Professional Documents
Culture Documents
p-ISSN: 2339-076X
076X
Vol 4 No 4 (July 2017)
e-ISSN: 2502-2458
2458
Editorial Team
Editor-in-Chief
Eko Handayanto, International Research Centre for the Management of Degraded and Mining Lands,
University of Brawijaya, Indonesia
Associate Editor-in-Chief
Christopher W Anderson, Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New
Zealand
Novi Arfarita, International Research Centre for the Management of Degraded and Mining Lands,
University of Brawijaya, and Malang Islamic University, Indonesia
Wani Hadi Utomo, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya,
Indonesia
International Editorial Board
Sri Rahayu Utami, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya,
Indonesia
Hamdan Jol, Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Malaysia
Constantinos Ehaliotis, Department of Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural
University of Athens, Greece
B M Kumar, College of Forestry, Kerala Agricultural University, India
Anizan Isahak, Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Natural Resource
Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
John Bako Baon, Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute, Jember, Indonesia
Juanxu Wang, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Guiyang, China
Suhartini S, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya,
Indonesia
Tsuyoshi Imai, Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
Index
Contents
Water and sediment yields from two catchments with different land cover areas 853-861
Tyas Mutiara Basuki
Growth and survival rate of endemic trees of Ethiopia: Olea africana and Hagenia 863-871
abysinicca in the degraded lake of Haramaya Watershed, Ethiopia
Eba Muluneh Sorecha
The effect of ameliorants on improvement of soil fertility in post gold mining land 873-880
at West Kalimantan
Sulakhudin, Denah Suswati, Muhammad Hatta
Residual effect of potassium fertilizer and biochar on growth and yield of maize in 881-889
the second season
Widowati, Astutik, Astri Sumiati, Wahyu Fikrinda
Dry spell length analysis for crop production using Markov-Chain model in Eastern 891-897
Hararghe, Ethiopia
Eba Muluneh Sorecha, Birhanu Bayissa
The effectiveness of Mendong plant (Fimbrystilis globulosa) as a phytoremediator 899-905
of soil contaminated with chromium of industrial waste
Pungky Ferina, Retno Rosariastuti, Supriyadi
Land suitability evaluation of abandoned tin-mining areas for agricultural 907-918
development in Bangka Island, Indonesia
Asmarhansyah, Rodrigo B Badayos, Pearl B Sanchez, Pompe C Sta Cruz,
Leonardo M Florece
Yield response of ten varieties of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivated on 919-926
dryland in rainy season
Akbar Saitama, Agung Nugroho, Eko Widaryanto
Plant species from coal mine overburden dumping site in Satui, South Kalimantan, 927-936
Indonesia
Vivi Novianti, D N Choesin, D T Iskandar, D Suprayogo
The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the intensity of the foot rot disease on 937-943
pepper plant from the infected soil
Norma Fauziyah, Bambang Hadisutrisno, Suryanti
Effect of mulching and amelioration on growth and yield of groundnut on saline soil 945-954
Abdullah Taufiq, Andy Wijanarko, Afandi Kristiono
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id i
JOURNAL OF DEGRADED AND MINING LANDS MANAGEMENT
ISSN: 2339-076X (p); 2502-2458 (e), Volume 4, Number 4 (July 2017): 853-861
DOI:10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.853
Research Article
Water and sediment yields from two catchments with different land
cover areas
Tyas Mutiara Basuki*
Watershed Management Technology Center, Jl. A. Yani- PO BOX 295, Pabelan, Surakarta, Indonesia
* tmbasuki@yahoo.com
Received 28 April 2017, Accepted 23 May 2017
Abstract : Land cover and human activities affect water yield and soil erosion-sedimentation in a
catchment. Therefore, a study to obtain information of water and sediment yields from two catchments
covered by different land cover areas has been conducted in Tanjung and Bakar catchments. The
catchments are located in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province. The area of secondary forest
inTanjung and Bakar catchments are 31 and 10%. The water yield was obtained by measuring Stream
Water Level (SWL) and converted the data into stream water discharge using a stream water discharge
rating curve. Sediment samples were taken for every increament of SWL. The sediment concentration in
water samples were converted to sediment discharge (kg/second) using a sediment discharge rating curve.
The results showed that water and sediment yields in 2016 of Tanjung cacthment were higher than Bakar
catchment. The water and sediment yields of Tanjung were 2994 mm and 15.7 t/ha. Bakar catchment
produces water yield 2750 mm and sediment yield 7.4 t/ha. Based on the study, it shows that the
suspended sediment in stream water is not only affected by the percentage of forest cover, but it is also
influenced by the activities within the catchment such as traditional mining.
Keywords: forest area, sediment yield, water yield
To cite this article: Basuki, T.M. 2017. Water and sediment yields from two catchments with different land cover
areas. J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4(4): 853-861, DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.853.
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 853
Water and sediment yields from two catchments with different land cover areas
et al. 2013). Further impact of the antropogenic have conducted direct measurement of water and
activities is not only alter water yield, but the sediment yields using catchments approach. The
activities also change landform through erosion selection of the catchments was based on the
and sedimentation processes in a watershed or a similarity of the catchment morphometries, but
catchment (Cai et al. 2012; Zhou et al. 2015). with different land cover areas, especially forest
According to (Baker and Miller, 2013), this areas. The purpose of the resaerch is to study the
hydrological shifting is caused by the differences effect of land cover areas on water and sediment
in the rate of evapotranspiration, interception, yields.
infiltration, ground water recharge as well as
surface runoff in relation to soil erosion.
Regarding to the impacts of land cover Materials and Methods
changes on water and soil erosion-sediment Description of the study area
yields, most of the previous studies were
conducted by hydrological modelling (Notebaert Two catchments with different secondary forest
et al. 2011; De Girolamo and Lo Porto 2012; Isik covers were choosen as the study sites. The first
et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2014; Awotwi et al. was Tanjung catchment with an area of 31.9 km2
2015). In addition, most of those studies focussed and 30% of the areas was secondary forest. The
only on the impact of clear cutting in forest second catchment was Bakar catchment with its
harvesting on water yield and soil erosion- area was 18.4 km2 which consisted of 10%
sedimentation. Based on review literatures, it is secondary forest areas. The form of these two
hard to find a scientific published paper about the catchments was circular. The study areas were
effect of land cover on water and sediment yields located in Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan
in natural forest in Indonesia. In our study, we Province. Figure 1 shows the location of the study
areas.
Q = 4,3H^2,47....................................................(1) Note:
Qs = Sediment discharge (kg/second)
Note : Q = Water discharge (m3/second)
Q = Water discharge (m3/second)
H = The average of stream water level (m) For comparison of water yield between the two
catchments, the sediment discharge in kg/second
Bakar catchment: was converted into ton/ha by dividing the Qs with
the area of each catchment.
Q = 3.693H^1,78................................................(2)
60
Tanjung
Percentage of land cover
Bakar
40
20
0
Dry Land Dry Land Secondary Shrubs
Agriculture Agriculture Forest
Mixed Shrubs
Table 1. Slope classes of the study areas Tanjung catchment, mean monthly water yield in
Bakar cacthment was not always higher than in
Slope Tanjung Bakar Tanjung catchment as shown in Figure 8. During
classes catchment catchment March to June and in December the stream water
(%) Area % Area % discharge in Tanjung catchment was higher than
(ha) (ha) in Bakar catchment, for the rest of the months the
0-8 1036.9 32.5 590.2 32.1 stream water discharge was higher in Bakar
8 - 15 557.6 17.5 157 8.5 catchment. Based on Paired T-test between
monthly stream water discharge of Tanjung and
15-25 503.6 15.8 270.8 14.7
Bakar catchments, it reveals that statistically there
25 - 45 746.9 23.4 573.6 31.2 is no significant differences between monthly
>45 344.6 10.8 249.2 13.5 stream discharge between Tanjung and Bakar
Total 3189.6 100 1840.8 100 catchments. At 95% confidence interval, the p
value is 0.54 In total, the stream water discharge
of Tanjung catchment in 2016 was 2994 mm and
Rainfall and stream water discharge Bakar catchment was 2750 mm.
Mean monthly rainfall in 2016 of Bakar The higher annual water yield in Tanjung
catchment was higher than Tanjung catchment catchment could be caused by wider size of
which were 338 and 264 mm/month. The highest Tanjung catchment as compared to Bakar. The
monthly rainfall for the both catchments occurs in area of Tanjung catchment (31.9 km2) is almost
December. The total amount of rainfall in 2016 double compared to Bakar catchment (18.4 km2).
for Bakar catchment was 4052 mm and for This finding is in line with a research finding
Tanjung catchment was 2971 mm. The conducted by Basuki et al. (2017) in teak
comparison of the monthly rainfall is graphed in catchments. Basuki et al. (2017) found that annual
Figure 5. water yield from teak catchment with area 13.5
Rainfall is the input for a water balance km2 was higher than that from teak cacthment
system in a catchment and the output is the water with area of 3.4 km2. In addition, Gallo et al.
yield or the stream water discharge. The (2015) found that the size of catchment has more
relationship between monthly rainfall and influence on water yield than land cover and
monthly discharge are presented in Figures 6 and rainfall in their research using 78 catchments with
7 for Tanjung and Bakar catchments, respectively. various sizes from small (0.1 ha) to very large
The coefficient of determination between monthly (>10,000 km2). However, according to Blschl et
rainfall and mean monthly discharge is higher in al. (2007), hydrologycal response of a small
Bakar (0.60) than in Tanjung (0.54). The scatter catchment is more affected by land cover
plot of Tanjung and bakar catchments are condition and for a large cacthment or watershed,
illustrated in Figures 6 and 7. Although monthly it is more influenced by climate.
rainfall at Bakar catchment was higher than in
Figure 6. Scatter plot of monthly rainfall vs mean monthly stream water discharge at Tanjung catchment
Figure 7. Scatter plot of monthly rainfall vs mean monthly stream water discharge at Bakar catchment
Figure 8. The comparison of monthly rainfall and mean monthly water yield at Tanjung catchment
Sediment of the studied catchments However, the slope of the equation is higher for
Tanjung catchment, it means that the equation for
The relationship between rainfall and suspended
Tanjung catchment is more sensitive than Bakar
sediment of the catchments are presented in
catchment. In other words, the increase in rainfall
Figures 9 and 10. The coeficient of determination
will cause higher increase in sediment at Tanjung
between rainfall and sediment for Tanjung
catchment than in Bakar catchment.
catchment is lower than Bakar catchment.
Figure 9. Scatter plot of monthly rainfall vs monthly sediment discharge of Tanjung catchment
Figure 10. Scatter plot of monthly rainfall vs sediment discharge of Bakar catchment
To compare sediment between the catchments, the t/ha and from Bakar catchment was 7.4 t/ha. This
unit of sediment (kg/second) was converted into difference is statistically significant at 95%
ton/ha by dividing the area of each catchment. confidence interval and the p value is 0.000.
The comparison of sediment between the two Based on the field observation, the high sediment
catchments is shown in Figure 11. This figure concentration in the Tanjung river was from gold
shows that alhtough Bakar catchment had higher mining activities. Some of the areas in Tanjung
rainfall and lower forest cover area than Tanjung cacthment are used for traditional gold mining.
cacthment, however its sediment yield was lower The local people sift and wash soil which contents
than Tanjung catchment. In 2016, the total raw material of gold in the river and it causes high
sediment yield from Tanjung catchments was 15.7 sediment concentration.
Figure 11. The comparison of rainfall and sediment between Tanjung and Bakar catcmenths
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Modeling soil erosion and its response to land-use Liao, W. 2013. Partial least-squares regression for
change in hilly catchments of the Chinese Loess linking land-cover patterns to soil erosion and
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Gallo, E.L. Meixner, T., Aoubid, H., Lohse, K.A. and 498:165-176.
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size, land cover, and precipitation on streamflow impact of global land-cover change on the
and total dissolved nitrogen: A global comparative terrestrial water cycle. Nature Climate Change 3(4):
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scenario development as a tool for watershed erosion on the Loess Plateau in China. Catena 121:
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Liu, W., Wei, X., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Fan, H., Zhang, M., de Rouw, A., Planchon, O., Bardoux, G. and
Yin, J. and Zhan, M. 2015. How do climate and Parkpian, P. 2011. Impact of land use change and
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Research Article
Abstract: The study was conducted to explore the growth and survival rate of the native tree species of
Ethiopia, Olea africana and Hagenia abysinicca in the degraded Lake Haramaya Watershed, eastern
Ethiopia. Three sub watersheds of Lake Haramaya Watershed, namely: Bachake, Damota, and Tinike
were selected purposefully on the basis of their extreme degradation and nearby vanished Lake
Haramaya. In each sub watersheds, a total of about 12 main standard quadrats have been applied and the
required data has been recorded. The result of the study indicated that Olea africana performs well at
Damota sub watershed, accounting 38% of survival rate followed by Tinike sub watershed having a
survival rate of 37%. Only 29% of the total planted Olea africana were survived at Bachake sub
watershed. Furthermore, it has been revealed via this study that about 55.6% of Hagenia abysinicca were
survived at Damota sub watershed. Comparing the survival rate of the two species, Hagenia abysinicca
were better withstand and grow under an extreme pressure of local peoples intervention at all sub
watersheds. Therefore, the study indicated that growing and maintaining of these two endemic trees in all
sub watersheds were difficult task unless much awareness will be made at grass root level. Lastly, the
study encourages mega projects on growth and survival rate of other native trees species in the degraded
areas of Ethiopia.
Keywords: endemic trees, Hagenia abysinicca, Olea africana, sub watershed, survival rate
To cite this article: Sorecha, E.M. 2017. Growth and survival rate of endemic trees of Ethiopia : Olea africana and
Hagenia abysinicca in the degraded lake of Haramaya Watershed, Ethiopia. J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4(4):
863-871, DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.863.
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 863
Growth and survival rate of endemic trees of Ethiopia
Ejersa in Afan Oromo and Weyirain Amharic. watersheds. This is for the sake of maintaining the
This species is well known by the local people for species in to the environment though it was a
its traditional medicine preparation, tooth brush challenging task. Therefore, this study was
and sometimes for charcoal production. undertaken to explore the growth and survival rate
Moreover, Hagenia abysinicca is locally known of the endemic tree species of Olea africana and
as Muka Heexoo in Afan Oromo and Yekoso Zaf Hagenia abysinicca, so as to put baseline
in Amharic and well known for its medicinal information about the status of the two tree
value. The climate of Ethiopia has been changing species in the watershed.
as a result of global and local effects of vegetation
degradation. Loss of forest cover and biodiversity
owing to human-induced activities is a growing Materials and Methods
arena of many parts of the world including our Description of the study area
country, Ethiopia (Sebsebe, 1980).Thus, frequent
drought, crop failure and famine are becoming Lake Haramaya Watershed is located in
common events in the highlands, like eastern Haramaya and partly in Kombolcha districts,
Hararghe which are the symbols of desertification Eastern Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Region
(Teketay, 2001). In line with this, Haramaya State, and East Ethiopia (Figure 1). The
University, Ethiopia via Lake Haramaya Watershed lies between 92312.27- 9319.85
Watershed project has given deep attention to N and 415828.02- 428h10.26 E (UTM
these endemic trees and grows the seedlings to Zone 38) and covers an area of 15,329.96 ha. The
use them as a main rehabilitation tree of the elevation ranges from 1800 to 2345 meters above
degraded lands of Lake Haramaya sub sea level.
Information obtained from Ethiopian National extreme pressure of anthropogenic factors; local
Meteorology Agency indicates that the mean communities were using these lands as a common
annual rainfall and mean maximum and minimum grazing lands, expansion of agriculture to plant
temperatures of Haramaya watershed are 847.9 cash crops like Khat (Catha edulis) and to lesser
mm, 24.7 C, and 11.5 C, respectively (Fgure 2). extent Coffee (Coffee arabica). Generally, many
The area received bimodal pattern of rainfall. socio-economic activities were well notified as
This study was conducted in particular at per the preliminary field observation of this study
Bachake (3 ha), Damota (2.75 ha) and Tinike (3 and key informant informal interview (not
ha) sub-watersheds, which are among the 28 sub presented in this paper). Furthermore, of the 28
watersheds of Lake Haramaya watershed. The sub-watersheds, three of them are very nearby
reason for choosing the three of the sub- vanished Lake Haramaya, (on average 5 km away
watersheds were due to their presence under the from the lake).
RF Tmax. Tmin.
140 30
Temperatures (0C)
120 25
Rainfall (mm)
100 20
80
15
60
40 10
20 5
0 0
Oct
Dec
Jan
May
Jun
Nov
Jul
Mar
Apr
Feb
Aug
Sep
Months
Figure 2. Monthly rainfall and temperature during 1980-2013 in Lake Haramaya Watershed
Site preparation techniques for plantation work of constructing the physical structure was
better in Damota sub watershed. Finally, pits
All the selected sub watersheds have been
having an average depth of 30 cm and width of 40
delineated and to lesser extent area closure has
cm were prepared along the physical structures
been done accordingly, though not effective.
across the slope within 2 m distance from one
Additionally, physical soil and water conservation
another. Majority of the pits were prepared by the
structures have been built by the local people with
respective farmers of the sub watersheds and
the coordination of Lake Haramaya Watershed
seedlings plantation campaign was made by the
Project, early before the main rainy season of
local people in collaboration with Lake Haramaya
Ethiopia (June, July, August, and September). The
Watershed Project run under Haramaya m radius. The operation has been multiplied 12
University. times with same transects size and design for all
specific study sites at an interval of 50 m.
Transect establishment, data collection and Therefore, a total of about 12 main quadrats have
analysis been laid out for each sub watersheds and the
required data has been recorded (Figure 4).
For each specific study site (Bachake, Damota,
Mortality rate and survival rate were calculated
and Tinike), four subplots has been established
for both endemic tree species at all sub
systematically across the slope, one with its center watersheds in the study area. The formulas used
located at the center of the spoke and the were:
remaining three located at 20.5 m away from the
center subplots (Figure 3). Each subplot has a 7.5
Results and Discussion rate of Olea africanahas been recorded, only 29%
(Table 1). The reasons for the variation of survival
The results of the study depicted that of the rate at all sub watersheds were due to high
transects established at all sub watersheds, Olea interference of local peoples. However, some
africana performs well at Damota, accounting studies are indicating that conservation and
about 38%of survival rate, followed by Tinike sub management of plants dominated by farming
watershed having a survival rate of 37%. communities are getting attention nowadays
However, at Bachake sub watershed little survival (Garrity and Verchot, 2008; Lemenih and Kassa,
2014). Furthermore, it has been noticed during the like, Eucalyptus species, Grevillea robust and
study that the perception of local people in all sub fruit trees are also another factor. Soil as a factor
watersheds, particularly, in Bachake sub of seedlings growth has been kept constant in this
watersheds, towards the growth of considered particular work. The other negligible challengesof
endemic tree species was so poor though they use seedlings plantation in this work was those
these trees for traditional and other purposes seedlings die or at risk while transportation for
(Table 2). Rather, they need to use the lands for plantation. The above constraints are similar to
free grazing. Thus, of the total number of those facing the forest development in Ethiopia as
seedlings planted during 2015/16 rainfall season, noted by Derero et al., (2011) which include:
majority of them have been died. Late plantation Transportation of seedlings, poor seedling quality
due to late onset of rainfall and early cessation, and inappropriate silviculture, poor research
poor ways of plantation, little commitment by extension linkage and poor coordination in the
local people in monitoring after plantation, sector.
farmers preferences of other commercial trees
Table 1. Total number of seedlings planted, number of saplings dead, mortality and survival rate of Olea
africana and Hagenia abysinicca at Bachake, Damota and Tinike during 2015/16
Olea africana
Site Total tree seedlings planted Number of saplings Mortality rate Survival rate
during 2015/16 dead (%) (%)
Bachake 4500 3200 71.0 29.0
Damota 4700 2900 61.7 38.3
Tinike 4500 2960 63.0 37.0
Hagenia abysinicca
Bachake 3000 1760 58.7 41.3
Damota 2700 1200 44.4 55.6
Tinike 2500 1320 52.8 47.2
On the other hand, the study indicated that of the average value for saplings dead at Damota sub
total Hagenia abysinicca planted 3000 seedlings watershed was estimated to be lower than the
during 2015 rainfall season , about 41% were other two sub watersheds, accounting about 241.7
survived at Bachake sub watershed. Whereas, it saplings of the planted 4700 (Table 2). The same
was 55.6 and 47.2% for Damota and Tinike sub pattern has been noticed for Hagenia abysinicca
watersheds, respectively. Comparing the two tree where the average saplings dead at Damota sub
endemic species, Hagenia abysinicca performed watershed were less, about 100 saplings followed
well at all sub watersheds. This could be due the by Tinike sub watershed which is about 110
reason that Hagenia abysinicca has a natural saplings (Table 3). The reason for this could be
ability to withstand and grow under an extreme due a bit commitment of the local people towards
pressure of human influence. Furthermore, the management of the respective sub watersheds.
(Negash et al. 2012; Tadesse et al. 2014) It has been recognized via this study that of
suggested that it may be the result of socio- planted saplings of Olea africana 13700 at all sub
culture, land use and management intensities, and watersheds considered in this paper, about 9060
farmers perceptions on the specified tree in the have been already died due to many reasons in the
area that leads the allowance of trees to grow. areas (Table 4). The average value of dead
Furthermore, Table 2 shows a simple descriptive saplings of Olea africana at all sub watersheds
statistics of number of saplings dead for Olea has been estimated to be 3020 (Table 4).
africana at all sub watersheds considered for this Moreover, of the total of planted saplings at all
study. sub watersheds of Hagenia abysinicca 8200,
In all quadrats established at all sub about 4280 saplings were died. The dead saplings
watersheds, Bachake sub watershed shows the at all sub watersheds considered ranges from 1200
highest number of saplings dead, about 400 to 1760 having the mean value of 1427 saplings
plants. However, the study revealed that the (Table 5).
Table 3. Descriptive statistics of number of saplings dead of Hagenia abysinicca at all sub watersheds in all quadrats established
Qua1 Qua2 Qua3 Qua4 Qua5 Qua6 Qua7 Qua8 Qua9 Qua10 Qua11 Qua12 Mean Min. Max. SDE
Bachake 130 134 218 222 245 17 130 129 190 129 116 100 146.7 17 245 62.9
Damota 100 145 111 100 145 123 123 40 145 100 23 45 100 23 145 42.4
Tinike 200 190 56 100 160 123 90 40 120 100 59 82 110 40 200 51.4
Qua is Quadrat
Table 4. Descriptive statistics of number of saplings dead at a composite of three sub watersheds of Lake Haramaya watersheds for Olea africana
Qua1 Qua2 Qua3 Qua4 Qua5 Qua6 Qua7 Qua8 Qua9 Qua10 Qua11 Qua12 Total
Bachake 300 400 266 250 351 240 305 275 294 169 150 200 3200
Damota 277 350 266 230 300 231 235 275 320 169 127 120 2900
Tinike 200 234 342 230 329 231 321 275 248 270 170 110 2960
Mean 259 328 291 237 327 234 287 275 287 203 149 143 3020
Min. 200 234 266 230 300 231 235 275 248 169 127 110 2900
Max. 300 400 342 250 351 240 321 275 320 270 170 200 3200
SDE 52.4 85.2 43.9 11.6 25.6 5.2 45.7 0 36.5 58.3 21.5 49.3 158.7
Sum 777 984 874 710 980 702 861 825 862 608 447 430 9060
Qua is Quadrat
Table 5. Descriptive statistics of number of saplings dead at a composite of three sub watersheds of Lake Haramaya watersheds for Hagenia abysinicca
Qua1 Qua2 Qua3 Qua4 Qua5 Qua6 Qua7 Qua8 Qua9 Qua10 Qua11 Qua12 Total
Bachake 130 134 218 222 245 17 130 129 190 129 116 100 1760
Damota 100 145 111 100 145 123 123 40 145 100 23 45 1200
Tinike 200 190 56 100 160 123 90 40 120 100 59 82 1320
Mean 143 156 128 141 183 87.7 114 70 152 110 66 76 1427
Min. 100 134 56 100 145 17 90 40 120 100 23 45 1200
Max. 200 190 218 222 245 123 130 129 190 129 116 100 1760
SDE 51 30 82.4 70.4 54 61 21.4 51.4 36 16.7 47 28 294
Sum 430 469 385 422 550 263 343 209 455 329 198 227 4280
Qua is Quadrat
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Research Article
Abstract : The application of ameliorant has been suggested to improve soil fertility and crop growth in
post illegal gold mining (PIGM) lands. This study evaluated the effect of ameliorant types and semi-
permeable layer on properties of soil in PIGM lands and growth of sorghum. A field experiment
employed two treatments, i.e. type of ameliorant and semi-permeable layer. There were four ameliorant
types applied i.e., without ameliorant (M0); coastal sediment at a dose of 40 t/ha (M1); biochar at a dose
of 4 t/ha (M2), and coastal sediment at a dose of 30 t/ha + 4 t biochar/ha (M3). The second treatment
consisted of two levels, namely: without a semi-permeable layer (S0) and the semi-permeable layer of 20
cm depth from the soil surface (S1). The results showed that types of ameliorant gave different effect to
soil properties. Application of coastal sediment at a dose of 40 t/ha significantly increased the contents of
Ca and Mg, whereas application of biochar at a doses of 4 t/ha increased soil CEC. The semi-permeable
layer did not significantly affect plant height and stem diameter of sorghum. The highest of sorghum
growth was reached by application of coastal sediment at a dose of 30 t/h + biochar at a dose of 4 t/ha.
The combination of coastal sediment and biochar from banana peels could complement each other to
improve soil fertility in PIGM land.
Keywords: ameliorant, biochar, coastal sediment, post gold mining land, sorghum
To cite this article: Sulakhudin, Suswati, D. and Hatta, M. 2017. The effect of ameliorants on improvement of soil
fertility in post gold mining land at West Kalimantan. J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4(4): 873-880, DOI:
10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.873.
local resources such as coastal sediment and Sub-District, Bengkayang District of West
biochar from banana peels, so the production cost Kalimantan Province. The experiment was
can be reduced. Coastal sediment that is the result conducted from July to October 2016. Coastal
of sea deposition is widespread on the coast of sediment was derived from Kijing beach and
West Kalimantan. According to Suswati (2009), applied in wet condition. Biochar was obtained by
the coastal sediment ameliorant could replace the hydrolysis of banana peels at a temperature of 350
o
role of lime in increasing pH and base saturation C. The study was a factorial randomized
(BS). Results of the study of Suswati et al. (2015) complete block design with two treatments and
showed that the addition of coastal sediment on five replicates. The first treatment was the
PIGM land reduced soil acidity, and improved amelioration of top soil (M) that consisted of four
CEC, BS, and availability of soil nutrients (K+, levels, namely: without amelioration (M0), coastal
Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+). Application of coastal sediment at a dose of 40 t/ha (M1), biochar at a
sediment at a dose of 40 t/ha on peat could dose of 4 t/ha (M2), and coastal sediment at a
increase the yield of hybrid maize that reached 12 dose of 30 t/ha + biochar 4 t/ha. The second
t/ha (Suswati et al., 2014). treatment was a semi-permeable layer thickness
In addition to the use of coastal sediment, (S) that consisted of two levels, namely: without a
soil fertility of PIGM land can be improved by semi-permeable layer (S0), and semi-permeable
applying biochar. It can improve the soil layer as deep as 20 cm of the soil surface, semi-
chemical, physical, and biological properties permeable 3 cm thick layer (S1). The semi-
contain functional groups and amorphous as well permeable layer made from a mixture of 5% of
as resistant in soil (Sohi et al., 2010; Tammeorg et coastal sediment and 95% sandy soil from PIGM
al., 2016). Biochar generally has high pH, C- areas. The study comprised 40 plots (each of 3 m
organic and CEC (Lehmann, 2007). Biochar has x 1.5 m size) with a 1 m protection zone framing
high water absorption and is resistant to microbial the experimental field. The sorghum was planted
decomposition (Lehmann and Joseph, 2009). The at a spacing of 60 cm x 40 cm, resulting in 21
properties make biochar has a high nutrient plants per plot. Six plant samples were taken
retention, thereby reducing nutrient leaching and randomly for measurements of height plant and
increasing nutrient use efficiency (Laird et al., stem diameter per weeks. Fertilizers applied as
2010; Hussain et al., 2016). According to Novak basal fertilizers were manure 5 t/ha, Urea 200
et al. (2010), biochar addition increases retention kg/ha, SP-36 100 kg/ha and KCl 50 kg/ha. Plant
of water containing N, P, and K nutrients that can growth variables measured were plant height and
be absorbed by plants. The results of the study of stem diameter.
Hairani et al. (2016), biochar application of 35 The measurements were made every week
t/ha was able to increase the yield of sorghum until the end of vegetative growth. Soil analysis
1.48 times higher than without biochar. Once of was performed after the treatment. Some
good substance for making biochar is banana peel properties of soil analyzed were pH (H2O),
because it is an ordinary biological waste with a electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange
high content of cellulose and minerals (Zhou et capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS), contents of
al., 2017). N, P, K Ca, Mg and Na in the soil. The analysis
Studies on the effects of the addition of of soil properties was conducted at the Laboratory
coastal sediment and biochar to improve soil of Soil Chemistry and Fertility, Faculty of
fertility in PIGM are limited. Many studies have Agriculture, Tanjungpura University. Data
been carried out on the use of biochar and coastal obtained were subjected to analysis of variance
sediment to increase soil fertility in some soil in (two-way ANOVA) using the Microsoft Excel
an individual manner. The hypothesis was that software and R statistic version 3.3.2. The
application of coastal sediment and biochars can differences between treatments were analyzed
improve soil fertility and growth of sorghum in with Duncans test at the 0.05 level.
PIGM land by favorable changes in soil
physicochemical properties. This study extends
knowledge related to the use of coastal sediment Results and Discussion
and biochar as soil amendments to the reclamation Characteristics of coastal sediment, biochar, and
of PIGM land, so it can play a role in supporting soil in PIGM land
sustainable food security program nationally.
The characterization of coastal sediment and
biochar is shown in Table 1. Coastal sediment was
Materials and Methods the result of sedimentation materials result of
erosion from the upland area through watershed
A field experiment was carried out at the PIGM
deposited around the coast. The content of
land in Simpang Monterado Village, Monterado
Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 874
The effect of ameliorants on improvement of soil fertility in post gold mining land at West Kalimantan
nutrients in the coastal sediment varies greatly (Rajkovich et al., 2012). The Ca content in coastal
depending on soil type and conditions of the sediment was 9.76 cmol(+)/kg. Other than as a
origin of these sediments. The coastal sediment nutrient source, it can maintain the balance of
for this study was alkaline with a pH of 8, due to nutrients in the soil in PIGM. Table 2 shows that
the presence of base cations mainly Ca and Mg the BS of the soil in the PIGM was only 26.37%,
with concentrations of 9.75 and 5.82 cmol(+)/ kg, while the coastal sediment was more than 82.87%,
respectively. The content of Mg in coastal so application coastal sediment was expected to
sediment was higher than that used by Suswati et increase soil pH and BS in PIGM land. Besides
al. (2015), amounting to 1.73 cmol(+)/kg, while coastal sediment had a high Mg content, as many
the Ca content was lower. The coastal sediment as 5.82 cmol(+) /kg, it could raise the availability
that was used by Suswati et al. (2015) has Ca of Mg in the soil. Mg contents in the soil in PIGM
content of 14.62 cmol(+)/kg. It had high BS land was very low, only 0.31 cmol(+)/ kg.
(82.87%) and consisted of 3.57% sand, 46.90% The positive effect of coastal sediment can
silt, and 49.53% clay. The high clay content will be improved by adding the biochar, especially
increase soil CEC because clay is a source of soil those made from banana peels. Biochar is made
negative charge (Bergaya and Lagaly, 2006). by pyrolysis to obtain biochar with good quality.
The content of total N in biochar was 1.82% while
Table 1. The characteristics of coastal sediment the total N content in coastal sediment that was
and biochar. only 0.89%. Additionally, the biochar also
contained 10.13 cmol(+) K/kg, while the coastal
Properties Coastal Banana sediment only contained 0.18 cmol(+) K/kg. Thus,
sediment Peel the use of two ameliorants was expected to
Biochar improve some properties of soil in PIGM land at
pH H2O 1:2 8.0 9.7 District Monterado, Bengkayang. The soil of the
Organic-C (%) 4.81 33.93 study site has suffered severe physical, chemical
Total N (%) 0.88 1.82 and biological damages that make the soil was not
P Bray I (ppm) 0.51 0.37 able to support optimal plant growth.
Extract NH4OAc
1N pH 7
K (cmol(+)/kg) 0.18 10.13 Table 2. The characteristics of soil in the PIGM
Ca (cmol(+)/kg) 9.75 0.82 land in the sub-district of Monterado.
Mg (cmol(+)/kg) 5.82 0.54 Soil properties Value Level
Na (cmol(+)/kg) 3.24
pH H2O 1:2 5.94 slightly acid
CEC (cmol(+)/kg) 22.94
pH KCl 1:2 5.10 acid
Base Saturation (%) 82.87
Organic-C (%) 0.21 very low
Texture
Total N (%) 0.03 very low
Sand (%) 3.57
P Bray I (ppm) 15.21 very high
Silt (%) 46.90
Extract NH4OAc 1N
Clay (%) 49.53
pH 7
K (cmol(+)/kg) 0.02 very low
Ca (cmol(+)/kg) 0.88 very low
As indicated in Table 1, the banana peel biochar
was more alkaline and had a high K Mg (cmol(+)/kg) 0.31 very low
concentration. The high pH value of banana peel Na (cmol(+)/kg) 0.04 very low
biochar may be due to hydrolysis that was Hg (ppm) nd nd
undergone by carbonates and bicarbonates of base CEC (cmol(+)/kg) 4.74 very low
cations such as K, Ca and Mg. Biochar from Base Saturation (%) 26.37 low
banana peels had 10.13 cmol(+)/kg of K, 0.82 Texture
cmol(+) / kg of Ca and 0.54 cmol(+)/ kg of Mg. In Sand (%) 95.00 sandy
line with the study of Butnan et al. (2015) which Silt (%) 5.00
reported that among the nutrients in ash that are Clay (%) 0.00
sources of plant nutrients, Ca and K constituted Source: Leveling according to the Soil Research
the two highest contents, whereas Mg and P were Institute (2005), nd = not detected
the two lowest in the biochars. A number of
biochars have high quantities of ash, which are The results of the analysis of some soil physical
enriched with several plant nutrients, particularly and chemical properties showed that the soil in
cationic elements, such as K, Ca, and Mg the PIGM land has low fertility. It is shown that
the binding ability of soil nutrients and water are caused by application of 30 t coastal sediment/ ha
very low. The ability of soil to retain water and + 4 t biochar/ha (M3). This was because of both
soil nutrients can be seen from the value of the materials had high pH (Table 1). The coastal
CEC that was very low at 4.74 cmol(+)/kg (Table sediment had pH of 8.0; the banana peel biochar
2). In addition, the low fertility rate can also be had pH of 9.7 so that a combination of both
seen from the sandy soil texture. The content of materials could increase the pH exceeding other
the sand particle in the PIGM land was 95%. This treatments. The M3 treatment raised soil pH from
value was higher than in the soil of PIGM land in pH 5.94 to 7.03. Suswati et al. (2015) reported
the District Mandor that amounted to 91.53% that application of coastal sediment at doses of
(Sagiman et al., 2015). Soil mineral fraction that 14-100 t/ha raised significantly soil pH because it
is dominated by sand will lead to the low ability contained high alkaline cations. Whereas biochar
to store water and nutrients because the sand has raised soil pH because biochar has negatively
low sorption sites (negative charge) (Schoonover charged from phenolic, carboxyl and hydroxyl
and Crim, 2015). Soil particles that are dominated groups on biochar surfaces that bind H+ ions in
by sand fraction have high permeability. This will the soil solution, so reducing its concentration in
cause the very high rate of leaching of nutrients in the soil solution and raising the soil pH value (Gul
the soil (Jalali and Merrikhpour. 2008). As a et al., 2015). Table 3 shows that application of
result, the availability of nutrients is low to very coastal sediment and biochar alone or combined
low. did not significantly improve the content of soil
Table 2 shows the low nutrient contents of C-organic and CEC. All treatments were able to
total N (0.03%), K (0.02 cmol(+) /kg), Ca (0.88 increase the content of organic C and CEC, but
cmol(+)/kg), Mg- (0.31 cmol(+)/kg) and Na (0.04 the increase was too small when compared with
cmol(+)/kg). Only P content that was those without ameliorant having C-organic
exceptionally high reaching 15.21 ppm. The very content and CEC respectively by 0.30% and
low CEC value (4.47 cmol(+)/kg) might be amounted to 5.37 cmol(+)/kg. This was because
caused by several factors, among others: (1) the of the very low content of organic C and CEC on
soil does not contain clay fraction (0.00%) which the soil in PIGM land (Table 2).
is a source of soil negative charge; (2) the soil Application of biochar increased soil CEC
organic matter content is very low as indicated by by 27.93% that was higher than that of other
the low value of organic C was 0.21% (Kleber et treatments. This was similar to that reported by
al., 2015). The very low soil organic matter Laghari et al. (2015), who observed that
content could be due to the rapid rate of application of 45 t biochar ha-1 slightly increased
decomposition of organic matter in sandy soil the CEC of soil by 20% as compared to the
because the temperature was quite high and control in the sandy desert soil. The Ca content of
aerobic atmosphere (Zechmeister et al., 2015). the soil applied with 30 t coastal sediment/ha + 4 t
The results of the analysis presented in Table 2 biochar/ha (M3) was significantly higher than no
show that the organic material was decomposed ameliorant (M0) and application of biochar
further (C/N = 7). The pH value of the soil at treatment (M2). This was because of the high Ca
PIGM land amounted 5.94 was slight acid. The content of the coastal sediment (9.75 cmol(+)/kg),
pH value of the soil will be a limiting factor while biochar had only very low Ca content
because some nutrients became less available, e.g. (Table 1). The same phenomenon was also
nutrient K, Ca and Mg so that less can provide the observed in the content of soil Mg, which
optimal nutrients for plant growth (Fageria, 2016). indicated significant differences of Mg soil at M1
One of the alternatives to increase pH was by and M3 treatments compared to M0 and M2
giving coastal sediment and biochar. Besides treatments. Coastal sediment had Mg content of
being able to increase the pH and availability of 5.82 cmol(+)/kg, whereas biochar had only 0.54
some nutrients, coastal sediment and biochar can cmol(+) Mg/kg (Table 1).
improve some properties of soil in the PIGM land. The increased Ca content due to the addition
of coastal sediment was in line with the study of
Effect of ameliorant and semi-permeable layer Suswati et al. (2015) showing that provision of
on soil chemical properties in PIGM Land coastal sediment raised the contents of Ca and Mg
in the soil. Table 4 shows that there were
Data presented in Table 3 show that the
interactions between applications of ameliorant
application of ameliorants significantly improved and semi-permeable layer on some soil chemical
some chemical properties of the soil in the PIGM properties in PIGM land. On the parameter of EC,
land. All treatments were able to increase the pH
it appeared that all treatments were significantly
significantly compared with no ameliorant
different from control (no ameliorant).
(control). The highest increase of soil pH was
The increase EC of soil in the PIGM land due to contents of K, Ca, Mg and Na in the soil (Hossain
the addition coastal sediment was greater than the et al., 2011). The content of soil total N after
semi-permeable layer. It can be seen that the treatment showed that the effect was not
increase of soil EC caused by provision of coastal significantly different among all treatments. The
sediment without a semi-permeable layer (S0M1) content of total N ranged from 0.31 to 0.32% and
was 16.92% less than the application of coastal they were all very low. This was caused by the
sediment with a semi-permeable layer (S1M1) of sandy soil texture of PIGM land, so N leaching
18.91%. Suswati et al. (2015) reported that was very high. Thereby application of ameliorant
addition of 60 t coastal sediment/ha could increase in the form of coastal sediment and biochar, as
soil EC. The soil EC due to the application of well as the semi-permeable layer had not been
banana peel biochar, either with a layer of semi- able to increase soil total N content. The main
permeable (S1M2) or not (S0M2) was higher than nitrogen form in the agricultural field is nitrate,
the value of EC at control. Table 4 shows the which is very mobile in the soil due to the poor
value of EC in the S1M2 treatments was 1217 absorption by soil colloidal particles because it
S/cm and in the S0M2 treatment was 1138 has a negative charge. Therefore, the N cannot be
S/cm, whereas in the control was only 1052 adsorbed to cation exchange sites, so it is highly
S/cm. The increase of soil EC after biochar susceptible to loss by the way of surface water
additions might be largely due to the high runoff (Yu et al., 2014).
Table 4. Effect of ameliorant and semi-permeable layer on some soil chemical properties
Treatments Electric Total N Base Available P Exchangeable K
Conductivity (S/cm) (%) Saturation (ppm) (cmol(+)/kg)
(%)
S0M0 1052 d 0.31 a 31.96 bc 1.02 d 0.34 d
S0M1 1230 ab 0.31 a 65.91 a 1.10 d 0.43 cd
S0M2 1138 c 0.32 a 44.58 b 1.44 bc 0.77 ab
S0M3 1174 bc 0.31 a 59.60 a 1.50 b 0.86 a
S1M0 1072 d 0.31 a 28.90 c 1.29 c 0.40 cd
S1M1 1254 a 0.31 a 39.60 bc 1.12 d 0.42 cd
S1M2 1217 ab 0.32 a 63.94 a 1.81 a 0.67 abc
S1M3 1243 a 0.31 a 73.00 a 1.58 b 0.53 bcd
Description: Numbers followed by the same letters in the same column indicate no significant differences at the
Duncan test at 5% level of significance. M0 = without amelioration, M1 = coastal sediment at a dose of 40 t/ha, M2
=biochar at a dose of 4 t/ha, M3 = coastal sediment at doses 30 t/ha + biochar 4 t/ha, S0 = without a semi-permeable
layer, S1 = semi-permeable layer as deep as 20 cm of the soil surface, semi-permeable 3 cm thick layer.
Base saturation (BS) is a parameter that indicates sediment had very high BS of 82.98%. According
the dominance of nutrients in the form of nutrient to Suswati et al. (2014), coastal sediment
cations. Table 4 shows the treatments using contained high alkaline cations, which increased
coastal sediment (S0M1, S0M3, and S1M3) had BS and availability of cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+,
higher BS than without application of ameliorant and K+. Moreover, the increase of these cations
(S0M0 and S1M0). This was due to coastal might form a ligand complex with organic acids,
and therefore improved soil fertility (Husen et al., reduce leaching of P nutrient because P easily
2013). Data presented in Table 4 show that the migrates along the water that dissolves it.
content of available P in the treatment of semi-
permeable layer (S1) was higher than the Effect of ameliorant and semi-permeable layer
treatment without semi-permeable layer (S0). In on sorghum growth at PIGM land
the treatment without a semi-permeable layer,
Ameliorant influenced the improvement of soil
each treatment of ameliorant (M0, M1, M2 and
properties (Tables 3 and 4). Improvement of soil
M3) had available P of 1.02, 1.10, 1.44 and 1.50
ppm, while the treatment with a semi-permeable properties stimulated the growth of plants that
layer each had available of 1.29, 1.12, 181 and could be observed on the parameters of plant
height and stem diameter. Effect of ameliorant on
1.58 ppm. This indicates that semi-permeable
plant height can be seen in Figure 1. Application
layer can lower P loss due to leaching. The semi-
of 30 t coastal sediment/ha+ 4 t biochar/ha (M3)
permeable layer is a layer that is capable of
decreasing the flow rate of water in the sandy soil, resulted in higher plant height than other
so water will accumulate on top of the semi- treatments on all the observation periods. Even on
the observation of the 7th weeks of the treatment
permeable layer. Inhibition of water flow will
looked significantly different between the control
and M3 treatment.
250
M0 M1
Plant height (cm)
200
M2 M3
150
100
50
0
2 3 4 5 6 7
Period of observation (weeks)
This may reflect the improved soil chemical sediment/ha and 4 biochar/ ha signicantly
properties, indeed a more available nutrients with improved sorghum growth. The possible
30 t coastal sediment/ha + 4 t biochar/ha had been explanation of the improved plant growth is that
supplied to sorghum growth. Suswati et al. (2014) application of coastal sediment and biochar plant
reported that application of 40 t coastal nutrients in the soil (P, K, Ca and Mg) and also
sediment/ha could increase plant height of maize. improved soil EC, BS, pH (Tables 1 and 2).
Meanwhile biochar amendment at rates of 15 and According to Alburquerque et al. (2014), biochar
22 t/ha raised sorghum growth in sandy desert soil has high content of essential plant nutrients,
(Laghari et al., 2015). hence, it raises supplied plant nutrients in soil and
The stem diameter was higher with addition improved crop yield. In a study conducted by
of the coastal sediment and biochar mixture (M3) Schulz and Glaser (2012), biochar addition that
than other treatments (Figure 2). This treatment increased plant growth in sandy soils was
had highest stem diameter of 31 mm at 7 weeks observed when biochar was combined with
observation period. The stem diameter was organic fertilizer. Suswati et al. (2014) reported
significantly different without application of the highest plant growth of maize under
ameliorant at 6 and 7 weeks. This indicates that application of 40 t/ha of coastal sediment and 1.5
application of 30 t coastal sediment/ha + 4 t t/ha of salted fish waste. Therefore, it can be
biochar/ha were able to improve the condition of concluded that the addition of coastal sediment
soil fertility in the PIGM land, so it could improve and biochar enhanced sorghum growth in PIGM
plant growth which was reflected in the stem land.
diameter. In this study, application of 30 t coastal
35
M0 M1
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Research Article
Abstract : Application of biochar can increase availability of plant nutrients and yield. A field
experiment was conducted on anInceptisol with aim to determineresidual potassium fertilizer and biochar
application on growth and yield of maize in the second season. A randomized block design was used with
three replication. The treaments were residual application of potassium and biochar that consisted of
biochar only (30 t/ha), and biochar plus several levels of potassium apllication (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200
kg/ha), included application of 200 kg/ha potassium without biochar. Basal fertilizersapplied in the first
season were 90 kg N/ha and 100 kg P205, and in the second season was 90 kg N/ha. The results showed
that residual biochar alone or combined with different levels of potassium application increased yield of
maize. Residual biochar increased avalilabilty of N, P, K, Ca, and Na in the soil.
Keywords : biochar, maize, potassium, residual, yield
To cite this article: Widowati, Astutik, Sumiati, A. and Fikrinda, W. 2017. Residual effect of potassium fertilizer and
biochar on growth and yield of maize in the second season. J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4(4): 881-889, DOI:
10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.881.
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 881
Residual effect of potassium fertilizer and biochar on growth and yield of maize in the second season
oxygen). Biochar can be used is an alternatif experiment was to determine the residual effect of
produced energy by returning carbon and nutrient potassium fertilizer and biochar on growth and
to the soil (Laird, 2008). Biochar from pyrolysis is yield of maize in the second season.
type of carbon amorf consisting of many carbon
symbiosis and ash (Chun et al., 2004). During
process of pyrolysis, condition of temperature and Materials and Methods
time will affect characteristics of biochar (Antal A field experiment was conducted from
and Gronil, 2003). At low temperatures (<500C), September 2012 to February 2013 on an
raw material composition has a major influence Inceptisol of Tunggulwulung village, Lowokwaru
on biochar characteristics which affecting sub district of Malang City. Biochar was made
agriculture such as cation exchange capacity and from organic waste by pyrolysis method. The
nutrient content (Gaskin et al., 2008). Several Pertiwi-3 maize cultivar used in the second
research results showed that biochar increased planting was planted in September 2012. All
growth and yield of maize (Major et al., 2010), treatments were laid in a randomized block design
soybean (Tagoe et al., 2008), cowpea (Glaser et with three replications. In the first planting, each
al., 2002), and rice (Steiner et al., 2007). treatment was supplied with urea fertlizer with a
Concentrations of carbon at low temperatures dosage of 90 kg N/ha.
range from 380 g/kg to poultry waste biochar The urea Fertilizer was applied twice (1/3 of
(Chan et al., 2008), 692 g/kg for wheat stalk dose at 6 days after planting and 2/3 of dose used
(Chun et al., 2004) and 790 g/kg for biochar Chip at four weeks after planting). Phosphate fertilizer
Pine (Gaskin et al., 2008). Nitrogen was applied at 6 days after planting. Potassium
concentrations in biochar range from 1.4 g/kg fertilizer that was applied at 1 and 4 weeks after
(pine), 19 g/kg (groundnut), 40 g/ kg (poultry planting consisted of B0K200 (200 kg KCl/ha),
waste) (Chan et al., 2007). Low concentrations of B30KO (biochar, without KCl), B30K50 (biochar
P and K were found in biochar of pine of 0.089 + 50 kg KCl/ha), B30K100 (biochar + 100 kg
and 0.659 g/kg respectively, and biochar of KCl/ha), B30K150 (biochar + 150 kg KCl/ha),
chicken manure of 33.6 and 45.6 g/kg (Gaskin et and B30K200 (biochar + 200 kg KCl/ha). Basal
al., 2008). Concentrations of P and K in biochar fertilizer supplied for the second season was 90 kg
of organic waste product were 0.72% and 0.93%, Urea/ha without P and K fertilizers. Total number
respectively (Widowati et al., 2011). of plots were 21 with each of 3 m x 4 m size.
Several studies showed that biochar Maintenance of the experiment was done by
increased nutrient retention, especially Nitrogen weeding twice, and irigation twice per-week.
content in tropical areas (Lehmann et al., 2003; Plant spacing was 80 x 25 cm, 1 seed per-hole and
Steiner et al., 2008). When the process of nutrient total number of plant population was 50.0000/ha.
loss due to leaching can be reduced this means Soil samples were collected after harvest in the
that there is still nutrient retention in the soil as a first and second seasons, and analyzed for organic
residue that can be utilized for the next crop. content (Walkley and Balck), N (Kjedahl),
Nutrient residue in soil after harvest can reflect availability of P (Bray 1), potassium availability
nutrient availability status in low, moderate, high, (NH40AC 1 N pH 7), total K (HCl 25%), Ca, Mg
and very high category. Such conditions will and Na. There were five plant samples obeserved
determine whether to add nutrients through for plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index,
fertilization. The small amount or amount of stem dry matter, leaf, plant dry matter, length and
added fertilizer will affect the amount of nutrients diameter of ear, seed dry weight, potassium
absorbed and left behind as nutrient residues content in the leaf (70 days), and in the seed after
available in the soil. Widowati et al. (2014) harvest (130 days), and K absorbtion. Plant dry
showed that the sole application of biochar matter was observed by drying the plant fresh
increased maize production by 14% compared material in an oven with tempereture of 70 oC for
sole application of KCl fertilizer. 48 hours. Uptake of N, P, and K by maize crop
In contrast, application of biochar and 75% was calculated from plant dry weight and and N,
of dosage of KCl fertilizer increased maize P, and K contents. Data obtained were analyzed
production by 29%. Biochar residues and usingSPSS version 13.00.
increased doses of potassium fertilizer will have
the same effect on crop yields.This asumption is
supported by Mayor et al. (2010) who reported Results and Discussion
that yield of maize did not increase in the first Crop growth
season, but it increased in the second season after
applicationof biochar. Information on this aspect Residual biochar of 30 t/ha with and without
is vey limited, and therefore, the objective of this addition of pottasium fertilizer application
produced the highest plant height. On the other and only 200 kg KCl/ha (Table 2) and as high as
hand, the residual biochar that was followed by seed yield of maize (Table 4). Application of
the increase dosage of potassium application from potassium fertilizer did not increase crop growth
50 kg up to 200 kg/ha reduced plant height and grain yield of maize (Table 4).
significantly (Table 1). Application of 200 kg Dry matter production showed similar trend
KCl/ha decreased plant heightabout 28.40 cm with stem diameter. Residual biochar with or
compared with application of 50 kg KCl/ha. withiout addition of potassium fertilizer
Residual biochar treatment alone increased plant application showed higher dry matters of leaf,
height, stem diameter, and leaf size, although the stem, and total biomass production compared with
stem diameter was not significantly different with no biochar added 200 kg KCl/ha (Table 2). Total
that of residual biochar added with potassium dry matter production is production of drymatter
application treatment. Biochar as a soil during plant growth. In the short period, fertilizer
amandement caused better root development and that isadded to biochar can increase plant growth
higher drymatter production than without biochar (Lehmann et al., 2003).
Table 1. Plant height, Stem diameter, and Leaf size at 70 days after planting
Treatment Plant height (cm) Stem diameter (cm) Leaf size (cm2)
200 kg KCl/ha 233.82 b 2.46 a 5493.22 a
Biochar 252.83 c 3.02 b 6712.51 b
Biochar + 50 kg KCl/ha 250.69 c 2.80 b 6397.63 b
Biochar + 100 kg KCl/ha 230.18 ab 2.93 b 6581.94 b
Biochar + 150 kg KCl/ha 227.67 ab 2.87 b 6601.77 b
Biochar + 200 kg KCl/ha 222.29 a 2.89 b 6310.49 b
LSD 0.05 10.99 0.20 487.68
Remarks: within each column, mean values followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at LSD 0.05.
Table 2. Drymatter of leaf, stem,and total biomass production of maize crop at 70 days after planting
Treatment Leaf dry matter Stem dry matter Total biomass production
(t/ha) (t/ha) (t/ha)
200 kg KCl/ha 1.90 a 2.81 a 4.71 a
Biochar 2.69 cd 4.06 b 6.75 b
Biochar + 50 kg KCl/ha 2.42 b 4.00 b 6.42 b
Biochar + 100 kg KCl/ha 2.78 d 3.92 b 6.70 b
Biochar + 150 kg KCl/ha 2.55 bcd 3.67 b 6.22 b
Biochar + 200 kg KCl/ha 2.47 bc 3.79 b 6.27 b
LSD 0.05 0.25 0.43 0.58
Remarks: within each column, mean values followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at LSD 0.05.
Nutrient content and uptake of N, P, K K fertilizer and K fertilizer with biochar gave
same affect on level of N and P in the leave or P
Application of biochar supplied enough nutrients
in the grain (Table 3). Residual biochar increased
for the second crop especially P and K. It is
P and K contents in grain (Figures 2 and 3).
showed that the crop did not
Nutrient uptake by crop depends upon the
experiencedefficiency of nutrients (Table 3). Total
availability of the nutrient in the soil. It is showed
macronutrients of N (0.17-0.26%), P2O5 (60-185
that combination of residual biochar and K
mg/kg) and K2O (0.5-0.9 me/100g) available in
feritlizer decreased absorbtion of Potassium
the soil after harvest the first season would
(Figure 3).
beavailable for the second crop. Residual effect of
Table 3. Content of N, P, K in the leaf (70 days after sowing) and grain of maize (130 days after sowing)
Treatment Nitrogen content (%) P content (%) K content (%)
Leaf Grain Leaf Grain Leaf Grain
200 kg KCl/ha 3.22 a 1.43 a 0.29 a 0.16 a 0.08 a 0.13 ab
Biochar 3.37 a 1.77 b 0.31 a 0.16 a 0.14 bc 0.12 a
Biochar + 50 kg KCl/ha 3.24 a 2.04 b 0.28 a 0.20 a 0.13 b 0.16 bc
Biochar + 100 kg KCl/ha 3.24 a 2.01 b 0.28 a 0.18 a 0.13 bc 0.13 a
Biochar + 150 kg KCl/ha 3.26 a 2.00 b 0.29 a 0.16 a 0.13 b 0.13 a
Biochar + 200 kg KCl/ha 3.32 a 1.83 b 0.30 a 0.20 a 0.16 c 0.17 c
LSD 0.05 0.26 0.33 0.04 0.08 0.03 0.03
Remarks: within each column, mean values followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at LSD 0.05.
180 c bc bc
160
bc
Uptake of N in seeds (kg/ha)
140 b
120
100 a
80
60
40
20
0
200 kg Biochar Biochar + Biochar + Biochar + Biochar +
KCl/ha 50 kg 100 kg 150 kg 200 kg
KCl/ha KCl/ha KCl/ha KCl/ha
Treatment
Figure 1. Nitrogen uptake in the grain of maize at harvest
18
a a
Uptake of P in seeds (kg/ha)
16
a
14
a
12 a
a
10
8
6
4
2
0
200 kg Biochar Biochar Biochar Biochar Biochar
KCl/ha + 50 kg + 100 kg + 150 kg + 200 kg
KCl/ha KCl/ha KCl/ha KCl/ha
Treatment
16
14 c
0
200 kg Biochar Biochar + Biochar + Biochar + Biochar +
KCl/ha 50 kg 100 kg 150 kg 200 kg
KCl/ha KCl/ha KCl/ha KCl/ha
Treatment
Figure 3. Potassium uptake in the grain of maize at harvest
Plant yield and carbohydrate content in of ash in biochar that that is available for the crop
maize grains (Glaser et al., 2002). The data from this
experiment showed that biochar did not only act
Even without the addition of P and K fertilizers, as a soil conditioner but also increased cation
plant growth and yield were not affected by the exchange capacity. Similar results were also
availability of nutrients P and K from the first reported by Liang et al. (2008). Application of
maize harvest residues.It is assumed that the biochar that consists of ash increasescation K, Ca,
available nutrients from the first season were still Mg in the soil (Glaser et al., 2001a). Residual
enough to support crop growth during the second biochar increased soil organic content (Table 6).
season (Table 4). This results showed that residual The increase of soil oganic matter in the soil is
biochar gave the good effect for availability of P always related with active decomposition of
and K nutrients, and for growth and yield. organic matter (Wilhelm et al., 2004). In the
Residual biochar alone or combined with degraded Oxisol in Kenya, Kimetu et al. (2008)
potassium increased ear size, earl length, grain reported that maize production increased twice
size (1000 g), grain yield/plant, and grain yield after three repeated applications of biochar of 7
(t/ha). The increase of grain yield from residual t/ha during two years.
biochar alone was lower (11%) compared with After application of biochar in the first
that of residual biochar combined with Potassium season, availability of N, P, K, Ca and Mg
fertilizer (18-20%). In the first season, biochar did increased by 39-53%, 179-208%, 69-89%, 61-
not increase yield significantly. Residual biochar 70%, and 1-22%, respectively (Widowati et al.,
gave high signifantly effect to the crop by time to 2014). This condition approved hypothesis that
time as reported by by Steiner et al. (2007) and grain yield of maize increased during the second
Major et al. (2010). season although without addition of P and K
Residual biochar with potassium in different fertilizers.Grain yield of maize in the first season
dosage gave the same effect to yield component was lower (5.46-7.02 t/ha) compared with that in
and grain yield of maize (Table 5). Biochar the second season (Table 5). This indicated that
applications independently showed the same biochar gave positif effect to the crop in the
maize yield when biochar was combined with second season. Other data showed that total N and
potassium fertilizer at various doses. Phosphate availabilty of phosphate were higher than without
and potassium combination with biochar gave the biochar. Widowati et al. (2012) pointed out that
effect of residual for the second cop. This was due biochar reduced leaching process of potassium
to the ability of biochar to maintain retention of while application of biochar combined with KCl
nutrient in the soil. In fact, there is more than 90% fertilizer did not increase K leaching. Effect of
residual potassium fertilizer independently and in the lowest carbohydrate content. The highest
potassium fertilizer with biochar highly carbohydrate content was observed for application
significant in carbohydratecontent in the grain of biochar combined with 150 kg K/ha (Figure 4).
seed maize. Application of biochar alone resulted
Table 4. Yield and yield component of maize crop in the second season
Treatment Ear Diameter Weight Ear dry Grain yield Grain
length of ear of 1000 weight per-plant yield (g)
(cm) (cm) grains (g) (g) (g)
200 kg KCl/ha 17.6 a 5.43 a 302.9 a 21.63 a 122.52 a 6.46 a
Biochar 20.3 b 5.77 b 338.9 b 32.22 b 141.38 b 7.18 b
Biochar + 50 kg KCl/ha 19.9 b 5.82 c 346.7 b 30.29 b 155.46 b 7.77 b
Biochar + 100 kg KCl/ha 19.7 b 5.78 c 348.4 b 32.50 b 154.47 b 7.72 b
Biochar + 150 kg KCl/ha 19.7 b 5.81 c 359.0 b 33.75 b 151.97 b 7.60 b
Biochar + 200 kg KCl/ha 19.2 b 5.97 c 325.2 b 30.01 b 154.26 b 7.71 b
LSD 0.05 1,16 0.20 44.89 6.78 19.49 0.82
Remarks: within each column, mean values followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at LSD 0.05.
60
d e
Carbohydrate content (%)
50 c
c b
40
30
a
20
10
0
200 kg Biochar Biochar + Biochar + Biochar + Biochar +
KCl/ha 50 kg 100 kg 150 kg 200 kg
KCl/ha KCl/ha KCl/ha KCl/ha
Treatment
Availability of nutrients in the soil after harvest (2005). Biochar could increse soil organic matter
in the first and second seasons in the soil during the first and second seasons.
Application of N, P and K fertilizers with biochar
Residual effect of potassium fertilizer combined
gave higher availability of nutrients compared
with biochar increased K, Ca, Mg and Na cations
with no biochar application. This was one of the
in the soil because of the increase of organic
reasons why grain yield in the second season (6.5-
content in the soil (Table 5). Similar results were
7.8 t/ha) was higher than that in the first season
also found by Major et al. (2010), Rondon et al.
(5.5-7.0 t/ha).
(2007), Steiner et al. (2007), and Topoliantz et al.
Table 5.Nutrient availability in the soil before sowing, after first season and after second season
Treatment Total N (%) P (mg/kg) K+ (me/ 100 g) Total K (%) Soil C organic (%)
BT FS SS BT FS SS BT FS SS BT FS SS BT FS SS
200 kg
KCl/ha 0.14 a 0.17 a 0.11 a 24.38 a 59.97 a 41.84 a 0.25 a 0.46 a 0.35 a 30.91 a 50.20 ab 284.01 b 1.46 a 1.35 a 1.93 a
Biochar 0.14 a 0.24 c 0.17 c 24.38 a 167.42 b 48.01 ab 0.25 a 0.88 c 1.03 c 30.91 a 122.86 c 234.57 a 1.46 a 1.86 b 2.30 b
Biochar + 50
kg KCl/ha 0.14 a 0.26 c 0.16 bc 24.38 a 173.25 b 91.87 e 0.25 a 0.82 c 0.87 b 30.91 a 142.36 c 526.12 d 1.46 a 1.88 b 2.27 b
Biochar +
100 kg
KCl/ha 0.14 a 0.24 c 0.20 d 24.38 a 180.51 b 61.08 c 0.25 a 0.78 bc 1.25 d 30.91 a 63.25 b 891.81 e 1.46 a 1.87 b 2.28 b
Biochar +
150 kg
KCl/ha 0.14 a 0.24 c 0.16 b 24.38 a 183.31 b 71.04 d 0.25 a 0.83 c 0.99 c 30.91 a 57.12 ab 355.85 c 1.46 a 1.87 b 2.26 b
Biochar +
200 kg
KCl/ha 0.14 a 0.23 b 0.16 b 24.38 a 184.62 b 51.63 b 0.25 a 0.82 c 1.17 d 30.91 a 54.50 ab 334.35 c 1.46 a 1.88 b 2.27 b
LSD 0.05 ns 0.01 0.01 ns 27.23 8.99 ns 0.52 0.13 ns 40.76 27.99 ns 0.15 0.16
Remarks: within each column, mean values followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at LSD 0.05.
BT = before treatment, FS = first season, SS = second season
Table 6. Availability Ca and Mg in the soil after harvest first season and second season
Treatment Ca2+(me/100 g) Mg2+(me/100 g) Na+ (me/100 g)
BT FS SS BT FS SS SS
200 kg KCl/ha 4.49 17.08 a 15.94 a 3.81 a 1.27 3.26 c 0.82 a
Biochar 4.49 a 27.44 bc 22.36 cd 3.82 a 1.27 3.25 c 0.99 b
Biochar + 50 kg KCl/ha 4.50 a 29.08 c 21.82 bc 3.81 a 1.28 3.14 bc 1.19 cd
Biochar + 100 kg KCl/ha 4.50 a 29.06 c 23.29 d 3.81 a 1.55 2.77 b 1.25 d
Biochar + 150 kg KCl/ha 4.48 a 27.57 c 22.02 bc 3.82 a 1.52 4.43 d 1.36 e
Biochar + 200 kg KCl/ha 4.49 a 27.44 bc 21.18 b 3.81 a 1.5 1.99 a 1.15 c
LSD 0.05 ns 5.69 1.11 ns 1.00 0.41 0.06
Remarks: within each column, mean values followed by the same letters do not differ significantly at LSD 0.05. BT =
before treatment, FS = first season, SS = second season
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Tagoe, S.O. Takatsugu, H. and Tsutomu, M. 2008. biochar to reduce nitrogen and potassium leaching
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Research Article
Abstract: The information on the length of dry spells could be used for deciding a particular crop or
variety, supplementary irrigation water demand and for others agricultural activities. The study was
conducted in three districts: Babile, Haramaya and Kersa, eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia. The aim of the
study was to analyze dry spell lengths and its implications on crop production in eastern Hararghe, so as
to minimize unexpected damage due to long dry spells and to have effective and efficient planning for
farming communities.Thirty years of rainfall data for each district were collected form National
Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia. Data quality control has been done prior to analysis. Markov-Chain
model were employed to analyze the collected data. The result of the study revealed that dry spells were
highly hitting Babile district comparing to the other two districts. The probability of dry spell lengths of 5
and 7 days in Babile district was found to be about 99 and 80%, respectively.Whereas, in Haramaya
district, the probability of dry spell length of 5 days was found to be 80% during 181(Days of the Year)
DOY, then it falls to below 50 % by 221DOY. Moreover, the probability of the occurrences of dry spells
of 10, 15, and 20 days were below 5% in Haramaya district during the main rainy season. The study also
investigated that in Kersa district, the probability of occurrences of the dry spell lengths of 5, 7, 10, 15,
and 20 days were estimated to fall below 30%, showing that the area was better in crop production as
compared to the rest districts. The annual rainfalls in all the districts were decreasing as per the trend line
and variable in all the districts: Babile, Haramaya and Kersa districts, having the CV values of, 41, 34 and
31%, respectively.Information regarding dry spell length analysis has to be well understoodat grass root
levels to ensure food security via lifesaving irrigation schemes or any other options.
Keywords: crop production, dry spells, Ethiopia, Markov-chain model
To cite this article: Sorecha, E.M. and Bayissa, B. 2017. Dry spell length analysis for crop production using
Markov-Chain model in Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia. J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4(4): 891-897, DOI:
10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.891
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 891
Dry spell length analysis for crop production using Markov-Chain model in Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia
production it could also stricken other sectors like temporal and spatial variability of dry spells
fisheries, health, electricity etc. whichin turn (Seleshi and Zanke, 2004; Seleshi and Camberlin,
cause a crisis to the economy of a given country 2006; Hadgu, et al., 2013). However, nothing has
(Jayawardene, 2005). The information on the been done so far in eastern Hararghe in regarding
length of dry spells could be used for deciding a with either climate characterization or dry spell
particular crop or variety, supplementary analysis. Dry spell lengthscould be determined
irrigation water demand (Mathlouthi and Lebdi, using Markov-chain model (Barron, 2004).The
2008), breeding varieties of various maturity Markov chain probability model for the analysis
durations, field operations in agriculture in a of wet spells and dry spells was first introduced
specific location (Sivakumar, 1992; Taley and by Gabriel and Neumann (1957) using 27 years
Dalvi, 1991; Sharma, 1996). (1923 -1950) of rainfall data from November to
Crop growth performs well with uniformly April at Tel Aviv in Israel considering the
spread light rains than with a few heavy rains threshold of 0.1 mm (Gabriel and Neumann,
interrupted by dry periods. In cropping calendar 1957). The results were validated using chi square
of plants, the timing of breaks in rainfall (dry tests. Since then the Markov process models have
spells) is critical to crop viability than total been used extensively by many authors
seasonal rainfall (Usman and Reason, 2004). throughout the world.
Moreover, Simane and Struick (1993) reported Therefore, this study aims to analyze dry
that the amount of rainfall its distribution in a spell lengths and its implications on crop
given season is critical for crop production. production in eastern Hararghe, so as to minimize
Uneven distribution of rainfall could lead crops to unexpected damage due to long dry spells and to
different degrees of dry spells without significant have effective and efficient planning for farming
reductions in total rainfall (Barron et al., 2003). A communities.
number of studies have been conducted in
Ethiopia on climate characterization such as
number of rainy days, length of growing period, Materials and Methods
onset and offset of seasonal and annual rainfall. Description of the study area
Few of them highlighted the heavy losses in major
crop production in the country due to prolonged The study was conducted in Babile, Haramaya,
dry spells and the importance of studying the and Kersa districts of Eastern Hararghe Zone,
Ethiopia (Table 1).
Data collection and Quality Control in the past, and Markov process models can be
used to study properties of dry spells. A stochastic
A baseline of thirty four years of daily rainfall
process, whose state at time t is YT (t > 0), such
data for each districts were collected from
that the value of Ys(s<t) does not depend on the
National Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia
values of Yu (u<s) then the process is said to be
(NMA). Then prior to any analysis the data were
Markov process (Medhi, 2009).
subjected for its quality using the cumulative
That is,
deviation test (Sahin and Kerem, 2010), common
in detecting for climatologically time series data
(Sahin and Kerem, 2010; Kang and Yusof, 2012). = = , = . . =
= ( = = )
Research approach
A Markov-chain model is useful for analyzing It indicates that the probability of its having state
random events whose likelihood depends on what Y at time t+h, conditioned on having the particular
happened last (Gabriel and Neumann, 1957). state Yt+hat time t, is equal to the conditional
Time series dry spells depends on what happened probability of its having that same state Y but
conditioned on its value for all previous times In this study, probabilities of a dry spell greater
before t. This captures the idea that its future state than a particular length based on the condition of
is independent of its past states, but depends only the previous days (that is, the probabilities of dry
on the immediate past. In dry spell analysis as a spell followed by dry season and that of followed
day is classified either wet state or dry state by wet season) were computed. The probabilities
depending on the rainfall amount of a day, of the dry spell lengths exceeding 5, 7, 10, 15 and
Markov process can be applied. The order one 20 days were computed using Markov model of
(order 1) process assumes that the present state order two under the assumption of binomial error
(wet or dry) depends only on the condition of the structure (Abeysekera et al.,1983). For the study,
previous state being wet or dry. The transition rainfall data from 1980-2013of all districts:
matrix of the Markov model of order 1 for two Babile, Haramaya and Kersa collected were used.
state (D=0 for the dry state and W=0 for the wet
state) is given by:
Results and Discussion
The results of the study revealed that dry spell
lengths of the considered days: (sp5) 5 days, (sp7)
7 days, (sp10) 10 days, (sp15) 15 days and (sp20)
20 days varies from place to place over the study
Where Pij= probability of the present day state i areas of Babile, Haramaya and Kersa districts.In
(i=0 or 1) given that previous state is j (j=0 or 1). line with this, the impacts caused due to the dry
Thus, using Geometric distribution the probability spell lengths also varies. The challenges of dry
of a dry spell lasting exactly n days will be given spell were so much over Babile district as
by the following formula; compared to other two districts. Even during the
main rainy season of Ethiopia: June, July, August
= = (1 ) and September (JJAS), the probability of dry spell
length of 5 days was about 99%. The probability
Where p00 is the probability of a dry day occurring of dry spell length of a week was also more than
after a dry dayP01is the probability of a wet day 80%. On the other hand, the probability of dry
occurring after a dry day. spell length of 20 days was below 20% (Figure 1).
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361
Days of the year (DOY)
According to Barron (2004), Markov model is the harsh climatic condition, very high rainfall
capable to analyze the agricultural dry spell variability, CV value of 41% (Table 2). The study
lengths and respective risks. He reported that the also depicts that the annual rainfall in the districts
probabilities of agricultural dry spell exceeding 10 was decreasing from time to time as per the trend
days in East Africa varied from 20% to 70% or line indicates (Figure 2). Poverty driven by
more depending on onset of rainy season. In drought was hitting the farming communities in
general, this implies that growing crops in the this area and food aids were given almost every
district was under high probability of risks, given year over the past three decades.
Table 2. Simple descriptive statistics of rainfall feature over the period 1980-2013
Station name Mean Minimum Maximum SD CV
Babile 404 174 819 164 41
Haramaya 712 309 1200 245 34
Kersa 760 462 1363 247 31
800 R = 0,044
600
400
200
0
years
On the other hand, in Haramaya district the probability of dry spell lengths of 7 days or a
probability of dry spell length of 5 days was found week has been reached about 20% in July.
to be 80% during 181DOY (1st decade of June), However, the probability of the occurrences of 10
then it declined to below 50 % by 221DOY (3rd days, 15 days, and 20 days were fall below 5%
decade of July) (Figure 3). Beginning from 2021 during the main rainy season of the area, JJAS.
DOY, the probability that the area faced dry spell This is the critical time for planting crops. Thus,
length of 5 days had been increased up to 100% the crops in the area might be influenced due to
by 301DOY (3rd decade of September). It has the high occurrences of the dry spell lengths of 5
been also clarified that in Haramaya district, the days than any other dry spell lengths occurrences.
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361
Days of the year(DOY)
Major crops of the area like maize (Zea mays) and to this work). The annual rainfall condition over
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were impacted due to the district was tends to decrease over the period
this problem. This is what has been well of 1980- 2013, as shown by the trend line in
recognized in the area over the last thirty years (as Figure 4. The area had also faced high annual
per the informal interview with the local farming rainfall variability, showing the CV of 34%
communities which has been not incorporated in (Table 2).
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Years
Figure 4. Annual rainfall distribution of Haramaya district for the period 1980-2013
Furthermore, the study depicted that the impacts production in the area was better as compared to
caused due long dry spells in Kersa district was the other two districts. Thus, farmers in this area
not as difficult as the other two districts. The dry were producing goodcrops, though the rainfall
spell lengths for all the considered dry spell days was decreasing (Figure 6) and variable (Table 2)
in this particular study were estimated to fall over the last three decades. Sorecha et al. (2017)
below 30% in Kersa district, during the main reported that the rainfall over Kersa district
rainy season of the area, JJAS (Figure 5). The showed a decreasing trend by -10.61 mm/yr,
implication for this was that the agricultural crop although not statistically significant.
1,2
Probability of dry spell
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 361
Days of the year (DOY)
Years
Figure 6. Annual rainfall distribution of Kersa district for the period 1980-2013
Conclusion References
The study attempt to analyze the dry spell lengths Abeysekera, S., Senevirahtne, K.E., Leaker, A. and
over three districts and pointed out that dry spell Stern, R.D. 1983. Analysis of rainfall data for
lengths of the considered days: 5 days, 7 days, 10 agricultural purposes. Journal of National Science
days, 15 days and 20 days varies from place to Foundation 11(2):165-183.
Barron, J. 2004. Dry spell mitigation to upgrade semi-
place over the study areas of Babile, Haramaya arid rain fed agriculture: Water harvesting and soil
and Kersa districts. In line with this, the impacts nutrient management for smallholders maize
caused due to the dry spell lengths also varies. cultivation in Machakos Kenya. Doctoral Thesis in
The dry spell lengths of 5 days and a week or 7 Natural Resource Management, Stockholm
days were well notified over the considered University Sweden
stations, except in Kersa district where the dry Barron, J., Rockstrom, J., Gichuki, F. and Hatibu, N.
spell lengths fall below 30 %. Dry spellswere 2003. Dry spell analysis and maize yields for two
hitting Babile district more comparing to the other semi-arid locations in east Africa. Agricultural and
two districts. The probability of dry spell length of Forest Meteorology 117: 23-37.
Gabriel, K.R. and Neumann, J. 1957. On a distribution
5 days and 7 days in Babile werefound to be about of weather cycles by length. Quarterly Journal of
99 and 80%, respectively. The study also depicts the Royal Meteorological Society 83: 375-380.
that the annual rainfall in all districtswere Hadgu, G., Tesfaye, K., Mamo, G. and Kassa, B. 2013.
decreasing as per the trend line and variable as per Trend and variability of rainfall in Tigray, Northern
the CV values for respective stations. Therefore, Ethiopia: Analysis of meteorological data and
such baseline information regarding the dry spell farmers perception. Academia Journal of
length analysis has to be well understood by the Agricultural Research 1(6):088-100.
farming communities to enable them to get ready IPCC. 2008. Climate Change, summary for
against the challenges associated with dry spells policymakers: A report of working group of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
in the upcoming periods, so as to ensure food Montreal, Canada.
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Jayewardene, D.R. 2005.Trends in rainfall in Sri
Lanka over the last century. Sri Lankan Journal of
Acknowledgement Physics 6:7-17.
We, the author would like to thanks National Kang, H.M. and Yusof, F. 2012. Homogeneity tests on
Meteorological Agency of Ethiopia for providing me daily rainfall series in Peninsular Malaysia.
the climate data free of charge. Next, our special thanks International Journal of Contemporary
go to Haramaya University, Research Affairs Office for Mathematical Sciences 7 (1): 9 22.
financial issue. Lastly, we would like to acknowledge Mathlouthi, M. and Lebdi, F. 2008. Characterization of
people who contributed their knowledge and time in dry spell events in a basin in the North of Tunisia.
editing the paper. Medhi, J. 2009. Stochastic Processes. New Age
Science.
Sahin, S. and Kerem, H.C. 2010. Homogeneity Sorecha, E.M., Bayissa, B. and Toru, T. 2017.
analysis of Turkish meteorological data set. Characterization of rainfall indices for crop
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Research Article
Abstract : The textile industry produces sideline output in the form of dangerous waste. The textile
industrial waste containing heavy metal, one of which is Chromium (Cr). Chromium is very dangerous
metal for environment, especially chromium hexavalent that has properties of soluble, carcinogenic, and
toxic. The pollution of chromium in soil is a problem that the action to be taken with the technology of
bioremediation. Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with chromium using Mendong plant
(Fimbrystilis globulosa), combined with association of microorganisms Agrobacterium sp I3 and
compost. This study was conducted in field experiment plots using a completely randomized block
design. Data were analyzed using Anova followed by Duncan and correlation tests. The results showed
that the Mendong plant was an effective phytoremediator of soil contaminated with chromium and it can
be used as a chromium accumulator plant. The highest decrease of soil chromium content of 58.39% was
observed on the combined artificial fertilizer, Agrobacterium sp I3 and Mendong plant treatment
(P1B1T1). Removal effectiveness of chromium at the treatments using Mendong plant was higher than
without the Mendong plant. Chromium uptake in shoots was higher than in roots of Mendong plant.
Bioremediation increased the total bacterial colonies, decreased soil pH, and increased cation exchange
capacity of the soil. The growth of the Mendong plant was in a good condition during the process of
bioremediation.
Keywords: bioremediation, chromium, Fimbrystilis globulosa, phytoremediation, rhizoremediation
To cite this article: Ferina, P., Rosariastuti, R., Supriyadi. 2017. The effectiveness of Mendong plant (Fimbrystilis
globulosa) as a phytoremediator of soil contaminated with chromium of industrial waste. J. Degrade. Min. Land
Manage. 4(4): 899-905, DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.899.
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 899
The effectiveness of Mendong plant as a phytoremediator of soil contaminated with chromium
there are many agricultural lands that have been plant in phytoremediation. One of
irrigated with industrial wastewater in Jaten phytoremediation techniques that can be
containing Cr between 0.531-3.99 ppm employed to clean up soils contaminated with
(Widyastuti et al., 2003). In general, standard heavy metals is rhizoremediation.
quality of chromium in soils that is allowed by the Rhizoremediation is a process that involves the
Indonesian Government is 2.3 ppm (Ministry of association of mutualism rizosphere plants with
Environment, 2010). Soils in Kebakkramat sub microorganisms, which can release exudates and
district, Karanganyar Regency are suspected to be oxygen into the soil to decrease chromium
polluted with Cr above the standard quality (Pramono et al., 2013). The bacteria used in the
because there are many industries at remediation of chromium are resistant to
Kebakkramat areas. The textile industries in the chromium and can survive in the chromium-
Kebakkramat area are near agricultural lands and contaminated environments. One of the bacteria
rivers. Textile industrial waste that is commonly that is resistant to the environmental conditions
discharged to the river and agricultural land contaminated with heavy metals is Agrobacterium
becomes the source of contamination on the sp I3. This bacterium can increase the uptake of
surrounding agricultural lands. the Cr to plant shoots. Addition of Agrobacterium
Technology to recover quality of soil sp I3 isolate can increase the growth of rami plant
contaminated with heavy metal that is now being (Rosariastuti et al., 2013).The purpose of this
developed is bioremediation. Bioremediation is a study was to explore the ability of Mendong plant
way to degrade, move, and change harmful in absorbing chromium in chromium
compounds into more simple and harmless contaminated soil.
(Kamaludeen et al., 2003). Bioremediation that
uses plants is called phytoremediation.
Phytoremediation is a technology for reducing, Materials and Methods
degrades, and isolates pollutants of the This study was carried out on paddy fields
environment by using plant (Pramono et al., contaminated with chromium at Waru village,
2013). Plant that can be used as a Kebakkramat sub district, Karanganyar regency of
hyperaccumulator is a plant that has high Central Java Province, from May to October
durability, rapid growth, ability to do 2016. Treatments tested in this study consisted of
phytoextraction of heavy metal, and it is not a three factors, i.e. artificial fertilizers treatment (P),
food crop. Mendong plant is a non-food plant for chelators (Agrobacterium sp I3; or compost) (B),
human or animal consumption that is easily and Mendong plant (T). Twelve treatments (Table
cultivated. The plant that can survive in flooded 1) were arranged in a completely randomized
condition has high economic value of craft block design with three replicates.
materials. The Mendong plant can be selected as a
Table 1. Treatments
No. Treatments Description
1. P0B0T0 Without artificial fertilizers, without chelators, without Mendong plant (control)
2. P0B0T1 Without artificial fertilizers, without chelators, with Mendong plant
3. P0B1T0 Without artificial fertilizers, with Agrobacterium sp I3, without Mendong plant
4. P0B1T1 Without artificial fertilizers, with Agrobacterium sp I3, with Mendong plant
5. P0B2T0 Without artificial fertilizers, with compost, without Mendong plant
6. P0B2T1 Without artificial fertilizers, with compost, with Mendong plant
7. P1B0T0 With artificial fertilizers, without chelators, without Mendong plant (control)
8. P1B0T1 With artificial fertilizers, without chelators, with Mendong plant
9. P1B1T0 With artificial fertilizers, with Agrobacterium sp I3, without Mendong plant
10. P1B1T1 With artificial fertilizers, with Agrobacterium sp I3, with Mendong plant
11. P1B2T0 With artificial fertilizers, with compost, without Mendong plant
12. P1B2T1 With artificial fertilizers, with compost, with Mendong plant
4,5 2.438b
Cr content in the soil (g/g) 4
3,5
3 2,46 1.853ab 2.155ab
2,5 1.423ab1.782ab1.554a 1.762ab 1.75ab
2 1.737ab 1.714ab 1.55a
1,5 1.023a
1
0,5
0
Mendong plant ability in decreasing chromium in effectiveness more than without Mendong plant.
the soil can be calculated to detect effectiveness as The Mendong plant could increase CEC (Table
a phytoremediator. Phytoremediation 2). The process of bioremediation make Cr6+
effectiveness for soil contaminated with cation is exchanged with other cations, Cr in the
chromium was high in the treatment of Mendong soil are exchanged with other cations then Cr in
plant with artificial fertilizers, with the soil could be reduced because of the Cr in the
Agrobacterium sp I3 (P1B1T1) of 58.39% (Table soil is uptake by plants. Bacteria acted elaborate
3). Whereas other treatment combinations using compost into the nutrient elements ready to be
Mendong plant had chromium removal uptake by the plant (Hanafiah et al., 2009).
CFU/g was the P0B1T1 treatment (Table 2). was effective as a phytoremediator of soil
Application of Agrobacterium sp I3 also increased contaminated with chromium if it was combined
the total soil bacterial colonies. with artificial fertilizers, Agrobacterium sp I3, and
compost. The Mendong plant treatment without
artificial fertilizers and chelators could only
Table 3. Chromium removal effectiveness
decrease chromium concentration by 29.37%.
Treatment *) Phytoremediation Therefore, a better strategy for bioremediation of
Effectiveness (%) Cr contaminated soil is a combination treatment
P0B0T0 0.87 that can do maximum absorption of chromium.
P0B0T1 29.37
P0B1T0 24.65 Chromium content and uptake by Mendong
P0B1T1 30.32 plant
P0B2T0 12.38
Chromium content in roots was lower than
P0B2T1 42.15
chromium content in shoot of Mendong plant
P1B0T0 27.55 (Figure 2). Mendong plant with control treatment
P1B0T1 36.98 (P0B0T1) had chromium content in shoot of
P1B1T0 28.38
plant that was lower than the other treatments.
P1B1T1 58.39
Treatment of compost application (B2) had
P1B2T0 28.84
chromium content in the shoot that was higher
P1B2T1 36.98
than the other treatment. Based on the Anova test
*) see Table 1. at 5% level, chelator treatments influenced
differently to chromium content in shoot of
The resilience of bacteria can be seen from the Mendong plant. This indicates that addition of
number of colonies, if number of total soil compost improved C-organic in the soil. The high
bacterial colonies before bioremediation is low, content of C-organic in the soilled to the high
and they become high after bioremediation, so the chromium uptake, because C-organic affected
Agrobacterium sp I3proved capable of adapting chromium uptake processes in plant roots and
and a good tolerance in those plots. Treatment that shoot. Chromium content in root of Mendong
had lowest removal effectiveness of 0.87% was plant was lower than that in the shoot.
the control treatment (P0B0T0). Mendong plant
40,000
30.259a
Mendong Plant (g/g)
30,000 26.639a
Cr Content in the
20,000
8.020a 6.162a
10,000 6.082a
1.491a 4.841a
0.45a 0.649a 1.782a 1.123a 0.45a
0,000
-10,000 P0B0T1 P0B1T1 P0B2T1 P1B0T1 P1B1T1 P1B2T1
The highest Chromium uptake in the shoot of through the endodermis to xylem shoot of the
Mendong plant the (214.92 g) was observed in plant. The highest chromium uptake in the root is
the P0B2T1 treatment (Figure 3). Based on the Cr (11.83g) in the P1B0T1 treatment (Figure 3).
uptake, Mendong plant can be considered as a Cr The uptake process occurs because of
hyperaccumulator plant. A plant can be accumulation of Cr in the root cells. The root
considered hyperaccumulator if it can uptake cells are closely related to soil CEC. Soil CEC
more than 100 ppm for Cd, Cr, Pb, and Co increased during the bioremediation process, so a
(Baker et al., 1994). The lowest chromium uptake high soil CEC caused the high chromium uptake
in the root was observed in the P1B2T1 treatment in the root. Based on the Anova test at 5 % level,
(Figure 3). It occurred because chromium was chelator treatment resulted in significantly
translocated in the shoot of Mendong plant. different Chromium uptake in the shoot of the
Hexavalent chromium gets into the root from Mendong plant.
epidermis, then crosses a series of cells and breaks
300,000
214.92b
Mendong Plant (g)
Cr Uptake in the
200,000 150.41ab
100,000 9.77a 49.08ab 43.13ab 37.47ab
23.56a 3.3a 3.88a 11.82a 10.17a 1.49a
0,000
-100,000 P0B0T1 P0B1T1 P0B2T1 P1B0T1 P1B1T1 P1B2T1
40,0
20,0
0,0
P0B0T1 P0B1T1 P0B2T1 P1B0T1 P1B1T1 P1B2T1
25,000 15.460ab
Mendong Plant (g) 14.403ab 16.725b
20,000 13.957ab 13.609ab
Dry Weight of
7.943a
15,000
10,000
5,000
0,000
P0B0T1 P0B1T1 P0B2T1 P1B0T1 P1B1T1 P1B2T1
References
Baker, A.J.M., Reeves, R.D., and Hajar, A.S.M. 1994.
Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in british
population of the metallophyte Thlaspi
caerulescens and Brassicaceae. New Phytologist
Trust 127 : 61-68
Hanafiah., Sabrina T., dan Guchi H. 2009. Biologi
Biolog dan
Ekologi Tanah. Fakultas Pertanian Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Medan.
Kamaludeen, S.P., Arunkumar, K.R .R., Avudainayagam,
S. and Ramasamy, K. 2003. Bioremediation of
chromium contaminated environments. Indian
Journal of Experimental Biology 41 (9) : 972-985.
Ministry of Environment Indonesia. 2010. Kementrian
Lingkungan Hidup. Himpunan Peraturan
Lingkungan Hidup. Ekojaya : Jakarta
Journal of Degraded
raded and Mining Lands Management 905
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Research Article
Abstract : Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Indonesia is one of the tin mineral-producer in the world.
Agricultural crops could be a wise option for the reclamation since abandoned tin-mining lands have a
high potency to be used as agricultural lands. This study was aimed to evaluate of the land/soil
characteristics of abandoned tin-mining areas and to establish land suitability of the land area for
agriculture used to formulate appropriate land development measures and amelioration strategies
forutilization of mined areas for crop production. The land evaluation was conducted by comparing the
land characteristics in every type of abandoned tin-mining areas with its crop requirements. The current
suitability showed that in general food crops, vegetable crops, fruit crops, and industrial crops were
consider as not suitable (N). Spice and medicinal crops [pepper (Piper nigrum L.)] and citronella
(Andropogoh nardus L. Rendle)] were consider as not suitable (N), while the Jatropha (Jatropha curcas
L.) and Kemiri Sunan (Aleurites moluccana L. Willd) crops were considered as marginally suitable (S3)
in abandoned tin-mining areas. The forest crops and forage crops were considered as marginally suitable
(S3). The water availability, soil texture, and low soil fertility were considered as the limiting factors of
all crops to get optimum production. For agricultural development, the soil physical and chemical
properties of abandoned tin-mining land must be improved through integrated farming.
Keywords: Indonesia, land suitability, mining areas, tin
To cite this article: Asmarhansyah, Badayos, R.B., Sanchez, P.B., Sta Cruz, P.C. and Florece, L.M. 2017. Land
suitability evaluation of abandoned tin-mining areas for agricultural development in Bangka Island, Indonesia. J.
Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4(4): 907-918, DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.907.
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 907
Land suitability evaluation of abandoned tin-mining areas for agricultural development
et al., 2010; Ashraf et al., 2013; Nurcholish et al., as agricultural areas. The requirements and
2013) and it caused soil properties ofthe tailings limitations for growth of various crops were
are very bad as a growth media. Tailings have a obtained from literatures such as Sys et al. (1993)
high portion of sand, low clay content, low soil and Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land
pH, low organic matter content, low cation Resources Research and Development (2011).
exchange capacity (CEC), low water-holding
capacity, and very low essential macro elements Determining types of abandoned tin-mining
(Nurtjahja et al., 2009; Budianta et al., 2013; areas and land quality
Asmarhansyah, 2016a). As reported by previous
researchers, it is said that former-tin mining lands Based on field observation, the types of
abandoned tin-mining areas assessed were (1)
have poor physical and chemical properties. Inonu
Sand tailing, (2) Sand tailing with vegetation, (3)
(2011) and Asmarhansyah (2016b) stated that
Mixture of sand tailing and overburden, (4)
former-tin mining areas were dominated by sandy
texture and low nutrient content. Mine Mixture of sand tailing and overburden with
reclamation programs commonly use only a vegetation, (5) Sand tailing from unconventional
mining, and (6) Overburden from unconventional
single, exotic, fast-growing species,
mining. The agricultural land was taken as
especially Acacia mangium and Falcataria
comparison. Land characteristics developed were
moluccana (Kodir et al., 2017). However,
based on climatic, soil, and topographic data. Soil
agricultural crops could be a wise option for the
reclamation of these areas since former-tin mining samples taken from the soil profiles were sent to
lands have a high potency to be used as Indonesian Soil Research Institute in Bogor,
Indonesia for analyses.
agricultural lands. Studies into the application of
various types of organic materials to ameliorate
tin-tailings and trials on the suitability of various Comparison of land use and land quality
types of legumes have been carried out (Inonu, requirements
2011). The environmental impact of the activities The land evaluation was conducted by comparing
needs to be addressed with technologies which are the land characteristics in every type of
economically viable and environmentally sound abandoned tin-mining areas with its crop
(Suhartini and Abubakar, 2017). It means that requirements. The land suitability classifications
through the improvement the soil properties, the were defined based on their most serious limiting
former-tin mining areas have a potency to be used factors which may consist of one or more factors
as crop production areas. Land use of abandoned depending on land characteristics.
tin-mining areas for agriculture use must
determine land characteristic/quality and climate, Land suitability evaluation
through land suitability evaluation. Ritung et al. Land suitability evaluation was conducted in
(2007) stated that determination of post mining order to interpret the combination of land
land use should be considering the physical land suitability classes. The evaluation process will
properties, topography properties, and climate. determine whether certain land types of
This study was aimed to evaluate of the land/soil abandoned tin-mining areas are recommended for
characteristics of abandoned tin-mining areas and food, vegetable, fruit, industrial, spice and
to establish land suitability of the land area for medicinal, forestry, and forage crops.
agriculture used to formulate appropriate land
development measures and amelioration strategies
forutilization of minedareasfor crop production. Results and Discussion
Climate
Materials and Methods The annual average rainfall in the study area was
Time and place of study 2,406 mm. The mean annual temperature of the
area is 26.97o C, the lowest temperature is 26.21o
The research was conducted in abandoned-tin
C, while the highest temperature is 27.65o C. The
mining areas, where small-scale and large-scale
area has a mean annual relative humidity of
mines were operating. Site visits and soil
81.23%, with lowest relative humidity of 75.34%,
characterization were done in April-May 2015. while the highest relative humidity is 85.75%
Assessment the land use of the study areas and (Meteorology Station of Pangkalpinang, 2015)
their requirement and limitation
Abandoned tin-mining soils assessed
As observed in the field, the abandoned tin-
The abandoned tin-mining areas used in this study
mining areas have high potentials to be developed
are shown in Table 1.
Current suitability of different abandoned tin- are helpful indices to indicate and determine the
mining soils limitations and constrains to crop production. The
suitability classes of the lands denote the
Current suitability is the suitability of the soils to
qualitative analysis of the soils potential to the
crop grown based on their climate, physical and
crops commonly grown in the area. It implies
chemical qualities, while potential suitability is
what type of crop would give the highest benefit
obtained when the limitations posed by the current
in terms of productivity and profitability from a
suitability rating are corrected depending on the
given soil indicated by S1 as the most suitable, S2
level of input(s). The classes for the limitation and
as moderately suitable, and S3 as marginally
suitability of different abandoned tin-mining soils
suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is not
to various crops were determined based on
suitable. The land quality/characteristics of
temperature (tc), water availability (wa), rooting
abandoned tin-mining areas in Bangka Island,
media (rc), nutrient retention (nr), nutrient
Indonesia are shown in Table 4.
availability (na), toxicity (xc), erosion hazard (eh),
and land preparation (lp). The suitability classes
Based on the rating for limitations and suitability and overburden with vegetation was considered as
of abandoned tin-mining areas (Table 5, 6, 7, and marginally suitable (S3). The water availability,
8), in general food crops, vegetable crops, fruit soil texture and low soil fertility were considered
crops, and industrial crops were consider as not as the limiting factors of all crops to get optimum
suitable (N), except the mixture of sand tailing production.
Table 5. Rating for limitations and suitability of abandoned tin-mining land for food crop
Abandoned Tin-Mining FoodCrop
Land Corn Cassava Sweet Taro Peanut
(Zea (Manihot Potato (Colocasia (Arachis
mays L.) esculenta (Ipomea esculenta L. hypogeaL.)
Crantz) batatas Schott)
Poir)
1 Sand Tailing Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn Nrn Nwrn
2 Sand Tailing with Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn Nrn Nwrn
Vegetation
3 Mixture of Sand Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn Nrn Nwrn
Tailing and
Overburden
4 Mixture of Sand Tailing S3twrn S3wrn S3twrn S3rn S3wrn
and Overburden with
Vegetation
5 Sand Tailing from Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn Nrn Nwrn
Unconventional Mining
6 Overburden from Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn Nrn Nwrn
Unconventional Mining
Suitability Ratings: S1= Highly suitable, S2 = Moderately suitable, S3= Marginally suitable, N = Not suitable.
Limitations: tc = temperature, wa = water availability (precipitation, RH), rc = rooting media (texture), nr = nutrient
retention (CEC, BS, pH, Organic C), na = nutrient availability (N, P, K)
Table 6. Rating for limitations and suitability of abandoned tin-mining land for vegetable crop
Abandoned Tin-Mining Vegetable
Land Red Chili Mustard Longbean Cucumber Eggplant
(Capsicum (Brassica (Vigna (Cucumis (Solanum
annuumL.) chinensis sinensisL.) sativus L.) melongenaL.)
L.)
1 Sand Tailing Nwrn Ntwrn Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
2 Sand Tailing with Nwrn Ntwrn Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
Vegetation
3 Mixture of Sand Tailing Nwrn Ntwrn Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
and Overburden
4 Mixture of Sand Tailing S3wrn S3twrn S3twrn S3wrn S3twrn
and Overburden with
Vegetation
5 Sand Tailing from Nwrn Ntwrn Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
Unconventional Mining
6 Overburden from Nwrn Ntwrn Ntwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
Unconventional Mining
Suitability Ratings: S1= Highly suitable, S2 = Moderately suitable, S3= Marginally suitable, N = Not suitable.
Limitations: tc = temperature, wa = water availability (precipitation, RH), rc = rooting media (texture), nr = nutrient
retention (CEC, BS, pH, Organic C), na = nutrient availability (N, P, K)
Table 7. Rating for limitations and suitability of abandoned tin-mining land for fruit crop
Abandoned Tin-Mining Land Fruit
Papaya Banana Citrus Mango Rambutan Watermelon Melon Pineapple
(Carica (Musa (Citrus (Mangifera (Nephelium (Citrullus (Cucumisme (Ananas
papaya acuminate aurantium indica lappaceun lanatus(Thunb.) lovar. comosus
L.) Colla) L.) L.) L.) Matsum reticulatus) Merr)
1 Sand Tailing Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn Nrn Nwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
2 Sand Tailing with Vegetation Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn Nrn Nwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
3 Mixture of Sand Tailing and Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn Nrn Nwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
Overburden
4 Mixture of Sand Tailing and S3wrn S3rn S2rn S3wrn S3rn S3wrn S3wrn S3twrn
Overburden with Vegetation
5 Sand Tailing from Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn Nrn Nwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
Unconventional Mining
6 Overburden from Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn Nrn Nwrn Nwrn Ntwrn
Unconventional Mining
Suitability Ratings: S1= Highly suitable, S2 = Moderately suitable, S3= Marginally suitable, N = Not suitable. Limitations: tc = temperature, wa = water availability (precipitation, RH),
rc = rooting media (texture), nr = nutrient retention (CEC, BS, pH, Organic C), na = nutrient availability (N, P, K)
Table 8. Rating for limitations and suitability of abandoned tin-mining land for industrial crop
Abandoned Tin-Mining Industrial
Land Rubber Coconut Palm Oil Cacao
(Havea (Cocos (Elaeis (Theobroma
brassiliensis niciferaL.) guineensisJacq.) cacao L.)
Muell. Arg)
1 Sand Tailing Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn
2 Sand Tailing with Vegetation Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn
3 Mixture of Sand Tailing and Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn
Overburden
4 Mixture of Sand Tailing and S3wrn S3rn S3rn S3wrn
Overburden with Vegetation
5 Sand Tailing from Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn
Unconventional Mining
6 Overburden from Nwrn Nrn Nrn Nwrn
Unconventional Mining
Suitability Ratings: S1= Highly suitable, S2 = Moderately suitable, S3= Marginally suitable, N = Not suitable.
Limitations: tc = temperature, wa = water availability (precipitation, RH), rc = rooting media (texture), nr = nutrient
retention (CEC, BS, pH, Organic C), na = nutrient availability (N, P, K)
In general, spice and medicinal crops [pepper (Aleurites moluccana L. Willd) crops were
(Piper nigrum L.) and citronella (Andropogoh considered as marginally suitable (S3) in
nardus L. Rendle)] were consider as not suitable abandoned tin-mining areas (Table 9). The
(N), except the mixture of sand tailing and forest crops and forage crops were considered as
overburden with vegetation was considered as marginally suitable (S3) in abandoned tin-
marginally suitable (S3), while the Jatropha mining areas (Tables 10 and 11).
(Jatropha curcas L.) and Kemiri Sunan
Table 9. Rating for limitations and suitability of abandoned tin-mining land for spice and medicinal crop
Abandoned Tin-Mining Spice And Medicinal Crop
Land Pepper Citronella Jatropha Kemiri Sunan
(Piper (Andropogoh (Jatropha (AleuritesmoluccanaL.
nigrum L.) nardus L. curcas L.) Willd)
Rendle)
1 Sand Tailing Nrn Ntwrn S3wrn S3wrn
2 Sand Tailing with Nrn Ntwrn S3wrn S3wrn
Vegetation
3 Mixture of Sand Tailing Nrn Ntwrn S3wrn S3wrn
and Overburden
4 Mixture of Sand Tailing S3rn S3twrn S3wrn S3wrn
and Overburden with
Vegetation
5 Sand Tailing from Nrn Ntwrn S3wrn S3wrn
Unconventional Mining
6 Overburden from Nrn Ntwrn S3wrn S3wrn
Unconventional Mining
Suitability Ratings: S1= Highly suitable, S2 = Moderately suitable, S3= Marginally suitable, N = Not suitable.
Limitations: tc = temperature, wa = water availability (precipitation, RH), rc = rooting media (texture), nr = nutrient
retention (CEC, BS, pH, Organic C), na = nutrient availability (N, P, K)
Table 10. Rating for limitations and suitability of abandoned tin-mining land for forest crop
Abandoned Tin-Mining Land Forest Crop
Sengon Acacia Magahony Pinus
(Albizia (Acacia (Swietenia (Pinus
falcataria mangium mahagoniL. merkusiiJungh.)
L.) Willd) Jacq.)
1 Sand Tailing S3wrn S3rn S3rn Ntwrn
2 Sand Tailing with Vegetation S3wrn S3rn S3rn Ntwrn
3 Mixture of Sand Tailing and S3wrn S3rn S3rn Ntwrn
Overburden
4 Mixture of Sand Tailing and S3wrn S3n S3rn Ntwn
Overburden with Vegetation
5 Sand Tailing from S3wrn S3rn S3rn Ntwrn
Unconventional Mining
6 Overburden from Unconventional S3wrn S3rn S3rn Ntwrn
Mining
Suitability Ratings: S1= Highly suitable, S2 = Moderately suitable, S3= Marginally suitable, N = Not suitable.
Limitations: tc = temperature, wa = water availability (precipitation, RH), rc = rooting media (texture), nr = nutrient
retention (CEC, BS, pH, Organic C), na = nutrient availability (N, P, K)
Table 11. Rating for limitations and suitability of abandoned tin-mining land for forage crop
Abandoned Tin-Mining Land Forage
Elephant Grass Setaria Grass Leguminose
(Pennisetum (Setaria (Leguminose sp)
purpureumSchum.) spachelata
Schum.)
1 Sand Tailing S3wrn S3wrn S3wrn
2 Sand Tailing with Vegetation S3wrn S3wrn S3wrn
3 Mixture of Sand Tailing and S3wrn S3wrn S3wrn
Overburden
4 Mixture of Sand Tailing and S3wrn S3wrn S3wrn
Overburden with Vegetation
5 Sand Tailing from Unconventional S3wrn S3wrn S3wrn
Mining
6 Overburden from Unconventional S3wrn S3wrn S3wrn
Mining
Suitability Ratings: S1= Highly suitable, S2 = Moderately suitable, S3= Marginally suitable, N = Not suitable.
Limitations: tc = temperature, wa = water availability (precipitation, RH), rc = rooting media (texture), nr = nutrient
retention (CEC, BS, pH, Organic C), na = nutrient availability (N, P, K)
marginally suitable (S3) for food crops, vegetable from unconventional mining are moderately
crops, fruit crops, industrial crop, spice and suitable (S2) for Sengon and Acacia, and
medicinal crops and forage crops. Sand tailing marginally suitable (S3) for spice and medicinal
from unconventional mining and Overburden crops forestry trees, and forage crops
Table 12. Potential suitability of abandoned tin-mining soils for food, vegetable, fruit, industrial, spice
and medicinal, forest, and forage crops
Abandoned Tin-Mining Highly Moderate Marginal
Areas Suitability Suitability Suitability
S1 S2 S3
Sand Tailing - - 1.Jatropha, Kemiri Sunan
2.Sengon, Acacia, Mahogany
3.Elephant Grass, Setaria Grass. Leguminose
Sand Tailing with - - 1.Jatropha, Kemiri Sunan
Vegetation 2.Sengon, Acacia, Mahogany
3.Elephant Grass, Setaria Grass,Leguminose
Mixture of Sand Tailing - - 1.Jatropha, Kemiri Sunan
and Overburden 2.Sengon, Acacia, Mahogany
3.Elephant Grass, Setaria Grass, Leguminose
Mixture of Sand Tailing Acacia Citrus 1.Corn, Cassava, Sweet Potato, Taro, Peanut
and Overburden with Pepper 2.Red Chili, Mustard, Longbean, Cucumber,
Vegetation Kemiri Sunan Eggplant
Sengon 3.Papaya, Banana, Mango, Rambutan,
Mahogany Watermelon, Melon, Pineapple
4.Rubber, Coconut, Palm Oil, Cacao
5.Citronella, Jatropha
6.Elephant Grass, Setaria Grass, Leguminose
Sand Tailing from - Sengon 1.Jatropha, Kemiri Sunan,
Unconventional Mining Acacia 2.Mahogany
3.Elephant Grass, Setaria Grass, Leguminose
Overburden from - Sengon 1.Jatropha, Kemiri Sunan,
Unconventional Mining Acacia 2.Mahogany
3.Elephant Grass, Setaria Grass, Leguminose
Integrated farming system in abandoned tin- materials. It means that the system can then
mining areas improve the quality of abandoned tin-mining
soils, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers (Gupta
Based on land evaluation, most crops developed
et al., 2012).
in abandoned tin-mining areas were categorized as
Based on potential suitability, IFS in
marginally suitable (S3); some were moderately
abandoned tin-mining areas is divided into three
suitable (S2). This indicates that abandoned tin-
types, namely: Type A, Type B, and Type C
mining areas are not an ideal growth medium
(Table 12).Type A is a group of (1) sand tailing,
because of poor soil physical and chemical
(2) sand tailing with vegetation, and (3) mixture
properties. For agricultural development, the soil
of sand tailing and overburden. Type B is a
physical and chemical properties of abandoned tin
mixture of sand tailing and overburden with
mining must be improved through integrated
vegetation. Type C is a group of (1) Sand tailing
farming system (IFS). IFS itself uses internal
from unconventional mining and (2) Overburden
input that combines crop and livestock. In the IFS,
from unconventional mining. The lands of Type A
the biomass produced can directly be used as
will be dominated by tree crops; Type B will be
materials for organic fertilizer and it can also be
dominated by fruit crops, legume cover crops, and
used as feed for ruminant. The manure from the
vegetable crops; and Type C will be dominated by
ruminant can then be used as organic fertilizer
both tree and fruit crops.
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Delhi, p. 153166.
Research Article
Abstract: Sweet potato is a tuber commodity and one of alternative crops in Indonesia. The demand of
sweet potato in Indonesia continues to increase. However, the supply of sweet potatoes for consumption
estimated is 2020 in Indonesia will be deficit. Low production of sweet potato is basically due to the
decrease of land area as cultivation production and also sweet potatoes have a low yield when planted in
rainy season. Based on the high utilization of sweet potato make demand for this commodities continues
to increase.Therefore, several strategies to increase crop yields of sweet potato needs to be done. This
study aimed to elucidate various sweet potato varieties that can cultivated on dry land in the rainy season.
This study was conducted from November 2016 until March 2017 using a randomized block design with
treatments of ten varieties of sweet potato consisting of (V1) Papua Solossa variety, (V2) Jago variety,
(V3) Kidal variety, (V4) Antin-1variety, (V5) Sari variety, (V6) Sawentar variety, (V7) Beta-2variety,
(V8) Antin-2variety, (V9) Antin-3 variety, (V10) Beta-1variety. The results showed different responses of
each variety.The vegetative growth was high as shown by the LAI value of 7.23 at 90 days after planting.
In conclusion, the sweet potato leaves had to be prune to boost the agronomic yield. Yields of ten
varieties of sweet potato crops ranged from 8.86 to 44.76 t/ha. Some varieties such as Sari, Papua Salosa
and Beta-2 varieties showed high yield although they were planted in moorland conditions in the rainy
season.
Keywords: dry land, rainy season, sweet potato, varieties, yield
To cite this article: Saitama, A., Nugroho, A. and Widaryanto, E. 2017. Yield response of ten varieties of sweet
potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4 (4): 919-926, DOI:10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.919
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 919
Yield response of ten varieties of sweet potato cultivated on dryland in rainy season
potato nationally from 2017 to 2020 will increase irrigation, fertilization (Urea, SP36 and KCL),
around 4.88% each year. Therefore, several reversal stem, shoots pruning, weeding, soil piling
strategies to increase sweet potato yield needs to up and harvesting. This research observations
be done. consisted of leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), total
Crop production is influenced by genetic and plant dry weight and harvest yield. The LAI was
environmental factors (Gonggo et al., 2008). calculated using Regazzoni et al. (2014) formula
Production on the sweet potato highly depends on of LAI =LA/GA, where LAI = Leaf area index,
the varieties and environmental conditions such as LA = Leaf Area, GA = Ground Area. Ground area
soil conditions, precipitation and solar radiation is shaded of leaf area. The yield obtained from
(Tsuno and Fujise, 1965). One of the matters that calculating the beds of tile. Harvest bed tile
led to the low production of formation sweet consisted of 6 plants, with area of harvest bed was
potato tuber is due to high growth on plant 210 cm x 60 cm= 1.26 m2. Calculation of the
vegetative hence soil conditions and heavy yield used the following formula: Yield (t/ha) =
rainfall (Mwololo et al., 2012). In the dry season, [(10000/scale of sampling plot) x yield of
sweet potato crops can be planted in paddy fields sampling plot].
by using surface irrigation, while in the rainy
season sweet potato will be well cultivated on
moorland with rain fed irrigation systems Results and Discussion
although the sweet potato will have high
vegetative phase so that the tuber formation will Soil condition
be obstructed (Dukuh, 2011). The research was located at the Agro Techno Park
Laurie et al. (2013), Sweet potatoes have a Brawijaya University, Jatikerto village,
high varieties, which each varieties have different Kromengan, East Java. Before being used for this
morphological characteristics such as leaves, research, land area was planted with long green
stems and tubers. The productivity of each bean. Land was dry land (moor), which rely to
varieties will be different even in the same rain-fed irrigation for water sources. The study
environmental conditions. Therefore, the selection was conducted from November 2016 to March
of suitable sweet potato varieties, that to be 2017 as the months are classified for rainy season.
planted based on environmental conditions is very Based on the soil analysis, soil of the study area is
important (Trustinah dan Iswanto, 2014). classified as a sandy clay loam texture soil with
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pH 6,8, C-organic 1.67%, total N 0.18%, C/N 9,
yield response of ten varieties of sweet potato P 11.27 mg/kg, K 0.65 me/100g and base
grown in moorland during the rainy season, to saturation of 82%.
conclude the recommendation of which varieties
that suitable to land and environmental conditions Leaf area
and determine the actions of management for
moorland cultivation in the rainy season. Leaf area becomes a parameter that is directly
related to the plant growth parameters. The
Materials and Methods observations of plant leaf area on this study were
presented in Table 3. Sweet potato leaf area on the
This research was conducted on October 2016 age of 45 days after planting (DAP) ranged from
until January 2017 which located in 408.75cm2 to 1118.81 cm2 (Table 1). The results
Agrotechnopark Brawijaya University, Jatikerto of leaf area observation at 90 DAP gained sweet
Village, Sub district Kromengan, Malang, East potato leaf area that ranged from 5948.83cm2 to
Java at altitude of 303 meters above sea level. The 12419.25 cm2. The leaf areas of Sari and Beta-2
average rainfall of the area ranges from 100 to varieties of 5948.83 cm2and 7982.69 cm2,
1600 mm per year with temperature of 16 to 31oC. respectively, at 90 DAP were not significantly
This research used a factorial randomized block different. Leaf area at 120 DAP ranged from
design with ten treatments consisting of : (V1) 3953.21 cm2 to 9982.71 cm2.
Papua Solossa variety, (V2) Jago variety, (V3) Results of the study indicated that each
Kidal variety, (V4) Antin-1 variety, (V5) Sari varietiy showed different performance on leaf
variety, (V6) Sawentar variety, (V7) Beta-2 area. Each of the varieties grown had different
variety, (V8) Antin-2 variety, (V9) Antin-3 leaf characteristics. Variety testing is part of
variety, (V10) Beta-1 variety. Each treatment in genetic studies that will show responses in
this study was repeated three times. Length of physiological and agronomic environment. Leaf
total plot was 355 cm, height 40 cm, width 40 cm, area is a determinant factor of sweet potato plant
and the distance between rows 30 cm. The stages to adapt on the environmental conditions. The
of this research were land preparation, planting, sweet potato varieties planted on dry land (moor)
in rainy seasons showed the leaf area growth sweet potato tubers would be difficult to form and
continuously. Persistent leaves growth constantly obstruct the process of tuber formation. The low
feared will make the process of tuber formation in production occurs due to the growth phase is
sweet potato crops were not happen (Dubois et al., dominated by sweet potato vegetative growth of
2013). Isa et al., (2015) stated if the vegetative the upper leaves and stems are excessive along
growth was very high and no pruning treatment, with the lack of tuber formation.
Therefore, photosynthate left is only few for variety. Otherwise, the difference LAI of Beta-2
tubers development. If vegetative and of 35.87%was lower than Antin-1 variety. Beta-2
reproductive phases are in balance, the variety had lower LAI ranging from 41.90 to
accumulation of photosynthate will be balance as 48.25% when compared to Antin-3, Antin-2 and
well. The plants with moderate vegetative growth Beta-1 varieties. Papua Salosa, Jago, Kidal,
will have many tubers. In this research, shoot Antin-1, Antin-2, Antin-3 and Beta-1 varieties
pruning at 90 DAP decreased leaf area from 90 had leaf area indexes that were not significantly
to120 days after planting. Pruning was aimed to different from 3.81 until 4.67 per plant. Antin-2
reduce leaf buds or young leaves to stop the and Beta-1 varieties having higher LAI value up
growth of plant leaves. According to Van An and to 32.55% compared to other varieties.
Lindberg (2003), the effect of shoot pruning on LAI differences in sweet potato plants is
sweet potato plant is to reduce the leaf influenced by the main factor, which is each
growththerefore, the assimilates will be varieties of sweet potato have different
distributed to generative organs while in sweet morphological characters, especially the shape
potato, it will distributed to the tubers. and size of the leaves that could affect LAI in
sweet potatoes (Tsialtas et al., 2008), Sweet
Leaf area index potato have optimum LAI around 3 to 4 (Tsuno
and Fujise, 1963).The leaf area index (LAI) at 90
Leaf Area Index (LAI) observations on the study
DAP was high and almost reach more than 7.
are displayed in Table 2. Leaf area index at
High LAI will cause the difficulty in generative
45dapobservation had value between 1.2 and 3.62 organs formation. It is caused the photosyntathe
per plant. The leaf area index of sweet potato are focused in formation of vegetative organs,
observed at 90 DAP had values between 4.40 and
especially on leaves. High LAI were affected by
7.23 per plant, at the age of 120 DAP had values
some factors such as; the high of leaf area and
between 3.15 and 4.67 per plant. LAI value of
number of leaves, therefore it will be found many
Beta-2 variety was 3.15 per plant, the results were overlapping leaves. Agata and Takeda (1982),
not significantly different from the Sari, Sawentar, high LAI on sweet potato plant will not impact
Jago and Kidal varieties. Beta-2 variety had lower
positively on tuber formation.
LAI value of 31.43% than that of Papua Salosa
100%
90%
80% 35,93 31,64 31,42 31,14 40,50 35,03 40,02 32,33 33,42 30,02
70%
% Partitioning
60%
50% 39,89 39,60 40,16 40,80
37,48 40,61 40,33 36,67
40% 35,58 35,88
30%
20%
10% 26,59 27,74 28,25 28,97 23,92 28,29 24,11 28,07 26,42 29,17
0%
Figure 1. Partitioning dry weight of ten sweet potato varieties at 90 days after planting
100%
90%
80% 44,28
70% 53,56 49,03
% Partitioning
63,79 66,63
60% 84,03 80,66 81,45
91,92 88,76
50%
40% 34,50
30% 27,02 29,74
24,36 16,18
20%
9,91 10,99 21,22 8,49
10%
11,85 5,55 10,06 7,29 19,42 21,23 17,20
6,06 8,35 2,53 3,96
0%
Figure 2. Partitioning dry weight of ten sweet potato varieties at 120 days after planting
In the early plant growth phase of sweet potato, Dry weight of stem is influenced by number of
plant dry weight partitioning focused on shoot leaves that formed. Sanoussi et al., (2016) stated
zone. This partition occured until 90 dap and the that partition of sweet potato crop dry weight at
condition of partition of plant dry weight was not the vegetative growth would show the highest on
significantly different. When vegetative phase the leaves and stems, when generative phase, the
occurred, plant dry weight was going to focus on partition of the dry weight would be highest on
the stem (tendril) and leaves. Partitioning tubers. On the harvest time, partition of sweet
photosynthate is mostly going to the plant canopy, potato tuber could reach 90% of the total plant dry
especially stem tissue. It causes photosynthate weight. A study conducted by Madhu and
quantity for root growth in root tissue becomes Hatfield (2016), showed that dry weight
small. This conditions cause dry weight of canopy partitioning at the age of 44 dap could reach 55%
and stem become high while root dry weight on the leaves, 35% on the stems, and 10% on the
becomes small. Dry weight of canopy is root. While the plants in the process of tubers
determined by the growth rate of stems, and the fillings before harvest partition. The tuber dry
stem growth rate is positively affected by the rate weight could reach 45.9% of the total plant dry
of leaf initiation (Clough and Miltthorpe, 1975). weight
This study was conducted in the rainy season with carbohydrate left for tuber formation (Panggabean
dry land category (moor), which is known that if et al., 2014). If vegetative and reproductive phases
sweet potato is planted in the rainy season it will are in balance, usage and accumulation are in
have a long vegetative phase (Dukuh, 2011) The balance as well, practically assimilates that are
number of tubers per plant is potential sink. There used and stored will be in balance (Zhu and Jiang,
is a relationship between the number of tubers per 2014). Plants having moderate vegetative growth
plant with a total weight of tubers, the more will have many roots. Modification of plant
number of tubers per plant, the lower weight of growth physiologically is one effort to overcome
the tuber. This suggests that assimilates (source) the low production of sweet potato by controlling
translocated to tuber (sink) formation were limited vegetative growth. There are morphologically
because parts of assimilate were translocated to modification efforts through agronomic ways such
the stem. Translocation of assimilates is mostly as the use of growth regulators to maintaining the
shipped to the tuber. The amount of assimilates balance of vegetative and generative growth,so
transported and stored as a backup food the utilization assimilate by vegetative could be in
determines the weight of tubers per plant. Small control and most assimilates could be distributed
amount of assimilates will make tuber weight per into the sink (Rahmiana et al., 2015). Agronomic
plant smaller, whereas if the number of maintenance such as reversal plant canopy,
assimilates is high, it will increase the weight of pruning leaves and shoots are effective in
tubers per plant. Low yield in tuber plant modifying plant morphology (Esmaielpour et al.,
production is caused by the plant itself which is 2011). In this study, reversal plant canopy of
dominated by vegetative growth. This makes sweet potato and shoots pruning were done at 90
leaves and stems are growing excessively and DAP. The purpose of the reversal was to form the
lacking of tuber formation because there are few tubers. The influence of leaf reduction on growth
and yield of crops depends on the missing leaf varieties in Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Animal
area, leaves posisiton on the stems, and crop- and Plant Sciences 20 (3): 3194-3201.
growing period. Shoot pruning on sweet potato Clough, B.F. and Milthorpe, F.L.1975. Effects of
that was done at 90 dappositively affected the water deficit on leaf development in tobacco.
Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 2:291300.
tuber formation on the ten varieties of sweet Dubois M., Skirycz, A., Claeys, H., Maleux, K. Dhond,
potato. Dukuh (2011) stated that shoot pruning at S., De Bodt, S., Bossche, R.V., De Milde, L.,
12 weeks after planting significantly affected the Yoshizumi, T. and Matsui, M. 2013. Ethylene
tuber formation, especially the quality and response factor acts as a central regulator of leaf
quantity of sweet potato tubers.Timing of shoot growth under water-limiting conditions in
pruning influence plant growth, especially the arabidopsis. Plant Physiology 162:319-332.
sweet potato crop (Aniekwe, 2014). When shoot Dukuh, I.G. 2011. The effect of defoliation on the
pruning occurs on the vegetative phase it will quality of sweet potato tubers. Asian Journal of
increase the vegetative organs, whereas if shoot Agricultural Research 5 (6): 300-305.
Esmaielpour S., Saeid, H., Parisa, J., and Ghobad, S.
pruning occurs in late vegetative phase it will 2011. The investigation of paclobutrazol effects on
accelerate the formation of generative organs that growth and yield of two potato (Solanum
in sweet potato it will be distributed to the tubers tuberosum) cultivars under different plant density.
(Nedunchezhiyan et al.,2012). Sulkan et al. (2014) Journal Food, Agriculture and Environment 9 (4):
stated that the formation of sweet potato tubers 289-294.
was influenced by formation of the roots on sweet Gonggo, B.M., Turmudi, E. dan W. Brata. 2003.
potato crop. Tuber formation begins when the Respon pertumbuhan dan hasil ubi jalar pada sistem
leaves begin to decline, in other words the growth tumpang sari ubi jalar jagung manis di lahan bekas
rate of leaves need to be inhibited. When the alang-alang. Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia
59 (1): 34-39.
sweet potato crop is planted in the rainy season it Isa, M., Setiado, H. and Putri, L.A. 2015. The effect of
will accelerate the process of formation sweet internode number and the grow angle on the growth
potato tubers. and yield of several sweet potatoes (Ipomoea
batatas L.) varieties. Jurnal Agroekoteknologi 4 (1):
45-52.
Conclusion Kementerian Pertanian RI. 2016. Ubi Jalar, Outlook
The response of each of ten sweet potato varieties Komoditas Pertanian Sub Sektor Tanaman Pangan.
Pusat Data Sistem Informasi Pertanian: Jakarta. pp
planted in dry land (moor) and rainy season
7-28.
conditions showed differences. Some varieties Laurie S.M., Calitz, F.J., Adebola, P.O. and Lezar, A.
showed high responsive to the environment with 2013. Characterization and evaluation of South
the components shown in vegetative growth African sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam)
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Current Science 111 (6): 981-984.
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Mwololo, J.K., Mburu, M.W.K. and Muturi, P.W.
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Research Article
Plant species from coal mine overburden dumping site in Satui, South
Kalimantan, Indonesia
Vivi Novianti1*, D.N. Choesin2, D.T. Iskandar2, D. Suprayogo3
1
Department of Biology, State University of Malang, Malang 65145, Indonesia
2
School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
3
Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia
*
corresponding author: vivi.novianti.fmipa@um.ac.id
Received 28 April 2017, Accepted 22 June 2017
Abstract
Coal mine overburden (OB) materials were nutrient-poor, loosely adhered particles of shale, stones,
boulders, and cobbles, also contained elevated concentration of trace metals. This condition cause OB
substrate did not support plants growth. However, there were certain species that able to grow on
overburden dumping site. This investigation sought to identify plants species that presence on coal mine
overburden. The research was conducted on opencast coal mine OB dumping site in Satui, South
Kalimantan. Vegetation sampling was carried out on six different ages of coal mine OB dumps (7, 10, 11,
42, 59 and 64 month) using line transect. Species identification used information from local people,
AMDAL report of PT Arutmin Indonesia-Satui mine project, and website. There were 123 plant species,
consisted of 79 herbs (Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae), 10 lianes, bryophyte, 9 ferns, 10 shrubs, and
14 trees. A number of Poaceae, i.e., Paspalum conjugatum, Paspalum dilatatum, and Echinochloa colona
generally present among the stones, boulders, and cobbles. While Cyperaceae such as Fimbristylis
miliaceae, Cyperus javanicus, Rhyncospora corymbosa and Scleria sumatrensis most often found in and
around the basin/pond with its smooth and humid substrate characteristics. Certain species of shrubs and
trees have been present on the 7 month OB dumping site. They were Chromolaena odorata, Clibadium
surinamense, Melastoma malabathricum, Trema micrantha, and Solanum torvum (Shrubs), Ochroma
pyramidale and Homalanthus populifolius (trees). This plant species could be used for accelerating
primary succession purpose on coal mine overburden dumping site. Nevertheless, species selection was
needed to avoid planting invasive species.
Keywords: accelerating, mining, overburden, plants, succession
To cite this article: Novianti, V., Choesin, D.N., Iskandar, D.T. and, D. Suprayogo, D. 2017. Plant species from coal
mine overburden dumping site in Satui, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4(4): 927-936,
DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.927.
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 927
Plant species from coal mine overburden dumping site in Satui, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
elevated concentrations of trace metals (Dobson et is host to a vast area of the country`s remaining
al., 1997; Novianti, 2013). This character of tropical rainforests where various endemic flora
overburden is the reason why fast growing and and fauna can be found. Rainforests in the Heart
invasive species, such as Acacia mangium, is of Borneo also have a crucial function as the lungs
planted on previously mined coal areas. of the world because they produce oxygen needed
Therefore, reclamation approach to improve post- to help overcome the impact of climate change.
coal mining land has not yet successful because On the other hand, it contains nearly 60 percent of
there is no implication of returning to an original Indonesias coal reserves where over exploitation
state and restore biodiversity but rather to a useful occur. Ecological restoration approach is thus
one. critical to be carried out in Kalimantan to restore
Overburden condition is identical to the its biodiversity and ecosystem function.
primary succession i.e. vegetation development on
newly formed or exposed substrate, proceeds on
raw material rather than a developed or modified Materials and Methods
soil, and is usually characterized by low fertility, Description of study area
no biological legacy (no previous vegetation, no
seed bank, no organic matter derived from prior The study was conducted at the mine site of PT.
vegetation) (Glenn-Lewin et al., 1992). Hence, Arutmin Indonesia (AI), Satui mine project in
ecologycal succession in a mine OB is a lengthy South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Mining operational
process. A minimum period of ecologycal and office area are located at a distance of 165
succession is 50 years to a century to establish km Southeast of Banjarmasin.
advanced specic plant species in denuded, mine Characteristics and determination of overburden
OB-lled land; but this long time scales due to age as study area
specific problems can be overcome by artificial
interventions, that once identified, which are most Vegetation sampling area was carried out on out-
successful if they use or mimic natural process pit dump (overburden that dumped at dedicated
(Dobson et al., 1997). disposal site outside the mine pit), and without
Local vegetation is one of the keys of this leveled on its surface (free dump). Determination
process. This investigation sought to identify plant of OB dumping site is based on the following
species that present on coal mine OB dump. This conditions: (1) no disposal process (final dump),
study will be helpful in giving references of coal (2) the age of mine OB is known, (3) the origin
mine OB plant species in order to accelerate depth of OB is identified, and (4) geology
ecological restoration on coal OB dumping site. formation of OB is identified. According to that
This research was conducted in Satui, South requirement, there are six overburden used as
Kalimantan. Kalimantan or also known as Borneo vegetation sampling location (Table 1).
Figure 3. Overburden stockpile was like a hill (A-B). The top of it comprises of flat (C) and uneven (D)
Figure 4. Illustration of undulating surface on coal mine OB dump (Source: Hairiah et al., 2000)
Particular species of Poaceae, i.e., Paspalum condition (Figure 6). It indicates that Cyperaceae
conjugatum, Paspalum dilatatum, and needs better substrate physically (grain size) and
Echinochloa colona are mostly present among the chemically (humidity) than Poaceae. According to
boulders, cobble and gravel. While, Cyperacea Del Moral and Bliss (1993), undulating area gives
such as Fimbristylis miliaceae, Cyperus higher soil humidity because of the present of
javanicus, Rhyncospora corymbosa, and Scleria stagnant water and keep refined particle compare
sumatrens is generally found in and around the to the flat area.
bassin that contain refined substrate and moist
Figure 7. Seedling of Ochroma pyramidale (top) and Homalanthus populifolius (bottom) at the age of
seven months coal mine OB dump
According to Aththorick (2005), cover vegetation small shrubs. Some of them are annual, binual and
commonly are Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and perennial with life form are clump, solitary, erect,
Asteraceae. They are grass, sedge, herbs, and liana or climbing. Odum (1993) states that early
Research Article
Abstract : Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is an important spice plant of Indonesia. In Bangka Belitung
Province, the main pepper producer, pepper has been the most commonly cultivated commodity.
However, the production has declined from time to time. One of the causes of the decline is Pepper Fot
Rot, caused by Phytophthora capsici. The rapid spread and development of the disease is mainly due to
utilization of diseased plant materials for pepper cuttings and infested or diseased plantation soil. The
materials used in this research included the infected soil taken from the infected pepper plantation at
Bangka Island with disease intensity of pepper foot rot 60%, inoculum of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi
in the zeolite medium, compost, and pepper seedling from Natar variety. This research was done by
planting pepper seedling on infected soil and observing plant height, disease intensity, and infection of
AM fungi on the roots. The results showed that soil from diseased pepper plants harbored high population
of plant pathogens inoculum and caused the death of 9 week-old cuttings and retarded growth of the
survivors. Sterilization of the infected soil with hot water vapor for 3 hours still could not control the
pathogen. Good growth was observed on one node cutting planted in sterile soil amended with arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi.
Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, pepper, pepper foot rot, Phytophthora capsici
To cite this article: Fauziyah, N., Hadisutrisno, B. and Suryanti. 2017. The roles of arbuscular mycorrizal fungi in
the intensity of the foot rot disease on pepper plant from the infected soil. J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4(4): 937-
943, DOI: 10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.937.
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 937
The roles of AM fungi in the intensity of the foot rot disease on pepper plant from the infected soil
Swastiningrum (2015) and Putri et al. (2016) soil was taken from the infected pepper
proved that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi could plantation at Bangka Island in the depth of 15-20
significantly control the disease development, cm with disease intensity of pepper foot rot 60%,
each of which is for the rust disease on sugarcane inoculum of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal AM fungi in
caused by Puccinia kuehnii and leaf spot disease the zeolite medium as the collection of Laboratory
on clove caused by Colletotrichum of Mycology of Agriculture Faculty of UGM,
gloeosporioides. The additions of AM Fungi compost, and pepper seeds from Natar variety.
could improve uptake of phosphorus on maize The planting of pepper seed was done in the
which in turn increase plant yield (Mau and infected soil in the polybags with a capacity of 2
Utami, 2014). This fact needs to be studied for the kg, Soil sterilization and inoculation of AM fungi
foot rot disease on pepper. was done in accordance with the type of the
treatment. The technique of inoculation was done
by spreading 10 g of biological fertilizer AM
Materials and Methods fungi, fungal spores of 19.57 spores in zeolite to
This research was conducted from April to the hole in the polybags containing a mix of
November 2016. The preparation of seedlings and sterile soil and compost, before the pepper seeds
inoculation were done in a screen house in were planted. Sterilization of infected soil was
Condongcatur, Sleman DIY (113 m above from done using standard sterilization of hot water
sea level). Meanwhile, the laboratory research was vapor for a period of three hours at the
conducted at Mycology Laboratory of temperature 100oC. Both the planting of pepper
Agriculture, Department of Plant Pest and seedlings and inoculation were conducted at
Disease, Faculty of Agriculture of Gadjah Mada 04.00-05.00 pm to accelerate the growth and
University, Yogyakarta-Indonesia. The infected infection.
category, and Z: Score value of the highest attack hours before conducting an observation using a
category. binocular microscope to measure the percentage
of the infection of mycorrhizae based upon the
Infection of AM fungi on pepper roots
method of Giovanette and Mosse (1980). The
The observation was conducted by following the percentage of colonization of the plant roots was
method of Kormanik and McGraw (1982): measured using the following formula.
Percentage of infected roots = [(Number of
infected roots/Number of observed roots) x 100%] Results and Discussion
The sample roots of the pepper plant at the age of
six weeks old were removed and cleaned with the In the treatment of the infected soil that has been
water. Subsequently, the roots were cut into 2 cm sterilied (P0), it was found that the disease
approximately. The cuts of the roots were soaked intensity was stable at 40%. The sterilization of
in 10% of KOH in a beaker glass and heated at a infected soil by means of the standard method (3
temperature of 80-90oC within 10-115 minutes. hours at 100o C) was not effective. This showed
The roots of pepper were then taken and put into a that time and type of sterelization for the soil used
50-mL beaker glass and rinsed with water 3-4 previously for the program needs to be studied
times until the water of cleaning was no longer further as something interesting. The role of AM
brown. Afterward, they were soaked in 1% of HCl fungi in the disease intensity of pepper foot rot
solution within 5 minutes and colored with 0.05 % could be seen in the 9th week (Figure 1).
lactophenoltrypan blue. It would be left for 24
Figure 1. The development of disease intensity of pepper foot rot for 9 weeks.
Figure 1 showed that application of AM fungi on disease infection after 9th observation. Figures 1
sterile soil (P1) and non-sterile soil (P5) gave a and 2 show that the provision of AM fungi in
good effect on the percentage of disease intensity inhibit the disease intensity of pepper foot rot,
than other treatments. It also revealed that particularly in the treatment of P1 (6.67%) and
application of AM fungi with compost on sterile P5 (17.78%). Djunaedy (2008) stated that
soil (P3) and non-sterile soil (P7) had a higher mycorrhizal fungi could increase the ability in the
score of disease intensity but lower than nutrient absorption and the nutrient provision for
application on the seedlings without AM fungi on the plant thus enabling the mycorrhizal fungi to be
both the sterile soil (P2) and non-sterile soil (P6). used as the biological fertilizer and to increase the
The results of this study expressed that the effect soil fertility. Mycorrhizal fungi can be also used
of mycorrhizae inhibited the rate of disease as one of the soil-borne pathogen controlling
progress compared to others treatments. It agents. Mycorrhizal fungi are able to make the
indicated that on sterile soil and amendment of plants more resistant to or tolerant of disease due
compost were not able to inhibit the rate of to the improvement of nutrient on the host plant,
competition between pathogen and mycorrhizae in high content of organic materials providing
obtaining the photosynthate and infection area, nutrients for the pathogens. The infected soil from
and the change of anatomy and morphology on pepper plant contains the inoculum of
the roots for experiencing the lignification causing Phytophthora capsici (Figure 3), the causal agent
the roots thicker. Mycorrhizae makes the of foot rot disease.
mechanism of the resistance to the attack of soil- The disease intensity in this research
borne pathogen active due to the increase of developed rapidly because, as stated by Manohara
amino acid and phenol compound that is toxic (2007), the leaves infected by P. capsici would
towards the pathogen (Rozy et al., 2004). show the symptom after 24 hours, the diseased
Combination of mycorrhizae and compost did not leaves would fall three days after the infection and
show lower score of disease intensity than single it could be dead shortly.
treatment of AM fungi because compost had a
Figure 2. Pepper seed in some treatments. P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 and P7 are as presented in Table 1
In contrast, on the infection of AM fungi to the plant height, leaf area, numbers of leaf, index of
lower roots, its high disease intensity was affected chlorophyll, and proline content of tomato plant
by the lower infection of AM fungi in the pepper (Damaiyanti et al., 2015). The inoculation of AM
plants (Table 2). AM fungi are able to enhance the fungi on onion plants is able to control the
growth of plants including the plant height, intensity and the growth rate of soil borne
number of leaves, and the root length on the pathogen and can be used as the trigger of
plants (Prasasti et al., 2013; Wicaksono et al., resistance on the pepper plants to the soil borne
2014). Application of 20 g mycorrhizae increased disease (Halim et al., 2016; Sari et al., 2016).
Table 2. The effect of provision of AM Fungi to the infected soil on the plant height, infection of AM
fungi on the plant roots, and disease intensity at 9 weeks after inoculation
Variable Treatment
Without Inoculation of AM Inoculated with AM
Fungi (P0, P2, P4, P6) fungi (P1, P3, P5, P7)
Plant height, cm 4.64b 8.03a
b
Infection of AM Fungi on the roots, 14.93 49.44 a
a
Disease intensity, % 61.67 38.89 b
Remark: the number followed by a different letter shows a significant difference in the orthogonal contrast test
The provision of compost to the infected soil did pepper plants in the infected soil (Table 3).
not give any effects on the height of pepper plants However, the provision of compost was not
as the disease intensity tended to be high; thus, the effective in controlling the pepper foot rot disease
growth of the plants was disturbed. The provision on the infected soil.
of compost increased the disease intensity on the
Table 3. The effect of the compost provision to the infected soil on the plant height, infection of AM
fungi on the plant roots, and disease intensity at 9 weeks after inoculation
Variable Without inoculation of AM fungi
Without Compost (P0, P4) Compost (P2, P6)
Plant height, cm 5.36b 3.93b
a
Infection of AM Fungi on the roots , % 9.85 20.00b
b
Disease intensity, % 43.33 80.00 a
Remark: the number followed by a different letter shows a significant difference in the orthogonal contrast test
The treatment of AM fungi at the same time as the reported by Stone et al. (2001), organic materials
compost could not restrain or control the intensity such as compost are inconsistent in controlling the
of the pepper foot rot disease. The percentage of soil borne pathogen such as Pythium ultimum
disease intensity with the treatment of AM fungi dependent upon the quality and quantity of the
and the compost was higher than the treatment of compost as the organic materials.
AM fungi without the compost Table 4. As
Table 4. The effect of provision of AM fungi and compost to the infected soil on the plant height,
infection of AM fungi on the plant roots, and disease intensity at 9 weeks after inoculation
Variable Inoculated with AM fungi
Without compost (P1, P5) Compost (P3, P7)
Plant height, cm 9.71a 6.35b
a
Infection of AM Fungi on the roots, % 76.67 22.22b
b
Disease Intensity, % 12.22 65.56a
Remark: the number followed by a different letter shows a significant difference in the orthogonal contrast test
Table 5 shows that the disease intensity in the might be able to effectively suppress the
infected soil with the sterilization treatment (P0) pathogens. The treatment of sterilization with the
is lower than that of the infected soil without any provision of compost to the infected soil cannot
sterilization (P4). The soil sterilization could control but increase the population of soil borne
control the population of pathogen as it can pathogen as seen in Table 6. P. capsici as the
terminate the pathogen in the infected soil causal agent of pepper foot rot disease can live as
(Rebecca et al., 2005). However, data presented in saprophyte in the remains of plant (Manohara,
Table 5 show that soil sterilization did not 2007); thus, with the provision of compost, the
effective to terminate the pathogen because it was pathogen can increase in the infected soil for
not able to suppress the overall populations of obtaining the nutrients from the compost.
pathogens. Longer period of soil sterilization
Table 5. The effect of sterilization to the infected soil on the plant height, infection of AM fungi on the
plant roots, and disease intensity at 9 weeks after inoculation
Variable Without inoculation of AM fungi
Sterilization (P0) Without Sterilization (P4)
Plant height, cm 5.95a 4.78b
a
Infection of AM Fungi on the roots , % 16.67 3.03b
b
Disease Intensity , % 40.00 46.67a
Remark: the number followed by a different letter shows a significant difference in the orthogonal contrast test
Table 6. The effect of sterilization and the provision of compost to the infected soil on the plant height,
infection of AM fungi on the plant roots, and disease intensity at 9 weeks after inoculation
Variable Without Inoculation of AM fungi
Sterilization + Compost Without Sterilization +
(P2) Compost (P6)
Plant height, cm 3.83b 4.00b
b
Infection of AM Fungi on the roots, % 10.00 30.00a
b
Disease intensity, % 80.00 80.00b
Remark: the number followed by a different letter shows a significant difference in the orthogonal contrast test
The provision of AM fungi to the infected soil to the provision of AM fungi, sterilization of
sterilized and infected without sterilization infected soil and the provision of compost with
showed the low level of disease intensity as the provision of AM fungi, infected soil without
shown in Table 7. This was because sterilization sterilization and the provision of compost as
was able to control the soil-borne pathogen and shown in Table 8. The provision of compost has
the roots of the pepper plant were protected by caused the quite high disease intensity in spirit of
AM fungi, which can be seen from the data on the having been inoculated with AM fungi and the
high infection of AM fungi on the roots. There treatment of sterilization
was no any difference in the result of the research
Table 7. The effect of provision of AM fungi and sterilization to the infected soil on the plant height,
infection of AM fungi on the plant roots, and disease intensity at 9 weeks after inoculation
Variable Inoculation of AM fungi
Sterilization (P1) Without Sterilization (P5)
Plant height, cm 9.93b 9.49b
a
Infection of AM Fungi on the roots,% 83.33 70.00b
b
Disease intensity , % 6.67 17.78b
Remark: the number followed by a different letter shows a significant difference in the orthogonal contrast test
Table 8.`The effect of the provision of AM fungi, provision of compost and sterilization to the infected
soil on the plant height, infection of AM fungi on the plant roots, and disease intensity at 9
weeks after inoculation.
Variable AM fungi Inoculation
Sterilization + Compost Without Sterilization+
(P3) Compost (P7)
Plant height, cm 7.16b 5.54b
b
Infection of AM Fungi on the roots, % 21.10 23.33b
b
Disease intensity, % 64.44 66.67b
Remark: the number followed by a different letter shows a significant difference in the orthogonal contrast test
Research Article
Abstract: Agricultural lands affected by salt facing complex problems associated with soil salinity and
the toxicity effects of Na cation. Soil amelioration and mulching is an alternative to alleviate negative
effect of salinity. Objective of research was to identify effective ameliorant, and effect of mulching in
improving growth and yield of groundnut on saline soil. The research had been conducted on saline soil
(soil EC 12 dS/m) in Lamongan during dry season of 2016, using Hypoma 2 cultivar. Treatments that
consisted of two factors were arranged in a split plot design with three replicates. The main plot was
mulching (without mulching and mulching with 3.5 t/ha of rice straw), and the sub plot was soil
ameliorations (control, 120 kg/ha K2O, 750 kg/ha S, 5 t/ha gypsum, 5 t/ha manure, and 1.5 t/ha of gypsum
+ 5 t/ha manure). Results showed that mulching, and amelioration with 120 kg/ha K2O, 750 kg/ha S, 5
t/ha gypsum decreased soil EC, but could not improve groundnut growth and could not retard chlorophyll
degradation because the soil was EC still high (12.5 dS/m). The higher yield (1.49 t/ha dry pods) can be
obtained by amelioration with 750 kg sulphur/ha combined with mulching.
Keywords: amelioration, groundnut, mulching, salinity
To cite this article: Taufiq, A., Wijanarko, A. and Kristiono, A.2017. Effect of mulching and amelioration on
growth and yied of groundnut on saline soil. J. Degrade. Min. Land Manage. 4(4): 945-954, DOI:
10.15243/jdmlm.2017.044.945.
www.jdmlm.ub.ac.id 945
Effect of mulching and amelioration on growth and yield of groundnut on saline soil
(Niazi et al., 2007; da Silveira et al., 2008; groundnut seed of Hypoma-2 cultivar treated with
Joachim and Verplancke, 2010), combination of insecticide of active ingredient the ametoxam. The
manure with gypsum (Smith et al., 2009; Chaum seeds were planted in the plot of 4 m x 3 mwith
et al,. 2011; Kahlon et al., 2012; Murtaza et al., plant spacing of 40 cm x 15 cm, 1-2 seeds/hole.
2013) are effective in decreasing soil EC and Irrigation from adjacent well with water-EC of
improving plant growth. Application of P and K 3.88 dS/m applied just after planting. The rain
fertilizer, manure, ash, and dolomiteincreased often fall at the site from 15 days after planting
yield of rice and palawija crops on saline soil (DAP) up to hasvest, and so that no more
(Sembiring et al., 2008; Iskandar and Chairunas, irrigation added.Weeding conducted twice, at 15
2008). Mulching effective in alleviating salinity DAP using propaquizofap herbicide, and manual
effect (Dong, 2012). Mulching reduced salt weeding at 45 DAP together with ridging. Basal
accumulation under high saline irrigation (Zang et fertilization at rates of 36 kg P2O5/ha and 30 kg
al. 2008), and decreased soil salinity (Abou-Baker K2O/ha broadcasted just after planting, while 33.7
et al. 2011). Alharbi (2015) showed that mulching kg N/ha applied at 15 DAP. Pest was controlled
decreased soil salinity of surface layers compared regularly using fipronil, deltametrin,
to the unmulched layer. Objective of the research chlorantraniliprol, and pyridaben insecticide
was to identify the effective ameliorant and effect accordingly.
of mulching in improving growth and yield of
groundnut on saline soil. Table 1. Soil properties in the top 0-20 cm at
experimental site.
Materials and Methods Parameters Method Value
pH-H2O 1:5 7.8
The research was conducted at Lohgung Village, EC (dS/m) Field 12.10
Berondong Sub District, LamonganDistrict measurement1)
(6o5359.89801 S; 112o1115.31277 E; 26 m C-organic (%) Walky-Black 1.02
above see level) from May to August 2016.The Exch-K NH4OAc pH 7 1.00
experimental site is about 1.5 km from the coast, (cmol+/kg)2)
and the soil at the trial site developed from lime Exch-Na NH4OAc pH 7 2.51
stone. Soil salinity as indicated by soil EC is high, (cmol+/kg)
soil pH is midly alkaline. Cation saturation at Exch-Ca NH4OAc pH 7 23.7
exchange site dominated by Ca (56.5%) and Mg (cmol+/kg)
(35.1%), while K and Na only 2.4% and 6.0%, Exch- NH4OAc pH 7 14.7
consecutively (Table 1). Based on soil EC (>4 Mg(cmol+/kg)
dS/m), pH (<8,5), and exchangeable sodium CEC(cmol+/kg) Cation summation 41.91
percentage (<15%) indicate that the soil at Na saturation (%) (Exch- 5.99
experimental site is classified as saline soil. Soil at Na/CEC)*100
the site is highly saline because the EC in the 1)
range of 8.8-16.0 dS/m according to Jones (2002). using Hanna portable EC meter type HI993310;
2)
exch=exchangeable
According to Hazelton and Murphy (2007), the
soil contain high K, very high Ca, Mg, and Na.
Observation consisted of soil analysis at harvest
Treatments that consisted of two factors were
(pH, C-organic, exchangeable Na, Ca, Mg, and
arranged in a split-plot design with three
K). Electrolic conductivity (EC, using Hanna
replicates. The main plot was two levels of
portable EC meter type HI993310) and soil water
mulching, consisted ofwithout mulch (M0) and
content at 0-20 cm of soil depth (gravimetric
mulching with 3.5 t/ha of rice straw(M1). The sub
method) were measured every 15 days from
plot was six soil ameliorations consisted of
planting up to 75 DAP. Tissue analysis of shoot
control (A0), 120 kg/ha K2O (A1), 750 kg/ha
(Na, Ca, Mg, and K) was measured at pegging
Sulphur (A2), 5 t/ha gypsum (A3), 5 t/ha cow
stage. Four samples collected from each plot were
manure (A4), and 1.5 t/ha gypsum+5 t/ha cow
oven dried at 75oC up to constant weight and then
manure (A5).
ground and composited according to the
Ameliorant treatment applied just before
treatments during grinding. Soil and plant
planting, while mulching treatment applied just
analyses were conducted at Iletris Laboratory
after planting. Rice straw of the previous crop
according to Eviati and Sulaeman (2009).
cleared from the land. Paraquate
Agronomic parameters consisted of number of
dichloride herbicide sprayed before planting to
seedling at 15 DAP, shoot dry weight at pegging
control weeds, and the land cultivated using rotary
stage, plant height and chlorophyl content index at
at one week after weed control. Before planting,
15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 DAP. Chlorophyl content
index was measured using Chlorophyl meter not significantly difference, except at 60 DAP and
SPAD-500. Observasion at harvest consisted of 75 DAP. Mulching treatment did not significantly
number of harvested plant, number of filled pods, affect soil moisture content, even the soil moisture
pod and kernel weight. Variance analysis used to tend to be higher than without mulching (Figure
detect effect of treatments, and mean comparation 1). The soil EC fluctuated between observation,
using Least Significant Different (LSD) at 5% and it tended to increase as soil moisture
level of significancy. decreased. Mulching reduce evapotranspiration
and salt accumulation (Zhang et al., 2008),
maintain moisture content in the root zone, and
Results and Discussion also reduce soil temperature, evaporation and salt
Soil properties and nutrient uptake accumulation (Abou-Baker et al., 2011; Swarup,
2013; Alharbi, 2015). Reduction of soil EC in this
Mulching treatment tended to reduce soil EC at all experiment migh be due to reduction of salt
observation dates with reduction varied from 0.22 accumulation in the top soil layer.
to 1.34 dS/m (Figure 1). The differences of EC
between mulching and unmulching treatment was
15,5 42,5
15,0 40,0
Figure1. Effect of mulching on soil EC and soil moisture content at 15 DAP up to 75 DAP on saline soil.
Lamongan, dry season 2016. (M0=without mulch, M1=with mulch, EC=electrolic conductivity,
MC=moisture content)
Soil amelioration with 120 kg/ha K2O, 750 kg/ha low according to Hazelton and Murphy (2007).
S, 5 t/ha gypsum, 5 t/ha manure, and1.5 t/ha Soil pH at harvest was 0.7 units higher than at
gypsum+5 t/ha manure affected soil EC, but the planting (increased from 7.8 to 8.5), that might be
diffrences was statistically not significant (Figure due to salt accumulation on top soil layer as
2A). The dynamic of soil EC due to amelioration indicated by increasing soil EC. Soil EC was
seemed more related to the dynamic of soil significantly affected (p=0.05) by intercation
moisture content (Figure 2B). Soil EC during the between mulching and amelioration treatments.
trial was >11 dS/m, and it was above the critical All amelioration treatments, except manure,
level of 3.2 dS/m (Yadav et al., 2011). In pot combined with mulching resulted lower EC than
experiment, groundnut could not perform pod on without mulching (Figure 4C). Mulching had
soil EC 6.5 dS/m (Mungala et al., 2008), on soil positive effect on the EC reduction. Without
EC >1.84 dS/m (Taufiq et al., 2015). On field mulching, soil EC increased linearly) as soil depth
experiment with soil EC 15.33 dS/m, groundnut decreased from 12 cm to 9 cm, 6 cm and 3 cm
of Domba and Hypoma-1 cultivar produced 0.5- (Y=16,985-0,6589X, R =0,99. With mulching,
0.7 t/ha dry pod (Taufiq et al., 2016). Mulching soil EC at 3 cm and 6 cm was relatively similar,
and amelioration treatments and their interaction and then it decreased up to 12 cm of soil depth
had no significant affect on soil pH, C-organic (Figure 4D). This data indicated that mulching
content, exchangeable K (exch-K), Ca, Mg, and retarded salt accumulation and increasing of EC in
Na (Figures 3 and 4). Exch-Na in all treatments the top soil layer. As reported by Abou-Baker et
was less than 0.3 cmol/kg, and was classified as al. (2011) and Swarup (2013) that mulching
reduce soil temperature and evaporation. Ca and Mg, but application of 120 kg K2O/ha or
Decreasing of soil temperature and evaporation with 5 t/ha gypsum decreased K, Na, Ca, and Mg.
will reduce the flow rate of disolve salt in the soil Uptake of Na was higher if amelioration with
from the deeper layer to the top layer, and hence K2O or gypsum was combined with mulching
retard salt accumulation in the top layer. Uptake (Figure 4). This means, that amelioration of saline
of K, Na, Ca, and Mg due to amelioration soil with K2O or gypsum is better than with
treatments were lower than control (Figure 5). sulphur (S) or manure or combination of manure
Among the ameliorants, application of 750 kg and gypsum, and the effect is better if combined
S/ha or 5 t/ha manure increased uptake of K, Na, with mulching.
15,0 50,0
14,5
13,0 A2 35,0 A2
12,5
12,0 A3 30,0 A3
11,5 A4 25,0 A4
11,0 A5 20,0 A5
10,5
10,0 15,0
15 30 45 60 75 10,0
9,0 1,8
8,8
A B
1,5
8,5
C-org (%)
1,3
pH-H2O
8,3
8,0 1,0
7,8 0,8
M0 M0
7,5 0,5
7,3 M1 0,3 M1
7,0 0,0
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Ameliorant Ameliorant
0,16 0,27 D
exch-Na (cmol+/kg)
exch-K (cmol+/kg)
0,14 C 0,24
0,12 0,21
0,10 0,18
0,08 0,15
0,12
0,06 M0 0,09 M0
0,04 0,06
0,02 M1 0,03 M1
0,00 0,00
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Ameliorant Ameliorant
Figure 3. Effect of ameliorant and mulching on soil pH, C-organic, exch-K, and exch-Na on saline soil in
Lamongan during dry season 2016. (M0=without mulch, M1=with mulch, A0=control, A1=120 kg/ha
K2O, A2=750 kg/ha S, A3=5 t/ha gypsum, A4=5 t/ha manure, A5=1.5 t/ha gypsum+5 t/ha manure)
30,0 20,0
27,5
exch-Ca (cmol+/kg)
exch-Mg (cmol+/kg)
25,0 A 17,5
22,5 15,0 B
20,0 12,5
17,5
15,0 10,0
12,5 7,5
10,0 M0 M0
7,5 5,0
5,0 2,5
2,5 M1 M1
0,0 0,0
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Ameliorant Ameliorant
17,0 C 17,0 D
16,5
16,0 16,0
EC (dS/m)
EC (dS/m)
15,5
15,0 15,0
14,5
14,0 14,0
13,5 M0
13,0 13,0
12,5 M1
12,0 12,0
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 3 cm 6 cm 9 cm 12 cm
Figure 3. Effect of ameliorant and mulching on exch-Ca, exch-Mg, and EC on saline soil in Lamongan
during dry season 2016. (M0=without mulch, M1=with mulch, A0=control, A1=120 kg/ha K2O, A2=750
kg/ha S, A3=5 t/ha gypsum, A4=5 t/ha manure, A5=1.5 t/ha gypsum+5 t/ha manure)
80,0 50,0
Ca (mg/plant)
Mg (mg/plant)
60,0 40,0
30,0
40,0
20,0
20,0 M0 M0
10,0
0,0 M1 0,0 M1
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Ameliorant Ameliorant
80,0 80,0
Na (mg/plant)
K (mg/plant
60,0 60,0
40,0 40,0
20,0 M0 20,0 M0
0,0 M1 0,0 M1
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Ameliorant Ameliorant
Figure 5. Effect of mulching and ameliorant on K, Ca, Na, and Mg uptake of groundnut of Hypoma 2
cultivar at pagging stage on saline soil in Lamongan, during dry season year 2016. (M0=without mulch,
M1=with mulch 3.5 t/ha; A0=control, A1=120 kg/ha K2O, A2=750 kg/ha S, A3=5 t/ha gypsum, A4=5
t/ha manure, A5=1.5 t/ha gypsum+5 t/ha manure)
The results indicated that mulching effectively with K2O, sulphur and gypsum combined with
reduce soil EC in the top soil layer, but could not mulching effectively reduced EC, but had no
reduce Na uptake by groundnut. Amelioration effect on exch-Na.
Table 2. Effect of mulching and amelioration on plant height and shoot biomass of groundnut on saline
soil in Lamongan on dry season 2016.
Treatment Plant height (cm) Shoot biomas
15 30 45 60 75 At 55 DAP At
DAP DAP DAP DAP DAP harvest (g/5 harvest
plants) (t/ha)
Mulching
Without mulch 4.1 a 6.5b 11.6 b 19.5b 21.5 b 25.6 15.68 2.06
With mulch 3.4 b 8.0a 12.8 a 21.5a 23.0 a 25.9 15.31 2.18
Amelioration
Control 3.8 7.2 12.1a 19.9 21.8 25.1 19.88a 2.04
120 kg/ha K2O 3.7 6.7 12.2a 21.0 22.0 25.5 13.56b 2.15
750 kg/ha S 3.8 7.6 12.3a 21.3 22.7 26.0 15.22b 2.29
5 t/ha gypsum (G) 3.8 7.3 10.9b 19.0 20.9 25.3 12.67b 2.23
5 t/ha manure(M) 3.7 7.4 13.0a 21.0 22.7 25.4 16.47ab 2.03
1.5 t/ha G+5 t/ha M 3.9 7.2 12.7a 20.9 23.5 27.0 15.17b 1.97
CV (%) 6.63 7.52 7.62 7.86 8.84 5.16 23.02 17.04
Numbers in the same coloum in each main factor with the same letter or without letter means not significantly
different with LSD 5%. DAP = days after planting.
Mulching and amelioration treatments and their had no significant effect on these variables, except
interaction had no significant effect on on weight of dry pod and dry kernel (Table 3).
chlorophyll content index (CCI). CCI value Soil EC at trial site was very high, and groundnut
continously reduced with plant age increased only performed 6-7 pods/plant. Mensah et al.
(Figure 6). It means that chlorophyll content (2006) found that number of filled pod decreased
reduced and leaves become more yelowish. Figure with increasing soil EC, from 11-17 pods/plant at
7 ilustrates the relationship between CCI value EC 4.68 dS/m to 7 and 6 pods/plant
and leaf colour. Mulching and amelioration consequtively at EC 8.9 dS/m and 17 dS/m. Seed
treatments could not retard chlorophyll size of Hypoma-2 cultivar on saline soil was
degradation. Eventhought mulching and bigger than on non saline soil, as indicated by
amelioration treatments significantly decreased weight of 100 kernels of 34.2-36.2 g on saline soil
soil EC, they but had no positive effect on CCI (Table 3), and about 31.2 gon non saline soil
because the soil EC was still high (ranged from 11 (based on the cultivar description). Ratio of kernel
dS/m to 15 dS/m). Reduction of chlorophyll to pod on saline soil was lower (0.35-0.40) than
content due to salinity stress also reported by on non saline soil (0.60-0.70). Mulching and
Hossain et al. (2011), Xing et al. (2013) and amelioration treatments did not increase pod and
Nokandeh et al. (2015). kernel weight. Hypoma-2 cultivar yielded 3 t/ha
of fresh pod (1.3 t/ha dry pod), 0.49 t/ha dry
Yield and yield components kernel (Table 3). Potential yield of Hypoma-2
cultivar on non saline soil is 3.2 t/ha dry pod. It
Rice straw mulching increased number of
means that the yield of 1.3 t/ha dry pod on saline
branches and number of filled pods, but no
soil with EC 11-15 dS/m is about 41% of yield on
significant effect on weight of fresh and dry pod,
non saline soil. Harvest index (HI) value in this
weight of dry kernel, weight of 100 kernels,
experiment was 0.38, in the range of common HI
harvest index and kernel to pod weight ratio.
of groundnut (0.3-0.5).
Amelioration and its interaction with mulching
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30 A0
25 25
CCI
A1
CCI
20 20
A2
15 M0 15
10 10 A3
M1
5 5 A4
0 0
A5
15 30 45 60 75 15 30 45 60 75
A B
Figure 6. Effect of mulching (A) and ameliorant (B) on chlorophyll content index (CCI) of groundnut leaf
from 15 DAP up to 75 DAP on saline soil in Lamongan during dry season 2016. (M0=without mulch,
M1=with mulch 3.5 t/ha; A0=control, A1=120 kg/ha K2O, A2=750 kg/ha S, A3=5 t/ha gypsum, A4=5
t/ha manure, A5=1.5 t/ha gypsum+5 t/ha manure)
Pod and kernel weight were significantly affected combined with mulching. The highest kernel
by interaction between mulching and amelioration weight (0.61 t/ha) was obtained by amelioration
treatment. The highest pod yield (1.49 t/ha) was with 5 t/ha manure without mulch, or by
obtained by amelioration with 750 kg S/ha amelioration with 120 kg K2O/ha combined with
combined with mulch (Table 4). Amelioration mulch (Table 4). This indicates that the kernel
with gypsum or gypsum+manure decreased pod yield of groundnut on saline soil can be increased
yield if combined with mulch treatment. It means by amelioration with 5 t/ha manure, or by
that pod yield of groundnut on saline soil can be amelioration with 120 kg K2O/ha combined with
increased by amelioration with 750 kg S/ha mulch.
Table 3. Effect of mulching and amelioration to the yield and yield components of Hypoma-2 cultivar on
saline soil in Lamongan indry season 2016.
Treatment No. of No. Fresh Dry Dry Harvest Weight Kernel
Branches of pod pod kernel index of 100 to pod
Filled weight weight weight kernels ratio
pods (t/ha) (t/ha) (t/ha) (g)
Mulching
Without mulch 4b 6b 2.97 1.31 0.49 0.38 35.57 0.38
With mulch 5a 7a 3.12 1.28 0.49 0.37 34.40 0.37
Amelioration
Control 4 6 3.05 1.44 0.54 0.40 34.92 0.37
120 kg/ha K2O 5 7 3.12 1.36 0.53 0.37 34.37 0.39
750 kg/ha S 5 7 3.23 1.33 0.48 0.37 36.25 0.35
5 t/ha gypsum (G) 4 7 2.88 1.21 0.45 0.35 34.22 0.37
5 t/ha manure (M) 5 7 2.99 1.28 0.51 0.38 34.55 0.38
1.5 t/ha G+5 t/ha M 4 7 3.99 1.16 0.45 0.39 35.62 0.40
CV (%) 7.94 12.50 18.42 14.10 17.99 9.78 11.69 7.94
Numbers in the same coloum in each main factor with the same letters or without letters mean not significantly
different with LSD 5%.
Table 4. Effect of mulching and amelioration on yield of groundnut of Hypoma 2 cultivar on saline soil
in Lamongan, dry season year 2016.
Amelioration Pod weight (t/ha) Kernel weight (t/ha)
Without With Without With
mulch mulch mulch mulch
Control 1.43 ab 1.44 ab 0.50 abcde 0.57 ab
120 kg/ha K2O 1.34 ab 1.39 ab 0.46 abcde 0.60 a
750 kg/ha S 1.16 bc 1.49 a 0.40 bc 0.56 abc
5 t/ha gypsum (G) 1.27 abc 1.16 bc 0.47 abc 0.43 bc
5 t/ha manure (M) 1.36 ab 1.21 abc 0.61 a 0.41cde
1.5 t/ha G+5 t/ha M 1.34 ab 0.99 c 0.54 abcd 0.37 e
Numbers in the same variable with the same letters meannot significantly different with LSD 5%.
Conclusion field assistance, and Mayar, Angesti and Ekmi for good
work in preparing and analysing soil and plant samples.
Mulching using 3.5 t/ha rice straw and
amelioration with 120 kg/ha K2O, 750 kg/ha S, 5
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Contact
Eko Handayanto
International Research Centre for the Management of Degraded and Mining Lands
Soil Science Building 3rd floor, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya,
Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia,
Phone: +62 341 553623; Fax: +62 341 564333
Email: editor.jdmlm@ub.ac.id
Achmad Riyanto
Phone: +62 341 553623; Fax: +62 341 564333
Email: editor.jdmlm@ub.ac.id