Validity Sheet

Field Study Report in Mangrove Bulaksetra Pangandaran

Disusun oleh :

1. Amalia Sabila
2. Dimas Sandi Pasha
3. Farhan Ramadhan Priatna
4. Laela Nurfadila
5. Shabrina Ridha Azizah

Has been completed and approved to meet the telecoms review studies
Courses Bilingual Class IX SmpNegeri 1Pangandaran 2016

Pangandaran, 22 october 2016

Guru Pembimbing 1

Bidang Study Bahasa Inggris

Sri Sudaryanti S.Pd

 PREFACE

Thank to Almighty God who has given His bless to the writer for finishing the
English paper assignment entitled FIELD STUDY REPORT MANGROVE
BULAKSETRA. The writer also wish to express his deep and sincere gratitude for
those who have guided in completing this paper.
I would like to extent my gratitude to teachers who have inspired me :
1. Dr. Dodi Budiana, M.Pd. as the head of school SMPN 1 Pangandaran
2. Sri Sudaryanti, S.Pde as Supervising teacher
3. All the parties which can not be mentioned one by one
we sincerely hope that this report can be useful insight and knowledge on the Setra
Bulak. We are also fully aware that in this paper there is a shortage and far from
perfect. Therefore, we hope the criticisms, suggestions and proposals for the
improvement of report that we have made in the future, remember nothing is perfect
without constructive suggestions.
Hopefully, this paper can help the readers to expand their knowledge about
mangroves

Pangandaran, November,22th, 2016

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Validity Sheet ................................................................................................................ 1

PREFACE ..................................................................................................................... 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 4

1.1 Backgraound Of The Paper ................................................................................. 4

1.2 Purpose of the Paper ........................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER I THEORY AND DISCUSION ................................................................. 7

2.1 Definition Of Mangrove forest ........................................................................... 7

2.2 Mangrove Forest In Bulaksetra Pangandaran.................................................. 15

2.3 Benefits of Mangrove Forests in Bulaksetra .................................................... 16

BAB III ....................................................................................................................... 18

A FINALE ................................................................................................................... 18

3.1 In Conclusion .................................................................................................... 18

ANNEX ....................................................................................................................... 19
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Backgraound Of The Paper

The mangrove forest is a coastal vegetation that can grow and thrive in tidal
areas and muddy. The mangrove forest is the vegetation that grows on alluvial
silt soil in coastal areas and estuaries are still influenced by the tide.
Mangrove forests are spread across several countries. Indonesia is a country
that has mangroveterluas forests in the world and spread over several islands like
Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua and Maluku Islands. Extensive
mangrove forests in Indonesia in 1982 approximately 4.25 million hectares and
in 1985 about 3.24 million hectares. The results of the final survey in 1995 stated
that Indonesia remaining mangrove forest area of 2.06 million ha.
Extensive mangrove forests in Indonesia are gradually reduced, this is due to
human activities that affect the mangrove ecosystems. There are three main
factors causing damage to the mangrove, namely (1) pollution, (2) conversion of
mangrove forests are paying less attention to environmental factors and (3)
logging.
Mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia have the highest levels of species
diversity in the world. In Indonesia, there were 202 species of mangrove that
consists of 89 species of trees, five palm species, 19 species of lianas, 44
herbaceous species, 44 species of epiphytes and 1 species spikes (Noor, 2006).
Of the 202 species of mangrove, spread across several islands, which is
determined by the distribution pattern of mangrove adaptation to the
environment.
Mangrove has the adaptability which is typical to the environment, namely
(1) adaptation to low oxygen levels, causing mangrove shape rooting
characteristic (type crabbed, and the type of buffer) eg Avicennia sp.,
Xylocarpus., Sonneratia sp., And Rhizophora sp ., (2) adaptation to high salinity;
by having special cells on the leaf that is used to store salt, leafy thick and strong
that contains a lot of water to regulate the balance of salt and have a structure
stomata specifically to reduce evaporation, and (3) the adaptation of the soil is
less stable and their ups and downs, by developing a very extensive root structure
and form a network of horizontal width.
The ability of adaptation to the environment determine their mangrove zones
are different for each species. Mangroves grow in four zones, namely in the open,
central area, an area that has brackish water river until almost tasteless, and areas
that have freshwater (Noor, 2006). Based waterlogging, mangroves can grow into
3 zones, a zone that is proximal areas close to the sea, midle zone a zone situated
between sea and land, and a distal zone which is the zone furthest from the sea.
In each zone of mangrove species was different. In the zone of proximal
discovered species Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucuranata and Sonneratia
alba, zone midle found mangrove species Sonneratia caseolaris, Brugiera
gymnorrhiza, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officianalis and Ceriops tagal, while
in the zone distal discovered species Heritiera litorralis, Pongamia, Pandanus sp.,
And Hibiscus tiliaceus.
As an ecosystem in coastal areas, mangrove forests have a twofold function
in supporting the development and preservation of natural resources potential.
Function of mangrove forests can be viewed in several ways, namely in terms of
economic, physical, and biological functions in terms of potential.
Function mangrove economically covers forest products as timber, recreation
areas, and as an industrial raw material, while the physical functions of mangrove
forests that protect the area behind the mangroves from the pounding waves and
strong winds, as well as the function of mangrove forests are biologically
includes foraging, spawning and a breeding ground for many species of fish,
shrimp, oysters and other marine creatures.
Given the importance of mangrove forests in maintaining and improving
produksifitas marine life, the mangrove forest conservation efforts is something
 that must be considered. Reality on the ground shows the damage to mangrove
forests are quite alarming.
Bulaksetra region is a land arising form the island of sedimentation of two
rivers namely river and river Putrapinggan and Cikidang Cibuntung. Cibuntung
river is a separation between the mainland with Bulaksetra. Land tenure status in
Bulaksetra is state land used for residential communities, farms and ponds.
Before the tsunami of 2006, Bulaksetra a settlement for 38 families relocated
Pangandaran ocean port development projects.
Mangroves in the area of Bulak Setra is currently still in the growth stage as
a result of the succession process due to hard-hit by the tsunami in 2006. The
mangrove ecosystem into tourism products are interesting because it presents a
natural phenomenon that is diverse, ranging from the diversity of mangrove
species, species - species of fauna found in those ecosystems such as birds,
molluscs (slugs or snails), fish, other types of crustaceans (crab) and other of
animals.

1.2 Purpose of the Paper

The objective of this paper is:
a. To fulfill the task subjects Natural Science
b. Adding insight and knowledge of the mangrove forests in Bulak
SetraPangandaran
 CHAPTER I
THEORY AND DISCUSION

2.1 Definition Of Mangrove forest

Mangrove is a combination of words Mangue (Portuguese), which means the
plant and the Grove (the English) meaning grove (Arief, 2003), then according to
Mastaller (in Noor, 2006) that "The word mangrove derived from ancient Malay
is mangi-mangi used to describe the genus Avicennia ".
Based Forestry Decrees No.60 / Kpts / Dj. / 1/1978 (in Arief, 2003) that
"Mangrove forests are said to be along the coast and estuaries are still influenced
by the tide, which inundated at high tide and smoking puddle at low tide ".
Furthermore, according to Kitamura (2003) states that "Mangroves are tropical
plants and communities in tidal areas". Daearah Tidal is an area influenced by
tides and is located along the coastline, including the edge of the sea, river
estuary and anchovies.
Based on these descriptions, mangrove forests can be considered as the
coastal vegetation of tropical and sub-tropisyang dominated by several species of
mangrove that can grow and thrive in tidal areas, mud and sand. However, not all
beaches overgrown with mangrove, due to growth have requirements, among
others, is the condition of protected beaches and relatively quiet, gentle and got
sediments from the river mouth.
The coastal area is a meeting between land and sea where the systems were
still influenced by the nature of the ocean such as tidal, wind, sea and salt water
intrusion, while the sea is still affected by a natural process that occurs in the
land, such as sedimentation of freshwater stream and all human activities in land
such as deforestation, pollution and etc.
he mangrove forest also called mangrove forests are forests that grow in
brackish water and is affected by the tidal seawater. This forest is growing,
especially in places where there is silting and accumulation of organic matter.
Good in coves sheltered from the onslaught of the waves, as well as around the
mouth of the river where the water slows down and precipitate sludge had
brought from upstream.
Mangrove forests are often called mangroves. Bakau is actually only one
plant species make up the mangrove forest, the species Rhizophora sp which is a
species that dominates the mangrove forests. Nevertheless the use of the term to
describe the mangrove forests of mangrove forests is not appropriate because the
mangrove forest area, there are several species associated therein.
There are several species of mangrove that make up the mangrove
vegetation belongs to the genus Rhizophora, Sonneratia, Xylocarpus, Avicennia
and from the tribe palma like Nypa fructicans.
The mangrove forest is a source of organic material needed for the animals
or organisms that live in the mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove areas significantly
into a provider of food and energy for life on a tropical beach, similar to the role
of the various species of phytoplankton and algae in the sea.
Mangrove forests can function as physics, chemistry, biology and economics
and can serve as a tourist resort and a place of research, education and
conservation. The economic function of the mangrove forests is the wood can be
used as building materials, fuel, fish and shrimp farming. Leather tanner used as
material, medicine and as a food ingredient.
Biological functions of mangroves as a habitat of various kinds of crab,
shrimp, fish, as well as the breeding of birds as well as a supplier of organic
material, so as to provide food for the organisms that live in the surrounding
waters. Physical function of mangrove forests is as coastal protection and coastal
areas of the pounding waves, winds and storms, while the function of mangrove
forests in the industry, namely as a producer of high-quality charcoal as well as a
producer of wood fuel and tanners.
 In Indonesia, there is a vast mangrove forest around Shoal Sunda relatively
quiet and is a place empties into large rivers. Which is on the east coast and the
west coast of Sumatra and southern Borneo. On the north coast of Java, these
forests have long been eroded by the needs of its population to the land. In the
eastern part of Indonesia, on the banks of Shoal Sahul, mangrove forests are still
well contained on the southwest coast of Papua, especially around Bintuni Bay.
Mangrove in Papua reached 1.3 million ha area, about one third of the mangrove
forests in Indonesia.
The mangrove forest also called mangrove forests are forests that grow in
brackish water and is affected by the tidal seawater. This forest is growing,
especially in places where there is silting and accumulation of organic matter.
Good in coves sheltered from the onslaught of the waves, as well as around the
mouth of the river where the water slows down and precipitate sludge had
brought from upstream.
Mangrove forests are often called mangroves. Bakau is actually only one
plant species make up the mangrove forest, the species Rhizophora sp which is a
species that dominates the mangrove forests. Nevertheless the use of the term to
describe the mangrove forests of mangrove forests is not appropriate because the
mangrove forest area, there are several species associated therein.
There are several species of mangrove that make up the mangrove
vegetation belongs to the genus Rhizophora, Sonneratia, Xylocarpus, Avicennia
and from the tribe palma like Nypa fructicans.
The mangrove forest is a source of organic material needed for the animals
or organisms that live in the mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove areas significantly
into a provider of food and energy for life on a tropical beach, similar to the role
of the various species of phytoplankton and algae in the sea.
Mangrove forests can function as physics, chemistry, biology and economics
and can serve as a tourist resort and a place of research, education and
conservation. The economic function of the mangrove forests is the wood can be
used as building materials, fuel, fish and shrimp farming. Leather tanner used as
material, medicine and as a food ingredient.
Biological functions of mangroves as a habitat of various kinds of crab,
shrimp, fish, as well as the breeding of birds as well as a supplier of organic
material, so as to provide food for the organisms that live in the surrounding
waters. Physical function of mangrove forests is as coastal protection and coastal
areas of the pounding waves, winds and storms, while the function of mangrove
forests in the industry, namely as a producer of high-quality charcoal as well as a
producer of wood fuel and tanners.
In Indonesia, there is a vast mangrove forest around Shoal Sunda relatively quiet
and is a place empties into large rivers. Which is on the east coast and the west
coast of Sumatra and southern Borneo. On the north coast of Java, these forests
have long been eroded by the needs of its population to the land. In the eastern
part of Indonesia, on the banks of Shoal Sahul, mangrove forests are still well
contained on the southwest coast of Papua, especially around Bintuni Bay.
Mangrove in Papua reached 1.3 million ha area, about one third of the mangrove
forests in Indonesia.
a. Forest Succession
Growth and development of a forest known as forest succession (forest
succession or SERE). Mangroves are an example of forest succession in
wetlands (called hydrosere). Given this succession process, please note that
the zoning of the mangrove forests in the above description is not eternal, but
gradually shifted. Succession begins with the formation of an exposure to mud
(mudflat) that can serve as a substrate mangroves. Until a new substrate is
invaded by vegetation mangrove propagules-propagules, and begin to form a
pioneer vegetation of mangroves.
The growth of mangroves in a place to be to catch the mud. Fine soil are
washed away streams, sand carried by ocean currents, all sorts of rubbish and
broken vegetation, will be deposited in the roots of mangrove vegetation.
 Thus sludge will slowly accumulate more and more quickly. Mangrove
forests are increasingly widespread.
In time inside the mangrove forests will begin to dry out and become
unsuitable for growing pioneer species such as Avicennia alba and
Rhizophora mucronata. The entrance to the new types like Bruguiera spp.
Then formed a new zone on the back.
Thus change is occurring, which takes decades to hundreds of years.
While the pioneer zone continues to advance and expand mangrove forests,
subsequent zones also appear on the interior to dry.
b. Adaptation of mangrove forests
Vegetation growing mangrove forests in estuaries, tidal area that contains
a lot of mud and sand. The vegetation is able to live in a pool of sea water and
soil marshy and contains less oxygen. Hence the mangrove vegetation can
adjust to a pool of sea water and mud in the following manner:
1) To prevent excess salinity then the mangrove vegetation can form special
pores on the leaves, stems and roots, so that can remove salt particles at
low tide.
2) By establishing the roots can breathe a sigh of mangrove vegetation in the
mud.
3) The roots that uphold and sustain the habitat of plants in the mud.
4) Having a distinctive way that germinated sprouts are formed when ripe
fruit still hanging didahan or tree, then fell and stuck in the mud in the
stand straight at low tide and can be carried by ocean currents keberbagai
location from which to germinate during high tide.
c. The Wealth Of Flora
Various plant species found in mangroves. However, only about 54
species from 20 countries, about 16 members of the tribe, which is considered
a true mangrove species. Namely the types found in the limited life
environment and rare mangrove forests grow on the outside.
 Of the types, around 39 species found growing in Indonesia; mangrove
forests make Indonesia as the richest kind in the Indian Ocean and the
Pacific. Total known species overall, including mangrove species along,
is 202 species
d. Developments
Another important adaptation is shown in terms of proliferation kind.
The harsh environment in the mangroves is almost impossible grains
germinate normally above the mud. In addition to the extreme conditions of
chemical, physical conditions such as mud and tidal seawater make seeds
difficult to maintain hidupnya. Almost all kinds flora mangrove forests have
seeds or fruits that can float, so it can be spread by the flow of water. In
addition, many of the types of mangrove are viviparous: the seed or the seeds
have germinated before his fall from the tree.
e. Physical Environment and Zone
The mangrove forest plant species vary, as it reacts to variations
(changes) in top physical environment, giving rise to certain vegetation zones.
Some physical environmental factors are as follows:
1) The type of soil
As a region of the deposition, the substrate on the coast can be very
different. The most common are mangroves growing on clay mud mixes
with organic matter. But in some places, this organic matter so much
proportions; even some mangrove forests growing on peat soil.
Another substrate is mud with a high sand content, or even dominant
rubble, on beaches adjacent to coral reefs.
2) Exposure to the waves
The outside or front of the mangroves opposite the open sea often have to
gain exposure to the harsh waves and strong water flow. Unlike interior
quieter. Similar-looking parts of the forest are dealing directly with the
flow of river water, which is located on the banks of the river. The
 difference, salinity in this section is not so high, especially in parts a bit
far from the estuary. Mangroves are one of the natural shielding that put a
halt to big waves.
3) Inundation by tide
The outside of the tidal inundation also experienced the longest compared
to other parts; sometimes even continuously submerged. On the other
hand, the parts in the jungle probably only submerged in sea water when
the highest tides occur once or twice a month. Faced with such variations
in environmental conditions, naturally formed zonation of mangrove
vegetation; which is usually layered, ranging from the outer portion
exposed to ocean waves, up to a relatively dry inland.
f. Forms of Adaptation
Facing the harsh environment in the mangroves, plants adapt to
berbagaicara. Physically, most typical organ regenerate mangrove vegetation
to survive. Such as various forms of roots and salt glands on the leaves. To
cope with high salinity, fires excrete excess salt through glands beneath the
leaves. While other species, such as Rhizophora mangle, developed a root
system that is nearly impenetrable salt water. Water that has absorbed almost
tasteless, approximately 90-97% of the salt content in sea water could not pass
through the filter of this root. Salt which was contained in the body of plants,
accumulated in old leaves and leaf drop will be wasted together. On the other
hand, given the difficulty of obtaining fresh water, mangrove vegetation
should strive to maintain the water content in the body. Though tropical ocean
environment that encourages high heat of vaporization. Some plant species of
mangrove forests were able to set the mouth opening leaves (stomata) and the
direction toward the surface of the leaf scorching daylight, reducing
evaporation from the leaves.
g. Functions and Benefits
1) Prevent Sea Water Intrusion
Sea intrusion is an event of saline water intrusion into the mainland.
Sea intrusion can cause ground water becomes brackish so it is not good
to eat. Mangrove forests have the function of depositing mud on the roots
of mangrove trees that can prevent sea water intrusion into the mainland.
2) Prevent Erosion and Abrasion Beach
Erosion of the soil surface erosion by water flow while the abrasion
of the surface soil erosion due to the pounding waves of the sea.
Mangrove forests have roots that are efficient in protecting the soil in
coastal areas, so it can be protective of soil erosion by water.
3) Deterrent and a natural filter
Mangrove forests are usually filled up trees and muddy. The roots
can accelerate the decomposition of organic waste that is brought to the
region pantai.Selain decomposing organic waste, mangrove forests can
also help speed up the process of decomposition of chemicals that pollute
the ocean such as oil and detergent, and is a natural enghalang against the
strong sea breeze in a particular season.
4) As a place to live and food source for some species
Mangrove forests are also a suitable shelter for many animals such as
lizards, turtles, monkeys, birds, snakes, and others. Some types of marine
animals such as fish, shrimp, crabs and snails are also many live in this
region. The roots of mangrove trees stick giving nutrients and become
nursery areas for fish and invertebrate animals that live in the vicinity.
The fish and shrimp caught in the sea and in the coral before adults need
protection from predators and a sufficient supply of nutrients in this
mangrove area. Different kinds of land animals shelter or layover roost
and foraging in the mangrove habitat.
 5) Contribute to the formation of islands and coastal areas stabilize
Mangrove forests are often said to be forming the mainland due to the
detention of sediment and soil fosters the development of the coastline
from time to time. Mangrove expand the boundaries of the beach and
provide opportunities for terrestrial plants live and grow in the mainland.
For example, water-borne fruit vivipar will settle on a shallow, can
develop and become a collection of mangrove in the new habitat. In the
long period of the new habitat can extend into the island itself.
h. Category Mangrove Spreading Patterns
a. Naturally
The disadvantage is naturally that he will be swept away and the planting
will not be uniform.Those advantages are naturally that would be fast
growing and adaptable.
b. Artificially
The disadvantage is a long time, to go through the process of adapting in
advance. Those advantages are artificially which is to be planted
anywhere.
i. Pest
Pests that can attack poho dab mangrove crab shells ie, removal of pests
is very difficult so the mangrove trees have much in control.

2.2 Mangrove Forest In Bulaksetra Pangandaran

Mangrove Forest in Bulaksetra, located in the village of Babakan
Pangandaran, about 15 minutes before the entrance Pangandaran, using vehicles
entered from the Port Cikidang, and walk along the coast Bulaksetra or entry of
ten SMAN 1 Pangandaran and boating across the river to the conservation area.
Setra Bulak beach directly adjacent to the beach and there is a mangrove
ecosystem that serves as a barrier abrasion. There are four tribes (family) of
 mangroves that grow in this area, among others: Rhizophoraceae,
Avicenniaceae, Sonneratiaceae, and also Nipah (Nypa fruticans). Mangroves in
the area of Bulak Setra is currently still in the growth stage as a result of the
succession process due to hard-hit by the tsunami in 2006.
Beaches in the neighborhood of Bulak Setra covered by some plants, such
as pine (Casuarina equisetifolia), Ketapang (Terminalia catappa), butun or by
public Pangandaran known as ketapan sea (Baringtonia asiatica), nyamplung
(Calophyllum inophyllum), and pandan sea (Pandanus tectorius ). Same with
mangrove ecosystems, plants on the coast Bulaksetra also still in the growth
stage of the process suksei tsunami. Turkish Bulaksetra have broad landscape
and ramps are very suitable for a wide range of travel activities ..
Before the tsunami, the condition of mangrove forests in Pangandaran have
been damaged due to natural and human. But the conversion of mangrove
forests into residential and fish ponds major cause of damage.

2.3 Benefits of Mangrove Forests in Bulaksetra

Benefits cultivated mangrove forests in Bulaksetra are:
a. To protect the shoreline from erosion threat and help catch sendimen
carried river water into the sea to help protect other ecosystems such as
coral reefs.
b. As an educational tourist area, visitors who come not only to see the
beauty of nature and mangrove forests. But can also study the function
also as well as being part of the preservation of the forest. Things like that
seen in the tourist area of mangrove Bulaksetra education, Babakan
Village, District Pangandaran, Pangandaran Regency. The region is a
program of Sustainable Tourism through Energy Efficiency with
Adaptation and Mitigation Measures (STREAM), which received
 assistance from the United Nations World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO). It was in order to revitalize the Pangandaran tsunami in 2006.
c. The mangrove ecosystem into an attractive tourist product for serving
diverse natural phenomena. Beaches in the neighborhood of Bulak Setra
covered by some plants, such as pine (Casuarina equisetifolia), Ketapang
(Terminalia catappa), butun or by public Pangandaran known as ketapan
sea (Baringtonia asiatica), nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum), and
pandan sea (Pandanus tectorius )., the type - the type of fauna found in
those ecosystems such as birds, molluscs (slugs or snails), fish, types of
crustaceans (crab) and other animals.
 BAB III
A FINALE
3.1 In Conclusion
Thus was the paper that we made it maye useful to increase knowledge of the

reader. We are sorry if there are spelling mistakes in writing words and sentences that

are less obvious,in understanding your and straightforward. Because we are human

and make wis stakes and we also welcome any suggestion or criticisms from readers

for the perfection of disappear.

 ANNEX

Pictures.1

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Pictures.8
 List Of Libraries

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutan_bakau

http://www.indecon.or.id/hutan-mangrove-yang-asik-di-pangandaran/

http://protourpangandaran.com/uncategorized/pelestarian-mangrove-bulaksetra-
pangandaran/?lang=af

http://www.mongabay.co.id/2012/12/02/ayo-berwisata-sekaligus-rehabilitasi-
mangrove-di-pangandaran/

http://www.mypangandarantour.com/paketwisata/read/16/paket-wisata-edukasi-
mangrove.html

http://earthhour.wwf.or.id/5-manfaat-hutan-mangrove-untuk-manusia/

http://strukturvegetasi.blogspot.co.id/2013/03/vegetasi-mangrove.html