Main Parameters

Pressure
Temperature

Time
History of micro organisms
1670: Van Leeuwenhoek discovers great numbers of bacteria's
1862: Pasteur proves that:
Bacteria's multiply by dividing
Infection is air born
Boiling kills the bacteria
1870: Bastian concludes that 100 C is not killing all the bacteria
1880: Chamberland manufactures the first autoclave to boil on more than 100 C

Various Micro Organisms

Animal-like : Malaria and Hepatitis
Vegetable-like:
Mould (10 times the size of a bacteria)
Bacteria (10 times the size of a virus)
Bacillus or spores (high resistant bacteria)
Viruses: Needs living material to multiply
Multiplication of Micro Organisms

0-7 C: Relatively no multiplication

10-50 C: Ideal for the multiplication

62-100 C: Most bacteria's die off

100-120 C: Spores die off at WET HEAT

 Dry Heat:
Heat Steam:
Steam
Oxidation of the Coagulation of the
micro organism micro organism

How to sterilize

Plasma--Low
Plasma
Temperature: Ethylene Oxide:
Chemical reaction Chemical reaction
Saturated Steam
Pressure Temperature Relation:
- 1.0 bar - 120 C
- 1.1 bar - 121 C

- 2.0 bar - 134 C

- 2.2 bar - 135 C

Minimum Holding Time

re Time relation
- 134 to 138 C - 3 Minutes
- 121 to 124 C - 15 Minutes
- 105 to 108 C - 2 Hours
Air & Steam
Where theres air, theres no steam
Where theres no steam, theres no sterilization
Air obstructs the temperature from rising

Air Removal
Since air is causing a problem, the air
removal is an important part of the
sterilization process
Two removal principles:
Gravity autoclaves
Pre- Pre-vacuum autoclaves
Gravity Principle
Steam production in vessel
Steam rises and pushes up the air
Air escapes through a valve at the top of the vessel
Sterilization conditions are reached
Temperature and pressure are maintained for a fixed period of time
In gravity autoclaves 5-10% of air left
Pre-
Pre-Vacuum Principle
Air removal through vacuum pump
Steam production or steam injection in vessel
Sterilization conditions are reached
Temperature and pressure are maintained for a fixed period of time
In pre-vacuum autoclaves 1% of air left
N Class Piping
QSS & Drawing
M & MK PIPING DIAGRAM
1730 M & MK ELECTRICAL DRAWING
2340 / 2540 M & MK ELECTRICAL DRAWING
3870 M ELECTRICAL DRAWING
E Models general piping Diagram
PIPING DIAGRAM FOR MODELS: E AND EK EXCEPT 1730
EA & EKA PIPING DIAGRAM
Laboratory
QSSAutoclaves
Piping diagram for 2540 , 3150 , 3170 , 3850 , 3870 ELV Models
Piping diagram for 2540 , 3150 , 3170 , 3850 , 3870 ELVC Models
Piping diagram for 5050 & 5075 ELVC Models
Piping diagram for 2540EL
Piping diagram for 3150, 3850 , 3870 EL Models
Piping diagram 2540 ELC
Piping diagram for 3150, 3850 , 3870 ELC Models
Piping Diagram 3870 ELC-PVG
Steam Generator Electrical Drawing For 3870 ELVC-PVG
Class B Autoclave
QSS
 NOVA 3 Piping Diagram
(With waste water collection reservoir)
 NOVA 3 Piping Diagram
(With waste water collection reservoir & automatic mineral free water filling)
 NOVA 3 PIPING DIAGRAM
(With mineral free water recycling NOT AVAILABLE IN EUROPE!!!)
Elara 11 Piping Diagram
5075HSG - Autoclave & Steam Generator Piping Diagram
General Information
Steam Graph
(Temperature\
Temperature\ Pressure)
Steam Tables Steam Tables
Imperial Units Metric SI Units
PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM
psia InHg F kPa C psia psig F kPa C
1.5 2.95 114.5 10 45.8 17.1 2.4 219.7 117.9 104.3
2.2 4.44 129.3 15 54.1 17.2 2.5 219.9 118.6 104.4
2.9 5.90 140.2 20 60.1 17.2 2.5 220.1 118.6 104.5
3.6 7.39 149.1 25 65.0 17.3 2.6 220.3 119.3 104.6
4.4 8.86 156.4 30 68.9 17.4 2.7 220.5 120.0 104.7
5.1 10.34 162.9 35 72.7 17.4 2.7 220.6 120.0 104.8
5.8 11.81 168.6 40 75.9 17.5 2.8 220.8 120.7 104.9
6.5 13.30 173.8 45 78.8 17.5 2.8 221.0 120.7 105.0
7.3 14.76 178.4 50 81.3 17.6 2.9 221.2 121.3 105.1
17.7 3.0 221.4 122.0 105.2
psia Psig F kPa C 17.7 3.0 221.5 122.0 105.3
14.7 0.0 212.0 101.4 100.0 17.8 3.1 221.7 122.7 105.4
14.8 0.1 212.2 102.0 100.1 17.8 3.1 221.9 122.7 105.5
14.8 0.1 212.4 102.0 100.2 17.9 3.2 222.1 123.4 105.6
14.9 0.2 212.5 102.7 100.3 18.0 3.3 222.3 124.1 105.7
14.9 0.2 212.7 102.7 100.4 18.0 3.3 222.4 124.1 105.8
15.0 0.3 212.9 103.4 100.5 18.1 3.4 222.6 124.8 105.9
15.0 0.3 213.1 103.4 100.6 18.2 3.5 222.8 125.5 106.0
15.1 0.4 213.3 104.1 100.7 18.2 3.5 223.0 125.5 106.1
15.1 0.4 213.4 104.1 100.8 18.3 3.6 223.2 126.2 106.2
15.2 0.5 213.6 104.8 100.9 18.3 3.6 223.3 126.2 106.3
15.2 0.5 213.8 104.8 101.0 18.4 3.7 223.5 126.9 106.4
15.3 0.6 214.0 105.5 101.1 18.5 3.8 223.7 127.6 106.5
15.4 0.7 214.2 106.2 101.2 18.5 3.8 223.9 127.6 106.6
15.4 0.7 214.3 106.2 101.3 18.6 3.9 224.1 128.2 106.7
15.5 0.8 214.5 106.9 101.4 18.6 3.9 224.2 128.2 106.8
15.5 0.8 214.7 106.9 101.5 18.7 4.0 224.4 128.9 106.9
15.6 0.9 214.9 107.6 101.6 18.8 4.1 224.6 129.6 107.0
15.6 0.9 215.1 107.6 101.7 18.9 4.2 224.8 130.3 107.1
15.7 1.0 215.2 108.2 101.8 18.9 4.2 225.0 130.3 107.2
15.7 1.0 215.4 108.2 101.9 19.0 4.3 225.1 131.0 107.3
15.8 1.1 215.6 108.9 102.0 19.0 4.3 225.3 131.0 107.4
15.8 1.1 215.8 108.9 102.1 19.1 4.4 225.5 131.7 107.5
15.9 1.2 216.0 109.6 102.2 19.2 4.5 225.7 132.4 107.6
16.0 1.3 216.3 110.3 102.4 19.3 4.6 225.9 133.1 107.7
16.1 1.4 216.5 111.0 102.5 19.3 4.6 226.0 133.1 107.8
16.1 1.4 216.7 111.0 102.6 19.4 4.7 226.2 133.8 107.9
16.2 1.5 216.9 111.7 102.7 19.4 4.7 226.4 133.8 108.0
16.2 1.5 217.0 111.7 102.8 19.5 4.8 226.6 134.4 108.1
16.3 1.6 217.2 112.4 102.9 19.6 4.9 226.8 135.1 108.2
16.4 1.7 217.4 113.1 103.0 19.6 4.9 226.9 135.1 108.3
16.4 1.7 217.6 113.1 103.1 19.7 5.0 227.1 135.8 108.4
PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM

16.5 1.8 217.8 113.8 103.2 19.8 5.1 227.3 136.5 108.5
16.5 1.8 217.9 113.8 103.3 19.8 5.1 227.5 136.5 108.6
16.6 1.9 218.1 114.5 103.4 19.9 5.2 227.7 137.2 108.7
16.6 1.9 218.3 114.5 103.5 19.9 5.2 227.8 137.2 108.8
16.7 2.0 218.5 115.1 103.6 20.0 5.3 228.0 137.9 108.9
16.8 2.1 218.7 115.8 103.7 20.1 5.4 228.2 138.6 109.0
16.8 2.1 218.8 115.8 103.8 20.2 5.5 228.4 139.3 109.1
16.9 2.2 219.0 116.5 103.9 20.3 5.6 228.6 140.0 109.2
16.9 2.2 219.2 116.5 104.0 20.3 5.6 228.7 140.0 109.3
17.0 2.3 219.4 117.2 104.1 20.4 5.7 228.9 140.7 109.4
17.1 2.4 219.6 117.9 104.2 20.4 5.7 229.1 140.7 109.5
psia Psig F kPa C psia psig F kPa C
20.5 5.8 229.3 141.3 109.6 24.6 9.9 239.2 169.6 115.1
20.6 5.9 229.5 142.0 109.7 24.7 10.0 239.4 170.3 115.2
20.6 5.9 229.6 142.0 109.8 24.7 10.0 239.5 170.3 115.3
20.7 6.0 229.8 142.7 109.9 24.8 10.1 239.7 171.0 115.4
20.8 6.1 230.0 143.4 110.0 24.9 10.2 239.9 171.7 115.5
20.9 6.2 230.2 144.1 110.1 25.0 10.3 240.1 172.4 115.6
21.0 6.3 230.4 144.8 110.2 25.1 10.4 240.3 173.1 115.7
21.0 6.3 230.5 144.8 110.3 25.2 10.5 240.4 173.7 115.8
21.1 6.4 230.7 145.5 110.4 25.3 10.6 240.6 174.4 115.9
21.1 6.4 230.9 145.5 110.5 25.3 10.6 240.8 174.4 116.0
21.2 6.5 231.1 146.2 110.6 25.4 10.7 241.0 175.1 116.1
21.3 6.6 231.3 146.9 110.7 25.5 10.8 241.2 175.8 116.2
21.3 6.6 231.4 146.9 110.8 25.6 10.9 241.3 176.5 116.3
21.4 6.7 231.6 147.5 110.9 25.7 11.0 241.5 177.2 116.4
21.5 6.8 231.8 148.2 111.0 25.8 11.1 241.7 177.9 116.5
21.6 6.9 232.0 148.9 111.1 25.9 11.2 241.9 178.6 116.6
21.7 7.0 232.2 149.6 111.2 25.9 11.2 242.1 178.6 116.7
21.7 7.0 232.3 149.6 111.3 26.0 11.3 242.2 179.3 116.8
21.8 7.1 232.5 150.3 111.4 26.1 11.4 242.4 180.0 116.9
21.9 7.2 232.7 151.0 111.5 26.2 11.5 242.6 180.6 117.0
21.9 7.2 232.9 151.0 111.6 26.3 11.6 242.8 181.3 117.1
22.0 7.3 233.1 151.7 111.7 26.4 11.7 243.0 182.0 117.2
22.1 7.4 233.2 152.4 111.8 26.4 11.7 243.1 182.0 117.3
22.1 7.4 233.4 152.4 111.9 26.5 11.8 243.3 182.7 117.4
22.2 7.5 233.6 153.1 112.0 26.6 11.9 243.5 183.4 117.5
22.3 7.6 233.8 153.8 112.1 26.7 12.0 243.7 184.1 117.6
22.4 7.7 234.0 154.4 112.2 26.8 12.1 243.9 184.8 117.7
22.4 7.7 234.1 154.4 112.3 26.8 12.1 244.0 184.8 117.8
22.5 7.8 234.3 155.1 112.4 26.9 12.2 244.2 185.5 117.9
22.6 7.9 234.5 155.8 112.5 27.0 12.3 244.4 186.2 118.0
22.7 8.0 234.7 156.5 112.6 27.1 12.4 244.6 186.8 118.1
22.8 8.1 234.9 157.2 112.7 27.2 12.5 244.8 187.5 118.2
22.8 8.1 235.0 157.2 112.8 27.3 12.6 244.9 188.2 118.3
22.9 8.2 235.2 157.9 112.9 27.4 12.7 245.1 188.9 118.4
23.0 8.3 235.4 158.6 113.0 27.5 12.8 245.3 189.6 118.5
23.1 8.4 235.6 159.3 113.1 27.6 12.9 245.5 190.3 118.6
23.1 8.4 235.8 159.3 113.2 27.7 13.0 245.7 191.0 118.7
23.2 8.5 235.9 160.0 113.3 27.7 13.0 245.8 191.0 118.8
23.3 8.6 236.1 160.6 113.4 27.8 13.1 246.0 191.7 118.9
23.4 8.7 236.3 161.3 113.5 27.9 13.2 246.2 192.4 119.0
23.4 8.7 236.5 161.3 113.6 28.0 13.3 246.4 193.1 119.1
23.5 8.8 236.7 162.0 113.7 28.1 13.4 246.6 193.7 119.2
23.6 8.9 236.8 162.7 113.8 28.2 13.5 246.7 194.4 119.3
23.7 9.0 237.0 163.4 113.9 28.3 13.6 246.9 195.1 119.4
23.7 9.0 237.2 163.4 114.0 28.4 13.7 247.1 195.8 119.5
23.8 9.1 237.4 164.1 114.1 28.5 13.8 247.3 196.5 119.6
PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM

23.9 9.2 237.6 164.8 114.2 28.6 13.9 247.5 197.2 119.7
24.0 9.3 237.7 165.5 114.3 28.6 13.9 247.6 197.2 119.8
24.1 9.4 237.9 166.2 114.4 28.7 14.0 247.8 197.9 119.9
24.1 9.4 238.1 166.2 114.5 28.8 14.1 248.0 198.6 120.0
24.2 9.5 238.3 166.9 114.6 28.9 14.2 248.2 199.3 120.1
24.3 9.6 238.5 167.5 114.7 29.0 14.3 248.4 199.9 120.2
24.4 9.7 238.6 168.2 114.8 29.1 14.4 248.5 200.6 120.3
24.4 9.7 238.8 168.2 114.9 29.2 14.5 248.7 201.3 120.4
24.5 9.8 239.0 168.9 115.0 29.3 14.6 248.9 202.0 120.5
psia Psig F kPa C psia psig F kPa C
29.4 14.7 249.1 202.7 120.6 34.6 19.9 258.6 238.7 125.9
29.5 14.8 249.3 203.4 120.7 34.7 20.0 258.8 239.4 126.0
29.5 14.8 249.4 203.4 120.8 34.8 20.1 259.0 240.2 126.1
29.6 14.9 249.6 204.1 120.9 34.9 20.2 259.2 240.9 126.2
29.7 15.0 249.8 204.8 121.0 35.0 20.3 259.3 241.6 126.3
29.8 15.3 250.0 205.5 121.1 35.1 20.4 259.5 242.3 126.4
29.9 15.4 250.2 206.2 121.2 35.3 20.6 259.7 243.1 126.5
30.0 15.5 250.3 206.8 121.3 35.4 20.7 259.9 243.8 126.6
30.1 15.6 250.5 207.5 121.4 35.5 20.8 260.1 244.5 126.7
30.3 15.6 250.7 208.9 121.5 35.6 20.9 260.2 245.3 126.8
30.5 15.8 250.9 210.3 121.6 35.7 21.0 260.4 246.0 126.9
30.5 15.8 251.1 210.3 121.7 35.8 21.1 260.6 246.8 127.0
30.6 15.9 251.2 211.0 121.8 35.9 21.2 260.8 247.6 127.1
30.7 16.0 251.4 211.7 121.9 36.0 21.3 261.0 248.3 127.2
30.8 16.1 251.6 212.4 122.0 36.1 21.4 261.1 249.1 127.3
31.0 16.3 251.8 213.7 122.1 36.2 21.5 261.3 249.9 127.4
31.0 16.3 252.0 213.7 122.2 36.5 21.8 261.5 251.4 127.5
31.1 16.4 252.1 214.4 122.3 36.5 21.8 261.7 251.4 127.6
31.2 16.5 252.3 215.1 122.4 36.6 21.9 261.9 252.2 127.7
31.3 16.6 252.5 215.8 122.5 36.7 22.0 262.0 252.9 127.8
31.4 16.7 252.7 216.5 122.6 36.8 22.1 262.2 253.7 127.9
31.5 16.8 252.9 217.2 122.7 36.9 22.2 262.4 254.5 128.0
31.6 16.9 253.0 217.9 122.8 37.0 22.3 262.6 255.2 128.1
31.7 17.0 253.2 218.6 122.9 37.1 22.4 262.8 256.0 128.2
31.8 17.1 253.4 219.3 123.0 37.2 22.5 262.9 256.8 128.3
31.8 17.1 253.6 218.9 123.1 37.4 22.7 263.1 257.5 128.4
31.9 17.2 253.8 219.6 123.2 37.5 22.8 263.3 258.3 128.5
32.0 17.3 253.9 220.3 123.3 37.6 22.9 263.5 259.1 128.6
32.1 17.4 254.1 221.0 123.4 37.7 23.0 263.7 259.8 128.7
32.2 17.5 254.3 221.7 123.5 37.8 23.1 263.8 260.6 128.8
32.3 17.6 254.5 222.4 123.6 37.9 23.2 264.0 261.4 128.9
32.4 17.7 254.7 223.1 123.7 38.0 23.3 264.2 262.2 129.0
32.5 17.8 254.8 223.7 123.8 38.1 23.4 264.4 263.0 129.1
32.6 17.9 255.0 224.4 123.9 38.3 23.6 264.6 263.8 129.2
32.6 17.9 255.2 225.1 124.0 38.4 23.7 264.7 264.6 129.3
32.7 18.0 255.4 225.8 124.1 38.5 23.8 264.9 265.4 129.4
32.8 18.1 255.6 226.5 124.2 38.6 23.9 265.1 266.2 129.5
32.9 18.2 255.7 227.2 124.3 38.7 24.0 265.3 267.0 129.6
33.0 18.3 255.9 227.8 124.4 38.8 24.1 265.5 267.8 129.7
33.1 18.4 256.1 228.6 124.5 39.0 24.3 265.6 268.6 129.8
33.3 18.6 256.3 229.3 124.6 39.1 24.4 265.8 269.4 129.9
33.4 18.7 256.5 230.0 124.7 39.2 24.5 266.0 270.3 130.0
33.5 18.8 256.6 230.7 124.8 39.3 24.6 266.2 271.1 130.1
33.6 18.9 256.8 231.5 124.9 39.4 24.7 266.4 271.9 130.2
PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM

33.7 19.0 257.0 232.2 125.0 39.5 24.8 266.5 272.7 130.3
33.8 19.1 257.2 232.9 125.1 39.7 25.0 266.7 273.5 130.4
33.9 19.2 257.4 233.6 125.2 39.8 25.1 266.9 274.3 130.5
34.0 19.3 257.5 234.4 125.3 39.9 25.2 267.1 275.1 130.6
34.1 19.4 257.7 235.1 125.4 40.0 25.3 267.3 275.9 130.7
34.2 19.5 257.9 235.8 125.5 40.1 25.4 267.4 276.7 130.8
34.3 19.6 258.1 236.5 125.6 40.3 25.6 267.6 277.5 130.9
34.4 19.7 258.3 237.3 125.7 40.4 25.7 267.8 278.3 131.0
34.5 19.8 258.4 238.0 125.8 40.5 25.8 268.0 279.1 131.1
psia Psig F kPa C psia psig F kPa C
40.6 25.9 268.2 280.0 131.2 45.8 31.1 275.2 315.8 135.1
40.7 26.0 268.3 280.8 131.3 45.9 31.2 275.4 316.5 135.2
40.9 26.2 268.5 281.7 131.4 46.0 31.3 275.5 317.2 135.3
41.0 26.3 268.7 282.6 131.5 46.2 31.5 275.7 318.5 135.4
41.1 26.4 268.9 283.4 131.6 46.3 31.6 275.9 319.2 135.5
41.2 26.5 269.1 284.3 131.7 46.4 31.7 276.1 319.9 135.6
41.4 26.7 269.2 285.1 131.8 46.6 31.9 276.2 321.3 135.7
41.5 26.8 269.4 286.0 131.9 46.7 32.0 276.4 322.0 135.8
41.6 26.9 269.6 286.8 132.0 46.8 32.1 276.6 322.7 135.9
41.7 27.0 269.8 287.7 132.1 47.0 32.3 276.8 324.1 136.0
41.8 27.1 270.0 288.5 132.2 47.1 32.4 277.0 324.7 136.1
42.0 27.3 270.1 289.4 132.3 47.3 32.6 277.2 326.1 136.2
42.1 27.4 270.3 290.2 132.4 47.4 32.7 277.3 326.8 136.3
42.2 27.5 270.5 291.1 132.5 47.5 32.8 277.5 327.5 136.4
42.3 27.6 270.7 291.9 132.6 47.7 33.0 277.7 328.9 136.5
42.5 27.8 270.9 292.8 132.7 47.8 33.1 277.9 329.6 136.6
42.6 27.9 271.0 293.6 132.8 47.9 33.2 278.1 330.3 136.7
42.7 28.0 271.2 294.5 132.9 48.0 33.3 278.2 330.9 136.8
42.8 28.1 271.4 295.3 133.0 48.0 33.3 278.4 331.0 136.9
43.0 28.3 271.6 296.2 133.1 48.1 33.4 278.6 331.6 137.0
43.1 28.4 271.8 297.1 133.2 48.3 33.6 278.8 333.0 137.1
43.2 28.5 271.9 297.9 133.3 48.4 33.7 279.0 333.7 137.2
43.3 28.6 272.1 298.8 133.4 48.5 33.8 279.1 334.4 137.3
43.5 28.8 272.3 299.7 133.5 48.7 34.0 279.3 335.8 137.4
43.6 28.9 272.5 300.6 133.6 48.8 34.1 279.5 336.5 137.5
43.7 29.0 272.7 301.5 133.7 49.0 34.3 279.7 337.8 137.6
43.9 29.2 272.8 302.4 133.8 49.1 34.4 279.9 338.5 137.7
44.0 29.3 273.0 303.3 133.9 49.2 34.5 280.0 339.2 137.8
44.1 29.4 273.2 304.2 134.0 49.4 34.7 280.2 340.6 137.9
44.3 29.6 273.2 305.4 134.0 49.5 34.8 280.4 341.3 138.0
44.4 29.7 273.4 306.1 134.1 49.7 35.0 280.6 342.7 138.1
44.6 29.9 273.6 307.5 134.2 49.8 35.1 280.8 343.4 138.2
44.7 30.0 273.7 308.2 134.3 49.9 35.2 280.9 344.0 138.3
44.8 30.1 273.9 308.9 134.4 50.1 35.4 281.1 345.4 138.4
45.0 30.3 274.1 310.3 134.5 50.2 35.5 281.3 346.1 138.5
45.1 30.4 274.3 311.0 134.6 50.4 35.7 281.5 347.5 138.6
45.2 30.5 274.5 311.6 134.7 50.6 35.9 281.7 348.9 138.7
45.4 30.7 274.6 313.0 134.8 50.7 36.0 281.8 349.6 138.8
45.5 30.8 274.8 313.7 134.9 50.8 36.1 282.0 350.3 138.9
45.6 30.9 275.0 314.4 135.0 51.0 36.3 282.2 351.6 139.0

Legend:
PRESSURE Vs TEMPERATURE FOR SATURATED STEAM

psia absolute pressure in psi

Psig gauge pressure in psi
kPa absolute pressure in kilo-Pascal
InHg pressure (vacuum) in inch-Mercury
 PT100 Resistance Table
PT100 Resistance Table