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the effect of the following load on the inter-area mode were investigated:
constant current
constant power
induccion motor
synchronous motor
the nonlinear loads were assumed to constitute 30% of the total load at each bus. The remainder of the load was modelled as constant
impedance. The tests were carried out with fast exciters on all generating units and repeated with slow exciters under two system
conditions: and unstressed system with no inter-area power transfer and a stressed system with inter-area power transfer of about 380
MW from Area 1 to 2. The loads in the two areas were kept the same, the power flow on the tie line was achieved by adjusting
generation so that the effect of the location of the nonliner load could also be studied.
The results of these tests are summarized in Tables 4A, 4B, 4C and 4D for constant current, constant power, induction motor and
synchronous motor load models respectively. In each case for comparison, results are also given for 100% constant impedance load
model.
The results show that nonlinear loads, static or dynamic, have more of an impact on the inter-area mode in a stressed system and in a
system with slow esciters. This is to be espected since in a stressed system or in a system with slow exciters, the voltage oscillation is
In a stressed system, a nonlinear load in the receiving area has an adverse affect on the damping of the inter-area mode. The opposite
is true for a nonlinear load in the sending area, except in the case of induction motor load
table 4a
table 4b
table 4c
table 4d
effect of synchronous motor load
In this study, the fundamental effects of a DC link on an inter-area low frequency oscillation were investigated. The test system was
created by adding a DC link to the two-area system, described previously. Two system configurations, which include a DC link were
considered:
- A DC link parallel to the AC tie line between the two ares, as shouwn in Figure 8.
We considered only the most basic controls associated with a DC link, that is, current, voltage, and extinction angle; modulation of the
figure 9:
the characteristics of the inter-area oscillations were investigated for various power flows on the AC links, as shown in Figure 8. Two
-The rectifier controls de current and the inverter controls extinction angle (GAMA)
The test were carried out for two types of excitation system, fast and slow.
2. The addition of the dc tie line has a small impact on the damping of the inter-area mode.
3. The effect of ading a dc tie on the inter-area mode are basically the samewith fast or slow excitation systems.
4. The inter-area mode is not very sensitive to the type of dc controls (basic) used.
5.The inter-area mode does not exist in a system in which the two areas are joined only by a dc link.
no power transfers
table 6: parallel dc-ac links200 mw transfers on each link
this system consists of a remote generator, GEN 31, connected to the two-area system through a dc link. The inverter is connected to
Area 1 close to GEN 1. The power supplied by the remote generator was taken off the output of GEN 1 in order to keep the same
system load.
The tests performed are similar to the ones described in the previous section. The flow on the dc link, the excitation system, and the dc
controls were varied in these tests. The results are summarized in Tables 8 and 9.
Table 8 concernd tests with 400 MW supplied by the remote generation: GEN 31 and GEN 1 rated at 600 and 900 MVA respectively.
Table 9 concerns tests with 650 MW supplied by the remote generatior; GEN 31 and GEN 1 rated at 900 and 100 AVA respectively.
The results of Teble 8 (400MW supplied by the dc) lead to the following conclusions:
1. With fast exciters on all generating units, the addition of the dc link has little effect on the inter-area mode, mainly a small increase in
frequency.
2. With sow exciters, the effect of adding the dc link is to increase the frequency and the damping ratio o the inter-area mode.
3. The participation factor of the remote generating unit in the inter-area mode is zero, although the mode is present in the speed of
this unit.
4. The inter-area moded is not very sensitive to the type of dc controls (basic) usedd.
The results of Table 9 (650 MW supplied by the dc) - led to the followig conclusions :
1. With fast exciters, the effect of ading the dc link is mainly to increase the frequency of the inter-area mode.
2. When slow exciters are used, the addition of the dc link significantly, resuces the damping of the inter-area mode.
3. As in the previous case, the participation factor of the remote generating unit in the inter-area mode is zero, although the mode is
The fact that the participation factor, for the remote unit in the inter-area mode, is zero, implies that stabilizer on this unit would have
table 8 : ddc link to remote generation. 400mw supplied through the dc link.
Se supona que las cargas no lineales constituan el 30% de la carga total en cada autobs.
El resto de la carga se model como impedancia constante. Los ensayos se llevaron a cabo
con excitadores rpidos en todas las unidades generadoras y se repitieron con excitadores
lentos bajo dos condiciones del sistema: y sistema sin tensin sin transferencia de
potencia entre reas y un sistema estresado con transferencia de potencia inter-rea de
aproximadamente 380 MW de Area 1 a 2. Las cargas en las dos reas se mantuvieron
iguales, el flujo de potencia en la lnea de unin se logr ajustando la generacin de modo
que el efecto de la localizacin de la carga no lineal tambin podra ser estudiado.
Figura 7
Generadores y Cargas Potencia Activa
Los resultados de estas pruebas se resumen en las Tablas 4A, 4B, 4C y 4D para los modelos
de corriente constante, potencia constante, motor de induccin y motor sncrono,
respectivamente. En cada caso para comparacin, los resultados tambin se dan para el
modelo de carga de impedancia constante del 100%.
Los resultados muestran que las cargas no lineales, estticas o dinmicas, tienen un mayor
impacto en el modo inter-rea en un sistema estresado y en un sistema con excitadores
lentos. Esto tiene que ser espected puesto que en un sistema acentuado o en un sistema
con excitadores lentos, la oscilacin de la tensin es ms arriba en comparacin con un
sistema sin estrs, oa un sistema con los excitadores rpidos.
En un sistema estresado, una carga no lineal en el rea receptora tiene un efecto adverso
en el amortiguamiento del modo. Lo contrario es cierto para una carga no lineal en el rea
de envo, excepto en el caso de la carga del motor de induccin.
- Un enlace CC paralelo a la lnea de conexin de CA entre los dos ares, tal como se
muestra en la Figura 8.
- Un enlace de CC que une una instalacin remota a un sistema de CA, como se muestra
en la Figura 9.
Figura 9
Sistema de dos reas con un enlace de DC a la Generacin Remota
Las caractersticas de las oscilaciones inter-rea fueron investigadas para varios flujos de
potencia en los enlaces de CA, como se muestra en la Figura 8. Se consideraron dos tipos
de controles del convertidor:
La prueba se llev a cabo para dos tipos de sistema de excitacin, rpida y lenta.
5.El modo entre reas no existe en un sistema en el que las dos reas se unen slo por un
enlace cc.
Este sistema consta de un generador remoto, GEN 31, conectado al sistema de dos zonas
a travs de un enlace cc. El inversor se conecta al rea 1 cerca de GEN 1. La energa
suministrada por el generador remoto fue retirada de la salida de GEN 1 para mantener la
misma carga del sistema.
Las pruebas realizadas son similares a las descritas en la seccin anterior. En estos ensayos
se variaron el flujo en el enlace cc, el sistema de excitacin y los controles de dc. Los
resultados se resumen en las Tablas 8 y 9.
La Tabla 8 se refiere a ensayos con 400 MW suministrados por la generacin remota: GEN
31 y GEN 1 con 600 y 900 MVA respectivamente.
La Tabla 9 se refiere a ensayos con 650 MW suministrados por el generador remoto; GEN
31 y GEN 1 con 900 y 100 AVA respectivamente.
Los resultados de Teble 8 (400MW suministrado por el dc) llevan a las siguientes
conclusiones:
1. Con excitadores rpidos en todas las unidades generadoras, la adicin del enlace cc
tiene poco efecto en el modo inter-rea, principalmente un pequeo aumento en la
frecuencia.
1Con los excitadores rpidos, el efecto del ading del acoplamiento del dc est
principalmente para aumentar la frecuencia del modo inter-rea.
2. Cuando se utilizan excitadores lentos, la adicin del enlace cc significativamente,
resuena el amortiguamiento del modo inter-rea.