10.

Lateral Force Resisting Systems

(a) Reinforced concrete concentric (b) Steel concentric cross bracing (c) Steel eccentric cross bracing
cross bracing

Cross-braced frames designed for lateral force resistance

p. 1 of Set 5

Combination of Systems
Including Gravity Load Systems

Perimeter frame

Column
Gravity load frame

Two-way slab
One-way slab

Space frames designed for Stiff, strong and ductile perimeter frames
combined lateral force and designed mainly for lateral force resistance,
gravity load resistance combined with flexible gravity load frames

View of typical building floor plan

p. 2 of Set 5

1
 Combination of Systems
Including Gravity Load Systems

Perimeter
frame

Gravity
frame

Precast concrete building with perimeter frames designed primarily for

lateral force resistance and with flexible interior gravity load frames

p. 3 of Set 5

Combination of Systems
Including Gravity Load Systems

Perimeter frame Perimeter frame

Gravity load frame Walls

One-way
One-way slab slab

Wall, ebf or cbf

Walls or EBF or CBF combined Perimeter frame combined with

with gravity load frames interior walls in a dual system

View of typical building floor plan

p. 4 of Set 5

2
 11. Mechanisms

(a) Cantilever wall (b) Frame

or column

System
displaced
Elastic

shape

Flexural plastic hinge

Mechanism

or or

Flexural
plastic hinge

Soft story or column Mixed

Beam sidesway
sidesway
p. 5 of Set 5

Mechanisms
(c) Coupled wall (d) Dual wall-frame
Slab
(Diaphragm)

Wall Wall Frame

System

Coupling
beam
displaced
Elastic

shape

Shear plastic Flexural

hinge plastic hinge
Mechanism

Flexural Flexural
plastic hinge plastic hinge

p. 6 of Set 5

3
 Mechanisms
Coupled Tower on the Self-anchored Oakland-San Francisco Suspended Bridge

Coupling beams

(b) Steel coupling beam plastically

deformed in shear

(a) General view of tower

p. 7 of Set 5

Mechanisms
(e) Concentrically braced (d) Eccentrically braced
frame frame
System
displaced
Elastic

shape

Slack brace

Shear plastic
hinge
Mechanism

Flexural
plastic hinge

p. 8 of Set 5

4
 Mechanisms

Flexural plastic hinges

(a) Plastically deformed reinforced concrete (b) Plastically deformed reinforced concrete
cantilever column frame beam-column joint component forming
a beam sidesway mechanism

p. 9 of Set 5

12. Capacity Design

Capacity Design is a Philosophical framework in

which the design intends to control de inelastic
response of a building structure
In Capacity Design, a suitable mechanism of inelastic
deformation is chosen. Plastic hinges are detailed for
ductility and energy dissipation while the remaining
regions and members are made with sufficient
strength to ensure their elastic response

p. 10 of Set 5

5
13. Elements of Displacement-based Seismic Design
Displacement Response Spectra (Elastic response, 5% damping)

Given Ch = Sa /g
Sd

Obtain

1

gC T2
S = h
d
4 2
p. 11 of Set 5
Period, T

Design Spectrum
Design spectra is generally given for a probability of
exceedance in 50 years (or average return period)
and for elastic response for 5% damping
i.e. 10/50 = 50% probability of exceedance in 50 years

Concept of Average Return Period, Rp

Te Rp =?
Rp = Te = 50 years
ln(1 r )
r = 50%
Te = exposure time
Rp = 72.1 years
r = probability of exceedance

p. 12 of Set 5

6
 Elastic Design Spectra
Design spectra are derived with significant uncertainty
Uncertainty in site tectonics
Uncertainty on attenuation relationships
Uncertainty on soil response (low frequency response)
Uncertainty on structural system damping

Distance to rupture
Peak ground acceleration, g

CQ > 1 Spectrum uncertainty factor

7.5
7.5

5.5

5.5

p. 13 of Set 5

Accounting for Inelastic vs Elastic Displacement Demand Variability in

SDOF Oscillators
CR = u / e
Codes usually recommend median relationships for CR (i.e., Equal
displacements)
Displacement ratio CR

90th percentile
Fs

Elastic Median
Seismic force

Inelastic
Fs / R

Equal displacement region

0
y e u Period, T

For all soil conditions,except very soft soils:

-1
CR = u0.4 +1 where u = displacement ductility capacity given by u / y 1
7T
and u = theoretical ultimate lateral displacement capacity

Example: u = 4 and T = 1.2 sec CR = 1.4

p. 14 of Set 5

7
 Combined Variability in Inelastic SDOF
Oscillators

CQR = (CQ -1)2 +(CR -1)2 +1

Example: CQ = 1.25 and CR = 1.4 CQR = 1.47

p. 15 of Set 5

Considering Uncertainty in the Evaluation of the

Lateral Displacement at a Given Damage State

Let
siv= nominal lateral displacement at a given damage
state (i.e. DS3 controlled by Long. bar fracture after
buckling - siv)

siv = displacement reduction factor for damage state siv

accounts for uncertainty in the equations predicting the strain
limit state

siv siv = dependable displacement for ssl siv

p. 16 of Set 5

8
 Fundamental Design Equation
SDOF Structures

At a given Damage State the dependable lateral displacement

computed for the Damage State shall be equal or greater than the
maximum probable displacement demand:

ssl ssl CQR Sd

Structural strain limit: ci civ or si siv

p. 17 of Set 5

Estimation of the Limiting Period

Sd

Code DRS
x/50
ssl ssl 1

CQR
Median

ssl ssl Period, T

T=
CQR x/50

p. 18 of Set 5

9
 Design Lateral Force
2
2
Vb = K y but K = M
Fs

Elastic T
Seismic force

K Hence,
1 2
2
Inelastic Vb = M y
T
Vb

or
y e u 2
y
Vb 2
Ch = =
Mg T g

p. 19 of Set 5

14. Design Procedure: SDOF Structures

Design for a Single Performance Objective
Given the geometry and the relevant design displacement
response spectra:

1. Select an appropriate mechanism of inelastic deformation

2. Select the level of detailing in the plastic hinge regions
Regions of low-seismicity: Sd (T = 2 sec) - 0.15 m
Detailing for limited ductility response, u . 8
Regions of medium and high-seismicity: Sd (T = 2 sec) > 0.15 m
Detailing for limited or full-ductility response, u . 8 or u . 14
3. Calculate the reference yield displacement, y
4. Calculate the dependable ultimate lateral displacement, ssl u
5. Determine the dependable displacement ductility capacity, u
6. Determine coefficient CQR
7. Determine the limiting fundamental period, T
8. Determine the base shear and the design bending moment
9. Capacity design to ensure the mechanism chosen can develop and be maintained

p. 20 of Set 5

10
 Example: Design of SDOF System
A bridge is to be built on a site characterized by the 5% damped displacement response spectra derived 2%
exceedance in 50 years shown below. The support for the bridge superstructure will consist on a circular
reinforced concrete column 5.8 m high by 1.82 mm diameter that supports a seismic weight of 3,200 kN. The
critical region at the base of the column, where the plastic hinge will form, will be detailed to attain a DSIII at
a curvature ductility capacity u = 14. The equivalent plastic hinge length for this column is lp = 0.5D and
Grade 430 reinforcement will be specified in design. Consider for this case ssl = 1.

Column height to center of mass l= 5800 mm

400 Diameter D= 1820 mm
Equivalent plastic hinge length lp = 0.5 * 1820 = 910 mm
Sd, mm

Displ. Response Spectra Slope 2/50 = 200 mm/sec

Seismic weight W= 3200 kN
Reinforcement yield strength fy = 430 MPa

0
0 2
Period T, sec

p. 21 of Set 5

Step 1 - Mechanism

Plastic hinge

Structure

Mechanism

p. 22 of Set 5

11
 Step 2 - Detailing

u = 14

Step 3 Reference Yield Displacement

For Grade 430 reinforcement, y = 0.00215

In circular columns, y = 2.25 * 0.00215 /1820 = 2.66E-06 rad/mm See Page 15 of Set 2

Hence, y = 2
2.66E-5 * 5800 / 3 = 30 mm

which results in a drift ratio y = 30 / 5800 * 100 = 0.51 %

p. 23 of Set 5

Step 4 Theoretical Ultimate Displacement

By definition, u = u / y See Page 13 of Set 2

but u = p - y
solving for p p = (u - 1) * y = 3.46E-05 rad/mm

The ultimate lateral displacement is obtained by integration of elastic and See Pages 22 and 23 of Set 2

plastic curvatures: ssl u = 198 mm

which results in a drift ratio u = 167 / 5800 * 100 = 3.4 %

Step 5 Dependable Displacement Ductility Capacity

By definition u = u / y =
ssl
6.6

p. 24 of Set 5

12
 Steps 6 & 7 Coefficient CQR and Period T

Assume CQ = 1.25
Trial 1 CR = 1.8
CQR = 1.84
T= = u / ( CQR * 2/50 ) =
T ssl 0.54 sec
Trial 2 CR = 2.03
CQR = 2.13
T= 0.46 sec
Trial 3 CR = 2.09
CQR = 2.22
T= 0.45 sec
Trial 4 CR = 2.11
CQR = 2.24
T= 0.44 sec
STOP

p. 25 of Set 5

Step 8 Base shear and design bending moment

2
2 y
Ch = = 0.62 See Page 6 of Set 5
T g

Vb = Ch W = 1973 kN

Mu = 1973 * 5.8 m = 11,443 kNm

p. 26 of Set 5

13
 Parametric study on Ch
Seismic coefficients for the example as a function of 2/50 Seismic coefficients for the example as a function of u
0.7 1.4
Ch Ch
0.6 1.2
u = 14
0.5 1
?
0.4 0.8
2/50 = 200mm/sec

0.3 0.6

0.2 0.4
2/50 =100mm/sec
0.1 0.2

0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 8 10 12 14 16 18
2/50 , mm/sec u

p. 27 of Set 5

Step 8 - Base shear and design bending moment (Cont.)

Axial force bending moment load combinations:

i) & or ii) &

Nu = ND + NL Mu = 11,443 kNm Nu = 0.9ND Mu = 11,443 kNm

Combination ii) is critical

Determine area of flexural reinforcement

p. 28 of Set 5

14
 Step 9 Capacity Design
Enable the development of the mechanism chosen:
By preventing shear, bar curtailment, anchorage failures among
others
Sources of static overstrength that can change the bending
moment and shear force diagrams initially calculated:
Use of material or strength reduction factors: ..1,15
Excess of reinforcement ..1,05
Materials strengths greater than specified
Reinforcement: .1,10
Concrete not so important
Work hardening of reinforcement .. 1,10
Different load combination resulting in additional capacity (needs to
be evaluated in each case Assume 1.10)

p. 29 of Set 5

Step 9 Capacity Design

Nu

Nu = ND + NL
Nu = 0.9ND

Mu

Additional moment capacity caused by different

load combination

Adding all sources of overstrength we obtain for the problem:

o = 1.15 * 1.05 * 1.10 * 1.10 * 1.10 = 1.94

p. 30 of Set 5

15
 Step 9 Capacity Design

Bending Moment Diagrams

For the design of the potential For bar curtailment

plastic hinge region

Mu = 11,443 kNm Mo = 1.94 x 11,443 = 22,207 kNm

p. 31 of Set 5

p. 32 of Set 5

16
 Step 9 Capacity Design

Shear Force Diagram

From lateral loading Shear design, considering

overstrength

Vu = 1,973 kN Vo = 1.94 x 1,973 = 3,229 kN

p. 33 of Set 5

15. Response Characterization of Typical

Construction Components and Systems

Testing methods: for Testing:

Reversed cyclic loading Components, systems

Pseudo-dynamic Components, sub-systems

Real-time earthquake simulation Systems

p. 34 of Set 5

17
 Hysteretic Response Characterization of
Typical Structural Components and Systems

Component

Component System

p. 35 of Set 5

Hysteretic Response Characterization of

Typical Construction Materials and Systems

Typical Loading Protocol for Uni-directional

Reversed Cyclic Loading
Drift, %

Cycle

p. 36 of Set 5

18
 Hysteretic Response Characterization of
Typical Structural Components and Systems
Example of Testing under Uni-directional Reversed Cyclic Loading

p. 37 of Set 5

Hysteretic Response Characterization of

Typical Structural Components and Systems
Example of Testing on the Earthquake Simulator

p. 38 of Set 5

19
 Hysteretic Response of Typical Structural Components

Fat Loops

Steel beam-column joint component

Well detailed structural steel with plastic hinge developing at the
or diagonally reinforced concrete reduced beam flange region
component

p. 39 of Set 5

Hysteretic Response of Typical Structural Components

Fat Loops

Well detailed reinforced

concrete component

p. 40 of Set 5

20
 Hysteretic Response of Typical Structural Components

80

60

(b) Full response Origin Centered Loops

Lateral Force, V (kN)

40

20

-20

-40

-60
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Drift , h (%)

(a) Rocking System

120

100

80
( b ) F u ll r e s p o n s e
60
Lateral Force, V (kN)

40

20

-2 0

-4 0

-6 0
-8 0

-1 0 0

-1 2 0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5
-4.5

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

D r if t , h (% )

(b) Hybrid system

p. 41 of Set 5

Hysteretic Response of Typical Structural Components

Pinched Loops

Nails

Nailed plywood sheating

p. 42 of Set 5

21