Bearings- Designate the direction of a line by an angle and

quadrant letters. (e.g. N30 E). Bearings are never greater than
90. Bearings are referenced from north or south and the angle to
the east or west from the north-south meridian. True bearings are
based on true north. Magnetic bearings are based on magnetic
north.

True Meridian- is the north-south reference line through the

earthsgeographic poles. True meridian is defined as the plane
that passes through true north poles and true south poles at the
place of observation. True meridian can be established by
astronomical observation as it passes through true north and
south.

North Magnetic Pole- is the point on the surface

of Earth's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet's magnetic
field points vertically downwards (in other words, if a magnetic
compass needle is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis, it will
point straight down). There is only one location where this occurs,
near (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole and
the Geomagnetic North Pole. The North Magnetic Pole moves
over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth's core.

South Magnetic Pole- is the wandering point on

the Earth's Southern Hemisphere where the geomagnetic
field lines are directed vertically upwards. It is the end of the
magnet, and the other end, pointing south because opposite
poles attract, the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is physically
actually a magnetic north pole. It is constantly shifting due to
changes in the Earth's magnetic field.
Geographic poles-
Are points on the earths surface that does not take
part in the earthsdiurnal rotation.The position of the earths axis o
f rotation relative to the earthsorbit is such that near the poles the
sun does not rise higher than 23. For this reason, the climateis
harsh, with low temperatures accompanied by strong winds and s
nowstorms.The instantaneous axis of earth rotation does not alwa
ysmaintain the same direction in the earth. As a result, the geogra
phic poles shift across the earthssurface, a phenomenon known
as polar motion.

Gradient- is another word for "slope". The higher the gradient of a

graph at a point, the steeper the line is at that point. A negative
gradient means that the line slopes downwards.. Horizontal plane:
A horizontal plane is a plane which is perpendicular to the
plumb line. Horizontal distance: In plane surveying, distance
measured along a level line termed as horizontal distance.

Center Line

Any line that bisects a plane figure.A painted line running along th
e center of a road or highway that divides it into two sectionsfor tr
affic moving in opposite directions, or, in the case of a divided hig
hway, for lines of traffic
moving in the same direction at different speeds.

Point of Curvature- It is the point where the circular curve

begins. The back tangent is tangent to the curve at this point.

Point of Tangency- It is the end of the curve. The forward

tangent is tangent to the curve at this point.

Vertex - a point where two lines meet to form an

angle; especially: the point on a triangle that is opposite to
the base.
Solo Data Collector-

Geodimeter is an instrument which works based on the

propagation of modulated light waves, was developed by E.
Bergestand of the Swedish Geological Survey in collaboration
with the manufacturer M/s AGA of Swedish. The instrument is
more suitable for night time observations and requires a prism
system at the end of the line for reflecting the waves.
Surveying Altimeter
-It is used in barometric leveling in which vertical difference
between two points is determined based on the atmospheric
pressure. In olden days, aneroid barometer is used for barometric
leveling but it had so many errors. Now altimeter replaced the
aneroid. Altimeter shows accurate response against atmospheric
pressure changes. Sometimes, air-recorder is also used to take
photographs of survey area. The major effecting factor for an
altimeter is temperature variation since it is dependent of air
density. Generally, altimeter is calibrated at 10oC. If the
observational temperature is more than 10oC, then the difference
in elevation is too. If it is more than 10oC t hen elevation
difference is more. So, a correction 0.2ft is applied for every 100ft
elevation difference when temperature is above 10oC.