Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

7/24/2014 Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) is a minimal extension to the Standard Model that realizes supersymmetry, although non-
minimal extensions do exist. Supersymmetry pairs bosons with fermions; therefore every Standard Model particle has a partner that has yet to be
discovered. If the superparticles are found, it may be analogous to discovering dark matter [1] and depending on the details of what might be found, it
could provide evidence for grand unification and might even, in principle, provide hints as to whether string theory describes nature. The failure of the
Large Hadron Collider to find evidence for supersymmetry has led some physicists to suggest that the theory should be abandoned.[2]
The MSSM was originally proposed in 1981 to stabilize the weak scale, solving the hierarchy problem.[3] The Higgs boson mass of the Standard Model
is unstable to quantum corrections and the theory predicts that weak scale should be much weaker than what is observed to be. In the MSSM, the Higgs
boson has a fermionic superpartner, the Higgsino, that has the same mass as it would if supersymmetry were an exact symmetry. Because fermion masses
are radiatively stable, the Higgs mass inherits this stability. However, in MSSM there is a need for more than one Higgs field, as described below.
The only unambiguous way to claim discovery of supersymmetry is to produce superparticles in the laboratory. Because superparticles are expected to
be 100 to 1000 times heavier than the proton, it requires a huge amount of energy to make these particles that can only be achieved at particle
accelerators. The Tevatron was actively looking for evidence of the production of supersymmetric particles before it was shut down on 30 September
2011. Most physicists believe that supersymmetry must be discovered at the LHC if it is responsible for stabilizing the weak scale. There are five classes
of particle that superpartners of the Standard Model fall into: squarks, gluinos, charginos, neutralinos, and sleptons. These superparticles have their
interactions and subsequent decays described by the MSSM and each has characteristic signatures.
The MSSM imposes R-parity to explain the stability of the proton. It adds supersymmetry breaking by introducing explicit soft supersymmetry breaking
operators into the Lagrangian that is communicated to it by some unknown (and unspecified) dynamics. This means that there are 120 new parameters in
the MSSM. Most of these parameters lead to unnacceptable phenomenology such as large flavor changing neutral currents or large electric dipole
moments for the neutron and electron. To avoid these problems, the MSSM takes all of the soft supersymmetry breaking to be diagonal in flavor space
and for all of the new CP violating phases to vanish.
Contents
1 Theoretical Motivations
1.1 Naturalness
1.2 Gauge-Coupling Unification
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model 1/15
1.3 Dark matter

2 Predictions of the MSSM regarding hadron colliders
2.1 Neutralinos
2.2 Charginos
2.3 Squarks
2.4 Gluinos
2.5 Sleptons
3 MSSM fields
3.1 MSSM superfields
An example of a flavor changing
3.2 MSSM Higgs Mass
neutral current process in MSSM.
3.2.1 Formulas A strange quark emits a bino,
4 The MSSM Lagrangian turning into a sdown-type quark,
which then emits a Z boson and
4.1 Soft Susy Breaking
reabsorbs the bino, turning into a
5 Problems with the MSSM down quark. If the MSSM squark
6 Theories of supersymmetry breaking masses are flavor violating, such a
process can occur.
6.1 Gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking
6.2 Gauge-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking (GMSB)
6.3 Anomaly-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking (AMSB)
7 Phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM)
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Theoretical Motivations
There are three principal motivations for the MSSM over other theoretical extensions of the Standard Model, namely:
Naturalness
Gauge coupling unification
Dark Matter
These motivations come out without much effort and they are the primary reasons why the MSSM is the leading candidate for a new theory to be
discovered at collider experiments such as the Tevatron or the LHC.
Naturalness
The original motivation for proposing the MSSM was to stabilize the Higgs mass to radiative
corrections that are quadratically divergent in the Standard Model (hierarchy problem). In
supersymmetric models, scalars are related to fermions and have the same mass. Since fermion
masses are logarithmically divergent, scalar masses inherit the same radiative stability. The Higgs
vacuum expectation value is related to the negative scalar mass in the Lagrangian. In order for the
radiative corrections to the Higgs mass to not be dramatically larger than the actual value, the
mass of the superpartners of the Standard Model should not be significantly heavier than the
Higgs VEVroughly 100 GeV. This mass scale has been probed at the Tevatron, and is now
being more extensively explored at the LHC.
Gauge-Coupling Unification
If the superpartners of the Standard Model are near the TeV scale, then measured gauge
couplings of the three gauge groups unify at high energies.[4] [5] [6] The beta-functions for the Cancellation of the Higgs boson quadratic mass
MSSM gauge couplings are given by renormalization between fermionic top quark loop
and scalar top squark Feynman diagrams in a
supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model
Gauge Group
SU(3) 8.5
SU(2) 29.6
U(1) 59.2
where is measured in SU(5) normalizationa factor of different than the Standard Model's normalization and predicted by GeorgiGlashow
SU(5) .
The condition for gauge coupling unification at one loop is whether the following expression is satisfied .
Remarkably, this is precisely satisfied to experimental errors in the values of . There are two loop corrections and both TeV-scale and
GUT-scale threshold corrections that alter this condition on gauge coupling unification, and the results of more extensive calculations reveal that gauge
coupling unification occurs to an accuracy of 1%, though this is about 3 standard deviations from the theoretical expectations.
This prediction is generally considered as indirect evidence for both the MSSM and SUSY GUTs.[7] It should be noted that gauge coupling unification
does not necessarily imply grand unification and there exist other mechanisms to reproduce gauge coupling unification. However, if superpartners are
found in the near future, the apparent success of gauge coupling unification would suggest that a supersymmetric grand unified theory is a promising
candidate for high scale physics.
Dark matter
If R-parity is preserved, then the lightest superparticle (LSP) of the MSSM is stable and is a Weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) i.e. it does
not have electromagnetic or strong interactions. This makes the LSP a good dark matter candidate and falls into the category of cold dark matter (CDM)
particle.
Predictions of the MSSM regarding hadron colliders

The Tevatron and LHC have active experimental programs searching for supersymmetric particles. Since both of these machines are hadron colliders
proton antiproton for the Tevatron and proton proton for the LHC they search best for strongly interacting particles. Therefore most experimental
signature involve production of squarks or gluinos. Since the MSSM has R-parity, the lightest supersymmetric particle is stable and after the squarks and
gluinos decay each decay chain will contain one LSP that will leave the detector unseen. This leads to the generic prediction that the MSSM will produce
a 'missing energy' signal from these particles leaving the detector.
Neutralinos
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model 0 0 0 0
4/15
There are four neutralinos that are fermions and are electrically neutral, the lightest of which is typically stable. They are typically labeled N
, N
, N
, N
0 0 0 0
There are four neutralinos that are fermions and are electrically neutral, the lightest of which is typically stable. They are typically labeled N
1, N
2, N
3, N
4
(although sometimes is used instead). These four states are mixtures of the Bino and the neutral Wino (which are the neutral electroweak
Gauginos), and the neutral Higgsinos. As the neutralinos are Majorana fermions, each of them is identical with its antiparticle. Because these particles only
interact with the weak vector bosons, they are not directly produced at hadron colliders in copious numbers. They primarily appear as particles in
cascade decays of heavier particles usually originating from colored supersymmetric particles such as squarks or gluinos.
In R-parity conserving models, the lightest neutralino is stable and all supersymmetric cascades decays end up decaying into this particle which leaves the
detector unseen and its existence can only be inferred by looking for unbalanced momentum in a detector.
0
The heavier neutralinos typically decay through a Z to a lighter neutralino or through a W to chargino. Thus a typical decay is
0 0 + 0 Missing energy + l+ + l
N
2 N
1 Z
0
N C + W N
0
+ W + W Missing energy + l+ + l
2 1 1
The mass splittings between the different Neutralinos will dictate which patterns of decays are allowed.
Charginos

There are two Charginos that are fermions and are electrically charged. They are typically labeled C 1 and C 2 (although sometimes and is
0
used instead). The heavier chargino can decay through Z to the lighter chargino. Both can decay through a W to neutralino.
Squarks
The squarks are the scalar superpartners of the quarks and there is one version for each Standard Model quark. Due to phenomenological constraints
from flavor changing neutral currents, typically the lighter two generations of squarks have to be nearly the same in mass and therefore are not given
distinct names. The superpartners of the top and bottom quark can be split from the lighter squarks and are called stop and sbottom.
On the other way, there may be a remarkable left-right mixing of the stops and of the sbottoms because of the high masses of the partner quarks top
and bottom: [8]
Same holds for bottom with its own parameters and .
Squarks can be produced through strong interactions and therefore are easily produced at hadron colliders. They decay to quarks and neutralinos or
charginos which further decay. In R-parity conserving scenarios, squarks are pair produced and therefore a typical signal is
2 jets + missing energy

2 jets + 2 leptons + missing energy
Gluinos
Gluinos are Majorana fermionic partners of the gluon which means that they are their own antiparticles. They interact strongly and therefore can be
produced significantly at the LHC. They can only decay to a quark and a squark and thus a typical gluino signal is
4 jets + Missing energy
Because gluinos are Majorana, gluinos can decay to either a quark+anti-squark or an anti-quark+squark with equal probability. Therefore pairs of
gluinos can decay to
4 jets+ + Missing energy
This is a distinctive signature because it has same-sign di-leptons and has very little background in the Standard Model.
Sleptons
Sleptons are the scalar partners of the leptons of the Standard Model. They are not strongly interacting and therefore are not produced very often at
hadron colliders unless they are very light.
Because of the high mass of the tau lepton there will be left-right mixing of the stau similar to that of stop and sbottom (see above).
Sfermions will typically be found in decays of a charginos and neutralinos if they are light enough to be a decay product
MSSM fields
Fermions have bosonic superpartners (called sfermions), and bosons have fermionic superpartners (called bosinos). For most of the Standard Model
particles, doubling is very straightforward. However, for the Higgs boson, it is more complicated.
A single Higgsino (the fermionic superpartner of the Higgs boson) would lead to a gauge anomaly and would cause the theory to be inconsistent.
However if two Higgsinos are added, there is no gauge anomaly. The simplest theory is one with two Higgsinos and therefore two scalar Higgs doublets.
Another reason for having two scalar Higgs doublets rather than one is in order to have Yukawa couplings between the Higgs and both down-type
quarks and up-type quarks; these are the terms responsible for the quarks' masses. In the Standard Model the down-type quarks couple to the Higgs
field (which has Y=-1/2) and the up-type quarks to its complex conjugate (which has Y=+1/2). However in a supersymmetric theory this is not allowed,
so two types of Higgs fields are needed.
SM Particle type Particle Symbol Spin R-Parity Superpartner Symbol Spin R-parity
Quark +1 Squark 0 -1
Fermions
Lepton +1 Slepton 0 -1
W 1 +1 Wino -1
Bosons B 1 +1 Bino -1
Gluon 1 +1 Gluino -1
Higgs bosons Higgs 0 +1 Higgsinos -1
MSSM superfields
In supersymmetric theories, every field and its superpartner can be written together as a superfield. The superfield formulation of supersymmetry is very
convenient to write down manifestly supersymmetric theories (i.e. one does not have to tediously check that the theory is supersymmetric term by term in
the Lagrangian). The MSSM contains vector superfields associated with the Standard Model gauge groups which contain the vector bosons and
associated gauginos. It also contains chiral superfields for the Standard Model fermions and Higgs bosons (and their respective superpartners).
field multiplicity representation Z2 -parity Standard Model particle
Q 3 left-handed quark doublet
Uc 3 right-handed up-type anti-quark
Dc 3 right-handed down-type anti-quark
L 3 left-handed lepton doublet
Ec 3 right-handed anti-lepton
Hu 1 + Higgs
Hd 1 + Higgs
MSSM Higgs Mass
The MSSM Higgs Mass is a prediction of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. The mass of the lightest Higgs boson is set by the Higgs
quartic coupling. Quartic couplings are not soft supersymmetry-breaking parameters since they lead to a quadratic divergence of the Higgs mass.
Furthermore, there are no supersymmetric parameters to make the Higgs mass a free parameter in the MSSM (though not in non-minimal extensions).
This means that Higgs mass is a prediction of the MSSM. The LEP II and the IV experiments placed a lower limit on the Higgs mass of 114.4 GeV. This
lower limit is significantly above where the MSSM would typically predict it to be, and while it does not rule out the MSSM, the discovery of the Higgs
with a mass of 125 GeV makes proponents of the MSSM nervous.[9][10]
Formulas
The only susy-preserving operator that creates a quartic coupling for the Higgs in the MSSM arise for the D-terms of the SU(2) and U(1) gauge sector
and the magnitude of the quartic coupling is set by the size of the gauge couplings.
This leads to the prediction that the Standard Model-like Higgs mass (the scalar that couples approximately to the vev) is limited to be less than the Z
mass
Since supersymmetry is broken, there are radiative corrections to the quartic coupling that can increase the Higgs mass. These dominantly arise from the
'top sector'
where is the top mass and is the mass of the top squark. This result can be interpreted as the RG running of the Higgs quartic coupling from the
scale of supersymmetry to the top masshowever since the top squark mass should be relatively close to the top mass, this is usually a fairly modest
contribution and increases the Higgs mass to roughly the LEP II bound of 114 GeV before the top squark becomes too heavy.
Finally there is a contribution from the top squark A-terms
where is a dimensionless number. This contributes an additional term to the Higgs mass at loop level, but is not logarithmically enhanced
by pushing (known as 'maximal mixing') it is possible to push the Higgs mass to 125 GeV without decoupling the top squark or adding new
dynamics to the MSSM.
As the Higgs was found at around 125 GeV (along with no other superparticles) at the LHC, this strongly hints at new dynamics beyond the MSSM,
such as the 'Next to Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model' (NMSSM); and suggests some correlation to the little hierarchy problem.
The MSSM Lagrangian

The Lagrangian for the MSSM contains several pieces.
The first is the Khler potential for the matter and Higgs fields which produces the kinetic terms for the fields.
The second piece is the gauge field superpotential that produces the kinetic terms for the gauge bosons and gauginos.
The next term is the superpotential for the matter and Higgs fields. These produce the Yukawa couplings for the Standard Model fermions and
also the mass term for the Higgsinos. After imposing R-parity, the renormalizable, gauge invariant operators in the superpotential are
The constant term is unphysical in global supersymmetry (as opposed to supergravity).
Soft Susy Breaking
The last piece of the MSSM Lagrangian is the soft supersymmetry breaking Lagrangian. The vast majority of the parameters of the MSSM are in the
susy breaking Lagrangian. The soft susy breaking are divided into roughly three pieces.
The first are the gaugino masses
Where are the gauginos and is different for the wino, bino and gluino.
The next are the soft masses for the scalar fields
where are any of the scalars in the MSSM and are hermitean matrices for the squarks and sleptons of a given set of gauge quantum
numbers. The eigenvalues of these matrices are actually the masses squared, rather than the masses.
There are the and terms which are given by
The terms are complex matrices much as the scalar masses are.
Although not often mentioned with regard to soft terms, to be consistent with observation, one must also include Gravitino and Goldstino soft
masses given by
The reason these soft terms are not often mentioned are that they arise through local supersymmetry and not global supersymmetry, although they are
required otherwise if the Goldstino were massless it would contradict observation. The Goldstino mode is eaten by the Gravitino to become massive,
through a gauge shift, which also absorbs the would-be "mass" term of the Goldstino.
Problems with the MSSM

There are several problems with the MSSM most of them falling into understanding the parameters.
The mu problem: The Higgsino mass parameter appears as the following term in the superpotential: Hu Hd . It should have the same order of
magnitude as the electroweak scale, many orders of magnitude smaller than that of the planck scale, which is the natural cutoff scale. The soft
supersymmetry breaking terms should also be of the same order of magnitude as the electroweak scale. This brings about a problem of
naturalness: why are these scales so much smaller than the cutoff scale yet happen to fall so close to each other?
Flavor universality of soft masses and A-terms: since no flavor mixing additional to that predicted by the standard model has been discovered so
far, the coefficients of the additional terms in the MSSM Lagrangian must be, at least approximately, flavor invariant (i.e. the same for all flavors).
Smallness of CP violating phases: since no CP violation additional to that predicted by the standard model has been discovered so far, the
additional terms in the MSSM Lagrangian must be, at least approximately, CP invariant, so that their CP violating phases are small.
Theories of supersymmetry breaking

A large amount of theoretical effort has been spent trying to understand the mechanism for soft supersymmetry breaking that produces the desired
properties in the superpartner masses and interactions. The three most extensively studied mechanisms are:
Gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking
Gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking is a method of communicating supersymmetry breaking to the supersymmetric Standard Model through
gravitational interactions. It was the first method proposed to communicate supersymmetry breaking. In gravity-mediated supersymmetry-breaking
models, there is a part of the theory that only interacts with the MSSM through gravitational interaction. This hidden sector of the theory breaks
supersymmetry. Through the supersymmetric version of the Higgs mechanism, the gravitino, the supersymmetric version of the graviton, acquires a mass.
After the gravitino has a mass, gravitational radiative corrections to soft masses are incompletely cancelled beneath the gravitino's mass.
It is currently believed that it is not generic to have a sector completely decoupled from the MSSM and there should be higher dimension operators that
couple different sectors together with the higher dimension operators suppressed by the Planck scale. These operators give as large of a contribution to
the soft supersymmetry breaking masses as the gravitational loops; therefore, today people usually consider gravity mediation to be gravitational sized
direct interactions between the hidden sector and the MSSM.
mSUGRA stands for minimal supergravity. The construction of a realistic model of interactions within N = 1 supergravity framework where
supersymmetry breaking is communicated through the supergravity interactions was carried out by Ali Chamseddine, Richard Arnowitt, and Pran Nath in
1982.[11] mSUGRA is one of the most widely investigated models of particle physics due to its predictive power requiring only 4 input parameters and a
sign, to determine the low energy phenomenology from the scale of Grand Unification. The most widely used set of parameters is:
Symbol Description
the common mass of the scalars (sleptons, squarks, Higgs bosons) at the Grand Unification scale
the common mass of the gauginos and higgsinos at the Grand Unification scale
the common trilinear coupling
the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two Higgs doublets
the sign of the higgsino mass parameter
Gravity-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking was assumed to be flavor universal because of the universality of gravity; however, in 1986 Hall,
Kostelecky, and Raby [12] showed that Planck-scale physics that are necessary to generate the Standard-Model Yukawa couplings spoil the universality
of the supersymmetry breaking.
Gauge-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking (GMSB)
Gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking is method of communicating supersymmetry breaking to the supersymmetric Standard Model through the
Standard Model's gauge interactions. Typically a hidden sector breaks supersymmetry and communicates it to massive messenger fields that are charged
under the Standard Model. These messenger fields induce a gaugino mass at one loop and then this is transmitted on to the scalar superpartners at two
loops. The maximum Higg's boson mass predicted is just 121.5GeV.[13] With the Higgs being discovered at 125GeV - this has likely been disproved.
Anomaly-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking (AMSB)
Anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking is a special type of gravity mediated supersymmetry breaking that results in supersymmetry breaking being
communicated to the supersymmetric Standard Model through the conformal anomaly.[14][15] The maximum Higg's boson mass predicted is just
121.0GeV.[13] With the Higgs being discovered at 125GeV - this has likely been disproved.
Phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM)

The unconstrained MSSM has more than 100 parameters in addition to the Standard Model parameters. This makes any phenomenological analysis
(e.g. finding regions in parameter space consistent with observed data) impractical. Under the following three assumptions:
no new source of CP-violation

no Flavour Changing Neutral Currents
first and second generation universality
one can reduce the number of additional parameters to the following 19 quantities of the phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM):[16] The large parameter
space of pMSSM makes searches in pMSSM extremely challenging and makes pMSSM difficult to exclude.
Symbol Description number of parameters

the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two Higgs doublets 1
the mass of the pseudoscalar Higgs boson 1
the higgsino mass parameter 1
the bino mass parameter 1
the wino mass parameter 1
the gluino mass parameter 1
the first and second generation squark masses 3
the first and second generation slepton masses 2
the third generation squark masses 3
the third generation slepton masses 2
the third generation trilinear couplings 3
See also
MSSM Higgs Mass
Desert (particle physics)
References
1. ^ Murayama, Hitoshi (2000). "Supersymmetry phenomenology". arXiv:hep-ph/0002232 (http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0002232).
2. ^ Wolchover, Natalie (November 29, 2012). "Supersymmetry Fails Test, Forcing Physics to Seek New Ideas"
(http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=supersymmetry-fails-test-forcing-physics-seek-new-idea). Scientific American.
3. ^ S. Dimopoulos, H. Georgi; Georgi (1981). "Softly Broken Supersymmetry and SU(5)". Nuclear Physics B 193: 150. Bibcode:1981NuPhB.193..150D
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981NuPhB.193..150D). doi:10.1016/0550-3213(81)90522-8 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0550-3213%2881%2990522-
8).
4. ^ S. Dimopoulos, S. Raby and F. Wilczek; Raby; Wilczek (1981). "Supersymmetry and the Scale of Unification". Physical Review D 24 (6): 16811683.
Bibcode:1981PhRvD..24.1681D (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PhRvD..24.1681D). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.24.1681
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.24.1681).
5. ^ L.E. Ibanez and G.G. Ross; Ross (1981). "Low-energy predictions in supersymmetric grand unified theories". Physics Letters B 105 (6): 439.
Bibcode:1981PhLB..105..439I (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PhLB..105..439I). doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)91200-4
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2881%2991200-4).
6. ^ W.J. Marciano and G. Senjanovic; Senjanovi (1982). "Predictions of supersymmetric grand unified theories". Physical Review D 25 (11): 3092.
Bibcode:1982PhRvD..25.3092M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PhRvD..25.3092M). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.25.3092
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.25.3092).
7. ^ Gordon Kane, "The Dawn of Physics Beyond the Standard Model", Scientific American, June 2003, page 60 and The frontiers of physics, special edition,
Vol 15, #3, page 8 "Indirect evidence for supersymmetry comes from the extrapolation of interactions to high energies."
8. ^ Bartl, A.; Hesselbach, S.; Hidaka, K.; Kernreiter, T.; Porod, W. (2003). "Impact of SUSY CP Phases on Stop and Sbottom Decays in the MSSM".
arXiv:0306281 (http://arxiv.org/abs/0306281) [hep-ph (http://arxiv.org/archive/hep-ph)].
9. ^ Interpreting the LHC Higgs search results in the MSSM (http://arxiv.org/pdf/1112.3026.pdf) (Free PDF download). arXiv:1112.3026v3
(https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3026v3). Bibcode:2012PhLB..710..201H (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhLB..710..201H).
doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.02.084 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2012.02.084).
10. ^ MSSM Higgs boson searches at the evatron and the LHC: Impact of different benchmark scenarios (http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/2005/pub/fermilab-pub-
05-370-t.pdf) (Free PDF download). arXiv:hep-ph/0511023 (https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0511023). Bibcode:2006EPJC...45..797C
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EPJC...45..797C). doi:10.1140/epjc/s2005-02470-y (http://dx.doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjc%2Fs2005-02470-y).
11. ^ A. Chamseddine, R. Arnowitt, P. Nath; Arnowitt; Nath (1982). "Locally Supersymmetric Grand Unification". Physical Review Letters 49 (14): 970974.
Bibcode:1982PhRvL..49..970C (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PhRvL..49..970C). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.970
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.49.970).
12. ^ L.J. Hall, V.A. Kostelecky, S. Raby; Kostelecky; Raby (1986). "New Flavor Violations in Supergravity Models". Nuclear Physics B 267 (2): 415.
Bibcode:1986NuPhB.267..415H (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986NuPhB.267..415H). doi:10.1016/0550-3213(86)90397-4
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0550-3213%2886%2990397-4).
13. ^ a b Arbey, A.; Battaglia, M.; Djouadi, A.; Mahmoudi, F.; Quevillon, J. (2011). "Implications of a 125 GeV Higgs for supersymmetric models". Physics
Letters B. 3 708 (2012): 162169. arXiv:1112.3028 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3028). Bibcode:2012PhLB..708..162A
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhLB..708..162A). doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.01.053 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2012.01.053).
14. ^ L. Randall, R. Sundrum; Sundrum (1999). "Out of this world supersymmetry breaking". Nuclear Physics B 557: 79118. arXiv:hep-th/9810155
(https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9810155). Bibcode:1999NuPhB.557...79R (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999NuPhB.557...79R). doi:10.1016/S0550-
3213(99)00359-4 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0550-3213%2899%2900359-4).
15. ^ G. Giudice, M. Luty, H. Murayama, R. Rattazzi; Rattazzi; Luty; Murayama (1998). "Gaugino mass without singlets". Journal of High Energy Physics
9812 (12): 027. arXiv:hep-ph/9810442 (https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9810442). Bibcode:1998JHEP...12..027G
(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JHEP...12..027G). doi:10.1088/1126-6708/1998/12/027 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F1126-
6708%2F1998%2F12%2F027).
16. ^ Djouadi, A.; Rosier-Lees, S.; Bezouh, M.; Bizouard, M. A.; Boehm, C.; Borzumati, F.; Briot, C.; Carr, J. et al. (1999). "The Minimal Supersymmetric
Standard Model: Group Summary Report". arXiv:hep-ph/9901246 (http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9901246).
External links
MSSM on arxiv.org (http://xstructure.inr.ac.ru/x-bin/theme3.py?level=1&index1=231444)
Stephen P. Martin (1997). "A Supersymmetry Primer". arXiv:hep-ph/9709356 (http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9709356).
Particle Data Group review of MSSM and search for MSSM predicted particles (http://pdg.lbl.gov/2007/listings/s046.pdf)
Ian J R Aitchison (2005). "Supersymmetry and the MSSM: An Elementary Introduction". arXiv:hep-ph/0505105 (http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-
ph/0505105).
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7/24/2014 Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1.3 Dark matter

Predictions of the MSSM regarding hadron colliders

Same holds for bottom with its own parameters and .

2 jets + missing energy

4 jets + Missing energy

4 jets+ + Missing energy

field multiplicity representation Z2 -parity Standard Model particle

Q 3 left-handed quark doublet

Uc 3 right-handed up-type anti-quark

Dc 3 right-handed down-type anti-quark

L 3 left-handed lepton doublet

MSSM Higgs Mass

Finally there is a contribution from the top squark A-terms

The MSSM Lagrangian

The constant term is unphysical in global supersymmetry (as opposed to supergravity).

Soft Susy Breaking

The first are the gaugino masses

There are the and terms which are given by

Problems with the MSSM

Theories of supersymmetry breaking

Gravity-mediated supersymmetry breaking

Gauge-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking (GMSB)

Anomaly-Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking (AMSB)

Phenomenological MSSM (pMSSM)

no new source of CP-violation

first and second generation universality

Symbol Description number of parameters

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This page was last modified on 4 July 2014 at 22:08.

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