CALCULUS III

Solutions to Practice Problems

Partial Derivatives

Paul Dawkins
 Calculus III

Table of Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................................................ ii
Partial Derivatives ......................................................................................................................... 3
Limits ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Partial Derivatives ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Interpretations of Partial Derivatives ........................................................................................................12
Higher Order Partial Derivatives...............................................................................................................14
Differentials ..............................................................................................................................................21
Chain Rule ................................................................................................................................................22
Directional Derivatives .............................................................................................................................33

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 Calculus III

Preface

Here are the solutions to the practice problems for my Calculus II notes. Some solutions will
have more or less detail than other solutions. As the difficulty level of the problems increases
less detail will go into the basics of the solution under the assumption that if youve reached the
level of working the harder problems then you will probably already understand the basics fairly
well and wont need all the explanation.

This document was written with presentation on the web in mind. On the web most solutions are
broken down into steps and many of the steps have hints. Each hint on the web is given as a
popup however in this document they are listed prior to each step. Also, on the web each step can
be viewed individually by clicking on links while in this document they are all showing. Also,
there are liable to be some formatting parts in this document intended for help in generating the
web pages that havent been removed here. These issues may make the solutions a little difficult
to follow at times, but they should still be readable.

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 Calculus II

Partial Derivatives

Limits

1. Evaluate the following limit.

x 3 ze 2 y
lim
( x , y , z )( 1,0,4 ) 6 x + 2 y 3 z
Solution
In this case there really isnt all that much to do. We can see that the denominator exists and will not be
zero at the point in question and the numerator also exists at the point in question. Therefore, all we need
to do is plug in the point to evaluate the limit.

x 3 ze 2 y 5
lim =
( x , y , z )( 1,0,4 ) 6 x + 2 y 3 z 18

2. Evaluate the following limit.

x 2 2 xy
lim
( x , y )( 2,1) x 2 4 y 2

Step 1
Okay, with this problem we can see that, if we plug in the point, we get zero in the numerator and the
denominator. Unlike the examples in the notes for which this happened however, that doesnt just mean
that the limit wont exist.

In this case notice that we can factor and simplify the function as follows,

x 2 2 xy x( x 2y) x
= lim = lim lim
( x , y )( 2,1) x 2 4 y 2 ( x , y )( 2,1) ( x 2 y )( x + 2 y ) ( x , y )( 2,1) x + 2 y

We may not be used to factoring these kinds of polynomials but we cant forget that factoring is still a
possibility that we need to address for these limits.

Step 2
Now, that weve factored and simplified the function we can see that weve lost the division by zero issue
and so we can now evaluate the limit. Doing this gives,

x 2 2 xy x 1
=
lim =
lim
( x , y )( 2,1) x 2 4 y 2 x + 2y
( x , y )( 2,1) 2

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 Calculus II

3. Evaluate the following limit.

x 4y
lim
( x , y )( 0,0 ) 6 y + 7x

Step 1
Okay, with this problem we can see that, if we plug in the point, we get zero in the numerator and the
denominator. Unlike the second problem above however there is no factoring that can be done to make
this into a doable limit.

Therefore, we will proceed with the problem as if the limit doesnt exist.

Step 2
So, since weve made the assumption that the limit probably doesnt exist that means we need to find two
different paths upon which the limit has different values.

There are many different paths to try but lets start this off with the x-axis (i.e. y = 0 ).

Along this path we get,

x 4y x 1 1
lim = =
lim = lim
( x , y )( 0,0 ) 6 y + 7 x ( x ,0 )( 0,0 ) 7 x ( x ,0 )( 0,0 ) 7 7

Step 3
Now lets try the y-axis (i.e. x = 0 ) and see what we get.

x 4y 4 y 2 2
lim = lim = lim =
( x , y )( 0,0 ) 6 y + 7x ( 0, y )( 0,0 ) 6y ( 0, y )( 0,0 ) 3 3

Step 4
So, we have two different paths that give different values of the limit and so we now know that this limit
does not exist.

4. Evaluate the following limit.

x2 y6
lim
( x , y )( 0,0 ) xy 3

Step 1
Okay, with this problem we can see that, if we plug in the point, we get zero in the numerator and the
denominator. Unlike the second problem above however there is no factoring that can be done to make
this into a doable limit.

Therefore, we will proceed with the problem as if the limit doesnt exist.

Step 2
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 Calculus II

So, since weve made the assumption that the limit probably doesnt exist that means we need to find two
different paths upon which the limit has different values.

In this case note that using the x-axis or y-axis will not work as either one will result in a division by zero
issue. So, lets start off using the path x = y 3 .

Along this path we get,

x2 y6 y6 y6
lim = lim = = lim 0 0
( x , y )( 0,0 ) xy 3 ( y3 , y )( 0,0) y 3 y 3 ( y3 , y )( 0,0)

Step 3
Now lets try x = y for the second path.

x2 y6 y2 y6 1 y4 1
lim = lim = lim = lim 2 y 2 =

( ) ( ) xy 3 ( ) ( ) yy 3 ( ) ( ) y 2 ( ) ( ) y
x , y 0,0 y , y 0,0 y , y 0,0 y , y 0,0

Step 4
So, we have two different paths that give different values of the limit and so we now know that this limit
does not exist.

Partial Derivatives

1. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

z3
f ( x, y, z=
) 4 x y e y + 2 + 4 y x16
3 2 z 4

x
Solution
So, this is clearly a function of x, y and z and so well have three 1st order partial derivatives and each of
them should be pretty easy to compute.

Just remember that when computing each individual derivative that the other variables are to be treated as
constants. So, for instance, when computing the x partial derivative all ys and zs are treated as constants.
This in turn means that, for the x partial derivative, the second and fourth terms are considered to be
constants (they dont contain any xs) and so differentiate to zero. Dealing with these types of terms
properly tends to be one of the biggest mistakes students make initially when taking partial derivatives.
Too often students just leave them alone since they dont contain the variable we are differentiating with
respect to.

Here are the three 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

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 Calculus II

f 2z3
=f x =12 x 2 y 2 3 16 x15
x x
f
=fy = 8 x 3 y 4e z y 3 + 4
y
f 3z 2
=
fz =
e z y 4 + 2
z x

The notation used for the derivative doesnt matter so we used both here just to make sure were familiar
with both forms.

2. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

= cos ( x 2 + 2 y ) e 4 x z
4
w y
+ y3
Solution
This function isnt written explicitly with the ( x, y, z ) part but it is (hopefully) clearly a function of x, y
and z and so well have three 1st order partial derivatives and each of them should be pretty easy to
compute.

Just remember that when computing each individual derivative that the other variables are to be treated as
constants. So, for instance, when computing the x partial derivative all ys and zs are treated as constants.
This in turn means that, for the x partial derivative, the third term is considered to be a constant (it dont
contain any xs) and so differentiates to zero. Dealing with these types of terms properly tends to be one
of the biggest mistakes students make initially when taking partial derivatives. Too often students just
leave them alone since they dont contain the variable we are differentiating with respect to.

Also be careful with chain rule. Again one of the biggest issues with partial derivatives is students
forgetting the rules of partial derivatives when it comes to differentiating the inside function. Just
remember that youre just doing the partial derivative of a function and remember which variable we are
differentiating with respect to.

Here are the three 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

w
wx 2 x sin ( x 2 + 2 y ) 4e 4 x z y
4
==
x
w
wy 2sin ( x 2 + 2 y ) + z 4e 4 x z y + 3 y 2
4
==
y
w 4
= w= 4 z 3 ye 4 x z y
z
z

The notation used for the derivative doesnt matter so we used both here just to make sure were familiar
with both forms.

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 Calculus II

3. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

f ( u , v, p , t =
) 8u 2t 3 p v p 2t 5 + 2u 2t + 3 p 4 v
Solution
So, this is clearly a function of u, v, p, and t and so well have four 1st order partial derivatives and each of
them should be pretty easy to compute.

Just remember that when computing each individual derivative that the other variables are to be treated as
constants. So, for instance, when computing the u partial derivative all vs, ps and ts are treated as
constants. This in turn means that, for the u partial derivative, the second, fourth and fifth terms are
considered to be constants (they dont contain any us) and so differentiate to zero. Dealing with these
types of terms properly tends to be one of the biggest mistakes students make initially when taking partial
derivatives. Too often students just leave them alone since they dont contain the variable we are
differentiating with respect to.

Here are the four 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

f
= f= 16ut 3 p + 4ut
u
u

f 1
=
fv = 12 v 2 p 2t 5 1
v
f
= 8u 2t 3 2 v pt 5 + 12 p 3
f p =
p
f
=
ft =24u 2t 2 p + 5 v p 2t 6 + 2u 2
t

The notation used for the derivative doesnt matter so we used both here just to make sure were familiar
with both forms.

4. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

, v ) u 2 sin ( u + v3 ) sec ( 4u ) tan 1 ( 2v )

f ( u=
Solution
For this problem it looks like well have two 1st order partial derivatives to compute.

Be careful with product rules with partial derivatives. For example the second term, while definitely a
product, will not need the product rule since each factor of the product only contains us or vs. On the
other hand the first term will need a product rule when doing the u partial derivative since there are us in
both of the factors of the product. However, just because we had to product rule with first term for the
u partial derivative doesnt mean that well need to product rule for the v partial derivative as only the
second factor in the product has a v in it.

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 Calculus II

Basically, be careful to not overthink product rules with partial derivatives. Do them when required but
make sure to not do them just because you see a product. When you see a product look at the factors of
the product. Do both factors have the variable you are differentiating with respect to or not and use the
product rule only if they both do.

Here are the two 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

f
= fu = 2u sin ( u + v3 ) + u 2 cos ( u + v3 ) 4sec ( 4u ) tan ( 4u ) tan 1 ( 2v )
u
f 2sec ( 4u )
= f v =3v 2u 2 cos ( u + v3 )
v 1 + 4v 2

The notation used for the derivative doesnt matter so we used both here just to make sure were familiar
with both forms.

5. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

2 x + 3z
f ( x,=
z ) e x z 4 + x 2
4z 7x
Solution
For this problem it looks like well have two 1st order partial derivatives to compute.

Be careful with product rules and quotient rules with partial derivatives. For example the first term, while
clearly a product, will only need the product rule for the x derivative since both factors in the product
have xs in them. On the other hand, the first factor in the first term does not contain a z and so we
wont need to do the product rule for the z derivative. In this case the second term will require a quotient
rule for both derivatives.

Basically, be careful to not overthink product/quotient rules with partial derivatives. Do them when
required but make sure to not do them just because you see a product/quotient. When you see a
product/quotient look at the factors of the product/quotient. Do both factors have the variable you are
differentiating with respect to or not and use the product/quotient rule only if they both do.

Here are the two 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

f 1 1
e x ( z 4 + x 2 ) 2 + x e x ( z 4 + x 2 ) 2
29 z
=
fx =
x ( 4z 7x)
2

f 1
2 z 3e x ( z 4 + x 2 ) 2 +
29 x
=fz =
z ( 4z 7x)
2

Note that we did a little bit of simplification in the derivative work here and didnt actually show the
first step of the problem under the assumption that by this point of your mathematical career you can do
the product and quotient rule and dont really need us to show that step to you.

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 Calculus II

The notation used for the derivative doesnt matter so we used both here just to make sure were familiar
with both forms.

6. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

v ) t 2 ln ( s + 2t ) ln ( 3v ) ( s 3 + t 2 4v )
g ( s, t ,=
Solution
For this problem it looks like well have three 1st order partial derivatives to compute.

Be careful with product rules with partial derivatives. The first term will only need a product rule for the
t derivative and the second term will only need the product rule for the v derivative. Do not overthink
product rules with partial derivatives. Do them when required but make sure to not do them just because
you see a product. When you see a product look at the factors of the product. Do both factors have
the variable you are differentiating with respect to or not and use the product rule only if they both do.

Here are the three 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

g t2
= g= 3s 2 ln ( 3v )
s s + 2t
s

g 2t 2
= gt = 2t ln ( s + 2t ) + 2t ln ( 3v )
t s + 2t
g s 3 + t 2 4v
= g= 4 ln ( 3v )
v
v
v

Make sure you can differentiate natural logarithms as they will come up fairly often. Recall that, with the
chain rule, we have,

f ( x)
ln ( f ( x ) ) =
d
dx f ( x)

The notation used for the derivative doesnt matter so we used both here just to make sure were familiar
with both forms.

7. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

x2 y2
R (=
x, y )
y 2 + 1 x2 + y
Solution
For this problem it looks like well have two 1st order partial derivatives to compute.

Be careful with quotient rules with partial derivatives. For example the first term, while clearly a
quotient, will not require the quotient rule for the x derivative and will only require the quotient rule for

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 Calculus II

the y derivative if we chose to leave the y 2 + 1 in the denominator (recall we could just bring it up to the

( )
1
numerator as y 2 + 1 if we wanted to). The second term on the other hand clearly has ys in both the
numerator and the denominator and so will require a quotient rule for the y derivative.

Here are the two 1st order partial derivatives for this problem.

R 2x 2 xy 2
= R= +
x y 2 + 1 ( x 2 + y )2
x

R 2 yx 2 2 yx 2 + y 2
=
Ry =

y ( y 2 + 1) ( x 2 + y )
2 2

Note that we did a little bit of simplification in the derivative work here and didnt actually show the
first step of the problem under the assumption that by this point of your mathematical career you can do
the quotient rule and dont really need us to show that step to you.

The notation used for the derivative doesnt matter so we used both here just to make sure were familiar
with both forms.

8. Find all the 1st order partial derivatives of the following function.

p 2 ( r + 1)
=z 3
+ pr e 2 p +3r + 4t
t
Solution
For this problem it looks like well have three 1st order partial derivatives to compute. Here they are,

z 2 p ( r + 1)
=
zp = + r e2 p +3r + 4t + 2 pr e 2 p +3r + 4t
p t3
z p2
=
zr = + p e2 p +3r + 4t + 3 pr e2 p +3r + 4t
r t3
z 3 p 2 ( r + 1)
=
zt =
+ 4 pr e 2 p +3r + 4t
t t 4

The notation used for the derivative doesnt matter so we used both here just to make sure were familiar
with both forms.

z z
9. Find and for the following function.
x y

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 Calculus II

x 2 sin ( y 3 ) + xe3 z cos ( z 2 ) = 3 y 6 z + 8

Step 1
Okay, we are basically being asked to do implicit differentiation here and recall that we are assuming that
z is in fact z ( x, y ) when we do our derivative work.

z
Lets get first and that requires us to differentiate with respect to x. Just recall that any product
x
involving x and z will require the product rule because were assuming that z is a function of x. Also
z
recall to properly chain rule any derivative of z to pick up the when differentiating the inside
x
function.

Differentiating the equation with respect to x gives,

z 3 z z z
2 x sin ( y 3 ) + e3 z + 3 xe + 2 z sin ( z 2 ) =
6
x x x

z
Solving for gives,
x
z z 2 x sin ( y 3 ) + e3 z
3 3z
(
2 x sin ( y ) + e = 6 3 xe 2 z sin ( z
3z 2
)) x
=
x 6 3 xe3 z 2 z sin ( z 2 )

Step 2
Now we get to do it all over again except this time well differentiate with respect to y in order to find
z
. So, differentiating gives,
y

z 3 z z z
3 y 2 x 2 cos ( y 3 ) + 3 xe + 2 z sin ( z 2 ) =
36
y y y

z
Solving for gives,
y

z z 3 y 2 x 2 cos ( y 3 ) 3
2 2 3
(
3 y x cos ( y ) 3 = 6 3 xe 2 z sin ( z 3z 2
)) y
=
y 6 3 xe3 z 2 z sin ( z 2 )

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 Calculus II

Interpretations of Partial Derivatives

, y ) x ln ( 4 y ) + x + y is increasing or decreasing at ( 3, 6 ) if
1. Determine if f ( x=
(a) we allow x to vary and hold y fixed.
(b) we allow y to vary and hold x fixed.

(a) we allow x to vary and hold y fixed.

So, we want to determine the increasing/decreasing nature of a function at a point. We know that this
means a derivative from our basic Calculus knowledge. Also, from the problem statement we know we
want to allow x to vary while y is held fixed. This means that we will need the x partial derivative.

The x partial derivative and its value at the point is,

f x ( x, y=
) ln ( 4 y ) + 12 ( x + y ) f x ( 3, 6=
) ln ( 24 ) + 2 1=3 3.4667
12

So, we can see that f x ( 3, 6 ) > 0 and so at ( 3, 6 ) if we allow x to vary and hold y fixed the function
will be increasing.

(b) we allow y to vary and hold x fixed.

This part is pretty much the same as the previous part. The only difference is that here we are allowing y
to vary and well hold x fixed. This means well need the y partial derivative.

The y partial derivative and its value at the point is,

f y ( x, y ) =xy + 12 ( x + y ) f y ( 3, 6 ) = 12 + 2 1 3 =0.2113
12

So, we can see that f y ( 3, 6 ) < 0 and so at ( 3, 6 ) if we allow y to vary and hold x fixed the function
will be decreasing.

Note that, because of the three dimensional nature of the graph of this function we cant expect the
increasing/decreasing nature of the function in one direction to be the same as in any other direction!

2. Determine if f ( x, y ) = x 2 sin ( ) is increasing or decreasing at ( 2, 43 ) if

y
(a) we allow x to vary and hold y fixed.
(b) we allow y to vary and hold x fixed.

(a) we allow x to vary and hold y fixed.

So, we want to determine the increasing/decreasing nature of a function at a point. We know that this
means a derivative from our basic Calculus knowledge. Also, from the problem statement we know we
want to allow x to vary while y is held fixed. This means that we will need the x partial derivative.

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 Calculus II

The x partial derivative and its value at the point is,

x ( x, y )
f= 2 x sin ( )
y ( 2, 34 ) 2 3
f x=

So, we can see that f x ( 2, 34 ) > 0 and so at ( 2, 34 ) if we allow x to vary and hold y fixed the function
will be increasing.

(b) we allow y to vary and hold x fixed.

This part is pretty much the same as the previous part. The only difference is that here we are allowing y
to vary and well hold x fixed. This means well need the y partial derivative.

The y partial derivative and its value at the point is,

f y ( x, y ) =
yx2 cos
2
( )y f y ( 2, 34 ) =
32
9

So, we can see that f y ( 2, 43 ) > 0 and so at ( 2, 34 ) if we allow y to vary and hold x fixed the function
will be increasing.

Note that, because of the three dimensional nature of the graph of this function we cant expect the
increasing/decreasing nature of the function in one direction to be the same as in any other direction! In
this case it did happen to be the same behavior but there is no reason to expect that in general.

3. Write down the vector equations of the tangent lines to the traces for f ( x, y ) = x e 2 x y at ( 2, 0 ) .
2

Step 1
We know that there are two traces. One for x = 2 (i.e. x is fixed and y is allowed to vary) and one for
y = 0 (i.e. y is fixed and x is allowed to vary). We also know that f y ( 2, 0 ) will be the slope for the first
trace (y varies and x is fixed!) and f x ( 2, 0 ) will be the slope for the second trace (x varies and y is
fixed!).

So, well need the value of both of these partial derivatives. Here is that work,

f x ( x, y ) = f x ( 2, 0 ) =
2 2
e2 x y + 2 x e2 x y 5e 4 =
272.9908
f y ( x, y ) = f y ( 2, 0 ) =
2
2 yx e 2 x y 0

Step 2
Now, we need to write down the vector equation of the line and so we dont (at some level) need the
slopes as listed in the previous step. What we need are tangent vectors that give these slopes.

Recall from the notes that the tangent vector for the first trace is,

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 Calculus II

0,1, f y ( 2, 0 ) = 0,1, 0

Likewise, the tangent vector for the second trace is,

1, 0, f x ( 2, 0 ) = 1, 0,5e 4

Step 3
Next, well also need the position vector for the point on the surface that we are looking at. This is,

2, 0, f ( 2, 0 ) = 2, 0, 2e 4

Step 4
Finally, the vector equation of the tangent line for the first trace is,

r (t ) = 2, 0, 2e 4 + t 0,1, 0 = 2, t , 2e 4

and the trace for the second trace is,

r (t ) =
2, 0, 2e 4 + t 1, 0,5e 4 =
2 + t , 0, 2e 4 + 5e 4t

Higher Order Partial Derivatives

1. Verify Clairauts Theorem for the following function.

4 y6
f ( x=
, y ) x3 y 2
x3

Step 1
First we know well need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

3 x 2 y 2 + 12 x 4 y 6
fx = 2 x3 y 24 x 3 y 5
fy =

Step 2
Now lets compute each of the mixed second order partial derivatives.

( fx )y =
fx y = 6 x 2 y + 72 x 4 y 5 fyx = ( )x
6 x 2 y + 72 x 4 y 5
fy =

Okay, we can see that f x y = f y x and so Clairauts theorem has been verified for this function.

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 Calculus II

2. Verify Clairauts Theorem for the following function.

x
A ( x, y=
) cos x 7 y 4 + y10
y

Step 1
First we know well need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

1 x x x
Ax =
sin 7 x 6 y 4 Ay = 2
sin 4 x 7 y 3 + 10 y 9
y y y y

Step 2
Now lets compute each of the mixed second order partial derivatives.

1 x x x
( Ax ) y =
Ax y = 2
sin + 3
cos 28 x 6 y 3
y y y y
x x
Ay x = ( )
Ay =
1
2
sin +
x
3
cos 28 x 6 y 3
x y y y y

Okay, we can see that Ax y = Ay x and so Clairauts theorem has been verified for this function.

3. Find all 2nd order derivatives for the following function.

g ( u , v )= u 3v 4 2u v3 + u 6 sin ( 3v )

Step 1
First we know well need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

3 1
gu = 3u 2 v 4 2v 2 + 6u 5 g v = 4u 3v3 3uv 2 3cos ( 3v )

Step 2
Now lets compute each of the second order partial derivatives.

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 Calculus II

=
guu ( g=
u )u 6uv 4 + 30u 4
1
=
gu v (=
g u )v 12u 2 v3 3v 2
1
g=
vu g=
uv 12u v 3v 2 3 2
by Clairaut's Theorem
1

g vv =( g v )v =12u 3v 2 32 uv 2
+ 9sin ( 3v )

4. Find all 2nd order derivatives for the following function.

f ( s, t ) =s 2t + ln ( t 2 s )

Step 1
First we know well need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

1 2t
fs =
2 st 2 ft =
s2 + 2
t s t s

Step 2
Now lets compute each of the second order partial derivatives.

1
f s= ( f s )=s 2t
(t s)
s 2
2

2t
f st= ( f s )=t 2s +
(t s)
2 2

2t
ft= f st= 2 s + by Clairaut's Theorem
(t s)
s 2
2

2t 2 2 s
=
ft t (=
f t )t
(t s)
2 2

5. Find all 2nd order derivatives for the following function.

y3
h(=
x, y ) e x4y6

x

Step 1
First we know well need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

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 Calculus II

4y6 y3 4y6 3y2

hx =
4 x 3 y 6e x + hy =
6 y 5 x 4e x
x2 x

Step 2
Now lets compute each of the second order partial derivatives.

2 y3
( hx ) x =
hx x = 2
12 x y e 6 x4y6
+ 16 x y e 6 12 x4y6
3
x
3y2
( x )y
hx y = h = 24 x 3 5 x4y6
y e + 24 x 7 11 x 4 y 6
y e +
x2
4 6 4 6 3y2
hy x =
hx y = 24 x 3 y 5e x y + 24 x 7 y11e x y + 2 by Clairaut's Theorem
x

( ) 6y
4 6 4 6
hy y = hy = 30 y 4 x 4e x y + 36 y10 x8e x y
y x

6. Find all 2nd order derivatives for the following function.

x2 y6
f ( x, y, z ) = 3 2 x 6 z + 8 y 3 x 4 + 4 z 2
z

Step 1
First we know well need the three 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are,

f x= 2 xy 6 z 3 12 x5 z + 32 y 3 x3
=f y 6 x 2 y 5 z 3 24 y 4 x 4
3 x 2 y 6 z 4 2 x 6 + 8 z
fz =

Step 2
Now lets compute each of the second order partial derivatives (and there will be a few of them.).

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 Calculus II

f x x = ( f x ) x = 2 y 6 z 3 60 x 4 z + 96 y 3 x 2
=
fx y (=f x ) y 12 xy 5 z 3 96 y 4 x3
( f x )z =
fx z = 6 xy 6 z 4 12 x5
f=
yx f=
xy 12 xy 5 z 3 96 y 4 x3 by Clairaut's Theorem
=
fy y (=f y ) 30 x y z
y
2 4 3
+ 96 y 5 x 4

f y z = ( f y ) = 18 x y z 2 5 4
z

fz x = 6 xy 6 z 4 12 x5
fx z = by Clairaut's Theorem
f z y = f y z = 18 x 2 y 5 z 4 by Clairaut's Theorem
=
fz z (=
f z )z 12 x 2 y 6 z 5 + 8

Note that when we used Clairauts Theorem here we used the natural extension to the Theorem we gave
in the notes.

6 f
7. Given f ( x, y ) = x y z find
4 3 6
.
yz 2 yx 2

Step 1
Through a natural extension of Clairauts theorem we know we can do these partial derivatives in any
order we wish to. However, in this case there doesnt seem to be any reason to do anything other than the
order shown in the problem statement.

Here is the first derivative we need to take.

f
= 4 x3 y 3 z 6
x

Step 2
The second derivative is,
2 f
= 12 x 2 y 3 z 6
x 2

Step 3
The third derivative is,
3 f
= 36 x 2 y 2 z 6
yx 2

Step 4
The fourth derivative is,

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 Calculus II

4 f
= 216 x 2 y 2 z 5
zyx 2

Step 5
The fifth derivative is,
5 f
= 1080 x 2 y 2 z 4
z 2 yx 2

Step 6
The sixth and final derivative we need for this problem is,

6 f
= 2160 x 2 yz 4
yz 2 yx 2

( )
= u 2e 6 v + cos u 6 4u + 1 find wvuu vv .
8. Given w

Step 1
Through a natural extension of Clairauts theorem we know we can do these partial derivatives in any
order we wish to. However, in this case there doesnt seem to be any reason to do anything other than the
order shown in the problem statement.

Here is the first derivative we need to take.

wv = 6u 2e 6 v

Note that if wed done a couple of u derivatives first the second derivative would have been a product
rule. Because we did the v derivative first we wont need to worry about the messy u derivatives of the
second term as that term differentiates to zero when differentiating with respect to v.

Step 2
The second derivative is,
wvu = 12ue 6 v

Step 3
The third derivative is,
wvuu = 12e 6 v

Step 4
The fourth derivative is,
wvuu v = 72e 6 v

Step 5

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 Calculus II

The fifth and final derivative we need for this problem is,

wvu u vv = 432e 6 v

9. Given G ( x, y= ( ( ))
) y 4 sin ( 2 x ) + x 2 y10 cos y 2
7
find G y y y x x x y .

Step 1
Through a natural extension of Clairauts theorem we know we can do these partial derivatives in any
order we wish to.

In this case the y derivatives of the second term will become unpleasant at some point given that we have
four of them. However the second term has an x 2 and there are three x derivatives well need to do
eventually. Therefore, the second term will differentiate to zero with the third x derivative. So, lets
make heavy use of Clairauts to do the three x derivatives first prior to any of the y derivatives so we
wont need to deal with the messy y derivatives with the second term.

Here is the first derivative we need to take.

(
Gx 2 y 4 cos ( 2 x ) + 2 x y10 cos ( y 2 ) )
7
=

Note that if wed done a couple of u derivatives first the second would have been a product rule and
because we did the v derivative first we wont need to every work about the messy u derivatives of the
second term.

Step 2
The second derivative is,
(
4 y 4 sin ( 2 x ) + 2 y10 cos ( y 2 ) )
7
Gx x =

Step 3
The third derivative is,
Gx x x = 8 y 4 cos ( 2 x )

Step 4
The fourth derivative is,
Gx x x y = 32 y 3 cos ( 2 x )

Step 5
The fifth derivative is,
Gx x x y y = 96 y 2 cos ( 2 x )

Step 6

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 Calculus II

The sixth derivative is,

Gx x x y y y = 192 y cos ( 2 x )

Step 7
The seventh and final derivative we need for this problem is,

G y y y x x x y = Gx x x y y y y = 192 cos ( 2 x )

Differentials

1. Compute the differential of the following function.

z = x 2 sin ( 6 y )
Solution
Not much to do here. Just recall that the differential in this case is,

=
dz z x dx + z y dy

The differential is then,

=dz 2 x sin ( 6 y ) dx + 6 x 2 cos ( 6 y ) dy

2. Compute the differential of the following function.

xy 2
f ( x, y, z ) = ln 3
z
Solution
Not much to do here. Just recall that the differential in this case is,

df = f x dx + f y dy + f z dz

The differential is then,

1 2 3
dz = dx + dy dz
x y z

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 Calculus II

Chain Rule

dz
1. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt

cos ( y x 2 )
z= x=
t 4 2t , y =
1 t6

Solution
Okay, we can just use the formula from the notes to determine this derivative. Here is the work for this
problem.

dz z dx z dy
= +
dt x dt y dt
= 2 xy sin ( yx 2 ) 4t 3 2 + x 2 sin ( yx 2 ) 6t 5

( ) (
2 ( t 4 2t )(1 t 6 )( 4t 3 2 ) sin (1 t 6 )( t 4 2t ) + 6t 5 ( t 4 2t ) sin (1 t 6 )( t 4 2t )
=
2 2 2
)
In the second step we added brackets just to make it clear which term came from which derivative in the
formula.

Also we plugged in for x and y in the third step just to get an equation in t. For some of these, due to the
mess of the final formula, it might have been easier to just leave the xs and ys alone and acknowledge
their definition in terms of t to keep the answer a little nicer. You should probably ask your instructor
for his/her preference in this regard.

dw
2. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt

x2 z
w=4 x= cos ( 2t ) , z =
t 3 + 7, y = 4t
y

Solution
Okay, we can just use a (hopefully) pretty obvious extension of the formula from the notes to determine
this derivative. Here is the work for this problem.

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 Calculus II

dw w dx w dy w dz
= + +
dt x dt y dt z dt
2x 4 ( x 2 z ) 1
= 4 3t 2 + 5
2sin ( 2t ) + 4 [ 4]
y y y

= +
3
(
6t 2 ( t 3 + 7 ) 8sin ( 2t ) ( t + 7 ) 4t

4
2
)
cos ( 2t )
4
cos ( 2t )
5
cos ( 2t )
4

In the second step we added brackets just to make it clear which term came from which derivative in the
formula.

Also we plugged in for x and y in the third step just to get an equation in t. For some of these, due to the
mess of the final formula, it might have been easier to just leave the xs and ys alone and acknowledge
their definition in terms of t to keep the answer a little nicer. You should probably ask your instructor
for his/her preference in this regard.

dz
3. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dx

z=
x2 y 4 2 y sin ( x 2 )
y=

Solution
Okay, we can just use the formula from the notes to determine this derivative. Here is the work for this
problem.

dz z z dy
= +
dx x y dx
= 2 xy 4 + 4 x 2 y 3 2 2 x cos ( x 2 )

(
2 x sin 4 ( x 2 ) + 2 x 4 x 2 sin 3 ( x 2 ) 2 cos ( x 2 )
= )
In the second step we added brackets just to make it clear which term came from which derivative in the
formula.

Also we plugged in for y in the third step just to get an equation in x. For some of these, due to the mess
of the final formula, it might have been easier to just leave the ys alone and acknowledge their definition
in terms of x to keep the answer a little nicer. You should probably ask your instructor for his/her
preference in this regard.

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 Calculus II

z z
4. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
u v

x 2 y 6 4 x
z= x=
u 2 v, y =
v 3u

Solution
Okay, we can just use the formulas from the notes (with a small change to the letters) to determine this
derivative. Here is the work for this problem.

z z x z y
= +
u x u y u
2 x 3 y 6 4 [ 2uv ] + 6 x 2 y 5 [ 3]
=

= ( 6
)
2uv 2u 6 v 3 ( v 3u ) 4 18u 4 v 2 ( v 3u )
5

z z x z y
= +
v x v y v
2 x 3 y 6 4 u 2 + 6 x 2 y 5 [1]
=

( )
= u 2 2u 6 v 3 ( v 3u ) 4 + 6u 4 v 2 ( v 3u )
6 5

In the second step we added brackets just to make it clear which term came from which derivative in the
formula.

Also we plugged in for x and y in the third step just to get an equation in u and v. For some of these, due
to the mess of the final formula, it might have been easier to just leave the xs and ys alone and
acknowledge their definition in terms of u and v to keep the answer a little nicer. You should probably
ask your instructor for his/her preference in this regard.

5. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine zt and z p .

4 y sin ( 2 x )
z= x =
3u p, y =
p 2u , u=
t2 +1

Step 1
Okay, we dont have a formula from the notes for this one so well need to derive on up first. To do this
well need the following tree diagram.

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 Calculus II

Step 2
Here are the formulas for the two derivatives were being asked to find.

z z x du z y du z z x z y
zt = = + zp = = +
t x u dt y u dt p x p y p

Step 3
Here is the work for this problem.

z x du z y du
=zt +
x u dt y u dt
= 8 y cos ( 2 x ) [3][ 2t ] + 4sin ( 2 x ) p 2 [ 2t ]

= 48ty cos ( 2 x ) + 8tp 2 sin ( 2 x )

z x z y
=
zp +
x p y p
= 8 y cos ( 2 x ) [ 1] + 4sin ( 2 x ) [ 2 pu ]
8 y cos ( 2 x ) + 8 pu sin ( 2 x )
=

In the second step of each of the derivatives we added brackets just to make it clear which term came
from which derivative in the formula.

Also, we didnt do any back substitution in these derivatives due to the mess that wed get from each of
the derivatives after we got done with all the back substitution.

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 Calculus II

w w
6. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
t s

6z t3
w= x + y +
2 2
x =sin ( p ) , y =p + 3t 4 s, z = 2 , p =1 2t
y s

Step 1
Okay, we dont have a formula from the notes for this one so well need to derive on up first. To do this
well need the following tree diagram.

Some of these tree diagrams can get quite messy. Weve colored the variables were interested in to try
and make the branches we need to follow for each derivative a little clearer.

Step 2
Here are the formulas for the two derivatives were being asked to find.

w w dx dp w y dp w y w z w w y w z
= + + + = +
t x dp dt y p dt y t z t s y s z s

Step 3
Here is the work for this problem.

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 Calculus II

w w dx dp w y dp w y w z
= + + +
t x dp dt y p dt y t z t
x y 6z
= cos ( p ) [ 2] + 2 [1][ 2] +
x 2 + y 2 x + y
2 2 y
y 6z 6 3t 2
+ 2 [3] + 2
x 2 + y 2 y y s
2 x cos ( p ) y 6 z 18t 2
= + +
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 y 2 ys 2

w w y w z
= +
s y s z s
y 6z 6 2t 3
= 2 [ 4] + 3
x 2 + y 2 y y s
4 y 24 z 12t 3
= + 3
x2 + y 2 y2 ys

In the second step of each of the derivatives we added brackets just to make it clear which term came
from which derivative in the formula and in general probably arent needed. We also did a little
simplification as needed to get to the third step.

Also, we didnt do any back substitution in these derivatives due to the mess that wed get from each of
the derivatives after we got done with all the back substitution.

w w
7. Determine formulas for and for the following situation.
t v

=w w ( x, y ) =x x ( p=
, q, s ) , y y ( p=
, u , v ) , s s=
( u, v ) , p p ( t )
Step 1
To determine the formula for these derivatives well need the following tree diagram.

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 Calculus II

Some of these tree diagrams can get quite messy. Weve colored the variables were interested in to try
and make the branches we need to follow for each derivative a little clearer.

Step 2
Here are the formulas were being asked to find.

w w dx dp w y dp w w x s w y
= + = +
t x dp dt y p dt v x s v y v

w w
8. Determine formulas for and for the following situation.
t u

=w w ( x, y , z ) = ( t ) , y y ( u, v=
x x= , p ) , z z ( v=
, p ) , v v ( r=
, u ) , p p (t, u )

Step 1
To determine the formula for these derivatives well need the following tree diagram.

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 Calculus II

Some of these tree diagrams can get quite messy. Weve colored the variables were interested in to try
and make the branches we need to follow for each derivative a little clearer.

Also, because the last row of branches was getting a little close together we switched to the subscript
derivative notation to make it easier to see which derivative was associated with each branch.

Step 2
Here are the formulas were being asked to find.

w w x w y p w z p
= + +
t x t y p t z p t

w w y w y v w y p w z v w z p
= + + + +
u y u y v u y p u z v u z p u

dy
9. Compute for the following equation.
dx

x2 y 4 3 =sin ( xy )

Step 1
First a quick rewrite of the equation.

x 2 y 4 3 sin ( xy ) =0

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 Calculus II

Step 2
From the rewrite in the previous step we can see that,

F ( x, y=
) x 2 y 4 3 sin ( xy )
We can now simply use the formula we derived in the notes to get the derivative.

dy Fx 2 xy 4 y cos ( xy ) y cos ( xy ) 2 xy 4
=
= 2 3 =
dx Fy 4 x y x cos ( xy ) 4 x 2 y 3 x cos ( xy )

Note that in for the second form of the answer we simply moved the - in front of the fraction up to the
numerator and multiplied it through. We could just have easily done this with the denominator instead if
wed wanted to.

z z
10. Compute and for the following equation.
x y

e z y + xz 2 =
6 xy 4 z 3

Step 1
First a quick rewrite of the equation.

e z y + xz 2 6 xy 4 z 3 =
0

Step 2
From the rewrite in the previous step we can see that,

F ( x, y ) = e z y + xz 2 6 xy 4 z 3

We can now simply use the formulas we derived in the notes to get the derivatives.

z Fx z 2 6 y4 z3 6 y4 z3 z 2
=
= zy =
x Fz ye + 2 xz 18 xy 4 z 2 ye z y + 2 xz 18 xy 4 z 2

z Fy ze z y 24 xy 3 z 3 24 xy 3 z 3 ze z y
=
= zy =
y Fz ye + 2 xz 18 xy 4 z 2 ye z y + 2 xz 18 xy 4 z 2

Note that in for the second form of each of the answers we simply moved the - in front of the fraction
up to the numerator and multiplied it through. We could just have easily done this with the denominator
instead if wed wanted to.

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 Calculus II

11. Determine fuu for the following situation.

f ( x, y )
f = x=
u 2 + 3v, y=
uv

Step 1
These kinds of problems always seem mysterious at first. That is probably because we dont actually
know what the function itself is. This isnt really a problem. It simply means that the answers can get a
little messy as well rarely be able to do much in the way of simplification.

So, the first step here is to get the first derivative and this will require the following chain rule formula.

f f x f y
=
fu = +
u x u y u

Here is the first derivative,

f f f f f
= [ 2u ] + [ v ] = 2u + v
u x y x y

Do not get excited about the unknown derivatives in our answer here. They will always be present in
these kinds of problems.

Step 2
Now, much as we did in the notes, lets do a little rewrite of the answer above as follows,

= ( f ) 2u ( f ) + v ( f )
u x y

With this rewrite we now have a formula for differentiating any function of x and y with respect to u
whenever = x u 2 + 3v and y = uv . In other words, whenever we have such a function all we need to do
is replace the f in the parenthesis with whatever our function is. Well need this eventually.

Step 3
Now, lets get the second derivative. We know that we find the second derivative as follows,

2 f f f f
=
fuu = = 2u + v
u 2
u u u x y

Step 4
f f
Now, recall that and are functions of x and y which are in turn defined in terms of u and v as
x y
defined in the problem statement. This means that well need to do the product rule on the first term since
it is a product of two functions that both involve u. We wont need to product rule the second term, in
this case, because the first function in that term involves only vs.

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 Calculus II

Here is that work,

f f f
fuu =
2 + 2u + v
x u x u y

Because the function is defined only in terms of x and y we cannot merge the u and x derivatives in the
second term into a mixed order second derivative. For the same reason we can merge the u and y
derivatives in the third term.

In each of these cases we are being asked to differentiate a functions of x and y with respect to u where x
and y are defined in terms of u and v.

Step 5
Now, recall the formula from Step 2,

= ( f ) 2u ( f ) + v ( f )
u x y

Recall that this tells us how to differentiate any function of x and y with respect to u as long as x and y are
defined in terms of u and v as they are in this problem.

f f
Well luckily enough for us both and are functions of x and y which in turn are defined in terms
x y
of u and v as we need them to be. This means we can use this formula for each of the derivatives in the
result from Step 4 as follows,

f f f 2 f 2 f
= 2u + v = 2u 2 + v
u x x x y x x yx
f f f 2 f 2 f
=2u + v =2u + v
u y x y y y xy y 2

Step 6
Okay, all we need to do now is put the results from Step 5 into the result from Step 4 and well be done.

f 2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f
fuu =
2 + 2u 2u 2 + v + +
yx xy y 2
v 2u v
x x
f 2 f 2 f 2 f 2 f
=
2 + 4u 2 2 + 2uv + 2uv + v2 2
x x yx xy y
f 2 f 2 f 2 f
=2 + 4u 2 2 + 4uv + v2 2
x x xy y

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 Calculus II

Note that we assumed that the two mixed order partial derivative are equal for this problem and so
combined those terms. If you cant assume this or dont want to assume this then the second line would
be the answer.

Directional Derivatives

1. Determine the gradient of the following function.

x2
f ( x, y ) x 2 sec ( 3 x )
=
y3

Solution
Not really a lot to do for this problem. Here is the gradient.

2 x 3x 2
=
f f x=
, fy 2 x sec ( 3 x ) + 3 x 2 sec ( 3 x ) tan ( 3 x ) ,
y3 y 4

2. Determine the gradient of the following function.

f ( x, y=
, z ) x cos ( xy ) + z 2 y 4 7 xz

Solution
Not really a lot to do for this problem. Here is the gradient.

=
f fx , =
f y , fz cos ( xy ) xy sin ( xy ) 7 z , x 2 sin ( xy ) + 4 z 2 y 3 , 2 zy 4 7 x

x
3. Determine Du f for f ( x, y ) = cos in the direction of =
v 3, 4 .
y

Step 1
Okay, we know we need the gradient so lets get that first.

1 x x x
f = sin , 2 sin
y y y y

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 Calculus II

Step 2
Also recall that we need to make sure that the direction vector is a unit vector. It is (hopefully) pretty
clear that this vector is not a unit vector so lets convert it to a unit vector.

v 1 3 4
v= ( 3) + ( 4 ) = 25= 5 u= = 3, 4= ,
2 2

v 5 5 5

Step 3
The directional derivative is then,

1 x x x 3 4
Du f =
sin , 2 sin ,
y y y y 5 5
3 x 4x x 1 3 4x x
=
sin 2 sin = + 2 sin
5y y 5y y 5 y y y

4. Determine Du f for f ( x, y=
, z ) x 2 y 3 4 xz in the direction of v = 1, 2, 0 .

Step 1
Okay, we know we need the gradient so lets get that first.

= f 2 xy 3 4 z ,3 x 2 y 2 , 4 x

Step 2
Also recall that we need to make sure that the direction vector is a unit vector. It is (hopefully) pretty
clear that this vector is not a unit vector so lets convert it to a unit vector.

v 1 1 2
v = ( 1) + ( 2 ) + ( 0 ) = 5 u = = 1, 2, 0 =
2 2 2
, ,0
v 5 5 5

Step 3
The directional derivative is then,

Du f = 2 xy 3 4 z ,3 x 2 y 2 , 4 x
1 2
,
5 5
,0 =
1
5
( 4 z 2 xy 3 + 6 x 2 y 2 )

5. Determine Du f ( 3, 1, 0 ) for f ( x, y, z=
) 4 x y 2e3 x z direction of v = 1, 4, 2 .

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 Calculus II

Step 1
Okay, we know we need the gradient so lets get that first.

f = 4 3 zy 2e3 x z , 2 ye3 x z , 3 xy 2e3 x z

Because we also know that well eventually need this evaluated at the point we may as well get that as
well.

f ( 3, 1, 0 ) = 4, 2, 9

Step 2
Also recall that we need to make sure that the direction vector is a unit vector. It is (hopefully) pretty
clear that this vector is not a unit vector so lets convert it to a unit vector.

v 1 1 4 2
v = ( 1) + ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) = 21 u = = 1, 4, 2 =
2 2 2
, ,
v 21 21 21 21

Step 3
The directional derivative is then,

1 4 2 14
Du f ( 3, 1, 0 ) =4, 2, 9 , , =
21 21 21 21

6. Find the maximum rate of change of f ( x,=

y) x 2 + y 4 at ( 2,3) and the direction in which this
maximum rate of change occurs.

Step 1
First well need the gradient and its value at ( 2,3) .

x 2 y3 2 54
=f , = f ( 2,3) ,
x2 + y 4 x2 + y 4 85 85

Step 2
Now, by the theorem in class we know that the direction in which the maximum rate of change at the
point in question is simply the gradient at ( 2,3) , which we found in the previous step. So, the direction
in which the maximum rate of change of the function occurs is,

2 54
f ( 2,3) = ,
85 85

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 Calculus II

Step 3
The maximum rate of change is simply the magnitude of the gradient in the previous step. So, the
maximum rate of change of the function is,

4 2916 584
f ( 2,3)= + = = 5.8611
85 85 17

( x, y, z ) e2 x cos ( y 2 z ) at ( 4, 2, 0 ) and the direction in

7. Find the maximum rate of change of f =
which this maximum rate of change occurs.

Step 1
First well need the gradient and its value at ( 4, 2, 0 ) .

=f 2e 2 x cos ( y 2 z ) , e 2 x sin ( y 2 z ) , 2e 2 x sin ( y 2 z )

f ( 4, 2, 0 ) =2e8 cos ( 2 ) , e8 sin ( 2 ) , 2e8 sin ( 2 ) =2481.03, 2710.58, 5421.15

Step 2
Now, by the theorem in class we know that the direction in which the maximum rate of change at the
point in question is simply the gradient at ( 4, 2, 0 ) , which we found in the previous step. So, the
direction in which the maximum rate of change of the function occurs is,

f ( 4, 2, 0 ) =2481.03, 2710.58, 5421.15

Step 3
The maximum rate of change is simply the magnitude of the gradient in the previous step. So, the
maximum rate of change of the function is,

f ( 4, 2, 0 ) = ( 2481.03) + ( 2710.58) + ( 5421.15) = 6549.17

2 2 2

2007 Paul Dawkins 36 http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx