Presentation by

Brian Richardson Transformer Design

to EA Technology Course and Operation
on Power Engineering
10th January 2008
ABB PTSS 2005

Accessories

 ABB PTSS 2005 A childs perception

 ABB PTSS 2005 The public perception

 ABB PTSS 2005 The public perception

 ABB PTSS 2005 The public perception

 ABB PTSS 2005 The reality transport

 Key Learning points to ensure lifetime

Minimum Specification requirements

to ensure that you buy the correct unit
Materials
to ensure correct quality and constructional use
Design and Manufacture
to ensure the unit is built to your requirements
Tapchangers and accessories
to ensure that the unit will function correctly and is protected
Testing
to establish that the unit will perform correctly
Loading
ABB PTSS 2005

to establish the limits of short to long term loading

 Agenda

History
Design Principles
Construction
Tapchangers
Testing
Operation
ABB PTSS 2005

 Introduction - Transformer History

Uses Alternating Current.

Essential Machine in Transmission and use of electric power
Used to move voltage from one level to another to optimise cable
and overhead line size
Invented more than 120 years ago
Modern designs are considerably more compact
But still follows same basic rules
constant - Volts per turn and Ampere turns
Modern materials make them 98 - 99% efficient.
ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformers in the past

1891 1971
 Power and Distribution transformers today

Transmission HVDC System

ABB PTSS 2005

Distribution Resin Cast Pole mounted

 Introduction Transformers where they are used
Generator Transmission

System

Main Distribution

Local Distribution
ABB PTSS 2005

 Introduction Transformer Types
16000 amps Transmission Transformer
400 kV
600 400 / 132kV
amp Transmission
s
substation

Generator Transformer
15/400kV

s
mp
0a
100
s
a mp 132 kV
0
33/66 kV 150

Main substation
System Transformer
33 / 132kV
400/230V
Secondary
substation
Distribution
11/22 kV substation
ABB PTSS 2005

50 amps

Primary
substation Local distribution Transformer
33 / 11kV

 Introduction Transformer Types
G Generation (Power Station)
16000 amps

23kV
400kV, 600 MVA
920 amps

350 amps
NGC
400kV, 240 MVA
132kV
1050 amps RECs

400 amps
52 amps
132kV 11kV
33kV 33kV
1575 amps
90 MVA 15 MVA 11kV
260 amps
415V G
1 MVA
ABB PTSS 2005

 Introduction

In a power network are :-

Generator, step-up 18 / 400kV
Transmission, step-down 400 / 132kV
System, local step-down 132 / 33 / 11
Distribution, 33/11/433v
domestic
industrial
Rectifier, d.c.drives: double secondary
Furnace, high current and low voltage
Traction, railway supply and locomotives
ABB PTSS 2005

 Introduction Ideal transformer

Turns ratio : Vp/Vs = Np/Ns

ABB PTSS 2005

In reality there are :

No-Load losses - always present when energised
Load losses - current squared related

 Introduction - Transformer Construction

Core of Silicon Steel in thin laminations

Windings in copper or aluminium
Insulation in wood or cotton mix
Insulation and cooling by oil
Steel tank to contain above and provide termination points
All follow same rules but perform different functions
ABB PTSS 2005

Learning Point

 ABB PTSS 2005 Introduction - Transformer Construction

 Introduction Specification.
Requirements for specifying a transformer
Specification : IEC 60076,
NGTS, ( BS,BEBS T2 or EA35-2)
Double wound or Auto
Single or Three Phase
Frequency
Indoor / outdoor
Cooling / coolant
Rated power per winding
Voltage ratio, off-load
Impedance
ABB PTSS 2005
Tapped winding, tapping range
and onload or off circuit
Insulation level and highest
voltage per winding
System earthing
Connection symbol and neutral
terminals
Temperature rise
Other restrictions, size, weight,
installation etc.
Auxiliary supply voltage
Fittings
Oil Preservation system
Learning Point
 Design Principles - Capitalisation
Electrical loss allocated / kW for no-load and load losses. Used
with selling price to evaluate transformer ownership cost
Selling Price + loss evaluation = Capitalised price.
Evaluationof Transformer

650

600

550

500

Preferred design 450

Selling Price
000

400 capitalised losses

Evaluation

350

300

250

200

150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Design No.

High no-load /kW

better steel grades, lower induction level.
ABB PTSS 2005

Must be combined with load loss /kW to optimise the design

 Design Principles Final Design 3D CAD
Conservator

Drycol
Gas/oil relay

Bushings HV / LV

Coolers
Tertiary

Pressure relief

Oil pipes
ABB PTSS 2005

Main tank

 Transformer Construction - Core

Core is not solid but laminated

Laminated silicon steel
0.18, 0.23, 0.27, 0.30 mm thickness
ABB PTSS 2005

Learning point

 Transformer Construction Core - Quality

High Burrs Up to +20%

Stress Sensitivity Up to +15%
Bad Coating High losses and localized core heating
Waviness/Camber High stresses + large gaps + poor edges
Large Gaps Up to +3%
ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Construction 3 Limb Core

 Design Principles Construction sequence.
HV Disc or Layer
LV Spiral or Foil
Number of turns =N
Number of turns = n Current = kVA(ph)/kV(ph)
Current = =I
kVA(ph)/kV(ph)
Ampturns = N*I
=i
Ampturns must balance,
Ampturns = n*i
N*I = n*i
Core
LV HV Taps
Taps Multistart
Tap turns add or
subtract to adjust
turns ratio
Volts*Amps(HV)
=
ABB PTSS 2005

volts*amps(LV)

 Transformer Construction - Core Types

Single phase
2 limb wound
3 limb, 1 wound and 2 unwound
4 limb, 2 wound and 2 unwound
Three phase
3 limb all wound
5 limb, 3 wound with 50/50 or 60/40 ratio
Stepped lapped
ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Construction
Stepped Step Lapped Core
Lap Core Construction

 Transformer Construction
Stepped Step Lapped Core
Lap Core Construction
Air gap

3mm

15mm
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Windings

To fit core shape

Turns of Copper or Aluminium insulated with paper or enamel
Produce the majority of load losses through resistance and current
flow. ( I2R Losses)
Turns separated from each other to insulate for normal and test
voltages and to provide cooling ducts
Layer or disc types used.
Supported to give short-circuit forces withstand
Interleaved
or Intershielded to give Lightning Impulse withstand at
132kV and above
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Windings

Low voltage
Helical
Layer
High voltage
Layer
Disc
Interleaved
Intershielded
Design considerations
Thermal
Impulse withstand
Short-circuit withstand
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction Windings - LV

Low voltage ( 11 to 33kV)

Start

Finish
ABB PTSS 2005

Helix Layer

 Transformer Construction Windings - LV

Helical Layer
+ +
High current easy to wind
Mechanically strong good short-circuit resistance

- -
Transpositions Lower current
Difficult to wind Mechanically weaker
Helix can raise short-circuit
problems
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction Windings - HV

Series capacitance C (n*v/t)^2 C

ABB PTSS 2005

Disc Interleaved disc

 Transformer Construction Windings - HV

Disc Layer
+ +
High current easy to wind
Mechanically strong harder to impulse protect
Good impulse withstand

- -
Transpositions Lower current
Difficult to wind Mechanically weaker
Labour intensive
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction Windings - HV

Low voltage helical

High voltage disc

Taps multi start helical

ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Testing Lightning protection

 Transformer Construction Windings

Lightning Withstand Protection

Method used depends on insulation level
upto 66kV no additional protection
upto 132kV intershield or interleaved
over 132kV interleaved
Lightning is fast front ( 1.2 / 50 micro sec) wave
Windings appear as capacitance - inductance - resistance
network
Capacitance is the controlling variable
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Windings

Lightning Withstand Protection - Methods used

Intershielding
Interleaving
both increase series capacitance of the winding giving a more
linear voltage distribution.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Windings
Lightning Withstand Protection - Methods used

Cs Cg
V
Cs
432 1 Cs d
Cs
567 8 Cs V/d in kV/mm
Cs
432 1 Cs
Cs
Cs
567 8
Cs small

Disc
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Windings
Lightning Withstand Protection Winding voltages
120

100
Rate of change of Voltage
80 Disc
Interdisc
60
Intershield
40 Ideal

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Windings
Lightning Withstand Protection Voltage Overswing
120

100
Rate of change of Voltage
80
Interdisc
60 Overswing
Ideal
40

20 Overswing

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Insulation

Solid
provides insulation and mechanical support capability

Liquid
provides insulation and cooling capability
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Solid Insulation

Solid
pressboard
highly refined cellulose made by paper techniques
high electrical strength
only when clean, dry and impregnated with oil
paper
as pressboard
used as conductor covering, wraps etc.
essential that it is kept clean and mechanically sound
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Liquid Insulation

Liquid
Transformer oil, Nynas 10GBNP
Naptheninic
gas absorbing

Requires high refinement for use

dry ( 5 ppm )
high electrical strength (> 50 kV/mm)

provides for clearance distance

clearances between electrical parts at different voltages essential.
only when clean and dry ( 5 ppm)
ABB PTSS 2005

Transformer Construction Active part HV taps
ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Construction Active part LV

Transformer Construction Active part tapchanger
ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Construction Cast Resin

 Design Principles Voltage regulation

Tapchangers
ABB PTSS 2005

 Design Principles Tapchanger

Working parts of a Tapchangers

On-Load
Selector - selects the tapping position
Doesnt pass current during operation
Diverter - diverts current during selector movement
Passes current during selector operation.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Design Principles - Tapchanger
Two operating conditions
On-Load
Off-circuit
On-Load predominant in Power transformers
Off-circuit predominant in Distribution Transformers
Two physical tapchanger positions
In-tank, diverter in own sealed chamber
Bolt-on, separate from main oil
Both with either single compartment - selector in the same oil as
diverter.
or Double compartment - diverter in its own segregated oil volume.
ABB PTSS 2005

Learning Point
 Design Principles -Tapchanger types

Divertor

Selector

Divertor & selector

In-Tank UC* Bolt-on ( External) UZE/F

ABB PTSS 2005

 Design Principles -Tapchanger types

Divertor

Selector
ABB PTSS 2005

In-Tank UC
 Design Principles Tapchanger diverter
To Tap
To Tap Selector
Selector

Transition
Transition
Resistor
Resistor
ABB PTSS 2005

To Neutral or next Phase

 ABB PTSS 2005 Design Principles Tapchanger

 Design Principles - In-tank or Bolt-on

Double compartment Tapchanger in main tank, diverter in own tank, selector in transformers oil
ABB PTSS 2005

Single compartment Tapchanger in own tank, selector and diverter in own oil

 Design Principles - Double compartment

Operation of diverter contacts causes sparks and gas generation in

the local oil
Single compartment contains the gas in the diverter and selector
Double compartment contains gas in diverter, it is thought that the
selectors do not spark.
NGC dont accept this and insist that the selector is also in its own
oil volume
Achieved through a separate compartment and a barrier board.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Design Principles - Barrier Boards
Tapchanger in main tank, selector in transformers oil
ABB PTSS 2005

Tapchanger in seperate tank, selector in own oil
 Design Principles - Tapchangers

Three ways of achieving tapping

Linear
Coarse / Fine
Reversing
ABB PTSS 2005

 Design Principles - Tapchanging

Main winding

Coarse
Tap winding

Selector Taps
3

Changeover Switch
3

Fine

3
Diverter
ABB PTSS 2005

Linear Coarse / Fine Reversing

 Design Principles - Tap Positions

Neutral End Line End Centre winding

ABB PTSS 2005

 Design Principles - Tap positions

Type Advantage Disadvantage

Neutral end No voltage problems Variable volts per

turn with Autos

Line End Simplifies Auto Voltage issues

design

Centre winding Prevents overvolts in Phase to phase

Delta
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Construction - Accessories

Terminals
Air , Oil or GIS bushings
Safety / Protection
Surge arresters
Pressure relief device
Bucholz Relay
WTI / OTI
Maintenance
Conservator
Silica Gel Breather / Drycol refrigerated breather
ABB PTSS 2005

Learning Point
 Transformer Construction Accessories - WTI

Winding Temperature Indicator

WTI CT Top oil temp

ABB PTSS 2005

End
 Transformer Construction Accessories - PRV

Pressure relief device

<1 metre
ABB PTSS 2005

End
Transformer Construction Accessories - Bucholz

Bucholz Relay

To conservator

From Transformer tank

Collects gas for an alarm, longer time, condition

ABB PTSS 2005

Explosion give a fluid surge for trip, instantaneous.

End

 Transformer Construction - Accessories

Drycol refrigerated breather

Warm moist air

Cold / dry air

Cooling surface Peltier modules

ABB PTSS 2005

End
 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Testing

 Transformer Failure Fire and Explosion

Transformer Failure.mpeg
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing

Routine tests
Ratio, resistances, load and no-load losses
Impedances
High voltage
Applied and induced at power frequency
Impulse
ABB PTSS 2005

Learning Point

 Transformer Testing

Type
Temperature rise, ONAN, OFAF etc.
High voltage
Surge, impulse, chop and switching.
Noise level
Zero-phase impedance
Special
Short - circuit.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing - Routine

Ratio
turns ratio between sets of windings, measured by ratiometer,
checks for correct turns
Polarity
checks the correct electrical direction of each winding
Vector group
checks the correct phase relationship of each winding
Resistances
d.c. resistance of each winding at each tapping position at a
known temperature, checks for poor connections and incorrect
winding.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing - Routine

No-load loss, measured by wattmeter

LV winding supplied at service voltage and frequency
HV winding open circuit
Final value corrected for frequency and voltage
Load loss
HV winding supplied with full service load current
LV winding shorted
Losses measured and corrected for temperature
Voltage measured at full current is the impedance volts
Impedance volts divided by full volts is impedance p.u.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing - Routine

Dielectric tests
Applied voltage
Whole of one winding raised in voltage, others earthed. Tests
winding to winding and to earth insulation.
Overpotential
Two times volts per turn or more induced
Supply LV winding
Checks volts per turn and line lead to earth
Partial discharge at > 132kV
caused by voids, corona etc. during the overpotential test
checks insulation in winding, between windings etc.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing - Routine / Type Testing

Impulse
simulates a lightning strike
Waveshape and neutral current measured and compared
between reduced and full value waves throughout the series
Series normally 1 RW, 3 FW, 1RW
Checks windings ability to withstand a lightning strike.
ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Testing Impulse testing

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Testing Impulse Turn/Turn

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Testing to Earth

 Transformer Testing - Type Testing

Impulse
as routine with the addition of 2 chopped waves to simulate a
flash to ground.
RSO
Low voltage recurrent surge oscillograph which safely simulates
the impulse test. Useful design info tool
Switching surge
creates almost magnetic v/t distribution
lower voltage than impulse but over longer time
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing - Type Testing
Noise
Measured under no-load energisation ( core source)
IEC 551 spec, measured at 0.3m from tank
different rules for different sizes and for OFAF coolers
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing - Type Testing
Temperature rise
all cooling options checked ONAN, OFAF etc
transformer energised from HV with LV shorted
full losses circulated ( No-load plus load) until top oil
temperature stable to give top oil temperature rise. < 60C
reduced to full load current
shutdown measurement of d.c resistance
compared to cold resistance to give winding average
temperature
mean winding rise = average temperature - ambient < 65C
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing - Type Temperature Rise

0.22 Cold Resistance = 0.18 at 20 C (235+20)

Temperature = .22/.18*(235+20) - 235 = 76 C
Temperature rise = 76 - 20 = 56C

Resistance ohms

Oil duct temperature

+15 mins

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 mins
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing - Type Testing

Zero sequence impedance

single phase excitation of three legs
ABB PTSS 2005

 Transformer Testing - Special Testing

Short circuit
Pre faulted
LV shorted and HV closed onto supply
Normally 3 shots per phase, each phase different tap
Current calculated from impedance and system
First peak gives dynamic forces, r.m.s. gives thermal effect
Routine tests before and after S/C test
Visual inspection
variation in impedance should be less than 0.5%
ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Transformer Testing - Short-circuit test set up

 Thermal - Definitions
Top Oil rise
Temperature of the oil at the tank top or cooler top above the ambient
temperature.
Mean Winding rise
Average temperature of the winding above ambient temperature.
Limits set by specification ( IEC, BS, BEBS-T2) at:-
Top oil rise - 60 K
Mean Winding rise - 65K or 70K for directed oil systems
In addition
Hot spot temperature
limits vary 98, 105, 125 C and are ambient dependant
calculated from MWR * k + TOR +Ambient
k=1.3 for large transformers
ABB PTSS 2005

 Thermal - Windings
Winding gradient
Surface heat dissipation
Insulation thickness
Boundary layer for natural / forced cooling
Mean oil temperature
Average of top exit and bottom entrance temperatures
Mean oil + winding gradient = mean winding rise < 65 C
Ambient + top oil + 1.3* winding gradient= Hot spot temp <98C

I^2*R Watts / mm^2

I
t
ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Thermal - winding cooling

ON OF OD
 Thermal External cooling

ONAN
OFAN
OFAF
ONAF

Pump

Oil Forced Air Forced

ABB PTSS 2005

Oil Natural Air Natural Oil Forced Air Natural

 Thermal Load Cycling - IEC 60076-7

Thermal Capacity important

WTI alarm and trip
Greater Loss of life above 98 C
Failure at 140 C +
Present loading guide IEC 60354
Covers transformers as
Class I Distribution upto 2500 kVA
Class II Medium Power upto 100 MVA
Class III Large Power more than 100 MVA
Table 1 gives Temperature and Loading limits for emergencies.
Giving permissible peak loads, cyclic loading, loss of life.
ABB PTSS 2005

Learning Point

 Thermal Load Cycling - IEC 60076-7

Thermal model assumes a linear rise in oil temperature top to bottom,

constant difference between conductors and oil and the hot spot is a
Fixed factor dependent on Class of transformer
Hg
Hot Spot temp
Top Oil Temp
Winding top

g
Winding Grad
Average Oil Temp

Winding bottom
ABB PTSS 2005

Winding bottom Bottom Oil Temp

Temperature rise
 Thermal Load Cycling - IEC 60076-7

Determination of temperatures based on Heat Run results

Steady state temperature conditions calculated using formulae for
ON, OF, OD cooling.
Transient state temperature conditions calculated also using
formulae and assumes the load change to be a step change.
Using the loading curves and ambient temperatures it is possible to
predict the Hot Spot Temperature with time and assess
Thermal ageing
Follows the Montsigner rule that predicts doubling of loss of life for
every 6 C increase in temperature.
From the above the loss of life with emergency rating can be
assessed as part of an asset strategy.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Thermal Load Cycling - IEC 60076-7

Some examples of how IEC 600076-7 can be used

Assessing hotspot temperatures by load profiles
Assessing hot spot and ageing with load profiles
Time allowed for overload before enhanced ageing occurs at
different ambient temperatures
Time allowed for a specific overload with various pre-load
without reduction of design life.
Prediction of life reduction at different loadings and ambient
temperatures
ABB PTSS 2005

 Thermal Load Cycling - IEC 60076-7
Thermal Hot Spot by hour

120
ONAN OFAN OFAF ONAN

100

80
MVA
Degrees C and MVA

Wdg Grad
Top Oil Rise
60 Ambient
WTI
HSR
HS Temp
40

20

0
0 5 10 15 20
ABB PTSS 2005

Hours

 Thermal Load Cycling - IEC 60076-7
Hot Spot Temperature v MVA at 15 C constant Ambient

120.0

100.0
98 C Limit
Minor load profile changes
80.0 Lead to significant ageing effects
Degrees C and MVA

Hot Spot Temp

60.0
MVA

40.0

20.0

Enhanced Winter Load 100-95% 15C

0.0
120.0
0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0
Hours in day

100.0

80.0
MVA / Degrees C

Hot Spot Temp

60.0
MVA

40.0
ABB PTSS 2005

11 hours above 98C

20.0

0.0
0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0
Hours
16.0 20.0
24.0
 Thermal Load Cycling - IEC 60076-7
Figure 3 - Time to achieve Overload before ageing occurs

500

450

400

350
Time before ageing

300
Time to Hot Spot Limit @ 10C
250 Time to Hot Spot Limit @ 20C
Time to Hot Spot Limit @ 30C
200

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
ABB PTSS 2005

MVA pre-load

Time limits to prevent ageing at different ambients

 Thermal Load Cycling - IEC 60076-7
Figure 3 - OFAF : Time to design limit for 110 MVA post fault load

90

80

70

60
Pre-Fault MVA

50
Pre fault MVA 20 C Amb.

40

30

20

10

0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
ABB PTSS 2005

Minutes

Time to design limit for different Pre-fault and post fault loading

 Thermal Load Cycling - IEC 60076-7
Figure 2 - BSP Tx Life reduction v MVA v Ambient

130

120

OFAF MVA Full design life

110
OFAF MVA 2x Life loss
OFAF MVA 4x life loss
100
OFAF MVA 8x life loss
OFAN MVA Full design life
MVA

90 OFAN MVA 2x Life loss

OFAN MVA 4x life loss

OFAN MVA 8x life loss

80
ONAN MVA Full design life
ONAN MVA 2x Life loss
70 ONAN MVA 4x life loss
ONAN MVA 8x life loss

60

50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ambient C
ABB PTSS 2005

Loss of life factors for different ambients and long term loading

 Thermal Load Cycling ABB TEC system

All the calculations and predictions can be made via

ABBs Transformer Electronic Computation module
Volts
Amps
Loading
Winding and oil temperature
Predicts new hot spot temperature
Predicts ageing
Switches fans and pumps
Many other facilities
ABB PTSS 2005

 ABB PTSS 2005 Thermal ABB TEC system

 ABB PTSS 2005 Thermal Load Cycling ABB TEC system

http://tec1.vbelnat.se/tecwebb/
 Dry type transformers
Vacuum Cast Coils
From 25 kVA up to 30MVA.
Standard Overload 40%.
HV up to 36 kV.
LV up to 36 kV.
Frequency 50Hz, 60Hz, 50/60Hz, 16.667Hz.
Cooling AN/ANAN/ANAF
Insulation 155C (Class F).
Ambient design 40C.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Dry type transformers
Advantages
Safe windings design.
Strong strength against short circuits
Partial discharges free
The lowest noise and losses level
Higher impulse voltage withstand test
Broad experience on 36kV Um
Low dielectric ageing.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Dry type transformers
Resibloc
From 25kVA up to 30MVA.
Std. Overload 40% (2.5MVA), 33% (2.5-5MVA), 25% (+5MVA).
HV up to 41.4 kV (From +630kVA).
LV up to 36 kV.
Frequency 50Hz, 60Hz, 50/60Hz, 16.667Hz.
Cooling AN/ANAN/ANAF/AFWF.
Insulation 155C (Class F).
Ambient design 40C.
ABB PTSS 2005

 Key Learning points to ensure lifetime

Minimum Specification requirements

to ensure that you buy the correct unit
Materials
to ensure correct quality and constructional use
Design and Manufacture
to ensure the unit is built to your requirements
Tapchangers and accessories
to ensure that the unit will function correctly and is protected
Testing
to establish that the unit will perform correctly
Loading
ABB PTSS 2005

to establish the limits of short to long term loading

 ABB PTSS 2005