STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

1.0 PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction:
AZ Engineering Associates intends to enter into joint venture with
________________________________for carrying out structural design of
multistory building of ________________________hospital situated at
___________________, Kuwait comprising of ______________sft plinth area
at each floor.
The feasibility study, master planning, architectural Design, detailed
surveying, geo-tech study / soil exploration has already been done. The part of
services to be provided by AZ Engineering Associates comprises of carrying
out structural design of the hospital building which includes:

1) Structural design of the hospital building

2) Preparation of working structural drawings
3) Preparation of bar bending schedule
4) Working out detailed quantities of reinforced concrete and
reinforcement
The Analysis and Design Criteria for the structure outlines general design
procedures to be followed for carrying out the structural design of all elements
including foundations, retaining walls etc. to ensure adequate strength for the
whole structure and all parts thereof to withstand all design loads which are
likely to come across in the life time of the structure.
All structural elements of the project will be precisely analyzed to a high
degree of structural competence, reliability and durability in accordance with
the standards and codes mentioned below:

1.2 Structural Design Criteria:

The Structural Design Criteria describes general design procedures applicable
to the design of all structural elements of the hospital building including
foundations to ensure adequate strength and stability of the structure as a
whole and all parts thereof for safely withstanding all loads comprising of
dead, live/moving, dynamic, vibratory, wind, seismic and special loads if any.

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2.0 DESIGN CODES
The codes and standards to be used are:

BS 8110 : Structural use of concrete

ACI 318M-08 & ACI 318-2011 : Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete.
ACI 350-01 : Requirements for Environmental Engineering for
Concrete Structures
AISC : American Institute of Steel Construction,
Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings, 13th
edition
UBC-1997 : Uniform Building Code
IBC-2006 : International Building Code
ANSI A 58.1 : American National Standards Institute
ASCE/SEI 7-05 : Minimum design loads for Buildings and Other
Structures
AWS D 1.1 : American Welding Society Code

3.0 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:

3.1 Concrete:

The 28 days compressive cylinder strength for reinforced concrete to be used

for different structural elements of the hospital will as proposed by the Lead
Firm. Generally the strength used are:
Post tensioned / Pre-stressed elements, (if any). 6000 psi (40 MPa)
Columns 6000 psi (40 MPa)
Piles, Pile Caps, Foundations, Column Pedestals 5000 psi (35 MPa)
Slabs and beams 5000 psi (35 MPa)
Concrete to be used as Fill Concrete. 3000 psi (20 MPa)

Chloride and Sulphate content of soil shall be determined according to BS

1377 by the Lead firm. The treatment to rebars and use of type of cement shall
be based on test results.

3.2 Reinforcing Steel:

The reinforcing steel shall conform to ASTM A-615 Grade 60 having
minimum yield strength of 415 MPa (60,000 psi).

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3.3 If required structural steel design, fabrications and erection shall conform to
following standards.
ASTM A36 : Structural Steel Members.
ASTM A307 : Nuts and Bolts.
High strength steel bolts, nuts and
ASTM A325 :
washers.
ASTM A563, Grade A : Unfinished Nuts.
ASTM A53 Type E or S, Grade B : Structural Steel Piping
ASTM A120 : Pipe Handrail
AWS 01.1, E7OXX Electrode : Welding
Galvanized welded steel, plain
: Grating
surface
ASTM A446, Grade B : Cold Formed Products

i. All structural steel members shall conform to ASTM A36 250 MPa
(36,000 Psi).
ii. Shop connections normally shall be welded. Use welding electrodes with
a tensil strength of 480 MPa (70,000 psi).
iii. All field bolt connections shall be minimum 19 mm (3/4 of an inch) in
diameter, high strength bolts using bearing type N connections, with
threads included in the shear planes. Bolts in above cases may be
tightened to Turn-of-Nut method or by Direct Tension Indicators.
iv. For connections subjected to vibration, fatigue, or load reversal, and for
crane supports and oversized holes, slip critical connections according to
AISC shall be used; and the bolts shall be pre-tensioned by the Turn-of-
Nut method / DTI. Use 19 mm or 22 mm (3/4 or 7/8 of an inch) A325-
SC (slip critical high strength) bolts, unless larger diameter is necessary
for design.
v. For secondary or lightly loaded members such as girts, stairs, ladders
and handrails,16 mm (5/8 of an inch) in diameter, unfinished bolts
(ASTM A307) may be used.
vi. Connections that are not detailed or otherwise noted on the design
drawings shall be shop welded and field bolted AISC Framed Beam
Connections.
vii. Members shall be connected by at least 2 bolts.
viii. Gusset plates shall be 10 mm (3/8 of an inch) minimum thickness.
ix. Platforms and walkways shall be covered generally with standard
steel grating unless otherwise noted. The weight of removable flooring
sections shall not exceed 665 N (150 pounds).

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4.0 LOADS:

Following loads shall be considered in the analysis and design of the overall structure
and different structural elements of the project.

4.1 Dead Load:

These are vertical loads of permanent structural and nonstructural

components of a building, including empty vessels, equipment, built-in
partitions, fireproofing, insulation, piping and ducting, electrical conduits, and
permanent fixtures.

The self weight of the structure and the superimposed dead load will be calculated
using the following unit weights of materials.
Reinforced Cement Concrete : 24 kN/m3 (150 Ibs/ft3)
Plain Cement Concrete : 23 kN/m3 (144 Ibs/ft3)
Steel. : 77 kN/m3 (490 Ibs/ft3)
Earth (compacted) : 19 kN/m3 (120 lbs/ft3)
Brickwork : 19 kN/m3 (120 lbs/ft3)
Other general dead loads are:
i. Roof Finishes including insulation and water : 2.65 KPa (55psf)
proofing treatment (Clay tiles + mud etc.)
ii. Floor Finishes:
a. Terrazzo/ Marble/ Granite flooring : 1.45 KPa (30 psf)
b. Ceramic/Glazed/Vinyl tiles flooring : 1.45 KPa (30 psf)
c. Plain cement concrete flooring : 0.95 KPa (20 psf)
iii. Ceiling Finishes:
a. Plaster : 0.30 KPa (6 psf)
b. False Ceiling including supporting : 0.15Pa (3 psf)
structure
iv. Piping, Ducts, Cables. : 0.50 KPa (10 psf)
v. Masonry Walls. : As per actual weight
vi. Light Partitions for Office areas : 1.20 KPa (25 psf).
vii. Wall Finishes:
a. Plaster : 0.30 KPa (6 psf).
b. Cladding with marble, granite and : 0.72 KPa (15 psf).
ceramic tiles etc.
viii. Fixed Service Equipments Mechanical / : As per
Electrical, equipments for example elevators, Manufacturer's
pumps, fan, coil supplied information.
units compressors etc.
ix. Facades including glazing tiles etc. : As per actual weight

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4.2 Live Load:
Loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or structure. They
include the weight of all movable loads, including personnel, tools,
miscellaneous
equipment, movable partitions, cranes, hoists, parts of dismantled equipment
and stored material.
Design will be carried out for live loads as recommended in ANSI A58.1.
Unless otherwise noted, generally a live load of 3 kN/m2 (60 Ibs/sq.ft) will be
assumed on floors, stairs and steel grating of plant buildings.

i. Floor
a. Residential Buildings : 1.5 KPa (30 psf))
b. Commercial Buildings : 4.0 KPa (80 psf)
ii. Libraries
a. Reading Halls : 2.9 KPa (60 psf)
b. Book storage area : 7.25 KPa (150 psf)
iii. Mosques, Churches, Stairs : 4.80 KPa (100 psf)
iv. Offices
a. Filing and storage space : 4.80 KPa (100
psf).
b. Office for general use : 2.50 KPa (52 psf).
c. Office with computing data
processing and similar equipments : 3.60 KPa (75 psf).
v. Corridors
a. First floor : 4.80 KPa (100 psf)
b. Above first floor : 3.85 KPa (80 psf)

vi. Auditorium : 4.0 KPa (83.6

psf).

vii. Roof. : 0.95 KPa (20 psf)

a. Accessible. : 1.45 KPa (30 psf)
b. Inaccessible. : 1.20 KPa (25 psf)

4.3 Equipment Load:

The loads specified by the Plant/Machinery Supplier shall be strictly followed.
A dynamic load factor of two (2) on the equipment load shall be used to cater
for the dynamic effect unless otherwise provided by the Machinery Supplier.
4.4 Wind Load:

The wind pressure and load will be computed using the recommendations of
the Uniform Building Code (UBC - 97). The following design
formula/parameters will be adopted.

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 P = Ce Cq qs lw
Where
Ce = Combined height, exposure and gust factor coefficient
Cq = Pressure coefficient for the structure
Iw = Importance factor
P = Design wind pressure
qs = Wind stagnation pressure at the standard height of 10 m (33 feet)

The basic parameters to be used for evaluating the design wind pressure P,
are as follows:
Design wind speed =160 kph (100 Mph)
Exposure category = C (Open area)

4.5 Earth Pressure:

Lateral earth pressure on the retaining walls and basement walls will be
computed using the Coulomb theory. However, for granular material, pressure
coefficients will be computed as follows:

ka (active) = (1-sin ) / (1+sin )

ko (at rest) = (1-sin )
kp (passive) = (1+sin ) / (1-sin )
ka, will be used for retaining walls; ko will be used for basement walls
whereas kp for walls moving towards the soil. The earth pressure coefficients
for earthquake. loading, will be calculated using Mononabe - Okabe formulae
as described below:
sin2 ( + )
Kae = 2
sin +) sin( )
cos 2 sin( + +) [1+ ]
sin( + + ) sin( )

sin2 ( + )
Kpe = 2
sin( +) sin( )
cos 2 sin( ) [1 ]
sin( ) sin( )

= Wall angle
= Slope angle of ground or backfill.
= Angle of internal friction of the retained soil.
D = angle of friction between materials.
T = tan ( )
-1
( in radians)
a, p = Subscripts used for Active and Passive earth pressure values
respectively.

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 4.6 Seismic Load:
The seismic forces will be computed and distributed using the seismic load
generated using the program STAAD/PRO, SAP-2000 or ETAB. The seismic
design of the structures will be based on the Zone specified for the area where
hospital is to be constructed based on UBC 1997.

4.7 Temperature / Thermal Load

The temperature effects on buildings will be investigated against the

maximum differential temperature of 25 degree centigrade. For special plants,
the operational conditions specified by the equipment supplier will be used for
temperature analysis.

5.0 LOADING CONDITIONS AND COMBINATION

The various load cases applied to both concrete and steel structures in combination with the
required strength factors are as follows. The load combination producing the most
critical resultant forces and moments shall be used in design.

5.1 Reinforced Concrete Structures:

The load combinations shall be as per ACI 318-08 / 11.
i). U= 1.4(D+F)
ii). U = 1.2 (D+F+T) +1.6 (L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or R)
iii). u = 1.2 D+1.6 (Lr or R) + (1.0 L or 0.8 W)
iv). u = 1.2 D + 1.6 W + 1.0 L
v). u = 1.2 D + 1.6 W + 1.0 L + 0.5 (Lr or R)
vi). u = 1.2 D + 1.0 E + 1.0 L
vii). u = 0.9 D + 1.6 W + 1.6 H
viii). u = 0.9 D +1.0 E + 1.6 H

5.2 Structural steel Structures:

Structural Steel Work
For structural steel construction load combinations contained in AISC Manual shall
be adopted.
i). u=D
ii). u= D+L
iii). U = D ::!:: W
iv). u= D+L::f: W
v). u= D ::l:: T

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 Notations:
D = Dead Load
L = Live Load
W = Wind Load
T = Thermal Load
Lr = Roof live Load
E = Earthquake Load
R = Rain Load
F = Fluid Pressure
H = Earth Pressure
u = Required ultimate strength for concrete structures to resist design
loads or their related internal moments and forces as defined in
ACI- 318
while required strength for steel structure to resist design loads or
their related internal moments and forces as defined in AISC.
The equipment load will be added to dead load and live load as per
supplier's data.

Load combinations for sanitary works shall be in accordance with

recommendations of ACI 350.

6.0 GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS:

Design data shall be supplied by the Lead Firm.

7.0 STABILITY CRITERIA:

The following stability criteria where required will be used for different structures of
the complex.
i. Minimum factor of safety (against sliding) : 1.50
ii. Minimum factor of safety against overturning) : 1.50
iii. Allowable lateral deflection at top (where h is the height of the : h/360
structure)

The minimum factor of safety against overturning is given as 1.50 but it will be
ensured that resultant of all the forces remains within middle third of the foundation
width and in no case falls beyond the width of the foundation.

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8.0 METHODS OF ANALYSIS:

The analysis shall be carried out using computer aided methods of analysis and design
as listed below.
i. SAP-2000 : Structural Analysis Programme (Static and
Dynamic Finite element Analysis of Structure).
ii. STAAD.Pro 2005 : Structural Analysis and Design Program

9.0 DESIGN METHODS:

All reinforced concrete structures shall be designed by the Ultimate Strength
Methods, as defined in ACI - 318 except for all concrete liquid retaining or sanitary
engineering structures which are designed and detailed based on the working stress
design methods as recommended by ACI Committee 350R.
All steel structures shall be designed by Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method.

10.0 DURABILITY OF CONCRETE AND STEEL

As some of the structures are prone to attack of acids or bases, therefore, following
additional measures will be required for the durability of concrete and steel in addition
procedures / steps adopted for durable concrete.
Coating of appropriate paints on concrete and structural steel surfaces
Use of anti-resistant tiles on walls and floors
Use of Epoxy Coated reinforcing steel

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