SPE 57261
Seismically Guided Bypassed Oil Identification in A Mature Steamflood Area, Duri Field,
Sumatra, Indonesia
R. Sigit, SPE, D. Satriana, SPE, J.P. Peifer, SPE, and A. Linawati / PT. Caltex Pacific Indonesia
Copyright 1999, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 1999 SPE Asia Pacific Improved Oil Recovery
Conference to be held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2526 October 1999.
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Abstract
The first large project area under steamflood at Duri field,
Area 1, has recently been ramped down to the maintenance
steam injection rate. After 14 years of steaming, Area 1 has
achieved a recovery factor of about 64%. The available
generated steam for this area, aside from the maintenance
steam, is now being used to initiate new area development.
In 1996, the first 3D seismic survey in this area was
acquired in the Southwest portion of Area 1 covering 33
patterns. This 3D seismic survey was aimed as a pilot project
to identify the potential bypassed oil. The presence of the
steam in the reservoir has changed the seismic velocity,
distorted the seismic energy and lowered the frequency
content. These factors have therefore lowered the seismic
resolution to be able to resolve every injected flow unit.
Vertical seismic profiles (VSP) have been heavily utilized as
control data to interpret the flow unit boundaries and the
faults. As a result, two major flow units (Pertama and Kedua-
Baji Jaga units) were interpreted with confidence. Seismic
attributes were extracted from these flow units. Pore fluid
characterization was done using multi-variate statistical
technique from the extracted seismic attributes to obtain the
most reasonable steam saturation and bypassed oil maps
which match the engineering data and production history. It
was found that the bypassed oil regions were mostly
controlled by both the stratigraphic and faulting systems.
A re-development strategy was generated by a multi
functional team to recover the remaining oil. Seismic data
was used to guide the interpretation of bypassed oil in areas
not immediately adjacent to observation wells. This strategy
consists of:
1. Selective zone re-injection
2. Pattern re-alignment including well conversion and infill
injectors
3. Infill vertical and horizontal producer wells.
A target of about 4.6 MMBO of bypassed oil was
identified in the study area. The approach used in this study
has potential application in other areas in the Duri field that
are in the earlier stages of the steamflood process. This would
enable to recover of the oil as early as possible in the potential
bypassed regions.
Introduction
Located on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, Duri Field, the
site of the worlds largest steamflood, is operated by PT
Caltex Pacific Indonesia. The field is divided into 13
development areas. Eight of these areas, Area 1 to 8, have
been under steamflood. The Duri steamflood began with
Area 1 in 1985. Since primary methods will recover only a
small fraction of original oil in place (OOIP), continuous
steamflooding was employed to reduce the oils viscosity and
drive it toward producing wells. As a result, the recovery
factor of Area 1 has improved from 8% to nearly 64%. This
area currently only receives maintenance steam injection.
Large-scale seismic steam monitoring technology has
recently (1995) been introduced to the Duri field reservoir
management process as a means of directly imaging changes
in vertical and horizontal steam distribution. This technology
was tried in Area 1 in 1996, a mature steamflooded area, to
identify the potential bypassed oil and come up with strategic
plans to increase recovery.
Reservoir Architecture
Structurally, Duri Field is a large asymmetrical anticline with
North-South (N-S) axis and covers about 130 km2 (Fig. 1).
The local structure around the area of interest (AOI) is
characterized as a gentle, South-Southeast (S-SE) dipping of
around 10-15 degrees. Many major right lateral faults were
identified after interpreting the seismic data. The major fault
orientation is mostly North-Northeast (N-NE) trending. The
reservoirs are typically composed of deltaic sandstones of the
2 R. SIGIT, D. SATRIANA, J.P. PEIFER, A. LINAWATI
early Miocene Sihapas Group. The sands consist of a
complex series of stack channel and bar sands with thin
interbedded shale. The steamflood interval within the AOI is
at depths between 450 feet to 750 feet, which consists of two
major flow-units. These major flow-units, from the top to
bottom, are the Pertama and the Kedua-Baji Jaga (Diagram
1).
Well Sketch Cal Gr Depth Pay LLS/LL
D I
PERTAMA
KEDUA-BAJI JAGA
Diagram-1. Diagram of log type in the AOI
The depositional system of the Pertama flow-units is deltaic
distributary channel and mouth bar with average thickness
and porosity of 60 feet and 32%, respectively. The regional
permeability trend in this area is N-S to NE-SW.
Permeability ranges from 500 millidarcies to 2,000
millidarcies. The Kedua-Baji Jaga zone is deposited in an
eustarine sand and river-mouth sand ridge system. Porosity of
this flow unit ranges from fair to poor with permeability
ranges from 1,000 millidarcies to 5,000 millidarcies.
The Duri oil has a relatively high viscosity (400 cp) with
average gravity of around 21 API. The initial oil saturation
is about 55%.
Area Development History
The AOI is located in the Southwest part of Area 1 consist of
33 inverted seven spot patterns, each 11.625 acre in size.
Most of the producers are twin wells to allow for separate
completions in the Pertama and the Kedua-Baji Jaga sands.
As part of the Area 1 development, the steamflooding in the
AOI commenced in 1985 with the injection target rate set to
1.2 BSPD/NAF.
The first 5 years steam injection in Area 1, the injection
rate was slightly over 1.0 BSPD/NAF, which was close to the
targeted rate. By the beginning of 1993, almost all Area 1 was
considered to be in a mature state, which was represented by
SPE 57261
high wellhead temperature (average 250F) and casing
pressure (40 psi). The current DSF strategy is to ramp-up to a
target rate of 1.2 BSPD/NAF, maintain that target until the
cumulative injection reaches one pore volume, and then ramp-
down to a maintenance rate. For Area 1 as a whole, ramp-down
of steam injection was started in mid 1995 by changing the
steam target from 1.2 BSPD/NAF to 0.2 BSPD/NAF. As part
of the ramp down steam injection strategy, the injector wells
NPH RHO
B
in the AOI were shut-in in 1997.
After 13 years of steamflooding, Area 1 has achieved a
recovery factor of about 64%. The estimated ultimate recovery
is 69%.
Reservoir Monitoring
Reservoir Monitoring is probably the most important part of
steamflood reservoir management. It is useful to monitor the
steamflood as a system that includes data from the following
sources: injectors, observation wells, producers, and Casing
Vapor Collection Systems (CVCS). This order of collecting
field data is in the same order that the system responds to
steam injection.
The data collected at injectors are used to ensure that the
injection profiles and heat injection rates are consistent with
project design. Observation wells are used to track reservoir
heating rates and monitor steam zone development.
Producing wells are used to monitor liquid production
response and to determine when steam breakthrough occurs.
Steamflood monitoring data should be collected through out
4
the life of the project . Several types of engineering data that
are often used in conjunction with 4D seismic analysis in the
Duri field are flow line temperature, casing pressure and
production data from the producer wells, temperature logs
from the observation wells, and injection rate and compliance
at injector wells.
All of these monitoring data are collected in order to
evaluate the effectiveness of the steam flood process. This
data gives information about the steam flood response but
with limited areal coverage. Injection and production well
data give information limited only to what is happening in
the surrounding wellbore. The observation well data gives
more insight on the vertical coverage, but relies on the
assumption of a symmetrical steam front. In order to have
both vertical and areal coverage of the steam flood process,
we have had to make assumptions on the reservoir process.
Typical assumptions included that the areal steam growth was
symmetrical based on a radial pattern geometry related to the
historical injection and production data or geologic data.
However the steamflood process is very dynamic and the
effects of reservoir heterogeneity are hard to predict. To
minimize the uncertainly in predicting the vertical and areal
steam growths, 3D time-lapse seismic data were developed in
Duri as a method for monitoring the steam in real-time.
SPE 57261 SEISMICALLY GUIDED BY-PASSED OIL IDENTIFICATION IN A MATURE STEAMFLOOD AREA, DURI FIELD
Duri Seismic Steam Monitoring
Large-scale seismic steam monitoring technology was
introduced to the Duri field reservoir management process in
1995. This technology provides direct images of the
horizontal and vertical steam distributions in each flow unit.
The underlying physical basis for seismic steam
monitoring is that the seismic wave velocity is altered by the
changes of fluid saturation, temperature, and pressure in the
reservoir. Laboratory measurements of the Duri cores indicate
that compressional velocity (Vp) decreases linearly by 10% as
the reservoir is heated up from a temperature of 100F to
350F at 430 psi. An abrupt velocity decrease of 30% occurs
with further heating, which changes the liquid phase in the
8 6
pore space into vapor . Based on the results of forward
seismic modeling of the Duri reservoirs, this decrease in Vp
due to steam injection will be expressed as an increase in
seismic reflection amplitude and travel time of the seismic
wave propagation. These findings have become one of the
keys to understanding steam behavior in the reservoir using
seismic data.
A 3D seismic survey was carried out in February 1996
covering about 1.5 km2 of the Southwest part of Area 1. This
is the first 3D seismic survey that has ever been run in this
area. The presence of the gas cap in the shallow sand has
distorted the seismic energy and lowered the frequency
content to approximately 40 Hz (Fig 2). This means that the
seismic data is unable to resolve the flow units because their
9 in the data set as input variables in the DA.
tickness is beyond the seismic resolution . Six Vertical
Seismic Profiles (VSP) were acquired in the AOI to tie the
wells to the seismic and to build the velocity models.
Seismic Interpretation Approach
With the signal frequency bandwidth contained in the seismic
data, the seismic data can only be subdivided into two major
flow units: the Pertama and the Kedua-Baji Jaga intervals.
These two intervals are separated by a thick shale that
produces a seismic event that can be followed throughout the
AOI (Fig 2). VSP data has been extensively utilized as a
guide to interpret the top and the base of these major flow
unit intervals. The interpreted time horizons are used for
windowing during the seismic attribute calculation.
Fault imaging in the seismic data is somewhat difficult.
This is caused by the seismic effect of the fault being masked
by steam effects such as time sag, frequency and polarity
changes. A trace coherency technique was employed to detect
the faults. However, only major faults could be identified with
confidence. These faults are mostly N-NE oriented, aligned
with the direction of the stress field. These faults have not
been mapped by previous work in this area.
Pore Fluid Characterization and Quantification
Seismically guided pore fluid characterization is a process by
which seismic data and its attributes are linked with the
5 7
dynamic properties of the reservoir . The objective of this
3
project was to be able to map the steam using multivariate
statistical techniques where seismic attributes and well data
were used as the main variables. This approach was taken
because no pre-steam seismic data was available.
Additionally, analyzing single seismic attributes did not give
robust steam images that would match the engineering data
and production history. A small computer program was
developed to do this analysis on a PC. The multivariate
analysis in this project comprises three major steps:
1. Pattern recognition using thresh-holding method.
Thresh-holding is a simple classification based on whether a
set of variables meet a minimum and/or maximum value
criteria . About 10 seismic reflectivity attributes were
extracted from windows of seismic data corresponding to the
Pertama and Kedua-Baji Jaga sand intervals as the input
variables for the analysis. In the case of multiple attributes, a
set of logic combining rules using intersection and union
constructs were used to yield a final classification. The
objective here was to be able to classify the known points
(injector, producer and observation locations) into steam
(class A) and non-steam (class B) using a defined criteria and
assumption through use of a training set. After we were
satisfied with the result of the training set, a discriminant
analysis (DA) function was determined to be used later in the
DA to classify the unknown data. Prior to the DA, principal
component analysis was performed to select the best variables
2. Variable Selection Process Using Principal Component
Analysis (PCA). PCA is a technique to find the principal
directions in which a cloud of input variables is stretched
most. (Diagram 2).
The plot of input variables has 3
Z Y
input components (X,Y,Z of
each point).
There are 3 principal
PC1 components on an XYZ vector
.....
set:
PC2
PC3 PC1 - within the data
distribution and parallel to the
..... .. long axis (I.e. max variance)
PC2 - normal to PC3
PC3 - normal to both PC1&PC2
.. X
Diagram-2. Plot of data with principal component
transforms on an XYZ vector set.
The aim is to reduce the dimensionality of a large set of
variables to a more meaningful and smaller number of
relationships without a significant loss in the contribution to
the variation .
4 R. SIGIT, D. SATRIANA, J.P. PEIFER, A. LINAWATI SPE 57261

6,7
This technique consists of detecting variables, which behave two groups . In the Duri steamflood, the DA is aimed to
sufficiently similar so they can be combined into new discriminate between steam (class A) and non-steam (class B)
variables. These similarities are defined by creating a groups.
covariance matrix of the original data set and calculating its Once the discriminant function has been obtained from
eigenvectors and eigenvalues. This matrix also defines an m- the two known control groups, it can then be applied to a
dimensioned ellipsoid where the sum of the diagonals gives group of unknown samples by calculating the Mahalanobis
the total variance of the data set. The eigenvectors represent distance (D2) to produce discriminant scores. The scores can
the principal axes of the ellipsoid and the eigenvalues are the then be compared with the critical score of the control group
lengths of these axes. For each eigenvector there will to classify the unknown samples into class A (steam) and
generally be a group of variables, which accounts for most of class B (non-steam). (D2) is calculated by subtracting the
its eigenvalue, or variance. A new set of variables will be discriminant score of steam class (Ra) and non steam class
created from this group using a linear transformation. This (Rb) from the discriminant score of a new sample X (Rx).
transformation converts each original observation to a score
by projecting it onto the principal axes. At least one, usually 2 Rx 1 X 1 2 X 2 ... m X m

to 4, of these principal axes account for more of the total
variance than any of the original variables. R a 1 A 1 2 A 2 .. . m A m

Using the PCA, a number of variables, which significantly R b 1 B 1 2 B 2 .. . m B m (5)
influence the total variance, can be identified through
1
assessing the magnitude of eigenvalue of each variable . The D2 = Rx - Ra or Rx- Rb
higher the eigenvalue the higher the influence of a variable to D
2

X m Y m

S 2
X m Ym

the total variance. When the eigenvalue of the variables are
p
1


almost equal, it can be interpreted that there is no correlation
between the variables. The axis of each component is where
perpendicular to one another. This means that all of the m : discriminant coefficient for variable mth

variables need to be used in the analysis. Otherwise, only
variables with high eigenvalues are selected. A m : average value for jth variable in the group A

Three seismic attributes out of 10, which were Dominant th
B m : average value for j variable in the group B
Frequency, Average Energy, and Minimum Amplitude, were
Rx : discriminant score at location X
identified to have high eigenvalue. These three seismic
Ra : discriminant score at location A
attributes which account for about 87.56% of the total
Rb : discriminant score at location B
variance of the original data set were used as the input
Xm : mth variable at location X
variables to perform the DA.
Ym : mth variable at A or B

3. Discriminant Analysis. Discriminant analysis (DA) is a
regression technique. It determines a linear combination of X m Y m
input variables that best discriminate between known groups
:matrix of variable difference between X and Y



or classes. The method has two parts. The first is : transposed matrix of variable difference
discriminating between two groups of multivariate data from X m Y m
known sources. These two data groups are the control groups. between X and Y

The second step is classifying data of unknown origin into
one of the two groups by applying the discriminant function
to the unknown group. Regression analysis is used to find the
discriminant function. The dependent variable consists of the
difference of the multivariate means of the two groups. The
discriminant function, R, will be:
R 1 1 2 2 ... m m
where
R : discriminant value
m : discriminant coefficient for the mth variable
m : value for mth variable
The DA function consists of finding a transform, which gives
the maximum ratio of difference between a pair of group
multivariate means to the multivariate variance within the
S
1
2
p : pooled inverse matrix variance and
covariance of m x m from m variable.
When the Mahalanobis distance between new observed point
X and class A (D2RXA) is less than that is to class B (D2RXB),
then the new observed point will be classified as group A, and
vice versa.
Figure 3 and 4 are the result of the discriminant analysis
of the Pertama sand and Kedua-Baji Jaga sand intervals.
These maps indicate the areas that were classified as steam
and non-steam areas. The non-steam areas are the areas
where the by-passed oil is most likely located. After the
steam classification maps were generated, cross validation
using engineering and production data was performed.
SPE 57261 SEISMICALLY GUIDED BY-PASSED OIL IDENTIFICATION IN A MATURE STEAMFLOOD AREA, DURI FIELD
Cross validation using production history matching
approach. Cross validation was performed in the most
indicative regions using well data including temperature and
PNC logs, production data, WHT, casing pressure and the
injectivity. Following are the examples of the cross validation.
The Pertama Steam distribution map (Fig. 3) indicates that
the three observation wells 5T-51C, 5T-52C and 4T-89B are
located in the non-steam areas. This is confirmed by what we
see in the time-lapse temperature logs, which indicate that
increased heat has never been developed in this interval (Fig.
5). Other examples of verification were taken at producer
wells A and B that were only producing oil from the Pertama
sands interval. The A well, located in the non-steam area, has
never developed a WHT higher than 200F or casing pressure
higher than 20 psi (Fig. 6). This suggests that this well has
never been heated up by steam because of the presence of the
fault, which acts as a barrier. On the other hand, the B well
has better production performance since this well has been
influenced by steam from the injector in the pattern to the
North. The cumulative production of this well is 350 MBO,
which is better than the cumulative production of the well A
(290 MBO). The average WHT and casing pressure are
around 300F and 60 psi, respectively, which are considered
very high for the Duri steamflood environment. Many other
verifications using the available engineering information
were carried out to improve the confidence on the generated
steam image of the Pertama interval from the classification.
The same steps and approach were taken to verify the
Kedua- Baji Jaga steam map.
Steam thickness calculation. The result of the discriminant
analysis is a discrete value. Therefore, it can not be
parameterized in order to get a transform to calculate the
steam thickness. Since seismic attributes are continuous
functions, therefore the seismic attribute with the highest
eigenvalue, the Average Energy attribute, was chosen to do
steam thickness modeling.
Steam thickness in the well is calculated by using
temperature and PNC logs run in the existing observation
wells. The PNC log measures steam thickness in the well
shown by sigma readings. From the time lapse of temperature
and PNC logs, we can see the development of the steam chest
in the observation wells, which basically represent the sand
maturity. The average energy attribute at those observation
wells was also extracted from the seismic cube to build the
crossplot. Diagram 3 shows the crossplot of the calculated
steam thickness from the existing observation wells versus the
seismic attribute (average energy). The model indicates a
good correlation that is represented by a correlation
coefficient of 0.921. Using the generated equation from this
plot, a Pertama steam thickness map was constructed (Fig. 7).
The same approach was taken to calculate the steam thickness
of the Kedua-Baji Jaga steam interval (Fig. 8).
5
Diagram-3 Crossplot diagram between Average energy
seismic attribute with measured steam thickness.
These steam thickness maps indicate that steam is mostly
distributed in the Kedua-Baji Jaga sands. This finding is
supported by the fact that sand units in this interval are more
permeable and thicker than the Pertama sands interval. The
stratigraphic and fault system in the AOI seems to be playing
an important role in controlling the lateral steam distribution.
The noise content in the seismic data sometimes creates a
broken appearance of steam around the injectors and
spurious steam indicators, which appear to have no obvious
source. Because the seismic data is inherently noisy and is a
function of many other non-steam related factors, conclusions
based on these data were constrained by all other available
geologic and engineering information.
Potential Bypassed Oil Calculation
The generated steam thickness maps from the seismic
attribute show the current steam saturation in the reservoir. If
we know the thickness of the original net oil isopach (ONOI)
of the respected reservoir, then potential by-passed oil can be
calculated using a simple approach by subtracting the steam
thickness from the ONOI.
(ONOI Steam Thickness) = Potential Bypassed Oil
Using this approach the potential bypassed oil of the Pertama
interval was calculated by subtracting the Pertama ONOI with
the Pertama steam thickness (Fig. 9). The same approach was
done to calculate the potential bypassed oil of the Kedua-Baji
Jaga interval (Fig. 10). Observing the bypassed oil map of
Pertama and Kedua-Baji Jaga intervals, there are still many
bypassed oil opportunities in the reservoir. It seems that the
remaining oil is associated with both stratigraphic and fault
systems of the AOI.
6 R. SIGIT, D. SATRIANA, J.P. PEIFER, A. LINAWATI SPE 57261

Redevelopment Strategy not be shallower than 475 feet in order to drill the well with a
A strategic plan was developed to enable recovering the vertical rig.
potential bypassed oil. The plan relied heavily on the seismic Table1 shows re-development strategic plans broken down
interpretation and the generated bypassed oil maps to give into three strategies. The locations of each recommendation
insight into the areal extent and presence of steam detected at can be seen in Figure 9 and 10. Estimated reserves of 2.0
observation wells. MMBO were identified by this strategic redevelopment plan.
The Team has focused on three strategies: Based on the potential bypassed oil maps, there are still many
1. Selective zone re-injection, by-passed oil opportunities in Area 1.
2. Pattern realignment which consist of well conversion and
infill injector wells, and Field Result
3. Horizontal wells. Quick action was taken to optimize the resources availability
in the field. The two recommended horizontal wells were
Selective zone re-injection. This strategy is applied in areas drilled at the Pertama sand target at around 475 feet depth.
where the sand intervals appear to have not been swept yet. Well 4S-88D encountered by-passed oil sand and flowed 300
This information is gathered from the observation wells and BOPD. The other well (4T-57C) encountered by-passed oil
the bypassed oil maps to get the areal extent of the sand, however, the reservoir temperature was still low.
prospective zones. Options for remedial action are being evaluated. However,
the fact that an area of relatively cold oil could be found in a
Strategy No Pattern Recommendation 14-year-old steamflood speaks to the potential for increased
Selected Zone
Reinjection
1 4T-17 Re-inject into K, B/J sands recovery.
2 4T-22 Re-inject into K1/K2 sands
3 4T-42 Re-inject into P/K sands via 4T-42B The other recommendations are in the progress of field
4 4T-88 Re-inject into K sands
deployment as the formal approval has already been received.
5 4T-74 Drill infil producer 4T-83B
Pattern
Realingment 6 5T-51 Convert obs.5T-51C into Pertama injector
7 4T-62 Drill infil Pertama injector 4T-62B
8 4T-54 Drill infil Pertama injector 4T-54C Conclusions
9 4T-48 Drill infil inj. 4T-48D (inject K/B/J)
1. Without a baseline, seismic monitoring can be used to
New Projects 10 4T-65 Drill observation well 4T-66C. Drill horizontal
producer 4T-57C at the base of the P1 Sand.
characterize the pore fluid in a mature steamflood area by
11 4S-88 Drill horizontal producer 4S-88D utilizing multivariate statistical approach and integrating
at the base of the P5 sand
geologic and engineering information.
2. Using 3D seismic data, many significant faults, which
Table 1. Type of strategy and its recommendations. have not been mapped before, were identified. These
faults appear to play important roles in the lateral steam
Pattern realignment. This project targets areas of high distribution. This suggests that seismic data need to be
residual oil in a certain zones. These areas occur when the obtained prior to developing new steam areas to optimize
patterns do not have good areal sweep caused by either the the pattern design and the oil recovery.
presence of faults or stratigraphic changes, which act as flow 3. Most of the steam in the AOI is distributed in the Kedua-
barriers. Re-injecting steam at the same injector wells would Baji Jaga sand intervals.
not give optimum areal sweep. Therefore, the strategy to 4. The success of this analysis has changed the ramp-down
recover the remaining oil in cold areas like these are to do strategy in Area 1 as many bypassed oil opportunities are
well conversions (injector to producer or observation to still identified in the reservoir.
injector) and drill new infill injection wells. 5. This redevelopment strategic plan in the AOI has
successfully identified about 2.0 MMBO recoverable
Horizontal well. This technology was selected to recover the reserve, which is about 1% of the total cumulative
residual oil in a massive good quality sand. To be economic, production of all Area 1.
it was estimated that the remaining oil column of the target 6. The potential by-passed oil maps indicate opportunities
would have to have elongated sand bodies with thickness for future re-development.
greater than 40 feet. The concept for these horizontal wells 7. This multi-functional team approach of seismically guided
was that they would produce using a Steam Assisted Gravity selective zonal re-injection, pattern realignment, and
2
Drainage (SAGD) mechanism . The lateral section of the horizontal SAGD development in a mature steamflood
wells would be placed at the base of a thick sand that area has potential application in other areas of the Duri
contained a steam chest. This would provide increased Field.
recovery without the need to inject additional steam, and
thereby improve the economics of the horizontal producer. A
slat rig is not available in Duri. With the current horizontal
drilling technology, the depth of sand target was restrained to
SPE 57261 SEISMICALLY GUIDED BY-PASSED OIL IDENTIFICATION IN A MATURE STEAMFLOOD AREA, DURI FIELD 7

Nomenclature 5. Insan, K.,: Identifikasi Arah Pergerakan Uap

Berdasarkan Analisa Diskriminan Multi-attribute
BSCWEPD/NAF - barrels of steam (as cold water
Seismik, Lapangan Duri, Indonesia, Thesis Sarjana
equivalent) per day per net acre-foot of net pay
(S1), Geofisika Explorasi, Institut Technologi Bandung
MMBSCWEPD - million barrels of steam (as cold water
(October 1998)
equivalent) per day
6. McLachlan, G.J.,: Discriminant Analysis and Statistical
PVI - pore volume injected (%)
Pattern Recognition (Wiley Series in Probability and
WHT - producer wellhead flowline temperature
Mathematical Statistics: Applied Probability and
Statistics), John Wiley & Sons, Toronto, 1992
Acknowledgments
7. Tabachnick, B., Fidell, L., Using Multivariate Statistics,
We thank the management of P.T. Caltex Pacific Indonesia
Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1989
for permission to publish this paper. We would also like to
8. Waite, M.W., R. Sigit, A. V. Rusdibyo, T. Susanto, H.
thank to all of Duri AMT-SS members who have given big
Primadi and D. Satriana, Application of Seismic
support during the process of the EARR project. And special
Monitoring to Manage an Early-Stage Steamflood, SPE
thank is dedicated to all EARR team members for putting
Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, November 1997.
together the outstanding efforts to make this project happen.
9. Widess, M. B,: How thin is a thin bed?, Geophysics
(1973) 38, 1176-1180.
References
1. Davis, J., Statistics and Data Analysis in Geology, John SI Metric Conversion Factors
Wiley & Sons, Toronto, 1986 6.894757 E00 = kPa
2. French, M. R., Siagian, M., and Thurston, F. K.: psi
Overcoming the Challenges of Shallow Horizontal ft 3.048 E01 = m
Drilling in the Worlds Largest Steamflood, paper SPE F (F-32)/1.8 =C
54289presented at the 1999 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and acre 4.046873 E01 = ha
Gas Conference and Exhibition, Jakarta, Indonesia, 20-
22 April, 1999
3. Hagen, D.: The Application of Principle Components
Analysis to Seismic Data Sets, Geoexploration (1982)
20, 93.
4. Hong, K., C., Steamflood Reservoir Management:
Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery. PennWell Publishing
Co., Tulsa, OK, 1994.
8 R. SIGIT, D. SATRIANA, J.P. PEIFER, A. LINAWATI SPE 57261

Banda Aceh

Medan

Pekanbaru

Padang

Jambi

Palembang

Fault

Fig. 1 Location map of the Area of Interest (AOI) showing the development areas of the Duri field and its regional structure
framework. Areas 1 to 8 have already been under steamflooded.
Observation
Injector Injector Injector VSP Injector

Pertama
Top

Kedua-Baji
Jaga Top

Dalam
Top

By Passed Region

Fig. 2 A seismic line which tie to VSP across the injector wells illustrating a low frequency type of seismic from the area due to the
presence of shallow gas cap in the near surface and steam in the reservoir.
SPE 57261 SEISMICALLY GUIDED BY-PASSED OIL IDENTIFICATION IN A MATURE STEAMFLOOD AREA, DURI FIELD 9

Class A

Class B

Fig. 3 Steam map of the Pertama interval as a result of discriminant analysis using multi seismic attributes.

Class A

Class B

Fig. 4 Steam distribution map of the Kedua-Baji Jaga interval as a result of the discriminant analysis using multi seismic
attributes.
10 R. SIGIT, D. SATRIANA, J.P. PEIFER, A. LINAWATI SPE 57261

4S-74B 4T-26D 4T-33D 5T-51C 5T-52C 4T-67C 4T-73B 4T-89C

Pertama
Top

Kedua Top

Baji Jaga
Top

Temp.
log

Fig. 5 A log cross section along the observation wells indicating time-lapse of temperature log profiles (solid line at the right
column). Notice that the temperature profiles at well 5T-51C, 5T-52C and 4T-89C show no heat development at the Pertama
interval.

Production history well A (cold well) Production history well B (hot well)

Tubing Pressure Tubing Pressure

Cumulative Cumulative
Casing Pressure Casing Pressure

Casing
Pressure

Casing
Pressure

Water Cut Water Cut

Well
Temperature Well
Temperature

Fig. 6 - Examples of production history from a cold well (well A) and an hot well (well B), which produce oil from the Pertama sand
only. Notice the difference in the Well Head Temperature (WHT) and the casing pressure developments through time which yield
different in cummulative oil production. Hot producer well (well B) has better cummulative production during the production
lifetime.
SPE 57261 SEISMICALLY GUIDED BY-PASSED OIL IDENTIFICATION IN A MATURE STEAMFLOOD AREA, DURI FIELD 11

Injector

Producer

Observation

Less Steam Major fault

regions

(Feet)

Fig. 7 Steam thickness map of the Pertama sand interval generated from steam thickness modeling using Energy average seismic
attribute and the measured steam thickness in the wells.

Less Steam Injector

regions

Producer

Observation

Major fault

(Feet)

Fig. 8 Steam thickness map of the Kedua Baji-Jaga sand interval generated from steam thickness modeling using Energy average
seismic attribute and the measured steam thickness in the wells.
12 R. SIGIT, D. SATRIANA, J.P. PEIFER, A. LINAWATI SPE 57261

Injector
By-passed Oil
regions Producer

Observation

Major fault

Horizontal well
location
Location of the re-
development plans

(Feet)

Fig. 9 By passed oil map of the Pertama sand interval and its respected strategic redevelopment plans.

Injector
By-passed Oil
regions
Producer

Observation

Major fault

Location of the re-

development plans

(Feet)

Fig. 10 By passed oil map of the Kedua-Baji Jaga sand interval and its respected strategic redevelopment plans.