A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to

be integrated is evaluated along a curve. In the case of a closed curve it is also

called a contour integral.
The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
Consider vector field,

and the three-dimensional, smooth curve given by

The line integral of vector field along curve C is given by

Where
In other words, the line integral is simply an integration along contour C, of the scalar component
of vector field F(r ) that lies in the direction tangential to the contour C .

C F

y
T

We can also write line integrals of vector fields as a line integral with respect to arc
length as follows,
where is the unit tangent vector and is given by,

If we use our knowledge on how to compute line integrals with respect to arc length
we can see that this second form is equivalent to the first form given above.

Given the vector field and the curve C parameterized

by , the line integral is,

Q1)Force: F i yj xyzk moves a particle from

(0,0,0) to (1,-1,1) along curve:

x t , y t 2 , z t , 0 t 1
Work: c F dR c dx ydy xyzdz
 0 (1 t 2 (2t ) t 4 ) dt 0 (1 2t 3 t 4 ) dt
1 1

3 /10

F dr for F( x, y, z) x i y 2 j z 2 k .for the curve C represented by r(t ) t i t 2 j t 3 k ,

2
Evaluate
C
0 t 1

Solution: For the path C : r(t ) t i t 2 j t 3 k , we have x(t ) t , y(t ) t 2 , and z(t ) t 3 . Thus,

F( x(t ), y(t ), z(t )) F(t , t 2 , t 3 ) t 2 i (t 2 ) 2 j (t 3 ) 2 k t 2 i t 4 j t 6 k t 2 , t 4 , t 6 .

Since r(t ) i 2t j 3t 2 k 1,2t,3t 2 , we have

t b

F dr
C
F( x(t ), y(t )) r (t )dt
t a

t 1
t , t 4 , t 6 1,2t,3t 2 dt
2

t 0

t 1

t 0
[(t 2 )(1) (t 4 )( 2t ) (t 6 )(3t 2 )]dt

t 1

t 0
(t 2 2t 5 3t 8 ) dt

t 1
1 1 1
( t3 t6 t9
3 3 3 t 0

1 1 1
( (1) 3 (1) 6 (1) 9 ) 0
3 3 3

1 1 1

3 3 3

1
 Surface Integrals
Surface integration amounts to adding up normal
components of a vector field over a given surface S.
We break the surface S into small surface elements

and assign to each element a vector ds ds en

ds is equal to the area of the surface element

e
is the unit vector normal (perpendicular) to the
n
surface element
(If S is a closed surface, e is by convention
n

directed outward)
Then we take the dot product of the vector field
at the position of the surface element with vector
.
The result isa differential scalar. The sum of these
scalars over all the surface elements is the
surface integral.
is the component of in the direction of
(normal
to the surface). Therefore, the surface integral can
be viewed as the flow (or flux) of the vector field
through the surface S
(the net outward flux in the case of a closed
surface).

Essentially, the surface integral integrates (i.e., adds

up) the values of a scalar component of vector field A(r )
at each and every point on surface S. This scalar
component of vector field A(r ) is the projection of ( ) s A r
onto a direction perpendicular (i.e., normal) to the surface

Some important things to note:

* The integrand is a scalar function.
* The integration is over two dimensions.
* The surface S is an arbitrary two-dimensional surface in
a three-dimensional space.
* The position vector sr denotes only those points that lie
on surface S. Therefore, the value of this integral only
depends on the value of vector field A(r ) at the points
on this surface.

In multivariable calculusa volume integral refers to an integral over a 3-dimensional domain, that is, it is a special
case of multiple integrals. Volume integrals are especially important in physics for many applications, for example, to
calculate flux densities.

Integration of a function of three variables, w=f(x,y,z), over a three-dimensional region R in xyz-space is

called a triple integral and is denoted

Integrating the function over a unit cube yields the following result:

So the volume of the unit cube is 1 as expected.

Let C be a smooth curve given by the vector function r(t), a t b.

Let f be a differentiable function of two or

three variables whose gradient vector
is continuous on C.

Then,
f dr f r b f r a
C

This theorem is also called the fundamental theorem for line integrals

says roughly that if we integrate a "derivative-like function'' (f or f) the result depends only on the values of the
original function (f) at the endpoints.

If C is a closed path, we can integrate around it starting at any point a; since the starting and ending points are
the same,
Cfdr=f(a)f(a)=0.

For example, in a gravitational field (an inverse square law field) the amount of work required to move an
object around a closed path is zero. Of course, it's only the net amount of work that is zero. It may well take a
great deal of work to get from point a to point b, but then the return trip will "produce'' work. For example, it
takes work to pump water from a lower to a higher elevation, but if you then let gravity pull the water back
down, you can recover work by running a water wheel or generator. (In the real world you won't recover all
the work because of various losses along the way.)

The gradient theorem makes evaluating line integrals CFds very simple, if we happen to know that F=f.
The function f is called the potential function of F. Typically, though you just have the vector field F

, and the trick is to know if a potential function exists and, if so, how find it.

It is clear from the above function that a vector field has a potential function only if it is conservative (or path-
independent). It turns out the converse is true as well, so that a potential function f

exists satisfying f=F if and only if F is conservative. So, the two steps for using the gradient theorem to
evaluate a line integral CFds

are

1. determine if F

is conservative, and
find the potential function f if F

2. is conservative.

With the potential function f

in hand, evaluating CFds is as simple as calculating the values of f at the endpoints of C and subtracting,
according to the gradient theorem of equation (4). wThis final step is illustrated by a simple example.

A vector field F is conservative if we can find a function f such that F = f. The line integral of
a conservative vector field along a curve is independent of path. This means that the line integral
depends only on the end points of the curve. This follows from the Fundamental Theorem for line
integrals.

Conservative Vector Fields

If the vector field F x, y, z F1 x, y, z , F2 x, y, z , F3 x, y, z has components with continuous first

partial derivatives on D 3
, then the following five statements are equivalent (i.e., they are either all true
or all false)

1. F x, y is conservative in D.
2. F x, y is a gradient field in D. (i.e., F x, y f x, y ).
3. F x, y dr is independent of path in D.
C

4. F x, y dr 0 for every piecewise-smooth closed curve C lying in D.

C

5. F 0 .

Greens Theorem gives a relationship between the line integral along a simple
closed curve and the double integral on the enclosed region. This can often help simply line integral
calculations.

Gausss Divergence Theorem

F Nda M Fdv

Example 13.33

1: z x y , x y 1
2 2 2 2

2 : x y 1, z 1
2 2
 Unit outer normal to 1:
1 x y
N1 ( i j k)
2 z z
1 x y
F N1 ( xi yj zk ) ( i j k)
2 z z
1 x2 y 2
= ( z) 0
2 z z
1
F N1da 0

Unit outer normal to 2 :N 2 k

F N2 z
F N 2 da zda 1da
2 2

F Nda F N1da F N 2 da
1 2

=0

F x y z 3
x y z
1
M Fdv M 3dv 3
3

Example 13.34

F ( x, y, z ) x 2i y 2 j z 2k
 the flux of F across the cubic faces :
F Nda F N1da F N 6 da
1 6

By Gauss's theorem, F 2 x 2 y 2 z
F Nda M Fdv M (2 x 2 y 2 z )dv

= 0 0 0 (2 x 2 y 2 z )dzdydx
1 1 1

= 0 0 [(2 x 2 y ) z z 2 10 ]dydx
1 1

= 0 0 [(2 x 2 y 1)dydx
1 1

1
= 0 (2x+2)dx =3

The theorem is named after the Irish mathematical physicist Sir George Stokes (1819
1903).
What we call Stokes Theorem was actually
discovered by the Scottish physicist Sir William Thomson (18241907, known as
Lord Kelvin).
Stokes learned of it in a letter from Thomson in 1850.
Physical significance
If A.dl =0 for any closed path, then A is called irrotational or conservative field.

If A denotes the force F then F.dr=0 means that total work done by the force in taking a body round a closed
curve is zero i.e total energy remains conserved throughout the motion.

Stokes' Theorem
Stokes' Theorem states that if is an oriented surface with boundary curve C, and F is a vector field differentiable
throughout , then C
F T ds curl F n dS , where n (the unit normal to ) and T (the unit tangent vector to C)

are chosen so that n T points inwards from C along .

Thus, Stokes Theorem says:

The line integral around the boundary curve of S

of the tangential component of F is equal to the surface integral of the normal

F dr curl F dS
component of the curl of F.
C
S
says that the collective measure of this rotational tendency taken over the entire surface S (surface
integral) is equal to the tendency of a fluid to circulate around the boundary C (line integral).

Example

Evaluate by Stokes theorem, where

and C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices at (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 0).

Solution

We have

Therefore,
We note that the z-coordinate of each vertex of the triangle is zero. Therefore, the triangle lies in the
xy-plane. Hence, .

Thus,

The equation of OB is y=x.

Therefore, by Stokes theorem, we have

Note: Stokes theorem involves a open surface.

Divergence theorem involves a closed surface.