Landslide Disaster and Relief Activities: A Case

Study of Urban Area of Doboj City

Cvjetko Sandi, Biljana Abolmasov, Milo Marjanovi, Petar Begovi,

and Boban Jolovi

Abstract
Landslides are the one of the most common hazard in the territory of Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Despite this fact, urban area of Doboj City did not threatened frequently in
the past from landsliding. In the mid of May 2014, heavy rainfall between 250 and 300 mm
triggered flood and activated numerous landslides in the area of Doboj City. In the frame of
EU recovery program the Study of flood and landslide risk assessment for urban area of
Doboj was conducted. The landslide inventory, landslide susceptibility and relative risk
assessment for housing sector were done as a support for local communities for better
preparedness in the future. The landslide susceptibility map for urban area of Doboj City in
scale 1:5000 has provided useful information for Master Plan and related urban planning
documents. Several non-structural and structural measures were proposed as a result of
situation analysis and recovery needs. In this paper post landslides disaster and relief
activities in the area of Doboj City, Bosnia and Herzegovina are presented.

Keywords
Landslides Disasters Susceptibility assessment Risk assessment Housing sector

Introduction

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fig. 1) is vulnerable to a number

C. Sandi (&) of natural hazards such as floods, landslides, and earth-
Geological Survey of the Republic of Srpska, quakes. The floods in May 2014, the worst in 120 years,
Vuka Karadia 148 b, 75400 Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina affected a quarter of its territory and showed how to natural
e-mail: c.sandic@geozavodrs.com disaster prone the country is. Due to heavy rainfall in April
B. Abolmasov
M. Marjanovi and May of 2014, more than 3000 landslides were activated,
Faculty of Mining and Geology, Belgrade University, damaging or destroying more than 2000 housing units,
11000 Belgrade, Serbia
e-mail: biljana.abolmasov@rgf.bg.ac.rs trafc interrupted at over 150 sites on the main road network,
and 51 landslides activated in mine contaminated areas. It
M. Marjanovi
e-mail: milos.marjanovic@rgf.bg.ac.rs has been estimated that as many as one million inhabitants of
Bosnia and Herzegovina were in one way or another affected
P. Begovi
Ibis-Inenjering d.o.o, 78000 by the consequences of floods and landslides, with 90,000
Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina evacuated, 25 killed, and the total damage estimated at
e-mail: begovic@ibis.ba around 2 billion Euros, or 15% of Gross National Product.
B. Jolovi In order to reduce these gures even in such extreme
Geological Survey of the Republic of Srpska, events, and to ensure better risk management, a study on the
75400 Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina landslide risk assessment is needed, as is the application of
e-mail: bjolovic@yahoo.com

Springer International Publishing AG 2017 383

M. Miko et al. (eds.), Advancing Culture of Living with Landslides,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-53487-9_45
384
Fig. 1 Geographical position of
Bosnia and Herzegovina
recommendations across all levels. Within its flood recovery
initiative, the European Union supported the Project
Detailed Floods and Landslide Risk Assessment in Urban
Areas of Tuzla and Doboj. The overall Project goal was to
increase resilience of selected local communities in Bosnia
and Herzegovina for floods and landslide risk mitigation,
thus contributing to safety of the population and infrastruc-
ture in target areas, as well as to sustainability of develop-
ment and recovery investments. Project was implemented
with the assistance from UNDP Ofce in Bosnia and
Herzegovina (HEIS 2016).
In this paper results of this Project activities related on
landslide risk mitigation in the urban area of Doboj City are
presented.
Study Area
The City of Doboj is located on the territory of the Republic
of Srpska (BiH) and occupies an area of 655.33 km2.
According to Census, total population of the City is 69,358
C. Sandi et al.
inhabitants. The study area was dened by Project as 84 km2
of urban territory of Doboj City (Fig. 2).
The geological settings in study area represented by
Quaternary (alluvial and terrace) sediments, Neogene and
Eocene sediments (limestones, sandstones, conglomerate)
and Mesozoic (Jurassic and Cretaceous) sediments: lime-
stones, marls and ophiolite mlange.
Applied Methodology
The adopted Project methodology consists of three mayor
components: preparing landslide hazard-susceptibility maps,
preparing an inventory of elements at risk (mapping of
exposure to landslides for housing sector), and performing the
relative landslide risk assessment based on level of exposure.
Landslide Susceptibility Assessment
Preparing the landslide hazard-susceptibility maps generally
includes the following steps: preparing a detailed inventory of
Landslide Disaster and Relief Activities
Fig. 2 Area of Doboj City and
study area (pink)
the landslides present in the study area, and the identication
of the conditions and processes controlling them as well as the
triggering factors. All landslides features should be mapped as
polygons (source and accumulation zone) provided the scale
allows it. Determining the extent of landslide hazard requires
identifying those areas, which could be affected by a damaging
landslide and assessing the probability of the landslide
occurring within some time period. In general, however,
specifying a time frame for the occurrence of a landslide is
difcult to determine even under ideal conditions. As a result,
landslide hazard is often represented by landslide suscepti-
bility. In general, landslide susceptibility only identies areas
potentially affected and does not imply a time frame when a
landslide might occur. Landslide susceptibility map should be
prepared after inventory of landslides, classication and
description of the type of landslides affecting the study area at
proposed Project scale 1:5000.
The inventory of landslides was performed during the
eld campaign in December 2015 at the scale 1:5000.
The total number of 71 landslides was mapped according to
the Cruden and Varnes classication (1996). The landslide
data and main lithological units were identied and prepared
385
in digital form as polygons in GIS environment. DEM was
provided by UNDP in resolution 5 5 m. All layers were
also prepared in same spatial resolution.
The landslide susceptibility assessment and map for
urban area of Doboj municipality were generated according
to the Analythical Hierarchy Process (AHP) principles
(Saaty 2003). The rst step was to determine the causative
factors and their relative- normalized importance, consider-
ing the scale of landslide susceptibility map. Seven main
factors (lithology, slope, slope aspect, slope curvature, land
cover, distance to water boundaries and precipitation) were
identied and parameters maps (raster layers) were created
in a GIS environment. Each parameter class was evaluated
and their relationships weighted (Table 1). Corresponding
landslide susceptibility AHP matrix (Table 2) was devel-
oped as well as the nal Eq. (1). The importance ratio (eigen
value multiplier of a particular raster layer) between factors
was evaluated and nal assumption follow:
H 0:387  L 0:256  S 0:147  P 0:050
 C 0:103  W 0:034  A 0:024  M
1
386 C. Sandi et al.

Table 1 Causative factors, Stratigraphy Lithological unit WF

parameters class and their
weighting (0-the most favorable; al Alluvial deposit 0
10-the least favorable) am Stillwater sediments 0
a1 1st river terrace gravel with sand and clay 0
ap Siltstones, clay facies flood 0
pr Prolluvium 4
E2 Marly sandstone, limestone and conglomerates 7
J Ophiolitic mlange: sandstones, shale, chert, limestone 9
K2 Plate, marly limestone, marl 10
M22 Lythothamnian limestone, marl, marl, clay, sands, tuffs and 5
conglomerates
Pc, E Massive to banked limestone, alevrolyte, clay, marl and sandstone 7
Pl1 Quartz sand, gravel, clay and coal 6
Diabase 3
E1 Fine-grained sandstones in alteration with marls and alevrolyte 9
No. Slope () WF
1 05 3
2 510 8
3 1015 10
4 1525 9
5 2535 4
6 >35 3
No. Precipitation (mm/year) WF
1 900940 3
2 940960 7
3 960975 10
No. Distance to watercourse (m) WF
1 0200 10
2 200500 5
3 >500 0
No. Category WF
1 Urban area 9
2 Trafc 6
3 Agriculture 5
4 Forests 3
5 Mines, exploitation of gravel and mineral resources 4
No. Aspect () WF
1 1 to 0 1
2 067.5 9
3 67.5202.5 3
4 202.5247.5 6
5 247.5292.5 3
6 292.5360 9
No. Curvature WF
1 56 to 10 8
2 10 to 10 1
3 1073 10
Landslide Disaster and Relief Activities 387

Table 2 Landslide susceptibility AHP Lithology Slope Precipitat Dist. from Land Aspect Curvature
AHP matrix for study area of water use
Doboj City
Lithology 1 2 5 6 7 8 9
Slope 0.5 1 3 4 6 7 8
Precipitat 0.2 0.33 1 3 4 5 7
Dist. from 0.2 0.33 1 3 4 5 7
water
Land use 0,14 0.17 0.25 0.33 1 2 3
Aspect 0.125 0.14 0.2 0.2 0.5 1 2
Curvature 0.11 0.125 0.14 0.17 0.33 0.5 1
Sum 2.24 4.01 9.93 14.7 21.83 28.5 36
AHP Lithology Slope Precipitat. Dist. Land Aspect Curvature Sr
from use
water
Lithology 0.445 0.498 0.504 0.408 0.321 0.281 0.250 0.387
Slope 0.223 0.249 0.302 0.272 0.275 0.246 0.222 0.256
Precipitat 0.089 0.083 0.101 0.204 0.183 0.175 0.194 0.147
Dist.from 0.074 0.062 0.034 0.068 0.137 0.175 0.167 0.103
water
Land use 0.064 0.041 0.025 0.023 0.046 0.070 0.083 0.050
Aspect 0.056 0.036 0.020 0.014 0.023 0.035 0.056 0.034
Curvature 0.049 0.031 0.014 0.011 0.015 0.018 0.028 0.024
Sum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

wherein: The similar procedure was applied to the rest of causative

factors derived from DEM (slope angle, distance for water-
H-Hazard (Susceptibility) courses, slope aspect and curvature) (Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6).
L-Lithological data Land cover and land use data were provided by UNDP from
S-Slope angle data orthophoto images. Precipitation data and spatial distribution
P-Precipitation data of average amount of precipitation for reference period 1981
C-Land cover data 2010 provided from Project Team member.
W-Distance to watercourses Landslide susceptibility map was performed according to
A-Slope aspect the proposal AHP model (Fig. 6).
M-Slope curvature.

The correlation of causative factors is not related to any
type of landslides (shallow ones or those deep seated, rota-
tional or translational), but is strictly related to the sliding as
a primary mechanism of movement. Regarding the available
data from eld campaign and landslide inventory, it was not
possible to additionally adopt differences between sliding
mechanisms in AHP matrix.
The Basic geological map 1:100,000 was collected in the
initial phase of the Project, and after the eld campaign, it was
updated and adapted to lithological map at scale 1:5000. All
lithological data were classied and weighted according to their
relative impact (as one of the main causative factor) on the
landslides. Regarding the lithological data (and other causative
factors data) expert-opinion method was used for determining
weighting classes. All categories were assigned and weighted.
Inventory of Elements at Risk
A detailed inventory of the elements exposed to landslide
hazard/susceptibility is a critical requirement for preparing the
landslide risk assessment. The inventory should include the
identication and valuation of the building stock, infrastruc-
ture, and population exposed to the various landslide types.
The inventory may also contain data for essential facilities,
high potential loss facilities, selected transportation and life-
line systems, demographics, agriculture, and vehicles (HEIS
2016). The inventory was performed during November
December 2015 and included residential area of housing
sector. Data about the number of residential units in single and
multifamily housing units, number of inhabitants and house-
holds respectively, as well as gross build up area per each type
388 C. Sandi et al.

Fig. 3 Lithological units map (left) and Slope inclination map (right)

Fig. 4 Precipitation map for reference period (19812010) (left) and distance from watercourses map (right)
Landslide Disaster and Relief Activities 389

Fig. 5 Land use map (left) and Slope aspect map (right)

Fig. 6 Slope curvature map (left) and landslide susceptibility map of Doboj City (right)
390
Fig. 7 Inventory of housing sector and associate table with properties-detail (HEIS, 2016)
of housing were generated and associated with dened poly-
gons carrying information in GIS database (Fig. 7).
Relative Landslide Risk Map
As mentioned above, in general, landslide susceptibility only
identies areas potentially affected and does not imply a time
frame when a landslide might occur. Landslide risk was
dened in terms of the level of exposure of the assets using
as reference the landslide susceptibility assessment.
After obtaining the susceptibility classes distribution it
was further possible to calculate weighted exposure by
means of weighted distance to the particular landslide sus-
ceptibility class: very high and high (Fig. 8). Combined,
those exposure reduced the relative scale span, which was
troublesome due to the geometry of the study area. Resulting
exposure map was then used to overlap with the inventory of
elements at risk, to obtain the nal relative landslide risk
(Fig. 9). The map depicts units of elements at risk that were
ltered according to their land use domain. Only the housing
sector land use types entered the inventory of elements at
risk, since only these had precise population estimates per
block. The nal maps were averaged across housing blocks,
since they represent the target risk units. Details of the rel-
ative landslide risk classes and their spatial distribution are
given in Fig. 9.
C. Sandi et al.
Results
The relative landslide risk assessment based on adopted
methodology for urban area of Doboj City identied ve
classes of relative landslide risk for housing sector (Table 3)
and area affected.
The very high landslide risk class covers 190 ha of urban
area (19.74%), and total number of 4220 inhabitants are
exposed (Table 4). The most of the very high landslide risk
territory located on the central part of hilly area of Doboj
City.
According to the Project methodology sets of
non-structural and structural measures were proposed. Non-
structural measures are reduced exposure of elements of risk
to landslide hazard and recommendations are mainly
addressed to urban planning activitiesrestrictions and
limitations of construction activity. All levels of land use and
urban planning have to be updated, as well as Master Plan of
Doboj City. Structural measures are identied as remedial
measure for 9 landslides as priority action for follow up
activities of the Project.
Conclusion
The overall Project goal was to increase resilience of
housing sector of Doboj City for floods and landslide risk
management. Landslide inventory on target area,
Landslide Disaster and Relief Activities 391

Fig. 8 Relative exposure of elements of risk (housing sector) to the landslide susceptibility classes
392 C. Sandi et al.

Fig. 9 Doboj City-Landslide risk map of study area and detail of landslide risk map
Landslide Disaster and Relief Activities 393

Table 3 Relative landslide risk classes and area affected

Risk classes Area (ha) %
very low 187.52 19.47
low 198.49 20.61
medium 192.43 19.99
high 194.57 20.20
very high 190.12 19.74

Table 4 Category of elements of risk (housing sector)very high landslide risk class
Category Measure
Number of singlefamily units 1962
Number of multifamily units 58
Number of households 1442
Number of inhabitants 4220
Gross building area (housing)single family units 330 820 m2
Gross building area (housing)multi-family units 4900 m2

landslide susceptibility and relative landslide risk
assessment were performed. As results of these activities
it was found that 4220 inhabitants are exposed to very
high landslide risk class.
Landslide susceptibility and landslide risk map were
produced as part of nonstructural measures, as well as
other recommendations and suggestions for effective land
use and urban planning. Structural measures were rec-
ommended for 9 landslides, as well as geotechnical
monitoring on 4 partly rehabilitated (as an urgent low
cost measure after 2014 event).
Follow up Project activities should be supported by
local authorities and widen applied methodology for the
Master Plan area of Doboj City.
Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the donors and UNDP
Ofce in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the coordination and activities
related to Project Detailed Flood and Landslide Risk Assessment for the
Urban Areas of Tuzla and Doboj.
References
Cruden DM, Varnes DJ (1996) Landslide types and processes. In: Turner AK,
Schuster RL (eds) Landslide investigation and mitigation, Special Report
247, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, National
Academy Press, Washington, D.C. Chapter 3, pp 3675
HEIS (2016) Detailed flood and landslide risk assessment for the urban
areas of Tuzla and Doboj, Study area of Doboj, Book 1, UNDP
Bosnia and Herzegovina, pp 103 (unpublished material)
Saaty R (2003) The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for decision
making. Creative Decision Foundation. Pittsburgh, 16p.