PCT)(Ready and Wintz,1973Schowengerdt
1997) PC=E T X EE T =I ()
eiT ei = 1 ei ei = 0 for i j E X
T

PCi
PC j , for i j k C k k
Rk kC I =0 Ck k R k
k k k 0
C I E =0 i ei
E PC=E T X
T T
PC Var( PCi ) Var( ei X) ei
Cei ei ( i ei ) i ( eiT ei ) i
T

(Positive matrix)
C I = 0 k 1 2
k 0

(Schowengerdt,1997Shen,1998,2002)

72
 4-25(A) 4-25(B)
4-25 4-25(A)
4-25(B)

PCA

PCA

PCA

(Spectral

redundancy) Hughes

(Hughes,1968 Schowengerdt,1997)

(Byrne et al.,1980Richards,1984Lin,2002)

(A)

73
 (B)

(C)
4-26 1 (A)8 16
(B)8 31 (C)
(
)

4-20 PCA (
4-3-1 )
Jeffreys-Matusita Distance Transformed Divergence
VS 1.18205590 1.97899633
VS 0.52264439 0.74282269
VS 1.49219739 1.99602222
PCA
4-21 PCA

(2839365/2873153)98.82% (33751/299347)11.27%

(2839365/3104961)91.45% (33751/67539)49.97%
(2873116/3172500) 90.5632% Kappa 0.1546

74
 PCA

PCA

()

4-3-3 MNF

( PC image)

(2000) MNF

MNF

MNF PCA

4-22 MNF (
4-3-1 )

Jeffreys-Matusita Distance Transformed Divergence

VS 1.29805284 1.99684010
VS 0.55390533 0.73198925
VS 1.69609278 1.99975443

MNF

75
 MNF

(A)

(B)

(C)
4-27 1 MNF (A)8 16
MNF (B)8 31 MNF
(C)MNF
()

76
 4-23MNF

(2809927/2842380) 98.86% ( 35086/330120) 10.63%

( 2809927/3104961) 90.50% ( 35086/67539) 51.95%
(2845013/3172500) 89.6773% Kappa 0.1463

MNF

77


5-1

)(Multiresolution

Segmentation)

(Knowledge base)

(MNF PCA
)




(
)

(
)

5-1Definiens

78


Definiens Image

Definiens Professional 5 ( eCognition)

5-1

Definiens

(Multiresolution)

5-1

5-2

5-2 5-3

5-2

79
5-1

Definiens

(Scale Parameter)

()

()

()

(Heterogeneity)

h ()

w c

80
 (smooth)(compactness)

l b

( 0~1 )

5-3 Definiens

5-4

(a)

(b)

81
 5-3Defin
5 niens

(
20002)

5-4

82
5-2

5-2-1

5-5

5-1

5-6

(1) 3 60-80

5-6(a)

(2) 3 30

40 50-60

() 5-6(b)

(3) 70-80

5-6(c)

(4)

5-6(d)

83
 5-5

5-1

DN DN DN

19 140 63.627698 18.692843

47209 33 131 66.820098 11.657172

28 141 66.431104 15.316062

17 80 31.404612 3.711239

236560 33 89 55.640949 5.578264

27 82 42.087694 3.625939

38 120 75.246242 5.854175

14835 50 110 72.829457 4.750017

46 122 79.508392 5.378838

66 169 122.658595 28.094087

4997 84 170 130.628577 23.061986

77 179 131.232940 27.686448

84
 (a) (b)

(c) (d)
5-6

5-2-2

(2003)

1 ()

50 SPSS 2126

2126

5-2

5-2 2126

2126

3157.7965 142763230
95% 2649.6112 11948.357
95% 3665.9818 387305.97
5% 1652.3409 0.007
792.2564

85




( 3877305.97
0.007
0

)
3157.79665

111948.357

95%

( 5-7)

955%

1652.3409
792.25
564 25%75%
%

260.700692298.44187

0.007
0

- 3877305.97

5-77

5-2--3

212
26

SPSS

(A 5--3
Area/length))

5-8



10.00

10%
1

10

1



5-9

86
 y = 0.1094x-0.2985

5-6

4.6078 25%50%75% 2.75584.6078

7.2857 10

5-3 2126

2126

5.7093 23.718
95% 5.5021 4.87012
95% 5.9164 75.46
5% 5.198 0.001
4.6078

5-8

5-9

87
5-3

5-1

20

10

5-10

(1)

Definiens

(2)

(3)

5-10

88
5-3-1

Definiens

5-8

(1)

NDVI

(2) Compactness()Density()Length/Width()

Roundness()Shape index()

(3) (GLCM)

HomogeneityContrastDissimilarityEntropyAng.2nd momentMean

Correlation

()

(1)

(2)(Brightness)

(3)NDVI()

89
 (4)

(5)(Brightness)

()

(1) (Compactness)

area preimeter

(2) (Density)

(3) (Length/Width)

(Eigenvalue)

(L)(W)

90
 (4) (Roundness)

convex preimeter

(5) (Shape index)

SI

l A

()

(Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix, GLCM)

(GLCM 1973 Haralic

j (d)

(Pixel

Pair)

5-11(a) 3, 2, 1, 90

5-11(b) 2

3, 2, 1, 90 2 i, j 5-11(c)

(2004)

91
 5-11GLCM (2004)

GLCM

5-12

(2002)

5-12,2002

92
(Desciptor)

(all directions)( 0 45 90 135 )

(2006)

(1) (Homogeneity)

,
1

(2) (Contrast) Homogeneity

Contrast

(3) (Dissimilarity)

, | |

(4) (Mean) GLCM

93
 (5) (Entropy)

, ln ,

(6) (Angular Second Momen)Angular Second MomentASM

Energy Entropy

(7) (Correlation)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e) (f) (g)

5-13 GLCM (2006)

94
5-3-2

20

(1)

(coefficient of variation, CV)

(2)

20

()

100%

(2007)

95


()

1 100%

90%

5-4

5-4


90%


70% 90%


70%

96
 5-5 5-9

20

NDVI 1~ 1 0

CV H

NDVI ( 1) NDVI 0~2

5-5 5-14 90

NDVI GLCM EntropyGLCM Correlation

5-6 5-15 90 NDVI

GLCM EntropyGLCM Correlation 5-7 5-16

90Brightness

NDVI GLCM MeanGLCM EntropyGLCM Correlation 5-8

5-17 90 Brightness

NDVI GLCM MeanGLCM Entropy

5-9 5-18 90 Brightness

NDVI GLCM HomogeneityGLCM Mean

GLCM EntropyGLCM Correlation

97
 5-5

(1-CV)*100(%)
1.Brrightness 7.8470994937 74.484 0.1053527559 89.46
6472405

2. 9.7240000152 74.52 0.1304884662 86.95
5115385

3. 6.811228429 72.986 0.0933231662 90.66
6768382

4. 7.2568770338 75.9425
7 0.0955574333 90.44
4425672

5. 2.360431809 8.0007 0.2950281661 70.49
9718388

6. 1.5132882699 6.019 0.2514176227 74.85
5823727

7. 2.1371990642 7.1415 0.299263555 70.073645
NDV
8. VI 0.0290003533 0.9
9964152 0.0291078779 97.0
0892121
9.Coompactness 0.6277770028 2.51945
2 0.2491694773 75.08
8305273
10.D
Density 0.2960006966 1.61621
1 0.1831488227 81.68
8511726
11.L
Length/Widthh 1.0256664709 2.2171 0.4626154448 53.73
3845525
12.R
Roundness 0.353913964 1..408055 0.2513495331 74.86
6504686
13.S
Shape index 0.4556771211 2.4534 0.1857305001 81.4
4269499
14.G
GLCM Homoogeneity 0.0412889117 0.20212
0 0.204280213 79.57
7197868
15.G
GLCM Contrrast 29.70312521 47.965 0.6192666557 38.07
7333428
16.G
GLCM Dissim
milarity 1.298834533 4.77825
4 0.2718222222 72.81
1777778
17.G
GLCM Meann 7.7228227816 73.772 0.104685081 89.53
3149187
18.G
GLCM Entroopy 0.4550668185 6.203 0.0733625996 92.66
6374037
19.G
GLCM Ang. 2nd moment 0.0022002499 0.00
0375472 0.5865948558 41.34
4051421
20.G
GLCM Correelation 0.0314776154 0..789475 0.0398697229 96.0
0130271

5-14

98
 5-6

(1-CV)*
*100(%)
1.Brrightness 19.43664858 122.557
1 0.158591396 84.14
4086036

2. 20.71009757 116.756
1 0.177386821 82.26
6131785

3. 17.03883465 125.755
1 0.1354884422 86.45
5115784

4. 20.58000255 125.164
1 0.1644244479 83.55
5755211

5. 1.115773506 6.0265 0.18513815 81.48
8618503

6. 0.948009906 5.1306 0.1847930018 81.52
2069822

7. 1.216778303 6.0824 0.200049982 79.99
9501798
NDV
8. VI 0.0466447136 1.0
0646167 0.043815897 95.6
6184103
9.Coompactness 0.798881482 2.9483 0.270940821 72.90
0591787
10.D
Density 0.283888292 1.4048 0.2020806665 79.79
9193352
11.L
Length/Widthh 1.005665407 1.9071 0.5273210098 47.26
6789021
12.R
Roundness 0.427886992 1.789 0.2391670087 76.08
8329134
13.S
Shape index 0.454337107 2.5222 0.1801487706 81.98
8512937
14.G
GLCM Homoogeneity 0.039442126 0.2249 0.1752834493 82.47
7165066
15.G
GLCM Contrrast 8.233779918 20.274 0.4061260032 59.38
8739678
16.G
GLCM Dissim
milarity 0.708550644 3.5196 0.201303114 79.86
6968856
17.G
GLCM Meann 19.40555375 121.922
1 0.159163543 84.08
8364572
18.G
GLCM Entroopy 0.275440114 5.8323 0.0472199989 95.2
2780011
19.G
GLCM Ang. 2nd moment 0.001225505 0.004
4220416 0.297376643 70.26
6235699
20.G
GLCM Correelation 0.043779587 0.86635
0 0.050552169 94.94
4478315

5-15

99
 5-7

(1-CV
V)*100(%)
1.B
Brightness 3.0291120899 75.4305 0.0401577773 95
5.9842227

2. 3.4349931203 74.8295 0.0459033437 95..40965635

3. 2.6946663537 72.543 0.0371455742 96..28542583

4. 2.9685538317 78.9175 0.0376155717 96..23842834

5. 0.7997725497 3.99365 0.200244927 79.975073
7

6. 0.6744468545 3.30865 0.2038500073 79..61499267

7. 0.77197767 3.73205 0.2068500838 79..31491619
NDVI
8. N 0.0040052822 0.98653 0.0041088158 99..58918408
9.C
Compactness 0.5840032299 2.1486 0.2718199929 72..81800712
100.Density 0.372290814 1.52672 0.2442544441 75..57455593
111.Length/Widdth 0.9891161925 2.99855 0.3298800084 67..01199164
122.Roundness 0.5448811335 1.22126 0.4461055936 55..38940642
133.Shape indexx 0.5034436974 2.27495 0.2212955841 77..87041588
144.GLCM Hom
mogeneity 0.0375554732 0.3184 0.1179488279 88..20517211
155.GLCM Conntrast 3.5502282589 13.2436 0.2680755341 73..19246588
166.GLCM Disssimilarity 0.3738842649 2.5797 0.1449177102 85..50828976
177.GLCM Mean 2.9213320718 74.949 0.0389777448 96..10225524
188.GLCM Enttropy 0.3669909655 5.0418 0.0727733544 92..72264559
199.GLCM Angg. 2nd momeent 0.0047714793 0.012
2673832 0.3720100073 62..79899271
200.GLCM Corrrelation 0.0462214404 0.77018 0.060000468 93..99953203

5-16

100
 5-8

(1-CV)*
*100(%)
1.Brrightness 2.997776213 37.152
3 0.0806894498 91.93
3105025

2. 2.814625493 30.135
3 0.093400547 90.65
5994527

3. 3.842335083 42.945
4 0.08947107 91.05
5289304

4. 2.464229652 38.375
3 0.0642144453 93.57
7855465

5. 0.449046446 1.9494
1 0.230351106 76.96
6488938

6. 0.518211936 2.1315
2 0.2431207777 75.68
8792229

7. 0.382112098 1.8019
1 0.2120606657 78.79
9393428
NDV
8. VI 0.015858405 1.17493 0.013497318 98.6
6502682
9.Coompactness 0.414385234 1.9897
1 0.208265183 79.17
7348173
10.D
Density 0.305289826 1.9149
1 0.15942286 84.05
5714001
11.L
Length/Widthh 0.631068265 1.7606
1 0.358439319 64.15
5606808
12.R
Roundness 0.327071177 0.9
96552 0.338751323 66.12
2486769
13.S
Shape index 0.362099756 1.8997
1 0.1906089915 80.93
3910849
14.G
GLCM Homoogeneity 0.045229127 0.4
43305 0.104443197 89.55
5568028
15.G
GLCM Contrrast 1.168475816 3.4922
3 0.3345959904 66.54
4040959
16.G
GLCM Dissim
milarity 0.232191707 1.4879
1 0.156053301 84.39
9466986
17.G
GLCM Meann 2.968901031 36.802
3 0.0806722274 91.93
3277259
18.G
GLCM Entroopy 0.363985958 3.842 0.0947386667 90.52
2613331
19.G
GLCM Ang. 2nd moment 0.0123844286 0.032
22214 0.3843497708 61.56
6502917
20.G
GLCM Correelation 0.082900375 0.7
73221 0.113219397 88.67
7806031

5-17

101
 5-9

(1-CV
V)*100(%)
1.B
Brightness 3.2562331071 47.4675
4 0.0685999169 93..14008306

2. 2.6661002221 33.592 0.0793677177 92..06328227

3. 4.4912449269 63.134 0.0711388361 92..88616392

4. 3.1025995687 45.675 0.0679277656 93
3.2072344

5. 0.804665514 2.834 0.2839299125 71.6070875

6. 0.7661444579 3.2056 0.2390011928 76..09980725

7. 0.5854779819 2.60375
2 0.2248600228 77..51397719
NDVI
8. N 0.0225834 1.290255 0.0200222398 97
7.9977602
9.C
Compactness 0.3837335984 1.8996 0.2020088835 79..79911646
100.Density 0.2235441919 1.9736 0.1132666072 88..67339284
111.Length/Widdth 0.3833441716 1.73235 0.2212844218 77..87157816
122.Roundness 0.3438332748 0.86669 0.3967199413 60..32805867
133.Shape indexx 0.2406554781 1.83325 0.1312722211 86..87277888
144.GLCM Hom
mogeneity 0.0332885025 0.402615 0.0826722095 91..73279051
155.GLCM Conntrast 3.537665934 5.91335 0.5982499612 40..17503885
166.GLCM Disssimilarity 0.285995739 1.73505 0.164811219 83..51878101
177.GLCM Mean 3.2253660486 47.2615
4 0.0682444988 93..17550123
188.GLCM Enttropy 0.371226865 4.3041 0.0862599299 91..37407007
199.GLCM Angg. 2nd momeent 0.0083889167 0.02
2186355 0.3837055636 61..62943636
200.GLCM Corrrelation 0.0414883708 0.78527 0.0528277318 94..71726825

5-18

102
5-3-3

100%

XA X B A B

5-10

5-10


30%


10% 30%


10%

5 10

5-11 10 NDVI

1~ 1 NDVI NDVI

NDVI 0.3 NDVI

5-11

103
(1)

GLCM Contrast

(2)

(3)

(4) NDVI

(5)

Length/WidthGLCM Ang. 2nd moment

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9) NDVI GLCM Contrast

GLCM Ang. 2nd moment

(10) NIR GLCM Contrast

104
 5-11
VS VS VS VS VS

1.Brightness 24.3975 0.63136 33.44082554 22.15348 23.80277

2. 22.0812 0.20723 42.41077827 37.85704 21.88396

3.NIR 26.5516 0.304407 25.91282746 7.237731 26.83436

4. 24.4753 1.92109 32.86242264 24.88745 22.6608

5. 14.07408 33.40781 60.81647421 47.6866 20.28762

6.NIR 7.967999 29.05716 47.69646034 30.49888 21.589

7. 8.008984 31.35545 59.70436299 46.56371 23.94785

8. NDVI 10.317470 1.695734 23.1433086 33.13969501 11.992222

9.Compactness 7.84326 7.944431 11.74833394 14.02677 15.68993

10.Density 6.997991 2.847343 8.458813234 9.95568 4.15893

11.Length/Width 7.516609 14.9828 11.47648138 12.27386 22.2488

12.Roundness 11.9155 7.104322 18.64423918 23.79893 18.86016

13.Shape index 1.38275 3.774044 12.71967104 14.46701 5.154102

14.GLCM
5.33464 22.3392 36.35719571 33.1542 17.2096
Homogeneity
15.GLCM Contrast 40.57943 56.72634 86.42677798 78.04925 20.97525
16.GLCM
15.16839 29.87993 52.50991438 46.72286 15.40997
Dissimilarity
17.GLCM Mean 24.60474 0.7914147 33.43462297 21.903439 23.85978636

18.GLCM Entropy 3.080106 10.32655 23.50423096 18.07254 7.269567

19.GLCM Ang. 2nd
5.83935 54.2903 79.12659842 70.6872 50.0372
moment
20.GLCM
4.6427 1.237133 3.763262436 0.267027 5.876458
Correlation

105
 5-11()
VS VS VS VS VS

1.Brightness 53.47538335 44.16393 34.00039971 22.75301 12.19045256

2. 58.96957608 55.31434 42.58058677 38.03443 5.424702246

3.NIR 49.08713693 33.15227 25.62863674 6.934853 19.03204216

4. 53.06929845 46.5286 34.56529616 26.68098 8.685306365

5. 51.1177422 36.0307 34.39732124 16.98461 18.49312205

6.NIR 41.29797166 23.09206 21.63819012 1.581917 20.1251616

7. 54.29143995 40.04824 34.87834187 17.80833 18.20049255

8. NDVI 13.13958599 23.63018289 24.74194311 34.640761 10.82675779

9.Compactness 19.4127177 21.63205 3.839740956 6.150882 2.316612244

10.Density 15.36584631 16.8364 11.27899071 12.7668 1.509579529

11.Length/Width 3.994328871 4.80155 26.01199794 26.76446 0.808771955

12.Roundness 29.89558979 34.72958 11.6948207 16.98173 5.394032343

13.Shape index 14.07765892 15.81811 8.988777502 10.75167 1.780093492

14.GLCM
31.63614256 28.3204 15.25716947 11.6801 3.642009657
Homogeneity
15.GLCM Contrast 70.61204568 54.83812 58.26670969 38.26418 25.74171633
16.GLCM
40.57314029 33.96135 26.84138067 19.57587 7.668440404
Dissimilarity
17.GLCM Mean 53.62768075 44.12989446 34.13571243 22.65558197 12.44237987

18.GLCM Entropy 20.57306472 15.07636 13.50548189 7.893301 5.672653171

19.GLCM Ang. 2nd
76.83750996 67.6398 43.54041621 26.608 19.15107622
moment
20.GLCM
8.391302172 4.90912 2.527306492 0.97014 3.496586446
Correlation

106
5-3-4

5-19

(1) 1.

0 1

(2) 2. AB A

(3) AB AB

5-19
107
 AB

10000

10000 0 100

5-12

5-12 AB ( )
VS VS VS VS VS

1.Brightness 18.36555689 0.542161585 27.5036947 18.4599451 19.22358139

2. 15.79405637 0.171917587 33.43236074 30.30459316 17.17567867

3.NIR 20.81201031 0.265746597 21.39247702 6.095452999 22.33688516

4. 18.49672017 1.672157678 27.81358074 20.98026728 18.22256333

5. 8.084920799 18.8353815 32.99785098 24.07266308 13.22116522

6.NIR 4.862468019 17.31759667 27.02416788 17.37428912 14.01184345

7. 4.489470013 17.4269994 32.9650367 25.29194946 15.19442743

8.NDVI 9.578239895 1.63961121 22.16637586 31.53084671 11.41966471

9.Compactness 4.293399642 4.343536829 6.983898973 8.404225186 8.329569899

10.Density 4.561159983 1.757754942 5.808005009 7.211194202 2.50793458

11.Length/Width 1.90929641 5.395487443 3.9566868 5.13624013 7.047341805

12.Roundness 6.787043982 2.945970877 9.229721198 10.74869853 7.948064368

13.Shape index 0.92309611 2.39302712 8.383057854 10.23365243 3.290490107

14.GLCM Homogeneity 3.500821453 15.67912511 25.9085837 24.20044297 12.51899641

15.GLCM Contrast 9.175318377 15.80782264 21.8954918 11.9383952 9.117332919

16.GLCM Dissimilarity 8.821834349 18.60480906 32.26961247 28.41521766 10.52427056

17.GLCM Mean 18.52277857 0.680947318 27.51963121 18.27215903 19.28020573

18.GLCM Entropy 2.7193689 8.872599804 19.7165009 15.30213367 6.422246864

19.GLCM Ang. 2nd

1.696145465 14.09453633 20.13874765 18.00963243 22.07844037
moment

20.GLCM Correlation 4.232255624 1.116534753 3.204135346 0.242836801 5.244600777

108
 5-12 AB ( ) ()
VS VS VS VS VS

1.Brightness 41.36405212 34.61077166 30.00171606 20.34114196 10.43803314

2. 43.97836922 41.89091553 36.83150167 33.40840164 4.527701763

3.NIR 38.63956829 26.62165876 22.46879646 6.202243927 16.09645233

4. 41.49591908 36.23725697 31.1289977 23.93315322 7.575496422

5. 32.05887651 21.02387159 21.17248905 9.726715968 10.1919878

6.NIR 25.48139477 14.32564302 13.03894266 0.958433774 11.59176363

7. 34.22055798 24.83284033 21.79733936 10.94858729 11.11618966

8.NDVI 12.39428479 22.14240305 24.30772131 33.80770993 10.46677386

9.Compactness 11.20543872 12.58515425 2.213708635 3.574162281 1.463629567

10.Density 10.3059987 11.9124626 7.165070241 8.555610105 1.125184998

11.Length/Width 1.211289011 1.767366627 11.18314552 13.96657724 0.404057153

12.Roundness 15.04046397 15.9407288 4.283365111 5.674505127 2.151779236

13.Shape index 9.341657525 11.26609455 5.665412562 7.273310601 1.251655877

14.GLCM Homogeneity 23.36583729 21.42538699 12.0520565 9.450726993 2.991981027

15.GLCM Contrast 27.90349169 13.08377755 28.37738308 11.25162101 6.881439173

16.GLCM Dissimilarity 27.34863356 22.65432275 19.36993174 13.98020177 5.405130855

17.GLCM Mean 41.45442611 34.57372396 30.15872025 20.2866595 10.65799598

18.GLCM Entropy 17.74457492 13.12538667 11.33626188 6.687556266 4.692271922

19.GLCM Ang. 2nd

33.23763286 29.28958545 16.83369071 10.29800517 7.266335902
moment

20.GLCM Correlation 7.06507298 4.414727677 2.106685905 0.8637524 2.936903108

5-12

5-13

109
 5-13( 10 )
(1) NIR (2) GLCM Mean(3) (4) Brightness(5)
VS
(1) (2) GLCM Dissimilarity(3)

(4) NIR (5) GLCM Contrast(6) GLCM

VS
Homogeneity (7) GLCM Ang. 2nd moment
(1)(2) (3) (4)GLCM

Dissimilarity(5) (6) GLCM Mean(7) Brightness(8)

VS
NIR
(1)NDVI(2)(3) GLCM Dissimilarity(4)

(5)GLCM Homogeneity(6) (7)

VS
(8) Brightness
(1)NIR (2) GLCM Ang. 2nd moment(3) GLCM Mean

(4)Brightness(5)(6)(7)(8)
VS
NIR
(1)(2)(3)GLCM Mean(4) Brightness(5) NIR

(6)(7)GLCM Ang. 2nd moment(8)
VS

(1)(2)(3) Brightness(4) GLCM Mean

(5)GLCM Ang. 2nd moment(6)NIR (7)
VS
(8)GLCM Dissimilarity
(1)(2)(3)GLCM Mean(4)Brightness
VS (5)GLCM Contrast(6) NDVI (7)NIR (8)
(1)NDVI(2)(3)(4)Brightness(5)GLCM

Mean(6)GLCM Dissimilarity(7)Length/Width(8)GLCM
VS
Contrast
(1)NIR (2)NIR (3)(4) GLCM
VS Mean(5) NDVI(6)Brightness(7)

110
5-4

Definiens

20

()

5-20

(1) 5-20(a)

(2) 5-20(b)

(3) 5-20(a) 5-20(b)

(4) 5-20(c)

111
 (a)

(b)

(c)

5-20()

8 NDVI

5-21

112
 (a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

(g) (h)

5-21()()

113
 () ()

5 20 5-14 20

5-22)

75%

GLCM Contrast

GLCM Ang. 2nd moment

5-14 5 20

1.Brightness 89.46472405 84.14086036 95.9842227 91.93105025 93.14008306

2. 86.95115385 82.26131785 95.40965635 90.65994527 92.06328227
3.NIR 90.66768382 86.45115784 96.28542583 91.05289304 92.88616392
4. 90.44425672 83.55755211 96.23842834 93.57855465 93.2072344
5. 70.49718388 81.48618503 79.975073 76.96488938 71.6070875
6.NIR 74.85823727 81.52069822 79.61499267 75.68792229 76.09980725
7. 70.073645 79.99501798 79.31491619 78.79393428 77.51397719
8.NDVI 97.089212 95.6184103 99.58918408 98.6502682 97.9977602
9.Compactness 75.08305273 72.90591787 72.81800712 79.17348173 79.79911646
10.Density 81.68511726 79.79193352 75.57455593 84.05714001 88.67339284
11.Length/Width 53.73845525 47.26789021 67.01199164 64.15606808 77.87157816
12.Roundness 74.86504686 76.08329134 55.38940642 66.12486769 60.32805867
13.Shape index 81.4269499 81.98512937 77.87041588 80.93910849 86.87277888
14.GLCM Homogeneity 79.57197868 82.47165066 88.20517211 89.55568028 91.73279051
15.GLCM Contrast 38.07333428 59.38739678 73.19246588 66.54040959 40.17503885
16.GLCM Dissimilarity 72.81777778 79.86968856 85.50828976 84.39466986 83.51878101
17.GLCM Mean 89.53149187 84.08364572 96.10225524 91.93277259 93.17550123
18.GLCM Entropy 92.66374037 95.2780011 92.72264559 90.52613331 91.37407007
19.GLCM Ang. 2nd
41.34051421 70.26235699 62.79899271 61.56502917 61.62943636
moment
20.GLCM Correlation 96.0130271 94.94478315 93.99953203 88.67806031 94.71726825

114
 5-2220

() ()

()

SPOT

5-23

(1)

(2) GLCM Contrast

150 5

50

GLCM Dissimilarity

115
 5-15 VS



1.Brightness 74.484 86.788 10.00434006 88.47266897 6.03876746
2. 74.52 86.034 10.94424187 87.27916653 5.442407232
3.NIR 72.986 87.12 9.008071381 89.66015682 7.176447219
4. 75.9425 87.21 10.08181779 88.43960808 5.524101341
5. 8.0007 21.286 5.254139321 75.31645532 24.08588278
6.NIR 6.019 17.07 4.578127346 73.18027331 26.2198425
7. 7.1415 19.69 5.369380784 72.73041755 23.83513698
8.NDVI -0.0035848 0.0075174 0.014054465 98.5945535 1.759723364
9.Compactness 2.51945 2.9984 0.677153454 77.4161735 5.04538034
10.Density 1.61621 1.4089 0.426309805 69.74165624 3.904040139
11.Length/Width 2.2171 2.4924 1.174839904 52.86310769 1.660616233
12.Roundness 1.408055 1.6792 0.298204125 82.24129796 5.407520248
13.Shape index 2.4534 3.1256 0.518191856 83.42104376 8.184382788
14.GLCM Homogeneity 0.20212 0.0784486 0.018423582 76.51509087 26.8372164
15.GLCM Contrast 47.965 306.232 108.1098176 64.69676009 17.96087473
16.GLCM Dissimilarity 4.77825 12.4888 2.466584116 80.24963074 26.09442161
17.GLCM Mean 89.53149187 86.008 9.622654 88.81190819 1.596046203
18.GLCM Entropy 6.203 7.8758 0.368256297 95.32420457 10.49521638
19.GLCM Ang. 2nd
0.00375472 0.000533928 0.000204878 61.6282457 19.13365577
moment
20.GLCM Correlation 0.789475 0.79204 0.050207201 93.66102714 0.145848891

116
5-5

5-23(a) 1 8 31 5-23(b)

5-1

(a) 1

(b)

5-23

5.5.1

NDVI

5-4

()

117
 NDVI

NDVI NDVI 0.10

5-24 NDVI

NDVI

5-24 NDVI 0.10

()

5-4

(1)

(2)

GLCM Contrast

(3)

(4)

118


(1)

95

(2) 3.3

(3) (a) NIR >10(b) GLCM Contrast>90

(4)

<50

()

5-25

5-24

5-25

5-5-2

NDVI

5-4

119


()

NDVI

5-26 NDVI

NDVI 0.25 NDVI

0.15 5-27

(a) NDVI (b) NDVI

5-26 NDVI

5-27 NDVI

120
()

5-4

(1) 5-16

(2) 5-17

(3) 5-18

(4)

5-4

(1)

VS

RED < 50

(2) VS

NIR < 50

NIR )

(3) NIR >10 GLCM

Contrast > 90

121
 5-16
NIR Brightness GLCM Ang. 2nd moment

5-17

5-18

122
()

5-28

(1) GLCM Ang. 2nd moment

(2)

C A

(3)

5-28

123
()

5-29

1. 2. 3.

4.

4.5-3.5

Compactness 2.5

Compactness

124
5-5-3 2

()

3 ()

5-30

5-31

125
() NDVI 5-32
NDVI (0.150.25)

5-32 (
)
()
5-33
(1) 1 NDVI

(2) 2 95

(3) 3 52
()

(4) 4 4.5
4.5

(5) 5 NDVI 0.15 NDVI 0.15

0.15

(6) 6 10
10 10 ()

126
 5-33

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

127
 5-34

5-35.shp ENVI
(
)

128


( 5-36)

()

NDVI 0.2~0. 3

5-36 2

5-37 2

(1)(2) 10

(3)

6-8 17-21

129
 GLCM Contrast 200

()

GLCM Contrast

130


5-19
2
1NDVI ( 0.15 NIRRED
0.25)
2 NIR
95
3 NIR
52
4 NIR
4.5 4.5
5 NDVI 0.15 NIRRED
NDVI 0.15 0.15

6 NIR
10 10 10

131
 () 2

5-38

5-38()

5-20 2
Full Scene (9,827,136 points)
ROIs
()
[Red] 17357 317,522 3.231% 1,984,512.5
[Green] 371099 5,009,975 50.981% 31,312,343.75
[Blue] 43072 298,371 3.036% 1,864,818.75
[Yellow] 67105 371,320 3.779% 2,320,750
[Magenta] 95393 2,231,713 22.710% 13,948,206.25
[Cyan] 3653 1,598,235 16.263% 9,988,968.75

()

()

()

132


6-1

(Error Matrix)

6-1-1

(Classification)

(Reference Data)(column)(row)

6-1

ABCD 4

abcd

6-1 A b

6-1(2002)

133


column

row

6-1-2

[ Fenstermaker ,1994Lillesand ,2000 ]

(Producer's Accuracy)

X ii
Pr oducer ' s Accuracy = 100%
X i+

(User's Accuracy)

134


X ii
User ' s Accuracy = 100%
X +i

(Overall Accuracy)

()

X ii
Overall Accuracy = n
i =1
n
100%
X
i =1 j =1
ij

Kappa Kappa (Chance Agreement)

n n
N X ii ( X i + *X + i )
observed _ accuracy chance _ agreement
K = = i =1 i =1
100%
1 chance _ agreement n
N ( X i + *X + i )
2

i =1

135
 Cohen (1960) Kappa()

Kappa 01 Kappa

Kappa Kappa Z-test

2004

6-2

1.

2.

136


K * * 100

6-2

6-2-1

6-1-

K
(%) (%)
6549/67539 6549/517616 2600443/3172500
0.12319
9.70% 1.27% 81.9683%
NDVI 23162/67539 23162/312361 2838924/3172500
( 2.544318
Change (-2) 34.29% 7.42% 89.4854%
)

137
 48194/67539 48194/268075
2933274/3172500
NDVI 12.830528
71.36% 17.98% 92.4594%

43418/67539 43418/337212 2854585/3172500

8.2805
64.29% 12.88% 89.9790%
44234/67539 44234/1107148 2086281/3172500
2.6196
65.49% 4.00% 65.7614%

30266/67539 30266/98538 3066955/3172500
13.77
44.81% 30.72% 96.6731%

35283/67539 35283/166766 3008761/3172500
NDVI 11.054

52.24% 21.16% 94.8388%

6-2-1

() K

138
 () 6-1 NDVI

NDVI

ENVI NDVI

NDVI NDVI NDVI

(Kappa )

6-2-2

PCA MNF

6-2-MNF

K
(%) (%)
60953/67539 60953/620139 2606728/3172500
(
8.871575
90.25% 9.83% 82.1664%

)
58475/67539 58475/427607 2794304/3172500
(
11.835486
86.58% 13.67% 88.0789%
)
139
 49217/67539 49217/380852
( 2822543/3172500
9.414804
72.87% 12.92% 88.9690%

)
46703/67539 46703/375994
2822373/3172500

8.58843
( 69.15% 12.42% 88.9637%
)
PCA 33751/67539 33751/299347 2873116/3172500

(
49.97% 11.27% 5.631619 90.5632%


)
MNF 35086/67539 35086/330120 2845013/3172500

( 5.5222
51.95% 10.63% 89.6773%

)

6-2-2

()

()

140


()(

) K

86.58% 72.87%

14%

()()

()()

(SPOT ) PCA

MNF PCA

141
 6-2-3

6-2-2

6-3-

K
(%) (%)
44573/67539 44573/211761 2982346/3172500
1 13.893
66.00% 21.05% 94.0062%

43061/67539 43061/276594 2914489/3172500
9.927432
63.76% 15.57 91.8673%

110307/185754 110307/867486
8994510/9827136
2
7.553136
59.38 % 12.72 % 91.5273%

64595/185754 64595/317522 9453050/9827136
7.072218
34.77 % 20.34 % 96.1933%
()

6-4- 1

(2937773/2960739)99.22% (44573/211761)21.05%

(2937773/3104961)94.62% (44573/67539)66.00%
(2982346/3172500) 94.0062% Kappa 0.2965

142
 6-5- 1

(2871428/2895906)99.15% (43061/276594)15.57%

(2871428/3104961)92.48% (43061/67539)63.76%
(2914489/3172500) 91.8673% Kappa 0.2237

6-6- 2

8884203/8959650(99.16% ) 110307/867486(12.72%)

8884203/9641382(92.15% ) 110307/185754(59.38%)
(8994510/9827136)91.5273% Kappa 0.1841

6-7-

9388455/9509614(98.73%) 64595/317522(20.34%)

9388455/9641382(97.38%) 64595/185754(34.77%)
(9453050/9827136) 96.1933% Kappa 0.2385

6-2-2

143


6-3

2 1 2

144


7-1

NDVI (threshold)

()

()

NDVI

ENVI

ENVI ROIs

145


()

7-1
1
2
3
4
5

()

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

146
(5)

()

()

NDVI

MNF PCA

()

5 %

0 % ~ 3 %

Kappa

95%

95% Kappa

147
7-2

()

SPOT

()

Adaptive thresholding

()

148


(SOOAC Model)

149


1998
()
2004
7 43-49 1984

2007

1999

1999

2004

2005

1994
"
"2001

17(4)471-812002

2005

2000
2000
GIS SPOT _
2006
2004
,
2008
1998

1985

1988

150
1999
Landsat-TM SPOT
1995

2004
SAR
2002
SPOT -
2001

1998
IKONOS
2002

2004

1987

1998

2000

2007

2007

2004
2002
QuickBird
2006

2000
SPOT
1995
1997

2004
-

151
 2008
- GIS
94 2006
GIS /
1994

2004
SPOT
29-42 2003
921
2005
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