Professional Documents
Culture Documents
,8
J
N/ /X
NASA Contractor Report 2865
Lockheed-California Company
Burbank, California
Prepared for
Langley Research Center
under Contract NAS1-12972
National Aeronautics
and Space Administration
1977
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY ............................... i
INTRODUCTION ............................. i
iii
Page
APPENDIX
C WAVEDRAGTO VORLAX
INPUTCONVERSION
PROGRAM
(WDTVOR).. . 249
SUMMARY
............................... 251
INTRODUCTION
............................ 251
NOMENCLATURE
............................ 253
PROCEDURE
............................. 253
PROGRAM
- WAVEDRAGTOVORLAZ
INPUTCONVERSION
PROGRAM
(WDTVOR)
.... 279
APPENDIX
D VORLAX
TO WAVE
DRAGINFCTCONVERSION
PROGRAM
(VORTWD).. . 327
SUMMARY
.............................. 329
INTRODUCTION
............................ 329
NOMENCLATURE
........................... 33O
PROCEDURE
.............................. 331
PROGRAM
- VORLAX
TOWAVEDRAGINPUTCONVERSION
PROGRAM
(VORTWD)
.... 341
REFERENCES
........................... 371
_.v
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
V
Figure Page
C-8 Converted dataset before editing for VORLAY run ...... 269
C-9 Converted dataset after editing for VORL_[ run .... 27?-
D-2 WAVE DRAG format dataset resulting from conversion ..... 336
vi
A GENERALIZED VORTEX LATTICE METHOD FOR SUBSONIC
AND SUPERSONIC FLOW APPLICATIONS
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
The several versions or variations of the vortex lattice method that are
presently available have proven to be very practical and versatile theoretical
tools for the aerodynamic analysis and design of planar and nonplanar config-
urations. The success of the method is due in great part to the relative
simplicity of the numerical techniques involved, and to the high accuracy,
within the limitations of the basic theory, of the results obtained. But
most of the work on vortex lattice methods appears to have concentrated on
subsonic flow application. The applicability of the basic techniques of
vortex lattice theory to supersonic flow has been largely ignored. The method
presented herein allows the direct extension of vortex lattice techniques to
supersonic Mach numbers. The equations allowing this extended application are
derived in the next section starting from the first order vector equations
governing inviscid compressible flow. They are then applied to the particular
case of a skewed-horseshoe vortex with special attention given to the super-
sonic horseshoe.
In the following theoretical discussion, the basic arguments involved in
the simulation of thickness and volume effects by vortex lattice elements are
presented. This particular modeling of the above effects represents an alter-
native, with somewhatreduced computational requirements, to the method of
quadrilateral vortex rings (refs. 1 and 2). The simulation of thickness and
volume effects makespossible the computation of the surface pressure distri-
bution on wing-body configurations. The fact that this can be done without
having to resort to additional types of singularities, such as sources,
results in a simpler digital computer code.
2
THEORETICAL DISCUSSION
The Basic Equations
Ward has shown, (ref. 3), that the small-perturbation, linearized flow
of an inviscid compressible fluid is governed by the three first order vector
equations:
v = % V. -.-Q, = v (l)
on the assumption that the vorticity _and the source intensity Q are known
functions of the point whose position vector is R. The vector_ is the
perturbation velocity with orthogonal Cartesian components u, v, and w, and
is a constant symmetrical tensor that for orthogonal Cartesian coordinates
with the x-axis aligned with the freestream direction has the form
where M_
q'
is the
=
[2 j
i - M
0
freestreamMach
O
__
number. If
0
where the subscript _ indicates the value of the quantity at upstream infinity,
e.g., u_ = u_ i. Therefore, to a linear approximation, the vector_ is
directly related to the perturbation mass flux as follows:
(4)
The second equation of (1), i.e., the continuity condition, shows that for
source-free flows (Q = 0), w is a conserved quantity.
Ward has integrated the three first order vector equations directly
without having to resort to an auxiliary potential _anctlon. He obtained
two different solutions for V (R), depending on whether 82 is positive (sub-
sonic flow), or negative (supersonic flow). These two solutions can be com-
bined formally into a single expression if the following convention is used:
K = 2 for _2 > 0
3
= Finite part of integral as defined by Hadamard(refs. 5
and 6).
V ( ) = - 2--_ " RB dS
S
dS
i R - RI
2_K R3
S
< dV (5)
+ 2--_ _ dV 2wK R3
V V
i 82 ]J R-RI
2_K n w V dS + R--
f- dS (6)
s s B
This is a relation between V inside S and the values of n.w and _ <-v
on S, but-these two quantities cannot be specified independently on S.
This surface S divides the space into two regions, V e external to the
body, and Vi internal to it. Applying equation (6) to both V e and Vi, since
the integrals over S_ converge to zero, the following expression is obtained:
4
= 2wKl
A _ (R) V 1
R_ dS
L
- 2wK
{Nx AV(R)} _ dS (7)
R3j
SB + SW SB + SW
where N = Hi= -he is the unit normal to the body, or wake as the case may be,
positive from the interior to the exterior of the body, A _ --We - w--i,and
A q = Ve - vi. Here the subscripts designate the values of the quantities on
the corresponding face of S. The first surface integral can be considered
as representing the contribution of a source distribution of surface density
A _, while the second surface integral gives the contribution of a vorti-
city distribution of surface density N A V.
0 _e =_ (P_o + P_) = 0
N. :N. (8)
then the condition N . A w = 0 exists over SB + SW, and the flow field is
uniquely determined by
-- x R-RI (9)
SB + Sw
(lo)
c
where ['= lim V. 8
7-_oo
6-- o
If the surface S B + SW, which defines the body and its wake, is considered
as being composed of a large number of discrete flat area elements T over
which the surface vorticity density V can be assumed approximately constant,
then equation (9) can be approximated by the following equation:
f_
9(RI ) = - 2nK / R-R1
R3
J=l Tj
where N is the total number of discrete area elements T . When the point
whose position vector is R1 is not part of Tj, the integral over this dis-
crete area can be approximated by the mean value theorem as follows:
R3_ Cj S
6
_x-- dS= lim
+ lim
_--,.O
R3_ e-..o
T A e A
T-_
d_ (13)
= lira I(_) + V _ _< R_RI
R3_
_-.._O
C
(14)
, sinA - x cosA -)2 dx dy
Y!X2 _ B 2 (2 + e2_
A
where A is the angle between the y-axis and the direction of the vorticity
in , and B 2 = -8_ > 0 (supersonic flow). The components of the vector
cross product _ (R-RI) = _ x R which are not normal to the plane of _ have
been left out of equation (14) because, when the limit operation --o is
carried out, they will vanish. The area A is bounded by a line parallel to
the vorticity direction going through x -(I+B)e and by the intersection of the
Mach forecone from the point (o, o, s) with the z-plane, consequently, if
the integration with respect to x is performed first,
(_)
f ,t F - x dx dy
ix2_B2(y2 + 2)}3/2 }
ty -(I+B) e
where t = tan A , and kl, _2 are the values of y correspondim_ to the inter-
section of the line x=ty -(l+B) with the hyperbola x -- -B_y 2 + e2" Let
= e2(l+RB)_2(l+B)_ty _(B2_t 2) y2, then the finite part of the x-
integration yields
Since is a very sm_ll quantity, the variation of y in the interval (kl, 42)
is going to be equally small, and, therefore, the quantity within brackets in
the last integrand of equation (16) can be replaced by a mean value and taken
outside of the integral sign. The same is not true of the term 1/_-_ since
it will vary from co for y = 41, go through finite values in the integration
interval, and then again increase to eo for y = _. With this in mind, and if
denotes a mean value of y, I() can be written as
But 41, _2 are the roots of ty-c = -B_y 2 + 2 , i.e., they are the roots of
the polynomial denoted by _. Thus
Introducing this expression for ^/--_ into (17), and taking the limit
--o, the following value for I() is obtained:
_2
41
dy
= (20)
_i 41-Y) (Y- _ )
41
8
The contribution of the inherent singularity to the velocity field,
within T, induced by the vorticity patch T, and dented herein byw*, is
therefore given by
Velocity fields due to complex vortex curves can be generated by the linear
superposition of fields induced by simple vortex geometries. For instance, the
velocity field due to a horseshoe line vortex can be obtained by the addition of
the corresponding fields induced by three rectilinear segments: a transverse
skewed segment, and two trailing leg_ figure 2. Therefore, the determination of
the velocity field due to a line vortex segment of constant, but arbitrary, sweep
is the fundamental building block in the formulation of aerodynamic influence
coefficients of complex three-dimensional vortex lattices. Choosing a coordinate
system such that the vortex line lies in the plane z = O, the conventional discrete
vortex contribution to the velocity at a point whose coordinates are (Xo, Yo' Zo)
Ls given, in Cartesian components, by the following expressions
(22)
,v = - rZ 22 K
I (x-x)2 + _2( (y_yo)2 + Zo2) } 3/2
(X-Xo) dy - (y-yo) dx
w = + 2wK
F ,82 _C
I (x-x)2 _2( (y_yo)2 + Zo2) I 3/2
9
where rrepresents the circulation per unit length of discrete vortex line
length, and the integrations are to be carried out along that part of C which
satisfies the conditions
Xo )2 + _2
(x- ((Y- Yo )2 + Zo2). >0
and
For the transverse leg of the horseshoe vortex, the coordinate x appearing
in equations (22) can be expressed as a function of y, i.e., x = ty, and the
indicated integrations carried out between the limits y = -s and y = +s,
figure 2. By defining the following auxiliary variables
XI = XO + ts x2 = x0 - ts
Yl = Yo + s Y2 = Yo - s
X* = x - ty
The resulting formulas giving the velocity components induced by the skewed
transverse rectilinear vortex filament can be written as follows:
u = + 2_K . x *2 +
r___&z 1
(t2+_) Zo 2 I ,_,/X tXl
i2 +
_2 (
+ 132y1
Yl
2+z 2 )
o _/X2 2 + _2
(Y2 +Zo )
]
tx 2 + _2y 2
V _ m
F
r x* I .txl + _2yl
W
x + (t2+_2) Zo x 2 +
2_K *2 2 [ _/ 1 _2 (yl2+Zo 2 llfX2 tx2
2 + #+ _2y2""
,,2,2 tY 2 +Z o 2, )
]
In the above expressions, the coordinates (Xo, Yo, Zo) of the receiving
field point are measured with respect to the midpoint of the rectilinear vortex
segment, the x-y plane of the coordinate system coinciding with the plane de-
fined by the x-axis and the vortex itself.
lO
F
The case of a rectilinear vortex segment parallel to the x-axis (t = _ ) is
of special importance since the trailing legs of a horseshoe vortex are gen-
erally assumed to be parallel to the x-axis. Since dy = 0, equations (22)
become
u = 0
FZo '_2 _ dx
u = 0
- -- 0 1 XO - xf
1 (2_)
2 2 2
V = 2wK
_ZO LIj o _2-
(Xo-Xl)_ X+ X,
((yo-y) + zo ) (Xo_Xf)2 + f12((yo_y) + Zo ) Cyo-y) 2 + Zo 2
+ _2 ((yo_y)2 + Z 2) (Xo-Xf) {,
2 x+ I_2
- xf
((yo-y) + Zo2) ] Yo
(yo-y) -
2 y
z 2
0
x. = _ if M_<I
i
XI
= xO - 4-_ 2 ((Yo+S) 2 + zO 2) i,f M. >I
xf - ts
y ---- --S
ii
Likewise, the contribution from the starboard trailing leg can be computed
by introducing the following values into equations (25)
x.1 = +ts
xf = _ if M_<I
y = 4"8
Combining these results with equations (23), the formulas defining the
flow field induced by a discrete vortex consisting of a skewed segment and two
trailing legs parallel to the x-axis (the skewed-horseshoe vortex) are obtained.
Keeping in mind Hadamard's finite part concept, and after introducing the fol-
lowing notation
2
txl + _ Yl
F1 =
_/Xl 2 + _2 (yl2+Zo 2)
2
tx2 + _ Y2
F2 = __
_2
_x2 2 + (y2 2 + zo 2 )
(26)
x1
G1 = + C ; (M<'I: C = i; M. >I: C = O)
_/- Xl 2 + _2 (Yl 2 + Zo 2)
x2
G2 = + C ; (M_ <i: C = i; M. >i: C = 0)
I 2 _2 2 2)
x2 + (Y2 + Zo
then, the horseshoe vortex induced field formulas can be expressed as follows:
12
r Zo (Fz - F 2)
u (xo, yo, Zo) = + 2_--_x*2 + (t 2 + _2) z 2
o
(FI F2) t G1 Q2 I
+
v (xo, Yo' Zo) = + F I 2 2 2 2 _ (27
2w---K
Z [ - x *2 + (t2+ _2 ) z 2
Yl + Zo Y2 + Zo
F (FI - F2) Yl Y2
Equation (28) is applicable to both subsonic and supersonic flow in its present
format. But for the supersonic flow case, the fact that the constant C of the
G functions becomes null due to the finite part concept allows further simpli-
fication of the upwash equation. Introducing the corresponding values of the
F and G functions, the er)anded version of equation (28) is
Yl tx2 + _2y2
w (xo, Yo' O) _g i - ,.
2wK
tx I ++ 2
x Yl 22 + Y22 ]
l
(29
xl/Y 1 x2/Y 2
+
13
Since
in factors
x = of
Xo i (x
tYo
I _ = _yl)
Xl- %/x12
tYl = +x2-
_2 ylty2 ],-I theandrea[rrangement
(x 2 _ tY2) Jx22
of equation
+ _2 Y22
(2i)-i
When the field point (Xo, Yo' O) is within the distributed vorticity patch
which is approximated by the discrete horseshoe vortex, e.g., the control point
associated with the horseshoe, the upwash given by equation (30) has to be
complemented by the distribution due to the generalized principal part of the
upwash integral, as given by equation (21). If _x is the distance, measured
in the x-direction, occupied by the distributed vorticity which has been
lumped into the discrete transverse vortex leg of circulation _ the relation-
ship between the F of equation (21) and the Fof equations (27) and (30) is
F = _cos A 6x (31)
The method of quadrilateral vortex rings placed on the actual body sur-
face (ref. l) provides a way of computing the surface pressure distribution
of arbitrary bodies using discrete vortex lines only. Numerical difficulties
may occur when the above method is applied to the analysis of airfoils with
sharp trailing edges due to the close proximity of two vortex surfaces of
nearly parallel direction. An alternative approach, requiring somewhat less
computer storage and easier to handle numerically, consists in using a double,
or biplanar, sheet of swept horseshoe vortices to model a lifting surface
with thickness, as shown schematically in figure 3. This constitutes an
approximation to the true location of the singularities, similar in nature to
the classical lifting surface theory approximation of a cambered sheet.
All the swept horseshoe vortices, and their boundary condition control
points, corresponding to a given surface, upper or lower, are located in a
same plane. The upper and lower surface lattice planes are separated by a
gap which represents the chordwise average of the airfoil thickness distri-
bution. The results are not too sensitive to the magnitude of this gap; any
value between one half to the full maximum chordwise thickness of the airfoil
has been found to be adequate, the preferred value being two thirds of the
maximum thickness. Furthermore, the gap can vary in the direction normal to
the x-axis to allow for spanwise thickness taper. On the other hand, the
chordwise distribution, or spacing, of the transverse elements of the horse-
shoe vortices have a significant influence on the accuracy of the computed
surface pressure distribution. For greater accuracy, for a given chordwise
number of horseshoe vortices, the transverse legs have to be longitudinally
spaced according to the cosine distribution law
where x_ - x o represents the distance from the leading edge to the midpoint
of the Swept leg of the Jth horseshoe vortex, c is the length of the local
chord running through the midpoints of a given chordwise strip, and N is the
number of horseshoe vortices per strip. The chordwise control point location
corresponding to this distribution of vortex elements is given by
C
xj - x = c 1 - cos _
The control points are located along the centerline, or midpoint line, of the
chordwise strip (fig. 4). Lan has shown (ref. 7) that the chordwise 'cosine'
collocation of the lattice elements, defined by equations (32) and (33),
greatly improve the accuracy of the computation of the effects due to lift.
His results are directly extendable to the computation of surface pressure
distributions of wings with thickness by the biplanar lattice scheme pre-
sented herein.
(34)
15
the bound trailing legs of the horseshoe vortices lie parallel to the axis
(fig. 5). As the body cross section changes shape along its length, the
corresponding polygon is allowed to change accordingly, but with the constraint
that the polygonal vertices must always lie in the sa_rle set of radial planes.
The axial spacing of the cross-sectional planes that determine the transverse
vortex elements, or polygonal rings, follows the cosine law of equation (B2).
The boundary condition control points are located on the auxiliary body sur-
face, and in the bisector radial planes, with their longitudinal spacing given
by equation (33).
The fact that the vector _: instead of V, appears in the left hand member
of equation (_5)j. requires some elaboration. First, it should be pointed out
that for small perturbations w . n_ V n'. Furthermore, for incompressible
flow (8 = I), the vector _ is _dentical to the perturbation velocity _. Con-
sequently, the boundary condition eqL_tion (3_) is consistent with the con-
tinuity equation, _. w = O_ to a first order for compressible flow, and to any
higher order for incompressible flow. But when a higher order boundary con-
dition is applied in compressible flow to a iinearized solution, it should be
remembered that this solution satisfies the conservation of _, not of V, i.e.,
. _ = O. Thus, the higher order boundary condition should involve the
reduced current velocity, or perturbation mass flux, vector w, as in equation
(35), rather than the perturbation velocity vector _.
The body camber, which was eliminated in the definition of the auxiliary
body, is taken into acco_mt in the computation of the direction cosines _,m,
and n, which are implicit in equation (35). Therefore, the effect of camber
is represented in the boundary condition but ignored in the spatial placement
of the horseshoe elements. This scheme will give a fair approximation to
cambered fusiform bodies provided that the amount of body camber is not too
large.
16
Computation of Sideslip Effects
After the circulation strengths of the above lattice geometry are solved
for under the appropriate boundary conditions, the pressure coefficient dis-
tribution is computed in accordance with the higher order expression
2
c - IU_ u + v_ v) (36)
p 2
q_
where U_ and V_ are the components along the x and y body axes of the free-
stream velocity vector of modulus q_ ; the corresponding perturbation velocity
components are denoted by u and v, as usual. The use of equation (36) instead
of the linear approximation
17
2
Cp 2 U_ u (37)
q_
is required for the correct computation, within the present framework, of the
rolling moment due to sideslip of a planar wing. This is due to the fact that
the bound trailing legs, being defined in body axes, are not lined up with the
free-stream flow and therefore, according to the theorem of Kutta, they con-
tribute to the normal force. This contribution is represented by the second
order term in equation (36), namely, V_ v. Even though this contribution is
of second order, it must be included in the computation of the differential
rolling moment due to sideslip, since this quantity itself is of the second
order for a planar, or nearly planar, wing.
The four items discussed in the preceding section, i.e., the inclusion of
the vorticity-induced residual term w* for supersonic flow, the biplanar scheme
for representing thickness effects, the use of a vortex grid of concentrical
polygonal cylinders for the simulation of fusiform bodies, and the special
lattice geometry consisting of both bound and free elements for the analysis
of sideslip effects, have been implemented in a computational procedure herein
known as the generalized vortex lattice (GVL) method. This method, outlined
in what follows, has been codified in a Fortran IV computer program (VORLAX).
The basic element of the method is the swept horseshoe vortex whose trail-
ing legs has both bound and free segments. The latter segments may trail to
downstream infinity in any arbitrary, but predetermined, direction whereas the
bound trailing legs are laid out on the proper cylindrical control surfaces in
a direction which is parallel to the x body axis. Figure 8 illustrates sche-
matically the representation of a wing-body configuration within the context
of the present method. In this illustration, the streamwise arrangement of
the lattice follows the cosine distribution law, equation (32), but both chord-
wise and spanwise distributions of vortex lines can be independently specified
to be either of the cosine or of the equal spacing. To each horseshoe vortex
there corresponds a control point which is placed midway between the bound
trailing legs of the horseshoe; the longitudinal location of the control point
is determined by equation (33) if the cosine chordwise distribution has been
chosen, otherwise it is located halfway between the transverse legs, as
required by quarter-chordthree-quarter-chord rule.
18
The velocity field induced by the elementary horseshoe vortex is given by
equations (27) when above constants are both zero, and by somewhat more compli-
cated expressions which take into account the kinks in the trailing legs when
either one or both of the wake floatation parameters are nonzero. Though not
presented here, these expressions can be easily derived through the application
of equations (23).
When the influence induced by a horseshoe vortex upon its own control
point is being evaluated, the contribution from the generalized principal part,
as given by equation (21), is included in the normalwash if the free-stream is
supersonic Furthermore, for the supersonic case, the simplified downwash
formula, equation (30), is used whenever the receiving point is in the same
plane of the inducing horseshoe.
1 When the configuration sideslip angle is not zero, the net loading
coefficient of a zero-thickness surface is calculated through the
use of the higher order expression (36); and
19
panels is carried out according to Lan's procedure (ref. 7), whose application
to supersonic flow is made possible by the generalized vortex-induced velocity
field formulas presented in this report. If equal chordwise lattice spacing
is specified, the contribution of the leading edge suction singularity to the
forces and moments is calculated by the technique indicated by Hancock in
reference i0; this approach is not nearly as accurate as Lan's, the magnitude
of the leading edge suction being significantly underestimated.
Ground proximity effects are analyzed by the method of images, i.e., the
configuration is mirrored about the ground plane; the flow around the airplane
and its image then contains a stream surface which coincides with the ground
plane due to the symmetry of the arrangement. In this modeling of a configu-
ration in ground proximity, it is assumed that the trailing vorticity wake
floats to downstream infinity parallel to the plane of the ground.
Numerical Considerations
where C is a numerical constant whose value is greater than, but close to, i.
It has been found that this procedure yields satisfactory results, and that
these results are quite insensitive to reasonable variations of the param-
eter C.
2O
behind this sonic vortex are subsonic and supersonic, respectively. Thi_:
problem can be handled by replacing the boundary condition ecumti_:_nfor such
sonic vortex with the averaging equation
where YI* is the circulation strength of the critical horseshoe vortex, _ud
I*-i and YI*+I are the respective circulation values for the fore-mud-aft
adjacent subsonic and supersonic vortices.
The axialwash induced velocity component(u) is meededfor the com!_utation
of the surface pressure distribution, and for the formulation of the bcundary
condition for fusiform bodies. Whenthe field point is not too close to the
generating vorticity element, the axialwash is adequately described by the
conventional discrete horseshoe vortex representation. But if this point is
in the close vicinity of the generating element, as may occur in the biplanar
and in the concentrical cylindrical lattices of the present method, the error
in the computation of the axialwash due to the discretization of the vorticity
becomes unacceptable. This problem is solved by resorting to a vortex-splitting
technique, similar to the one presented in reference ]I. Briefly, this tech-
nique consists of computing the axialwash induced by the transverse leg of a
horseshoe as the summation of several transverse legs longitudinally redis-
tributed, according to an interdigitation scheme, over the region that contains
the vorticity represented by the sing3e discrete vortex. '?his is _]one only if
the point at which the axialwash value is required lies withim a given near
field region surrounding the original discrete vortex.
Conical flow theory provides a body of exact results, within the context
of linearized supersonic flow, for some simple three-dimensional configurations.
These exact results can be used as bench mark cases to evaluate the accuracy of
numerical techniques. This has been done rather extensively for the CVI, method,
and very good agreement between it and conical flow theory has been observed in
the computed aerodynamic load distribution and all force and moment coefficients.
Only some typical comparisons are presented in this report, figures 9 through 12.
The treatment of sideslip cases by the present method does not require
higher order solutions, as is necessary for the skewed free-stream approach,
and it is not as geometrically complicated as the skewed-wing formulation.
Yet the analysis of complex configurations in sideslip still requires care
and caution due to the numerical anomalies that may result from the inter-
action among aircraft components, such as a horizontal tail or a body, and
the "free" trailing legs of the horseshoe vortices.
22
Uoo
UOO
_-A tan 1_
B
/
/
,/
/
/
\ / \ /
-- "-_- ---T Z
23
ll
oi
u_
+_
CO
C_
24
\ 0
|
4-
0
(.) _'-IN
' II
i'c 0
.H
o
i_-
II @
o
tO
o.
\ N)
-rt
\\
.r'l
o
hi)
_
r-I
0 @
O
>.
n- \ !
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Z
N)
0
25
II o
.H
o
o
r-_
O
O
\ O
._-I
r,H
_0
zl_z_l
26
0
*r4
+ ..ID
i..-_ 0
E :>
+ 0
|,--
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II
I-i
i _- o
0
i
ff
I/ _\ I x_-
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I,- I.LI H
o z 0 %
> _ n" o
w -J .r'l
! \ o"1- X
"'
Z
0
m
_ !k m I--
n" o
V-. _ oI o 0
> ,.,4 r4
IJ. U.
0 0 o
Z Z
O u- 0 0 I
I i
I-- I--
Z m D D
rn hn
_D i i
N?
n,- rr _
I- I-
--I --I
g
\ i <
X
<
X
< <
o_ v _
2?
,<
ILl
o,-t
I--
X W
m,. I.l.I
v n,- 0,-I
I.L
I.l.I 0,-t
I.I.,I
v
-T-I
o_
>- 0
0
.r.I
X 0
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I
a
I.l.I
1.1.1
b_
28
H
,--t
Ul
IlJ
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r.t
or-t
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0
il II
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29
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N)
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,-4
4._
%
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@
t-.1
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,%
I1)
@
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CO
I1)
%
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30
o
._
o
o
-p
o
0 o
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0 o
%
II
X
cl
0 o
r-+
m
4._
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0 H
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32
0
o
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%
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33
h
c_
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H
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h
o
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4-_
i]1
o,1
,%
B4
AR = 6.95 = 0.124 T/C = 12.4%
AC/4 = 35
T/ =0.55&1.0 T/C=9.0%
048
15
---b/2--_
-0.8
A_
-0.6 -_ 7 = 0.15
-0.4
-0.2
Cp o G,--2
. ,_,,.. -- -....._.. o,..o.
_._
0.2 " GVL EXP -t
!
0.4 U.S...---.. z_
-1.0
= 0,90
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
A | |
Cp -0.2
0
_. o _ -o,,4,.
_
0.2 GVL EXP
U.S. --'--
0.4
L.S. , -,',, o
0.6
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x/c x/c
35
-0.6
LID =
-0.4
L/D = 8
Cp o.2
Figure
14.- Theoretical comparison of pressure distribution on
ellipsoids at zero angle of attack in incompressible
flow.
36
APPENDIX A
37
THEVORLAX
COMPUTER
PROGRAM
A computer program has been developed for the aerodynamic analysis and
design of arbitrary aircraft configurations in subsonic and supersonic flow.
This computer program, herein identified as VORLAX,has been codified in
FORTRAN IV for use on the CDC6600, the IBM 360, and the IBM 370 digital
computer systems. A complete compilation and executed case in CDCFORTRAN IV
is contained in Appendix B. Two auxiliary interface programs, treated in
Appendices C and D, provide for input data transformation from NASAWaveDrag
format (Reference 12) to VORLAXformat (Appendix C) and for transformation
from VORLAX to NASAWaveDrag format (Appendix D).
39
PRACTICAL INPUT INSTRUCTIONS
Wing thickness effects can be taken into account within the context of
control surface theory. By control surface theory one means that the exact
linearized theory is used to evaluate induced velocities along a given mean
surface, known as the control surface, and these values enter into the com-
putation of the bounda_ conditions which are satisfied at this control surfac,
rather than at the actual boundary surface. The control surface equivalent
of a typical two-dimensional airfoil is illustrated in figure A-I. The
assumption inherent in control surface theory is that the induced velocities
vary very little in the vicinity of the surface. Experience has shown that
for the majority of practical configurations the loss in accuracy is neg-
ligible, and is more than compensated for by the increase in computational
efficiency. Any wing-like component with thickness is then represented by
a double set of panels, one for the upper surface and one for the lower
surface as sho_ _" schematically in figure A-2.
All the swept horseshoe vortices, and their boundary condition control
points, corresponding to a given surface, upper or lower, are located in a
same plane. The upper and lower surface lattice planes are separated by
a gap which represents the chordwise average of the airfoil thickness
4O
0
Z
0
uJ
Z
J
X
uJ
iv
0
> @
Z
uJ
,--t
l.U
_I @
l.IJ
o
@
0
r_
i.-4
0
f,-i
0
r.D
,-4
I
t:_
.r4
b,1
\
+
C2
_
4._
0
,el
4._
,r'J
_1
,.el
4.)
or'4
e---4
d
!
<
t_
_
42
distribution. The results are not too sensitive to the magnitude of this
gap; any value between one half to the full maximum chordwise thickness of
the airfoil has been found to be adequate, the preferred value being two
thirds of the maximum thickness. Furthermore, the gap can vary in the
direction normal to the x-axis to allow for spanwise thickness taper. On
the other hand, the chordwise distribution, or spacing, of the transverse
elements of the horseshoe vortices have a significant influence on the ac-
curacy of the computed surface pressure distribution. For greater accuracy,
for a given chordwise number of horseshoe vortices, the transver_e legs
have to be longitudinally spaced according to the cosine distributicn law
Xj - x 0 =-_" - COS
v
where xj - x o represents the distance from the leading edge to the midpoint
of the swept leg of the Jth horseshoe vortex, c is the length of the local
chord running through the h/dpoints of a given chordwise strip, and N is the
number of horseshoe vortices per strip. The chordwise control point location
corresponding to this distribution of vortex elements is given by
xj- x =_ - cos _
The control points are located along the centerline, or midpoint line, of
the chordwise strip (figure A-3).
_3
o
+_
o
o
rH
r_
0
0
0
or-t
-i-)
c_
,-H
.p
o
i1)
%
or"l
r_
z z
41,
iii
m o
0
0 C_
.,--I
, _I _
0
II I>
I1)
f_
0
AZ
.r-I
Z
I 0
0
0
z 0 ,r-t
m
X Z
w 0 0
o d ,r-I
0 0
I
Z Z
o 0
I I
I1)
%
rt
i I
I i
X X
45
INPUT CARD IMAGE DESCRIPTION
The cards that constitute the input data deck are described in the
following paragraphs. All format specifications are given in FORTRAN IV.
While some 19 cards are described, this does not mean that input for a
case consists of 19 cards. Rather, these should be thought of as card types.
Furthermore, not all card types will be included in a given case, those to
be included or deleted being a function of some of the input values as shown
in figure A-5.
46
48
0
.H
.r4
0
0
#
0
,0
t_2
% 0.-I
%
0
%
+_
_q
r_
I1)
.H
t_9
_v = FLCATY'BETA with the X-Z plan, where
BETA is the freestream angle of slideslip
(see figure A-6).
5O
YAWQ Yaw rate in degrees/second in FI0.0 format
starting in column 41. + = left yaw or air-
stream component washing from left to right
across nose of airplane. Input O. or blank
when LATRAL is O. Used to obtain dynamic
51
WSPAN Total wing span in units consistent with
SREF and CBAR, in FI0.0 format starting in
column 51. If left blank, a value of 2.0
will be assuaged by the program.
Note: Columns 41-80 of cards (7) and (8) are not read. Thus, any informatior
useful for identification purposes may be written there.
52
Note that the side edges i and 2 of a major panel, which have just been
described by the input in cards (7) and (8), define the direction of the posi-
tive normal for that panel. This is determined by the feet-to-head direction
for an observer standing on the panel looking upstream (dc_m the negative
X-axis) and with panel edge i to his left, and panel edge 2 to his right. In
this analogy it is assumedthat gravity is not a factor in that am _bserver
could be standing on the bottom of a wing, for example, equally as easily as
he might stand on top. In the case of curved panels, such as a nacelle com-
ponent, the direction of the positive normal loses its meaning for the panel
as a whole, but it is still applicable to each one of the longitudinal, or
chordwise, strips that make up the major panel.
CARD(9) NV_R Numberof spanwise elements or vortices that
will be used to represent the p_nel, in FI0.0
format starting in column i. NV_R_i00.0.
RNCV Numberof chordwise vortices that will be
used to represent the panel, in FI0.0 format
starting in column ]I. R_CV_50. The
program, using NV_Rand RI_CV, will subdivide
the panel under consideration into a gr_d of
NV@R x RNCV swept horseshoe vortices collo-
cated in accordance with the values of the
LAX and LAY parameters. Note that chordwise
and lateral distributions are ingependent,
e.g., a cosine chordwise spacing (LA_<=O) is
compatible with equal spanwise distribution
(LAY = I), and vice versa. The corresponding
control points at which the boundary condi-
tions are satisfied are collocated according
to the law (X/C)contro I = 0.5 (J-cos (K_/N)),
K varying between I and N, where N is the
number of chordwise vortices, if LAX = 0. If
LAX = I, then the control points are placed
at (X/C)contro I = (LK-I)/(hN), n_mely, accor-
ding to the equally spaced three-quarter
chord distribution. The spanwise location
of the control points is always at the center-
line of the elementary swept horseshoe
vortices.
53
In addition to the above limitations to the
values of NV@R and RNCV, if more than one
major panel is used in the description of
the configuration, the following should be
observed:
NPAN
If LATRAL=O, NV_R x RNCV _<2000
1
NPM_
If LATRAL=I, NV#R x RNCV x IQUANT _<2000
I
54
PHI is input in FIO.0 format starting in
column i. This and the subsequent input RO
constitute a polar coordinate pair. The
number of pairs to be input = NV_R + i. Four
pairs per card may be input in FI0.O format
starting in co]_nn i. As many cards as
necessary are used. While the location of
the origin from which the polar angle, PHI,
is arbitrary the first PHI, R_ polar coordi-
nate pair must coincide with the YI, ZI rec-
tangular coordinates input on Card (7).
Likewise, the last input polar pair must
coincide with the Y2, Z2 of Card (8).
55
lower surface are wetted by the external flow.
ITS = 01 means that only the panel upper
surface is wetted by the real external flow.
ITS = -i indicates that only the panel lower
surface is wetted by the real external flow.
A double panel setup can then be used to
represent a wing-like component with non-zero
thickness, as previously illustrated in
Figure 2. Notice that the XI, YI, ZI, X2,
Y2, and Z2 values to be input correspond to
the control surface plane, and not to the
actual chordal plane. The results are not
critically sensitive to the separation between
the upper surface panel (ITS = 01) and the
lower surface panel (ITS = -i), a separation
of two thirds the thickness ratio of the air-
foil being a good average value to use.
56
NPP Nonplanar parameter, input as on integer in
column 62. NPP = 0 indicates that all the
vortex filaments representing a given surface
lie in the cylindrical surface whose directrix
is the leading edge of the panel, and whose
generatrices are all parallel to the X-axis.
NPP = i denotes that the transverse vortex.
filaments are located on the actual body
surface, but the bound trailing legs are par-
allel to the x-axis. This parameter affects
the definition of ZC I and ZC 2 on cards 16
and 18.
5Y
need not be equally spaced, but the same set
applies to both the root and tip chords, or
edges of the panel. Second order Lagrange or
sliding parabola interpolation is used to
interpolate between input XAF points to
obtain the surface slope value at the control
point of each subpanel.
58
and PDL > 360.0, the ZCI array represents the
camber of the bod_ axis.
This concludes the input for the first major panel of the configuration.
If there is more than one panel, then start over with Card (7) and work down
to this point. Panels may be input in any sequence.
59
NYS Number of Y-stations that will define the
butt line values of the survey grid. NYS = 00
for no survey. NYS and NZS (following) may
be any positive integer subject to NXS x NYS x
NZS _2000.
Consecutive data sets or cases can be submitted at the same time. The
program will always identify the presence of a new set by th_ corresponding
title card (Card (i)).
6O
PROGRAM
OUTPUT
61
PSPAN Panel span.
62
CMTCT Total pitching moment coefficient about moment reference center,
wind axes, referenced to SREF and CBAR.
ITS Flag which indicates type of panel surface (see input terminol-
ogy), A zero value means that the panel is considered as a zero
thickness lifting surface. A positive unit value (1) denotes
that the panel is the upper surface of an airfoil-like element.
A negative unit value (-i) corresponds to the lower surface.
In the case of body-like components, 1 denotes the external, or
wetted, surface. For a flow-through nacelle arrangement, 1
stands for the external surface, and -I for the internal surface.
zc/c If the design option is being invoked, the resulting surface warp is
printed out instead of GAMMA. This surface warp is expressed in
fraction of the local chord, and it includes both camber and twist.
63
CDC Sectional pressure drag coefficient times local chord.
64
TABLE A-I. SAMPLE OUTPUT
O.SO0 2.550
S.O00
Z **********
0.0 0.0 4.'_762 352.3OqO FUSELJGF (FUSIFORN P,NELl
0.0 0.0 -q. 7868 _52.39Q9 FUSELAGE (FUS|FORM PANFL)
3.0000 48.0000 0.0 999.b000 NVOR,RNCV,SPC,POL
7.1815 35.00 7.1815 -23.74 7.1815 -90.00 7.1815
90.00
0.0 0.0 1 29 2 0 1
0.0 3.4052 6.8104 10.2157 13.6209 17.02hl 20.&313 73.P365
30.64?0 34.0522 37.45?4 40.862? 44.7670 47.6731 54.4825
_rY.2411
66. 9693 70.3?46 75.6044 77.18_0 80.5007 83.9955
60.1989 63.5641
87.4007 90.8059 94.2111 97.6163 100. 0000
-1.0785 -0.8726 -0.6739 -0.5?50 -0.4597 -0.4512 --0._881 -0.5931
-0.76|6 -0,9293 -1.0423 --1.1501 -1.278_ -I._015 -I._7_3 -1.7472
-1.9552 -2.0687 -2 1283 -2.1737 -2.1793 -7.17_7 -?.1254 -2.C733
-1.8927 -1.7281 -I. 5125 -I.2571 -I.0409
0.0 16.0000 30.2500 45.0000 59.2900 72.2500 S%.O000 I00.0000
100.0000 100,0000 tO0.O000 IO0.O000 I00.0000 I00.0000 IO0.O00C lO0.O00C
100.0000 100.0000 I00.0000 100.0000 I00.0000 I00.0000 _.O000 72.2_00
$9.2900 45.0000 30.2500 16.0000 o.0
4 **********
I'M.SeO0 31.7410 -_.900_, 65.0010 WING P&NFL NO. 3
190.S400 36.8040 -?.?lbQ '_2.eBTG WING PANFL Nn.
2.0000 IO.O000 1.0000 0.0 NVOR,RNCVtSPC,PPL
0,0 0.0 0 13 ? 0 0
0.0 1.0000 5.00_0 10.0(_0 20.0000 30.0000 _0.0000 50.0000
&O.O000 ?O.O00C 80.0000 qO.OCO0 lO0.OOOO
0,0 0.0138 0.1708 0.34q2 0.4138 0.3?77 0.IS38 -O.O78E
-0.35S4 -0.6585 -0.9846 -1.32_I -!.6677
0.0 0.0151 0.0224 0.2623 0.3095 0.2567 0.137_ -0.022_
-.O.2227 -0._511 -0.7002 -0.9_06 -1.2_62
65
TABLE A-I. - Continued
209. 1000 2_'. 3940 -_;. 4470 39.4000 LOWER NACELLE PYLON
209.1009 22.3940 -7.2000 3_._000 LOWER NACELLE PYLON
I 0000 10.0000 O.0 0.0
0.O 0.0 0 0 2 O 0
IC _w_ _ _
?09. 1000 ?t2.3940 -7. 2000 39.4000 LOWER NACELLE
209. I000 22.3040 -7. 2000 39.4000 LOWER NACELLE
o.0000 10.0000 O.0 q99.0000 NVOR,RNCV,SPC,PDL
90.00 3.2000 30.00 3.2C00 -30.00 3.2000 -eO.O0 3.2000
-15G.O0 3.2000 -210.00 3.2000 -2000 3.2000
0.0 0.0 1 3 2 0 I
0.0 1i.9148 tO0. 0000
0.0 0.0 0.0
l _0. 0000 I00.0000 I00.0000
0 0 0
66
_ 000o
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67
P. '_ c,
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92
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE EFFICIENT USE OF THE VORLAX PROGRAM
The definitions of the input and output data presented above should
suffice for the running of any arbitrary configuration through the VORLAX
program. But in order to achieve an efficient and accurate use of the capa-
bilities provided by the generalized nonplanar vortex lattice method, the
following recommendations should be adhered to:
When running a new configuration for the first time, run only one
flow condition point, i.e., NMACH=I and NALPHA=I, to check out the
input deck. This should be repeated for both subsonic and super-
sonic Mach numbers if the analysis of the given configuration will
extend through both flow regimes.
When major panels are in tandem, and lying approximately in the same
plane, the spanwise distribution of vortex elements should be iden-
tical to prevent the trailing vortex legs shed by the fore panel
from running through the control points of the aft panel, in which
case, pressure distributions may show spurious oscillations with
possible consequent effects on aerodynamic coefficients.
93
(2) Load distribution and drag type data (good definition of the
aerodynamic load distribution, both spanwise and chordwise_
is required, accurate drag coefficient values are needed):
medium density lattice.
94
t_O
U.I
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95
APPENDIX B
97
HARDWARE
ANDSYSTEMS
The program has been used for a wide range of aircraft configurations
and a good idea of the best operational procedures has been established.
The program has been run at sizes ranging from 65K words (260K bytes) to
85K words (340K bytes). An initial attempt was made to use a central memory
region of 65K. This proved extremely inefficient because the number of
accesses for I/O to peripheral storage soared with the imposed limitation
of small buffers for each logical unit used. The program became I/O bound
and larger buffers were called for. By going to large buffers, approximately
3000 words are accessed with a single read or write. With the smaller
buffers, the number of words per access might be 600 - a factor of five
smaller. When large cases are run on VORLAX, 5 to lO million words may have
to be accessed; it is readily apparent that the number of reads and writes
can become overwhelming if the buffering is not adequate.
Almost all cases run on VORLAX use less than 20 minutes of central pro-
cessor time on the 360/91. Lockheed has demonstrated that a 25 minute case
will run in about 15 minutes on a Control Data Cyber 175. It is, however,
incumbent on the user to ensure that the system control language is properly
adjusted to optimize operation of the program and the computer on which it
is running.
Since the Spring of 1975, the source coding has almost doubled in size
99
with a comparable increase in program flexibility and capability and yet
central memory requirements have only increased about 20 percent. This was
made possible only through continued attention to the optimization of the
operation of the program on Lockheed's computer complex. It is of on-going
concern to continue to study possible means of improving program operational
efficiency, and to this end several novel ideas are being actively examined
for their possible future incorporation to the computer code.
lO0
PROGRAM
UNIFIEDVORTEX
LATTICEMETHOD
FORSUBSONICANDSUPERSONIC
FLOW
(VOP_AX)
COMPLETE COMPILE
AND EXECUTION
IN CDC FORTRAN
i01
C{)NTROL._VRL X o AAMA [ NC_) g/16/7 VORLAX
VORLAX
C VORLAX
C VORLAX
C L {_00 CCCC _, _, H H EEEFE EEEEE l)Lh)i) VORLAX
C L 0 0 C K K H H E E 0 O VORLAX
C L 0 0 C K K H H E E D D VORLAX
C L 0 0 C KK HHHHH EEErE EEEEE I) 0 VOHLAX
C L f) _ C K K H H E E I) l) VORLA_
C L D 0 C K K H H E E b 0 VORLAX
C LLLLL 000 CCCC K K H H EEEFE EEEEE Ot)bF)O VORLAX
C VORLAX
C VORLAX
C VORLAX
C PPpPP RR_RR 000 PPPPP RRRRR IT)'(( _EEEE ;TTTI AAA RRRRR Y Y VORLAX
C P P R R D I) p P R R 1 E T A A R R Y Y VORLAX
C PPPPP RRRR_' 0 0 PPPPP RRRRR I EEEEE T AAAAA RRRRR Y VORLAX
C P R R O 0 P R R I F. 1 A A R R Y VORLAX
C P R R 0 0 v R R I E T A A R R Y VORLAX
C P R R 000 P R R fill( 'E'_EEEE T A A R R Y VORLAX
C VORLAX
VORLAX
THIS DATA CONTAINS INFORMATION AND/OR DESIGNS WHICH ARE THE PROPERTY OF
LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION.
RECIPIENT, BY ACCEPTING THE SAME, AGREES THAT THE DATA WILL NOT BE REPRO-
DUCED, TRANSFERRED TO OTHER DOCUMENTS, DISCLOSED OUTSIDE OF THE RECIPIENT
ORGANIZATION, OR USED FOR MANUFACTURING OR PROCUREMENT WITHOUT THE
EXI'_ESS WRITTEN PERMISSION OF LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION. THIS
I.IMITATION MAY BE REMOVED OCTOBER 1977.
C VORLAX
C GENERALIZED VORIEX LATTICE PROGRAM (S(IRSOI_IC/SUPERSONIC NoNPIANAR) VORLAX
C LUIS R. MIRANDA (DEUT. 75-_I) IBLOG. f-,]G /(;_]3) 847-68I_/ VORLAX
C WILLIAM M. I]AKER (F)EPI. 80-34) /BLOG. 67 /(_13I _.7-_537/ VORLAX
C _,_,r_ LOCKHEED-CALIFORNIA COMPANY., HU_BANK cALIFORNIA _'_'*_ VORLAX
C COMPUTER SERVICES .;{)F_NUMBER _-565 VORLAX
C VORLAX
C VORLAX
C VORLAX
C VORLAX
C V V 000 RRRRR L ,_ X X VORLAX
C V V n 0 R R L A A X X VORLAX
C V V 0 0 RRRRR L AAAAA X VORLAX
C V V 0 0 R R L A A X _ VORLAX
C V 000 R k LLLLL A A X X VORLAX
C VORLAX
C VORLA_
C VORL AX
PROGRAM vORLA_. ( INPUT, OUIPU [, TAPES=INPUI T APEB=OUIPUT. TAPE I , T APE2 ' VORLAX
_'TAPE3, I APE4, TAPET, TAPEg,_ IAPE l | TAPPI2) VORLAX
Co VORLAX
C.o.OFFINITION OF VARIABLES STOREO IN C,OMMON t-'fLOCKS. VOI;'LAX
C... VORLA_
zo3
C..,B2 COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR (M eL2 - I,) VORLAX
C,,.CO, CL, CM, CN PANEL DRAG, LIFT, PITCHING MOMENT, AND _OPMAL VORLAX
Clod FORCE COEFFICIENTS, VORLAX
C...CX, CY PANEL X- AND Y-FoRCE COEFFICIENTS. VORLAX
C.,.DL DIHEDRAL OF CHORDWISE ROW OF HORSESHOE vORT! VORLAX
C,,, cES. VORLAX
C.,.FN, FY PANEL NORMAL AND Y-FOHCF PER UNIT Q. VORLAX
C.,.IH, IQ ANGLE OF ATTACK AND NACH NUMBER INDICES. VORLAX
C...NI TOTAL NUMBER OF CHORDWISE ROWS OF VORTICES. VORLAX
C.,.RM PANEL ROLLING MOMENT PEP UNIT Q, VORLAX
C,.,SX SPANWISE LOCATION INCEX, VORLAX
C,,.XS ABSCISSAE OF FLOW FIELD SURVEY CROSS-PLANES, VORLAX
C.,,M PANEL YAWING MOMENT PER UNIT Q. VORLAX
C,,,YY V-COORDINATE OF HORSESHOE VORTEX CENTRUID_, VORLAX
C.,,ZC NORMAL CAMBER COORDINATr IN FRACTION of CHORD. VORLAX
C..,ZZ Z-CoORDINATE OF HoRSEsHoE VORTEX CENIRUII)_. VORLAX
C..,BIG MAXIMUM CHANGE PER RELAXATION CYCLE. VORLAX
C.,.CDCt CNC CHORDWISE CD AND CN lIMES LOCAL CHORI), VORLAX
C,.oCRMt CYN PANEL ROLLING ANO YAWING MOMENT COEFFICIENTS, VORLAX
C,.,DCP PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS (FIIHER LOAD OR VORLAX
Ceee SURFACE). VORLAX
C.,.EPS ACCEPTABLE FINAL RELAXATION CYCLE CHANGF. VORLAX
C,o,HAG HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND OF MOMENT REFERENCE VORLAX
CeDe CENIER. VORLAX
C.o. ITS_ JTS PANEL AND STRIP FLOW EXPOSURE FLA_S. VORLAX
C,,,LAX,LAY LATTICE CHOROWISE ANC SPANWISE OISTRIBUTION VORLAX
Co.. FLAGS, VORLAX
C.,.NPP PANEL CHORDWISE NONPLANARIIY FLAG. VORLAX
C...NXS, NYS, NZS NUMBER OF FLOW FIELD SURVEY PLANES (ORTHOGD VORLAX
C,o, NAL TO THE COORDINATE AXES). VORLAX
C,,.PDL PANEL 5PANWISE NONPLANARITY FLAG. ALSO PANEL VORLAX
Coee PANEL DIHEDRAL IF PANEL IS FLAT IN THE SPAN VORLAX
CeDe wiSE DIRECTION. VORLAX
C.,,PSl YAw ANGLE (POSITIVE IHEN FLOW COMES FROM VORLAX
C.,. BORTSIDE). VORLAX
C,.,RCS CROSS-SECTION RAoIUS VECTOR. VORLAX
C,,.RLM APPROXIMATE VALUE OF EIGENVALUE RADIUS _F VORLAX
CoRD NORMALmASH MATRIX, VORLAX
C. . SLE SLOPE AT LEADING EDGE. VORLAX
C,.,SPC PANEL LEADING EDgE SbCTION FACTOR. VORLAX
C.,,TNL TANGENT OF LEADING EDGE SWEEP, VORLAX
C,,.TNT TANGENT OF 1RAILING EDGE SWEEP. VORLAX
C...VSP TANGENT OF SKEWED vORTEJ LINE, VORLAX
C,..VSS SEMISPAN OF cHORDWISE VORTEX ROW. VORLAX
C.,,VST ACTUAL HORSESHOE vORIEX SEMISPAN, VORLAX
C...XAF CHORDWISE PERCENT COOrdINATES _T WHICH rAMBEH VORLAX
C... IS INPUT, VORLAX
C,o.XTE TRAILING EDGF ABSCISSA OF VORTEX ROW. VORLAX
C.,.ALFA ANGLE OF ATTACK (IN RAOIANS), VORLAX
C,o,ALOC COMPONENT OF FREE-STREAM AND ONSET FLOW% NOR VORLAX
CeI. HAL TO THE SHRFACE AT THE CONIROL POINI_. ALSO VORLAX
CeoG AUXILIARY ARRAY, VORLAX
C.,.BETA PRANDTL-BLAUERT FACTOR, VORLAX
C.,CBAR REFERENCE CHORD, VORLAX
C,,.CMTC CHORDWISE TORSIONAL NONFNI AHOUT QUARTEP CHORD VORLAX
Ce_. TIMES LOCAL CHORq, VORLAX
C.,.CSUC PANEL LEAOING EDGE TPHUSI PER UNIT Q. VORLAX
i05
C,..ORAG
PANEL INDUCED DRAG PER UNIT Q. V0RLAX
C..,NEAD
PANEL DESCRIPTION INFORMATION. VORLAX
C...IDES DESIGN (SYNTHESIS) FLAG. VORLAX
C...IPAN
HORSESHOE STRIP PANEL INDEX. VORLAX
C.,.ITER
ACTUAL NUMBER OF RELAXATION CYCLES. VORLAX
C...LIFT PANEL LIFT PER UNIT Q, VORLAX
C.,.MACH FREE-STREAM MACH NUMBER. VORLAX
C,,.NPAN NUMBER OF PANELS OEFINEN IN THE DATA INPUT. VORLAA
C...NVOR NUMBER OF PANEL cMoRDwISE STRIPS OF VORTICES. VORLAX
C.,,RNCV CHORDWISE NUMBER OF hORSESHOE VORTICES FOR A VORLAX
Ceee
GIVEN PANEL. VORLAX
C...SLEI, SLE2 SURFACE SLOPES AT LEADING EDGE OF PANEL SIDE VORLAX
COlD
EDGES. VORLAX
C,..SMAX NI. VORLAX
C...SREF CONFIGURATION REFERENCE AREA. VORLAX
C,..SURF PANEL SURFACE AREA (PLANFORM AREA). VORLAX
C,,,VINF REFERENCE FREE STREAM VFLOCITY. VORLAX
C,..XBAR ABSCISSA OF MOMENT REFERENCE CENTER. VORLAX
C,..XSUC PANEL LEADING EDGE THRUST PER UNIT Q. VORLAX
C,,.YAWQ YAW RATE (OEGS/SEC). VORLAX
C..,YNOI
BUTTLINE ORIGIN OF FLOw FIELD SURVEY GRID . VORLAX
C...ZBAR
ORDINATE OF MOMENT REFERENCE CENTER. VORLAX
C...ZETA INCIDENCE OF STREANWISE VORTEX ROW (STRIP) VORLAX
C.. CHORDLINE. VORLAX
Co..ZLEI_ ZLE_ LEADING EDGE OFFSET OF CAMBERLINE AT THE VORLAX
Ce..
PANEL SIDE EDGES. VORLAX
C.,.ZNOT wATERLINE ORIGIN OF FLOw FIELD SURVEY GRID. VORLAX
C...AINC1, AINC2 CHORDLINE INCIDENCE AT sIDE EDGES OF PANEL. VORLAX
C...ALPHA ANGLE OF ATTACK (DEGS), VORLAX
C...CDIOT TOTAL INDUCED DRAG COEFFICIENT. VORLAX
C..CHORD CHORD LENGTH MEASUREC ALONG CENTRLINE Or VORLAX
C... STREAMWISE ROW OF HORSESHOE VORTICES. VORLAX
C...CLIOT TOTAL LIFT COEFFICIENT. VORLAX
C..,CMTGT TOTAL PITCHING MOMENT COEFFICIENT. VORLAX
C...CNTO_ TOTAL YAWING MOMENT COEFFICIENT. VORLAX
C..CRTOT
TOTAL ROLLING MOMENT COEFFICIENT. VORLAX
C...CYTOT TOTAL SIDE FORCE cOEFFIcIENT. VORLAX
C...DNDXI, DNDX2 SURFACE SLOPES AT THE CONTROL POINTS MEASURED VORLAX
Coil
ALONG THE PANEL SIDE EDGES. IF DESIGN I_ IN VORLAX
COB.
VOKED, THEY ARE THE LOAD COEFFICIENTS AT THE VORLAX
Cee.
LOAD POINTS ALONG THE PANEL SIDE EDGES. VORLAX
C.,.GANMA
HORSESHOE VORTEX CIRCULATION , ALSO USED VORLAX
Ceee
AS TEMPORARY DATA STORAGE. VORLAX
C...ISOLV FLAG DETERMINING SYSIEN Of SOLUTION FOR THE VORLAA
CeI,
BOUNDARY CONDITION EQUATIONS. VORLAX
C..'LESWP PANEL LEADING EDGE SWEEp (OEGS). VORLAX
C..NMACH NUMBER OF MACH NUMBERS PER CASE. VORLAX
C...ONSET ONSET FLOW VELOCITIES GENERATED BY THE VORLAX
CaB.
ROTATION OF THE CONFIGURATION ABOUT THE VORLAX
Ceeo
MOMENT REFERENCE CENTER. VORLAX
C...PSPAN PANEL SPAN. VORLAX
C...RFLAG COEFFICIENT MULTIPLIER IN SYSTEM OF BOUNDARY VORLAX
Ceo, CONDITION EOUATIONS. VORLAX
C..;RNMAX NUMBER OF VORTICES FOR A GIVEN CHORDWISF ROW. VORLAX
C...ROLLO ROLL RATE (DEGS/SEC). VORLAX
C...SLOPE SURFACE SLOPE AT THE LATTICE CONTROL POINTS. VORLAX
C...SYNTH PANEL SYNIHESIS (DESIGN) FLAG. VORLAX
1o6
...TAPER _ANEL TAPER RATIO. VORLAX
C...TITLE CASE TITLE. VORLAX
C...WSPAN CONFIGURATION REFERENCE WING SPAN. VORLAX
C...XAPEX, YAPEX, ZAPFK COORDINATES OF PANEL FIPST SIDE EDGE LE_DING VORLAX
CJl, EDGE (PANEL APEX). VORLAX
C...CSTART CHORD LENGTH OF PANEL FIRST SIDE EDGF. VORLAX
C...OELTAY, DELTAZ 8U[TLINE AND WATERLINE SPACING OF FLOW FIELD VORLAX
Coco SURVEY GRID. VORLAX
C...FLOATX, FLOATY VORTEX WAKE FLOAIATION PARAMETERS. VORLAX
C...INTRAC PANEL LATERAL NONPLAnARITY PARANETEN. VORLAX
C...INVERS i)ESIGN (SYNTHESIS) FLAG. VORLAX
C...IQUANT PANEL SYMMETRY FLAG. VORLAX
C...ITRMAX MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NUMBER OF RELAXATION cYCLES. VORLAX
C,..LATRAI. CONFIGURATION OR FLICHT CONDITION SYMMETRY VORLAX
Co.. FLAG. VORLAX
C...MOMENT PANEL PITCHING MhMENT PER UNIT Q. VORLAX
C...NALPHA NUMBER OF ANGLES OF AITACK PER CASE. VORLAX
C...NPANAs TO_AL NUMBER OF PANELS THAT HAVE TO HE TAKEN VORLAX
C..o INTO ACCOUNT IN THE ACTUAL COMPUTATION VORLAX
C.., pROCESS. VORLAX
C...PHIMED ANGULAR COORDINATE OF CROSS-SECTION RADIU_ VORLAX
Ceoo VECTOR. VORLAX
C...PITCHU pITcH RATE (OEGS/SEC). VORLAX
Ce., VORLAX
C.. ....... ............. IPER UNIT Q[ MEANS (PER UNIT FREE-STREA_ VORLAX
C................._.....DYNAMIC PRESSUREf, VORLAX
C... VORLAX
C VORLAX
C VORLA_
107
76/76 OPl=] FIN 6.5+610n I0/04/76 iOlS.13
C...PURPOSE TO COMP*JTF FORCE AND _OMENI OAIA BY INIEBRAIION f_F VORLAX 311
CIQ. PRESSURF OISIRIBUIION "DATA ANC 8Y IAKING INTO ACcOtlNI VORLAX 3t_
Coil MATRIX (REIRIEVEI) ROw BY _OW FROM UNIT 9}, VORLAX 317
CeDe X, Y, l H2, DL, SX, yY, 7Z, CCP, JTS* LAX, PSI, VORLAX 319
CeDe SPC, VSS, VST, XTE, AIFA, MACF, NPAN, NVOR, SREF, VORLAX 320
Co'o VINF, X_AR, YAW_, iBAR, ZETA, CHORD, _AWMA, LES_, VORLAX 37I
Cea PSPAN,, RNMAX, NOLL_, SLOPE, TAPFR, CSIART, IhUANT, VORLAX 3_?
Cele VORLAX 3_
Co CD_ CL, CM, CN, CX, CY, F.J, FY, QM, YM, CDC, CNC, VORLAX 3?8
Coo CRM, CYM, CMTC, CSUC, DRA_, LIFT, SURF, XSUCw VORLAX 329
C VORLAX 334
Co .DISCUSSION SUbrOUTINE AERO C()MPUIES THE AEROBYNAMIC FORCE A_D VORLAX ]35
Clll TOTAL C()EFFICIENTS ARE RFcEREBCEn TO WIND AXES cLASS VORLAX 3_Z
Ce (P) AND (_) COEFFICIE_JIS ARE HEFFRENCEO EITHER To BODY VORLAX lw3
Cool DEFINITION. AERO SUHR(gUTINE IS CALLE0 BY MAIN FOp EVERY VORLAX 3_5
C VORLAX 3g_
C VORLAX 348
_o8
74/74 0PT=I F'TN _.S*_10J 10/04/76 10.IS.l_
lo9
74/74 DPT=I FTN _._*_IOA ]0/0_/76 I01513
VORLAX 859
Coo
tee ,PURPOSE VORLAX 860
C.. CX, SX, LAX, ALOCt IDES, CHORD, PNMAX, INVERS_ VORLAX 8_8
C VORLAX 893
C .DISCUSSION 1HIS SUBROUTINE SOLVES FOR THE CIRCULATION STRENC, IH VORLAX 8R4
Ii0
7174 OPT=l FIN 4.5+_IOA I0/04176 I0o15,13
ill
7_It4 ()PT=] FTN 4o5+_1U_ 10104176 I0.I_.13
Cioo 360.0 THEN THE TRANSVFRSE VORIEx SEGMENTS OF SAMF CXI VORLAX 113_
C*** THOUGH S/ILL CONTINU011S* FURM A POLYGONAL LINE VORLAX 113_
C.=, WHEN P_uJECTEO VN A PLANE NORMAL TO [HE X-A_]So IF VORLAA !136
C,,, NPP = 0 IHEN ALL THE TRANSVERSE vONTEx SEGMENTS VORLAX 1137
C=i. OF A GIVEN ROW (SAME SX) LIE IN THE SAME PLANE+ VORLAX 113_
C.I, BuT |F _PP = I IHEN THE TRANSVERSE SEGMENTS OF A VORLAX 113q
C,,J ROW ARE LAID ON THE ACI(IAI. BUDf _|)RFACE. THE BOUKID VORLAX lifo
C.I. 1RAILING LLGS OR SLGMENTS ARE aLwAYS PARALLEL TO VORLAX 11_1
C,I, THE X-AXIS (_JP IO IHE IRAILING EnGE OF THE GIVE_ VORLAX 11_2
Co** STRIP OP ROW). VORLAX 1143
CI,I VORLAX 1144
C*** VORLAX
112
76/74 OPT=| FTN 4,5+qlOA 10/0_/76 10,15,13
Ce.e FLOW QUANTITIES _RE ChMPUTED THROUGH THE USE OF ISFN VORLAX _0_0
Ceo. TROPIC FLOW RELATIONSHIPS. VORLAg _0?|
C VORLAX _0_
C VORLAX 20?]
i13
76176 OPT=I FIN 6.5,410a 10/0_/76 I0.15.13
C..,PURPOSE TO READ IN INPUT DATA AND PREPARE SUCH DATA FhR VORLAX |_0
C.o. VORLAX I_
Coo. DL, XS. ITS, NPP, NXS. NYS, NZS. PDL, PSI. RCS, VORLAX 1432
Coee SPC) VSS, CBARp HEAD. NACH. NPAN. NVOR, RNCVt SL_I, VOHLAX 1433
Coo. SLE2. SREF, VINF, XHAR. YAWQ, YNATt ZBAR, ZLEI. VORLAX 143_
Ceml ZLE2, ZNOT, AINCl, AINC2. ALPha. DNOXI. DNDX2. VORLAX I_}5
Cole GAMMA. I ESWP, NMACH, PSPAN. ROLL,. SYNIH. TAPER. VORLAX 143_
Coo. WSPAN, XAPEX, YAPEX, ZAPEX, CSIAPT. UELTAY, DELT_Z. VORLAX 14_7
C... BEING THE CENTERLINE PLANE WIT, THE X-AXIS POINIIN& VORLA_ 14w7
C... DOWNSTRrAM. AN() THE Z-AXI_ DI_CTEU UP_ARD_ IHE VORLAX IWW_
C... Y-AXIS _OINTS To SIARHOAmq. TPE oRIGIN OF T_E SYs VORLAX 1440
Co.. TEM CAN BE ANY CONVEVIENT DO,hi IN THE X-_ PLANE. Ve_LAX 14_0
C..I (ABOUT THE X-Z PLANE) AND/OR A_YMMETRICAL COMPO- VORLAX 145P
C..o ONLY THE STARHOARD ELEMENTS ARt _PECIFIED. THE VORLAX 145W
Co.. COUNTED ONLY ONCE. FOR INSTANCE. a WING OF ZERO VOPLAX I_SH
Coo. EDGES, AND WITH LINEAR LOFTINE METWEEN RO_)I AND VORLAX I4_l)
C.eo AND NON-LINEAR CHANGES IN TWIST AND AIRFOIL_ S_CIIOHS VORLAX 1W_P
C..o ARE DESCRIBED BY DEFINING MORE THAN ONF PANEL FUh A VORLAX 14_
Co.. GIVEN WING. SUBROUTINE INPUT PWEPARE_ THE DATA SuE VORLAX 14_
Co.. CIFIED FOR EACH MAJOR PANEL 50 THAT THEY CAN LATER VO_l.Ax Iw_
C=.. DOUBLE vORTEX SHEET, I. E.. BY a)FFINING g_{} MAJO_ PA VORLAX I_q
C... ONE PANEL REPRESENTING THE UPPIR SURFACE .)F THE _I _ VONLAX 1#71
FOIL. aND THE OTHER PANEL REP_EI_NTING THE LOwFR VOWLAX l_l_
i15
76/74 OPT=! FTN _. S+_, 1C,_ L ()/0,W/76 10.15o13
i16
7_,_/74 OPT=I FTN ;,_,*410a 10/0_/7_ 10,15,13
B2* CX, DL+ SXt JTS. PSI, TNL. [NIt ALFA, YAWQ, cH_RD, VORLAX 2539
C*ee
IS ASSUMED WETTED ON BOTH FACE_, I.E., JTS = ITS = I), VORLAX 2556
C,e=
ASSUMMED WETTED ON ONE SInE ONLY, I.E,+ JTS = If_ = 0). VORLAX 255R
Co..
AND THE ONSET FLOW DUE TO ANY ANGULAR ROTAIION OF THE VORLAX 2561
Ceee
COMPONENT TANGENTIAL TO THE SbRFACE BUT WITH THE SIDE VORLAX 256R
Ceeo
Ce*o WASH LEFT OUT. SURFACE PRESSURE cOEFFICIENTS ARE LIMI VNRLAX 256g
IED BY THE ISENIROPIC VAL_IES CORRESPONDING TO SIAGNA VORLAX 2570
Cloo
TION AND 70 PERCENT OF VACUUM FOQ THE GIVEN FREE-STREAM VORLAX 2571
Cee*
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7417_ OPT=| FTN 4,5._IOA I0/04176 I0.IS.13
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74/14 Ol-'F=l _ TN 4.5_410a LO/O4/Tb 1015,13
VORLAX 3058
Ci.o MATRICES <_ (I) TrIE UPWASH AT T_E FLOW FIELD SURVEY VORLAX 3060
Co,o POINTS ([W I (]t_IIT 3}v, (2} [HE a_TALWASH AT THE Fi OW VORLAX 30_I
Ci.. FIELD S_IRVEY POINTS (EWX / UNII 4)'_ AND ('_} THE VORLAX 30fi2
Co.. SIDEWASH AT THE FLOW FlEin SURvEy POINIS (EWY / _INI[ 1). VORL. AX 3063
C.o. THESE MATRICFS REPRESENT THE Iq'_I)q_CED VELOCITY FIFLr] VORLAX 3064
C. DIIE TU THE HORSESHOE VORTICES ()F THE LATTICE. THIS FLOW VORLAX 306q
Cooo X, B2, CX. I>i.. NT, S, XS. YY, Z7, HAG, LAX, NXS, VORLAX 301P
Ci.o NYSt NZ_, PSI, I_I. VSP. VS[_ XTF* ALFA, YN()Tq X_AR* VORLAX 3073
Ct.. ZBAR_ ZNOI. CHE)RI) HN_4AX, _)EI. TAY, DELIAZ_ FLOATX. VORLAX 3014
EWX -- AXIALWASH MAId, IX (ST(_REC ROW flY ROW IN HN[T 4) VORLAX 3079
C... EWY = SIDgWASH NA[_IX IST;_RE-D _)W HY ROW IN UNIT 7) VORLAX 3080
C. . ,I) ISCUSS ION {HE EI.E_ENTS nF THE [_IFIHKNCE COEFFICIENT MATRICFS ARE VORLAX 30fl7
C.,o FIELD S_RVEY PDINF HY THE (K_ .J) HORSESHOE VORTEx OF VORLAX 308Q
UNIt STPENGFH. IF IHE FlOW FIELr) SURVEY POINT I= VORLAX 3090
FIELD St_RVEY POINTS ARE [.IL NOI_AI POINTS )F A 3-n GRIO VORLAX 30Q4
Clll PLANES ARE SPECIFIEO HY T_E I_F'UT VALUES OF XS, yNoT_ VORLAX 3096
m_9
74174 OPT=! FTN 4.5+_|0_ 10/04/76 LO.IS.I3
120
?4/76 OPT=I FTN 6.5+610a 10/06/76 10,15.13
C VORLAX 3687
VORLAX 3488
C
C. .PURPOSE TO SOLVE THE LINEAR SYSIEW OF HOHNDARY CONDITION VORLAX 34_g
EQUATIONS HY PURCELLIS VECTOR URTHOGONALIZATION VORLAX 3690
C.+.
C... METHOD. VORLAX 36gl
C,..OT$CUSSION THE 80UHOA_Y CONDITION EQUATIOP_S ARE SOLVEO DIRECTLY VORLAX 3510
121
CONTROLeVRLX,WASH _/|_/76 VORLAX 36|T
VORLAX 3612
SUBROUTINE wASH (Xt Y, Z, S_ T, _, Ue vt Wt AA, A4, TE, el, MM) VORLAX 3_13
C VORLAX 3_lR
Cal. THE X-AX]_ _UI LIES IN THE PLANE DETERMINED VORLAX _O_7
C,t. HY THE X-ARTS IISELF ANn THE TRaNSvERS_ IEG VORLAX _R_R
_,,,DISCUSSION THE [GE_ERALIZEOI HORSESHOE V(]_TFX ELEMENT CONSISTS t)F VORLAX 3653
FIVE LF(;S tJR SEGMENTS, OF WHICH THREE ARE IR(IUNU( ANt) VORLA_ 36%4
IWU ARE [F_EE( OR IF(OATI;_(,I. IHE liOUN{) LF(_S ARt. THE VQ_LAX 365S
C=== SKEWED, OR SWEPT, TRA'_SVERSE SE(;_ENT AND TH_ TWO VORLAX _g_
C,e_ ENDS OF THE TRANSVERSE LEG TU IHn TRAILING EDGE. THE VO_LAX 3h%h
C_ee FLOATIN(, TRAILING LEGS ARE THE SFMI-INFINITE LINFS VORLAX 3659
Ce=, DETERMI_IEO BY THE FLO&TAIION A_GIES AA AN() AM. I,EgE VO_LAX 3062
122
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APPENDIXC
WAVEDRAGTO VORLAXINPUT
CONVERSION
PROGRAM
249
SUMMARY
The purpose of a program called WDTVOR, developed to convert the Wave Drag
input geometry into the VORLAX input geometry description, is to save time,
improve accuracy, and reduce human drudgery when configurations for which the
geometry was first digitized in the Wave Drag format are also to be analyzed
on the VORLAX program.
INTRODUCTION
Presently the simulation form into which Wave Drag data is converted is
limited to that most commonly used in VORLAX analysis as follows:
GENERAL
251
A single Machnumber from the first wave drag case card is picked up and
output in the VORLAX dataset. Three angles-of-attack, 0, 5, and i0 are also
included.
All major planar panels are set up for three spanwise vortices (NV@R= 3)
and i0 chordwise vortices (RNCV= i0). Full leading edge suction is assumed
on each panel ($PC = 1.0) except for the fuselage panel.
WINGS
FUSELAGE
If the Wave Drag simulation was a cambered circular one, the fuselage
camber is preserved in the VORLAX simulation.
NACELLES
252
FINS
CANARDS
After a Wave Drag data set has been converted to VORLAX format it may be
validated by converting it back into Wave Drag format and a configuration plot
made. This plot will, of course, be different from a plot of the original
Wave Drag dataset by virtue of the zero thickness panel representations.
NOMENCLATURE
FUSTYP Flag for fuselage type. Use 0 for single trapezoidal panel
fuselage simulation. Use i for hexagonal (curved) panel
fuselage simulation.
PROCEDURE
. Prepare a dataset in WAVE DRAG format if it does not already exist. See
Reference 12 for the WAVE DRAG input description. Be sure at least one
case card is included with the dataset. It is necessary to instruct the
conversion program as to whether the VORLAX simulation of the fuselage is
to be a single trapezoidal panel or a curved (hexagonal) panel. This is
accomplished by appending to the front of the WAVE DRAG dataset a card in
namelist format specifying either FUSTYP = 0 for a single trapezoidal or
FUSTYP = i for curved (hexagonal) simulation. Figure C-I is a listing of
an example WAVE DRAG dataset showing how the namelist input is placed at
its beginning. Figure C-2 is a graphic representation of the Figure C-I
dataset obtained from the Configuration Plot Program of Reference 12.
253
. Submit the dataset with the WDTVOR program. A compilation listing of the
program is included at the end of this appendix.
m Examine the output from the above submittal. Output consists of a listing
of the input dataset in card image form (see Figure C-!) followed by a list-
ing of the output dataset in the VORLAX format. Figures C-3 and C-8 are
sample datasets as output from WDTVOR program. Figure C-3 was based on the
curved (hexagonal) panel VORLAX fuselage simulation while Figure C-8 was
derived from the single trapdzoidal panel fuselage.
NOTE 3 - The number of major panels, NPAN, was changed from 12 to 13.
The pitching moment reference length, CBAR, was changed
from 1.0 to 1022.28. The XBAR and ZBAR of the moment
reference point were changed from zero to 1910.4 and -800.4,
respectively.
254
NOTE 6 - A vertical panel was added to simulate a nacelle pylon which
was not included in the original WAVE DRAG simulation.
NOTE 7 - The spanwise location of the nacelle was moved outboard from
214. to 233.94 to coincide with a major panel break in the
wing. Alternatives to this procedure would be to create an
extra major panel having an edge at the 214. span location
or making sure that one of the wing vortices resulting from
subpaneling coincides precisely with the engine pylon span-
wise location. The above precautions must be taken whenever
major panels intersect.
NOTE 8 - The variable area nacelles were changed to fixed area ones by
setting the ZCI values to i00. This makes each nacelle cross-
section equal to that of the reference polygon, in this case
the inlet area. This was a compromise made to simplify the
nacelle pylon simulation. With constant area nacelles the
pylon could be simulated by a single rectangular panel.
Retention of the variable area nacelles would have required
several panels to seal the pylon area between the wing and
engine.
NOTE 9 - The location of the nacelle was moved outboard from 204. to
233.94, otherwise, Note 7 applies.
NOTE 12 - A vertical panel was added to seal the gap between the
plane of the horizontal tail (Z = -40.) and that of the
fuselage (Z = 54.96).
255
o
The edited dataset may then be submitted to the VORL_P_ progr_r,. A portion
of the VORLAX output resulting from this submittal is presented in Figure
C-II.
256
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APPENDIX D
327
SUMMARY
While the present version of VORTWD does not convert all VORLAX input
options, it does handle the most common ones. It is recommended that all newly
created VORLAX data sets be converted and plotted to validate the input geometry.
INTRODUCTION
A companion program called WDTVOR converts data from the Wave Drag to
VORLAX formats and is described in Appendix C.
WINGS
All wing panels must have the same number (NAP) and values (XAP) of
percent chord stations for the cm_ber definition. Flat wings without
camber can also be handled.
329
All wing panels must span the distance from leading to trailing edge
of the wing. That is, separate panels representing leading or trail-
ing edge flaps are not properly treated at present.
FUSELAGE
NACELLES
FINS
Zero thickness panels without camber are treated; one panel per fin
maximum. Six is the maximum number of fins and fin panels.
Zero thickness panels without camber are treated; one panel per
canard maximum. Two is the minimum number of canards and canard
panels.
Two plot control cards compatible with the Configuration Plot Program
(Reference i) are automatically added to the converted dataset.
NOMENCLATURE
Symb oi Description
33O
Symbol Description
NWING VORLAX panel numbers making up the wing. VORLAX panels are
numbered according to their input sequence, not by any alpha-
numeric description appearing to the r__ht of th_ VORLAX data
cards. Wing panel numbers need not be consecutive but they must
be listed in a sequence proceeding from root to tip. Input as
integers separated by commlas. The maximum number of values is
20 and the number listed must be equal to the !'_NGP value.
NFUSP The total number of panels making up the fuselage. The fuselage
is ass_ned to consist of only one major fuselage segment in terms
of Wave Drag. Input one as an integer.
NPPAN List of VORLAX panel numbers making up the pod or nacelle descrip-
tions. One panel per pod. Presently, such panels should be
curved panels, i.e., PDL>360. If a nacelle is being simulated
as a vertical flat plate or plates, then it would be more appro-
priately treated as a fin or fins for Wave Drag purposes.
NCANP List of VORLAX panel numbers making up the canard (horizontal tail)
descriptions. Maximum number is 2 and number listed must be equal
to NCAN. That is one panel per canard.
PLOTSZ The maximum dimension in inches of the plot to be made from the
plot cards appended to the converted dataset. Ssm_e definition
as PLOTSZ in the Configuration Plot program (Reference I).
PROCEDURE
331
2,
Add smarts cards to the front of the VORLAX dataset. A typical dataset
with smarts cards included is shown in Figure D-I. Note that all such
cards are input in namelist format in which nothing may be entered in
column one; only columns 2 through 80 may be used. The first namelist
card must contain &INPUT and the last card &END. Input quantities are
input as VARIABLE NAME = VALUE, as shown in Figure D-I. Variables may
be named in any order. Definitions for the various smarts variables
are found in the nomenclature section.
.
Submit smartened dataset to the VORTWD conversion program. Figure D-2
shows the output resulting from conversion to Wave Drag format.
.
Validate the converted dataset by submitting it to the Configuration Plot
program (Reference i). Figure D-3 and D-4 shows the plotted results of
the Figure D-2 dataset.
.
If the configuration is to be analyzed for Wave Drag; the converted data-
set must be edited to supply thickness distributions for the wing and
tail surfaces and if the VORLAX fuselage simulation was the single
trapezoidal kind, then it must be given volume.
332
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REFERENCES
. Tulinius, J.; Clever, W.; Niemann, A.; Dunn, K.; and Gaither, B.:
Theoretical Prediction of Airplane Stability Derivatives at Subcritical
Speeds. North American Rockwell NA-72-803, 1973. (Available as
NASA CR-132681.)
, Lomax, H.; Heaslet, M. A.; and Fuller, F. B.: Integrals and Integral
Equations in Linearized Wing Theory. NACA Report 1054, 1951.
371
1. REPOR_NO. -.... -Z 50_;ERNMENTACCE_S%---_
N---O_
......... _i-n Ei:,Pi_'T:S' i_._TALOGNO.
NASA CR-2865
_. TITLE AND SiJBTITLE ..... "....................... 5.'REPOR'T'DATE
December 1977
A GEh%RALIZED VORTEX LATTICE _,r _(fi) FOP, SUBSONIC '61PERFORMING ORGCODE
AND SUPERSONIC FLOW APPLICATIONS
m
16. ABSTRACT
Aerodynamics
Vortex-lattice method Unlimited - Unclassified
Subsonic flow
Supersonic flow Subject Category 02
19. 'SECURITY CL'/_SSIF. ' .... 20. SE'CURITY cL-As-sIF iOF THIS P-AGE) r21-.NO:0F PAGE_ '22'.'
PRICE"
* For sale by the National Technical Infor_ation Service, Sprinfield, Virginia 22161