CPP 303 INTRODUCTORY ENTOMOLOGY

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT ORDERS AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

General Classification and Nomenclature

The animal kingdom is divided into several phyla and each phylum is further separated into classes. The
insects belong to the Phylum Arthropoda because they are invertebrates (i.e. without a backbone) and have
jointed appendages. In the Phylum Arthropoda is the Class Insecta that is further divided into other categories.
The categories commonly used for insects are listed in decreasing rank:

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Mandibulata
Class Insecta
Subclass/Superorder Apterygota and Pterygota
Order
Suborder
Superfamily
Family
Tribe
Genus
Species
Subspecies

For nomenclatural purposes, it is important to note that there are standard word ending for certain categories.
Order names usually end in ptera (e.g. Orthoptera, Coleoptera) for most winged insect groups, Superfamily
names in oidea (e.g. Reduvioidea, Acridoidea), Family names in idea (e.g. Apidae, Muscidae), Subfamily
names in inae (e.g. Harpactorinae, Formicinae), and tribe names in ini (e.g. Holoptilini).

It is important also, to note the standard ways of naming insects and insect groups. These can be uninomial,
binomial or trinomial. Names above species level are uninomial (one-word) while for species name it is
binomial (two-word). This consists of the genus (Musca) name and the specific name (domestica) of the
species. Thus, the species name for house fly will be Musca domestica. The generic name and those of higher
categories begin with a capital letter but the specific name does not. The name of the species is underlined or
written in italics. In the case of trinomial (three-word) names, these are used to designate subspecies names
(e.g. Papilio polyxenes asterius, a swallowtail butterfly).

Every species name has an author and this is the person who first named and published a description of the
species. The name of this person follows the species name (e.g. Apis mellifera Linnaeus). It is not unusual to
find an authors name in parentheses. This simply implies that the genus to which that author placed the species
he/she described is no longer valid for that particular species and thus has been transferred to another genus
by another person (e.g. Argolis calabarensis Stal is now Caunus calabarensis (Stal)).

The abbreviation sp. refers to a single, unnamed species while spp. refers to more than one unnamed
species. The name fly is written as a separate word (e.g. house fly) if the fly belongs to the order of the two
winged flies, Diptera. If not, it is written as a word (e.g. butterfly, mayfly, and dragonfly). Similarly, the name
bug is written separately if the insect belongs to the suborder of true bugs, Heteroptera (e.g. stink bugs) else,
the word is not separated (e.g. ladybug).

Class Insecta

The Class Insecta is recognized for their 3 pairs of legs which are distributed as a pair on each of the three
segments of the thorax and this is a unique feature of the Insecta. The body of insects is divided into three
major parts: the head, thorax and abdomen.

Classification of groups in the Class Insecta is based on a number of features/characters. These include

a. Presence or absence of wings

b. Life cycle/life history
c. Arrangement of the mouthparts

The Superordinal constitution of the Class Insecta is the Apterygota and the Pterygota and these two differ in
two major ways. The Apterygota are a primitive group of insects and constitute members that have never
evolved any wings at any point in their life history. In other words, they are primarily wingless insects. On the
other hand, the Pterygota are an advanced group of insects and constitute members that bear wings or least
evolved wings at some point in their life history principally for locomotion by flight. So, in principle, they are
referred to as primarily winged insects. However, some pterygote insects may lose their wings during
development and do bear wings at adult stages (use of wings is distinctive of adult stages of insects). These
insects are said to be secondarily wingless insects. Hence, adults of this secondarily wingless group do not fly
and are usually parasitic, living in caves or microhabitats or are subterranean (spending their time within the
soil) and thus, never ever needing the wings for flight.

Also, the Apterygota have very simple metamorphosis (ametabolous) while the Pterygota have a more
advanced metamorphosis either incomplete metamorphosis (hemimetabolous) or complete metamorphosis
(holometabolous).

The Apterygota comprise four orders the Protura, the Diplura, the Collembola and the Thysanura (wide
sense). The first three orders have a unique feature. They have their mouthparts enclosed by a pouch like
structure referred to as the plica oralis, and as such the mouthparts are withdrawn into the head capsule and
are not easily seen. These groups are classified as the Entognatha. The Thysanura (wide sense) along with all
other pterygotes are classified as the Ectognatha because the mouthparts protrude from the head capsule and
can be easily seen.

APTERYGOTA

Order Protura

The name Protura is derived from two Latin words: Prot one and ura tail (the pointed terminal segment
of the abdomen). Protura means one-tailed. This order consists of the most primitive group of insects. These
are minute, whitish insects. They have a prognathous, cone shaped head lacking compound eyes (thus are said
to be blind) and antennae. The front legs are held up forwards and provided with sensory cells, simulating the
appearance of antennae. Members lack cerci but have styli on underside of the first three abdominal segments.
A very distinctive feature of the Protura is that they undergo anamorphosis. This is a situation where the
immatures add one abdominal segment during each of three moults. Proturans live in moist soil, along the
edge of woods, under bark, and in rotting logs.

Order Diplura

The name Diplura is derived from two Latin words: Di two and ura tail. Literarily, Diplura means two-
tailed. This order consists of the second most primitive group of insects. These are small pale insects, and as
their name implies, possess two caudal filaments and a one segmented tarsi. They have a prognathous head
orientation; they lack compound eyes but possess a pair of monoliform antennae. They have an 11-segmented
abdomen and distinctively, bear on the 2nd to 7th abdominal segments, styliform appendages. Also, the 10th
abdominal segment bears a pair of long cerci. In the Family Campodeidae, the cerci are multi-segmented, as
long as the antennae and looking filiform-like. In the Family Japygidae, the cerci are forceps-like, 1-segmented
and shorter than the antennae.

Order Collembola (Springtails)

The name Collembola is derived from two Latin words: coll glue and embola peg (this refers to the
collophore). Members of the Collembola have a prognathous head orientation and poorly developed
compound eyes referred to as agglomerate eyes. They also, have a 6-segmented abdomen (i.e. reduced
abdominal segments). Cerci are absent.

The group comprise of small insects that have a unique ventral tube (collophore) on the first abdominal
segment and often a forked, springing organ (furcula) on the fourth abdominal segment. The collophore acts
as an adhesive organ, helps to absorb water and is probably involved in respiration and secretion. The furcula
is folded forward under the abdomen when at rest and held in place by a structure (tenaculum) on the third
abdominal segment. When the furcula is released, it is forced downward by the release of cuticular/hydrostatic
tension and the contraction of its muscles. The furcula strikes the ground and enables the insect to spring as
high as 100mm into the air.
Springtails prefer the cool, humid, concealed microhabitats of soil, leaf-mold, fungi, moss, decaying logs, and
ant and termite nests. Some are found on vegetation or even trees. Others occur on the surface of pools, snow
fields, and in the intertidal areas of the seashore.

Order Microcoryphia and Thysanura (Zygentoma)

The Microcoryphia and Thysanura in some older literature are put together as Thysanura. Unlike the previous
3 above, they have their mouthparts not visible i.e. enclosed. The Microcoryphians are referred to as the
bristletails while the Thysanurans are referred to as silverfishes. The Microcoryphia have their overall body
sub-cylindrical and have fully formed compound eyes which are held together on the head in a contiguous
manner. There is a pair of antennae. The antennae of Collembola and Diplura, which has muscles attached to
all the segments, is different from that of Microcoryphia because the Microcoryphia has muscles at just 2
segments while the remaining segments have no muscles. The Microcoryphia are characterized by a pair of
cerci that are fringed with long bristle structures. In addition, there is a median terminal caudal filament. The
median is longer than the cerci filament. The Microcoryphia inhabit most damp habitats (soil) and feeds on
mosses. Leg modifications are saltatorial.

The silverfishes have their body dorsoventrally flattened in shape. They have agglomerate eyes. There is also
a pair of cerci. The cerci and the median caudal filament are about the same length. Both Microcoryphia and
Thysanura bear styliform appendages on the abdomen. The Microcoryphia has the 2 9 abdominal segments
bearing styliform appendages on the sternum. The Thysanura has 7 9 abdominal segments with styliform
appendages on the sternum. The silverfishes are domestic insects and feed on starch and carbohydrate
materials.

PTERYGOTA

The Pterygota is further divided into Endopterygota and Exopterygota. The endopterygotes have their wings
developed internally while the exopterygotes have their wings developed externally. The endopterygotes have
complete metamorphosis while exopterygotes have incomplete (paurometabolous) metamorphosis.

Among the Hemimetabolous there are those insects which are incapable of folding their wings at rest i.e. the
wings are either held upwards or downwards are referred to as Paleoptera. In contrast, is the Neoptera which
are those able to fold their wings at rest.

Order Ephemeroptera (Plecoptera)

These are the mayflies. The name is derived from a Greek word, ephemeros, meaning living for a day; plecto
means net. Members have wings that are netted and are short-lived. Head is triangularly shaped; eyes are
strongly developed especially in the males where it is placed posterio-laterally. Eyes are subdivided to give
upper and lower regions each divided into larger and smaller facets. The smaller facets are darker. Antennae
is unique and shorter than the head, multi-segmented with the first 2 basal segments enlarged and others
styliform appendages form upon them. Adult mayflies have degenerate mouthparts and various arrangements
for the various groups of the order. The prothorax is reduced and more or less free. The meso- and meta-
thoracic segments are fused to form synthorax. There are 2 pairs of wings and held upright when they are at
rest. Wings are membranous and have numerous cross-veins and intercalaries.

The Ephemeroptera is unique in that they are known to moult after the instars have acquired full wings. The
sequence of their lifecycle is eggs, naiad, subimago and imago (adult). The subimago is winged and lives for
a few hours and moults to give the imago. Mayflies are important in the economy of aquatic communities
because their larva develop in water and therefore available to aquatic predators. Metamorphosis is
holometabolous.

Order Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies)

The name is derived from two Greek words, odus (tooth) and gnatha (jaw). This refers to the modifications
of the labium. Members have jaws with toothlike modifications. Head is large with prominent compound eyes.
Antennae is minute and not readily seen; basal segment is larger; pedicel is variably shaped and flagellum is
thin. Mouthparts are peculiar and modified for seizing preys. Mandibles are strongly toothed while the
maxillary palps are unsegmented. Labial palp is modified into large lateral lobes.

The prothorax in adults is small and movable appearing like a netlike connection. The meso- and meta-
thoracic segments are fused together to form a large rigid pterothorax (synthorax). Wings of the meso- and
meta- thoracic segments are equal. Venation is complex with large number of secondary reticulations.
Abdomen is cylindrical and elongate with visible segments. Metamorphosis is holometabolous. The sequence
of their lifecycle is eggs, naiad, subimago and imago. The naiads are predators with labium modified into an
organ that can be extended or retracted to catch preys. There are 3 suborders in Odonata

i. Zygoptera (damselflies)
ii. Anisoptera (dragonflies)
iii. Anisozygoptera

Orthopteroid Group of Insects

General characteristics include:

1. Mouthparts are generally the mandibulate type

2. Forewings thickened to form tegmina (singular: tegmen)
3. Hindwings provided with large anal area and jugal lobe
4. The development of wings is exopterygote
5. Life history is paurometabolous
6. Cerci are present at tip of the abdomen.
 Order Blattodea (Blattaria, Cursorial or Oothecaria)

These are the cockroaches. Body is strongly dorsoventrally compressed, head is hypognathous, inflexed and
not freely movable. Prothorax is enlarged, movable and has a shield-like pronotum (protergal shield) which
frequently overlaps the head anteriorly; and covers part of the wing bases posteriorly. Forewings are strongly
sclerotized compared to the hindwings that are fanlike and membranous. The costa vein is marginal while the
sub-costa is short. The radial sector has numerous pectinate branches. The hindwings are large and have anal
areas folded at rest. Eggs are laid in specialized egg case structures that are sclerotized (dark brown) and
referred to as ootheca. They are omnivorous and generally nocturnal. Reproduction may be oviparous,
ovoviviparous and in a few cases, there is viviparity and pathogenesis. Some species have become pests in
dwelling places, markets and storehouses. An example is Periplaneta americana, American cockroach. Some
species harbor organisms that are pathogenic to man such as Polio myelitis virus and some species of
salmonella.

Order Mantodea (praying mantis)

The name is derived from the characteristic supplicatory posture. Head is hypognathous and is freely movable:
this is as a result of the slender neck which is barely inserted into the pronotum, and this allows them to scan
a wider view for food. They feed on other insects and spiders. The prothorax is elongate with the pronotum
elongate, narrow and freely movable which is an adaptation. Prothoracic legs are very characteristic in this
group as they are modified to form raptorial legs. Femur and tibia are heavily spined on opposite sides so as
to form a femora-tibial region which is held in apposition so that the 2 can be carried forward to catch their
preys. These spines (shape, arrangement and number) are characteristic in distinguishing various groups in
mantodean e.g. discoidal spines can help to determine families within Mantodea.

The forewings are heavily thickened; hindwings are membranous with large anal areas which can be folded
fanlike. Costa vein is strongly developed, subcosta vein is short and unbranched. The first radial (R1) vein and
radial sector near base of wing runs as parallel unbranched veins to the base of the wings. This is used to
differentiate between Mantodea and Blattodea. They are a predacious order, hence have potential as biological
control of insects. Their eggs are laid in ootheca, the ootheca is made up of frothy materials which dries up to
form a capsule encasement and eggs are laid inside.

Order Phasmida (Phasmatodea)

These are the stick and leaf insects. They are very large and show great resemblance to sticks or leaves with
sluggish movements. Body is cylindrical (sticklike) while some are flattened (leaflike). Head is prognathous.
Prothorax is much shorter than the meso- and meta- thorax. All 3 pairs of legs are similar. Legs are very long
and slender and used for sluggish walk. Wings are frequently absent but when present, the forewings are
developed into tough opaque tegmina. There is no reversal of orientation of wing buds. They are vegetarian,
i.e. phytophagous. In terms of reproductive habits, the eggs are usually laid singly although at times in groups
but not in ootheca. Some groups show parthenogenesis.

Order Orthoptera

These are the grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydids. Name is derived from 2 Greek words: ortho (straight)
and ptera (wing). The head is hypognathous. Frequently, the anterior part of the head projects beyond the eyes
to form a structure called fastigium. The prothorax is very large with descending lateral lobes. Upper surface
of the pronotum can be flat or saddle shaped and in some cases, may be crested depending on the family. The
pro- and meso- thoracic legs are generally similar. In some groups, they may be modified for fossorial
functions e.g. Gryllotalpidae. Generally, in Orthoptera, the hind legs are saltatorial, much larger than others
and the femur is thickened to accommodate the powerful leg muscles.

There are 2 suborders:

1. Ensifera (long horned grasshoppers so called because antennal segments are greater than 30)
2. Caelifera (short horned grasshoppers so called because antennal segments are less than 30)

In Orthoptera, the hindwings are much broader and provided with large anal area. Unlike in mantids and
blattids, the costa vein is sub-marginal in the forewings while in the hindwings, the costa is marginal. The
cubitus bifurcates near the wing base to give an anterior portion that is branched and the posterior portion that
is unbranched. The hind wing also have numerous veins. Some Orthopterans undergo a phenomenon called
phase polymorphism and this is a response relating to population density i.e. some are solitary while some are
gregarious. In between the solitary and gregarious forms, there is the transients. These grasshopper species
with gregarious forms are referred to as locusts.

Females are recognized by the presence of ovipositor. Males typically have enlarged 9th abdominal sternum
that contains the genitalia and it may be rounded on the end (grasshoppers) or bear a pair of styles (crickets
and katydids).

Orthopterans are mostly phytophagous, few may be omnivorous and predacious. Eggs are laid singly or in
batches. Eggs are held together by proteinous materials which are foamlike and they are used to cement soil
particles together to form egg pods. This is different from Ootheca found in Blattodea. Most pests found in
Orthoptera belong to the superfamily Acridoidea of the suborder Caelifera. This includes Locusta migratoria,
Schistocerca gregaria, Zonocerus variegatus, and Oedaleus senegalensis.

Another characteristic of Orthoptera is that they produce sound and this is referred to as stridulation.

Order Isoptera

These are the termites, iso equal and ptera wing. This implies equal wings in the fore and hindwings. The
two wings are membranous and equal in size, shape, consistence and texture. The wings are devoid of any
regular cross veins. Mouthparts are of the mandibulate type with a characteristic large basal plate on the labium
called the gulamentum.

The external genittalia are rudimentary or absent unlike other orders aforementioned. They have a high level
of social organization with the development of caste. Within a colony, there are 3 distinct castes,

1. Reproductives The reproductive is divided into 2 the primary and secondary reproductive. The
primary reproductives are macropterous (fully winged) and usually recognized by presence of scale or
wing stubs. They lose the macropterous wings after their nuptial flight. These stubs persist throughout
their lives. They are usually dark-brown with fully developed compound eyes.
The secondary reproductives are neotenics (retain features of immature insects). They are less
pigmented than the primary reproductives and usually have reduced wings, thus referred to as being
brachypterous; or may be completely apterous. There is no aerial flight, and as a result, the compound
eyes are much reduced.
2. Soldiers in the soldier caste, head is massively developed and in some cases, head are larger than the
rest of the body. Soldiers are of two types the mandibulates and the nasutes. Mandibulates have
strongly developed mandibles with which they defend the colony against intruders, usually ants, by
cutting and slashing with their mandibles. The nasutes do not have well developed mandibles, rather,
they are vestigial. They have long snouts through which they spray a sticky, toxic liquid that effectively
repels or entangles invaders.
3. Workers The worker castes are completely apterous and they lack eyes. In the colony, they have the
highest number of individuals maintaining the nest and care of the royal pair with their young and the
soldiers.

They generally feed on wood and materials containing cellulose. Cellulose is digested by the action of bacteria
living in their guts with their own enzymes to digest cellulose. Termites are responsible for considerable
damage to construction timber. They are important in soil biology because they move and mix organic matter
in different levels of horizons. They also help to decompose large levels of organic matter especially cellulose.
Examples include the foraging termite, Amitermus euuncifer; wood harvester and fungus grower,
Macrotermes spp.; and grass harvester, Irinervitermes germinates.

Order Dermaptera

These are the earwigs, usually confused with Japygidae of Diplura because of the forcep-like cerci. This
feature also makes them confused with staphylinidae (Coleoptera). In Dermaptera, the head is prognathous,
broad and flattened, vertex usually bears ecdysial suture. The best way to distinguish between Dermaptera and
Diplura is the conspicuous ecdysial suture because it is absent in Diplura. Also, the labium in Dermaptera has
a distinct gula covering most of the ventral surface of the head.
There are both winged and wingless forms. When wings are present, they are characteristically shaped. The
forewings are short and thickened to form the tegmina without defined veins. The hindwings are semi-circular
and characteristically they have remigium reduced and sclerotized. The vanus is enlarged and has a unique
pattern of venation. The anal area has 3 veins much reduced and confined to the remigium. The first anal vein
branches and gives off 10 radiating branches that support most of the plane of the veins that constitute most
of the membranous wings. In between are a number of cross veins and intercallaries. This wing structure is
unique to Dermaptera.

Each abdominal segment is elongated to about 1/3 of its length. The cerci are usually modified into forceps-
like structures. In terms of habit, they are nocturnal, thigmotactic (they tend to cluster when touched). Also,
the female show maternal care of young ones up to the first two weeks of life. In Africa, Hemimerridae and
in Asia, Arixeniidae are known ectoparasites of banana rats and bats respectively.

Order Grylloblattodea

It has a single family called Grylloblattidae. Head is flattened and prognathous, mandibles are sickle shaped
and the galea are 2 segmented as found in Phasmida. They are usually elongate and apterous. The first
abdominal segment bears an eversible sac which is located ventrally. The 3rd segment bears a pair of long
sensory cerci. Members are cryptozoic and feed mostly on mosses and dead or immobilized insects.

Order Plecoptera

These are the stoneflies. They are soft bodied and fragile insects and usually have very long antennae. The
head is prognathous and broadly sessile on the prothorax. Compound eyes are well developed and 2/3 the
prothorax is quadrangular in shape. Both fore- and hindwings are membranous. The hindwing anal area is
expanded. In the hindwing, the radial sector and the median sector are fused. Radius and cubitus shows
unilateral pectinate branching. The adult frequent streams and nymphs are aquatic and as result, they show
hemimetabolous life cycles. There is development of tracheal gills for respiration.

Order Embioptera

This is the Order of insects found in the tropics inhabiting silking tunnels. Head is prognathous, tarsi is 3-
segmented while basitarsus of the foreleg is modified into a globular glandular structure containing a series of
silk glands. They are gregarious and sub-social. The female shows maternal care of young ones as found in
Dermaptera.

Hemipteroid Group of Insects

Here the mandibulate mouthparts observed in the Orthopteriods have been modified into specialized structures
for suctorial functions. The wings form has the forewings thickened in parts half is thickened and half is
membranous; or may be completely thickened as that of the Orthopteroid group. Also, the anal area here is
reduced. Cerci are also absent. However, the nymphs are similar to the adults except for the absence of wings.
Occasionally, in advanced members of this group, there is a transitional form of a resting instar.

Order Corrodentia (Psocoptera)

These are the booklice. Members have large mobile head with distinct epicranial suture. Mouthparts are
specialized mandibulate type. Here the clypeus is very distinctive which is divided into ante-clypeus and post
clypeus. The ante-clypeus is narrow and transverse while the post-clypeus is bulbous and then the frons is
very much reduced.

Compound eyes are present but sometimes reduced to agglomerate forms. In this group, there is both the
winged and apterous forms. Winged forms have 3 ocelli while the apterous form lack ocelli. The lacinia is
elongate, rod-like and strongly sclerotized. It is unique and usually modified to give a chisel like structure and
as a result of this, they are referred to as Copegnatha. In the winged forms, the prothorax is reduced while the
pterothorax is well enlarged. Wings when present are usually membranous without cross venation.

Order Phthiraptera

These are specialized group of vertebrate ectoparasites of birds and mammals spending them entire life on
them. They are strongly dorso-ventrally flattened and secondarily wingless. Compound eyes are reduced or
absent. Tarsi are modified to maintain strong hold on the host. There are 3 suborders

1. Mallophaga (Chewing lice, poultry lice)

2. Phyncophthirina (elephant lice)
3. Anoplura (sucking lice)

Mallophaga is the most primitive. Mouthparts are of the mandibulate type and the mandibles are well
developed while the maxilla have apical toothed lobe. The Phyncophthirina evolved from the Mallophaga
through development of Oesopharyngeal pump. The 3rd suborder, Anoplura, is highly developed with
mouthparts fully adapted for piercing and sucking. Here the outer part of the head is modified into an
unsegmented conical or rounded beak and mouthparts are reconstituted to form eversible haustellum with
small teeth used for gripping the host during feeding.

Order Thysanoptera

These are the thrips and Thysanoptera is derived from two Greek words thysanos (fringe) and ptera (wing)
which refers to the type of wing they possess. The insects are small and a number of them are microscopic.
The head is quadrangular in shape and antennae are usually 4-10 segmented and inserted close together, taking
a forward position on the head. Members may be winged or apterous. 3 ocelli are present on the vertex but
absent in apterous individuals and immature thrips. Mouthparts are very typical showing a typical
asymmetrical condition and this is as a result of the vestigial nature of the right mandibles. This is diagnostic
for the two suborders Terebrantia and Tubulifera.
In Tubulifera, there is usually reduction of the right mandible as a result of the fusion of the maxillary plate
while in Terebrantia, the right mandibles are completely absent. Mouthparts are adapted for piercing, rasping
and sucking with the left mandible modified into a stylet-like structure. Maxillae are modified into palp
bearing plates with associated stylets.

The legs have their tarsi 1 or 2 segmented. The wings are very characteristic. The wings are membranous,
narrow and stripe like with few veins. The pair of wings are coupled towards their base by hook spines. Edge
of wing is covered with long bristles (forming the fringes of the wings). Metamorphosis is intermediate
between paurometabolous and holometabolous type. There is a resting stage in this group. In Tubulifera, there
are 4 larval stages: the 3rd is the pre-pupa and the 4th is the pupa, while in the Terebrantia, there are 5 larval
stages: the 4th is the pre-pupal and the 5th is the pupa.

The female Terebrantia has a distinct sawlike ovipositor which is absent in the female Tubulifera. The
oviposition is usually holophytic (eggs are inserted into living plant tissues) in Terebrantia whereas in
Tubulifera, oviposition is exophytic (where eggs are glued onto leaf or bark surfaces or pushed in between
flower parts and under bark).

Members are usually phytophagous and they inhabit tender foliage, bark of trees, flowers, etc. Few of them
are predacious on other thrips, whiteflies and scale insects. They are very important in agriculture because
they are pest of cowpea and these include:

Cowpea thrips, Megalurothrips sjotedti

Banana thrips, Hercinothrips bicinctus
Mango thrips, Selanothrips rubricinctus