HYDROSTATICS

FLUID PRESSURE
CO2 Explain The Hydrostatic
Principles and their Application in
Civil Engineering Field
At the end of this week students will
be able to :

explain the concept of pressure

measurements(CO2)
calculate the differential pressure in
various devices (CO2)

Hydrostatic week 3
PASCALS LAW
Defination of pressure
Pressure is the normal
compressive force acting per unit
area.

P= force F

area A
Units = N/m2
Hydrostatic week 3
Pascals Law for pressure at a point
Pascals Law states that:

The pressure, P, at any given point in

a fluid is independent of its
direction

Hydrostatic week 3
Consider the element of fluid shown in
figure below;
B
Pq
z
y
Px
Ds
Dz q x
Dx

Pz
Hydrostatic week 3
Consider equilibrium in the x-direction
Fx = 0

Px * B * Dz - Pq * B * Ds * Sin q = 0

Px * Dz - Pq * Ds * Sin q = 0

But Sin q =

Hydrostatic week 3
Therefore, Dz
Px * Dz - Pq * Ds * = 0
Ds
Px * Dz = Pq * Dz

Px = Pq Eq 1

Try : z direction as class exercise.

Hydrostatic week 3
QUESTION 1
Liquid A weighs 8400 N/m3 and liquid B weighs 12400 N/m3. Liquid in
manometer is mercury (SG = 13.6). If the pressure at B is 270 kPa, find
the pressure at A.

0.4 m

2.0 m manometer

3.0 m

B
QUESTION 2
Water and oil flow in horizontal pipelines. A double U-tube manometer is
connected between the pipelines as shown in Figure 1c. Calculate the
pressure difference between the water pipe and the oil pipe.

air

12 cm

water
2.5 cm
10 cm
Oil (SG = 0.85)

SG = 1.6
QUESTION 3
A manometer is attached to a tank containing 3 different fluids. What will
be the difference in elevation (y) of the mercury column in the manometer?

Elevation: 6 m
Elevation: 5 m Air pressure = 30 kPa

Oil (SG = 0.82)

Elevation: 2 m

Water (SG = 1.0)

Elevation: 0 m
1.0 m y=?

Mercury (SG = 13.6)

QUESTION 4
For a vertical pipe with a manometer attached as shown in Figure Q2a,
find the pressure of oil at point A.

Open to
oil atmosphere
(SG = 0.91)

2.0 m

0.3 m

mercury
(SG = 13.6)
At the end of this week students will be able to :

apply the concept of hydrostatic in determining forces

exerted by a fluid on plane surface (CO2)

apply the concept of hydrostatic in determining forces

exerted by a fluid on curves surface (CO2)

Hydrostatic week 3
 INTRODUCTION
NO SHEAR STRESS PRESENT WHEN THE FLUID IS
NOT IN MOTION
PRESSURE IS EQUAL IN ANY DIRECTION AND
PRESSURE ACT PERPENDICULAR TO AN
IMMERSED SURFACE
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE INCREASE WITH AN
INCREASING IN DEPTH

Hydrostatic week 4
HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON PLANE SURFACES
P = gh
P = F/A F/A = gh
F = ghGA

Where: P = pressure
F = hydrostatic force
= density of fluid
g = gravitational force
hG = depth of fluid
A = area of immersed surface

Hydrostatic week 4
 h
A

P = gh or F = ghA
But h = hG

Hydrostatic week 4
HYDROSTATIC FORCES ON INCLINED
SURFACE
F = ghGA

Where : hG = Depth of fluid from fluid surface to centre

of gravity of an immersed surface

Hydrostatic week 4


hP hG
F

G
CP

Hydrostatic Force F acting at CP

Hydrostatic week 4
 I G Sin 2q
hP = hG
hG A
Where :
hP = depth from liquid surface to centre
of pressure
IG = second moment of area
= inclined angle
A = immersed area
hG = depth from fluid surface to centre of
gravity of an immersed object

Hydrostatic week 4
Question 1
Calculate the force on the wall shown in figure below if the
wall is 6m long.

2m

600
Question 2
The gate shown in figure below is square and is hinged at the top. Determine
the total force on the gate if it is 2m wide

3m
HYDROSTATIC FORCED ON CURVED SURFACES
RESULTANT FORCE = FR

FR = ( FV2 + FH2 )

Where :
F = FH = ghGA
W = FV = gV
(V = volume of liquid above the immersed
curved surface)

Hydrostatic week 4
 HYDROSTATIC FORCE ON DAM

DAM IS A HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES THAT

RETAINS WATER
TYPES OF DAM EARTH, CONCRETE
OBJECTIVES OF CONTRUCTING A DAM
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
PROTECTION AGAINST FLOOD
WATER SUPPLY

Hydrostatic week 5
 FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS) - SLIDING
FOS AGAINST SLIDING
= Sliding resistance / sliding force
= W*f / F
Where :
W = weight of concrete = Concrete*g*Vconcrete
f = friction coefficient
F = ghGA
= hydrostatic force of the liquid retain by the dam
(For a safe design, FOS Sliding > 1.0)

Hydrostatic week 5
FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS)- OVERTURNING
FOS AGAINST OVERTURNING
= Righting Moment / Overturning Moment
= W*x / F*y

Where :
x = distance (perpendicular to the force) from
heel of dam to the centre of gravity of dam
y = distance (perpendicular to the force) from
heel of dam to centre of pressure of the
hydrostatic force
(For a safe design, FOS Overturning > 1.0)
Hydrostatic week 5
PRESSURE DIAGRAM

HORIZONTAL VERTICAL INCLINED

SURFACE SURFACE SURFACE

Hydrostatic week 5
FORCE = volume of prism = gh * h
F = gh2

Where : F = force per unit width

h = depth of liquid

Centroid of the pressure diagram : 2/3 h

Hydrostatic week 5