BFC 43003

CHAPTER 1: Rekabentuk Struktur Keluli

INTRODUCTION dan Kayu

BFC 43003
Timetable S3
Monday, 2 pm 4 pm
Tuesday, 11 am 1 pm 1. Introduction to Steel Structure
Timetable S6
Monday, 4 pm 6 pm
Thursday, 8 am 10 am
2. Introduction to Eurocode
Assessment
2 tests (20%)
Test 1 (21st March 2014, Friday, F2 atas, 9 am)
Test 2 (25th April 2014, Friday, F2 atas, 9 am)
Project (20%)
Quiz and Assignments (10%)
Final Exam (50%)
 INTRODUCTION TO STEEL
STRUCTURE

Steel productions
Disadvantages: Can be divided into three stages:
(a) Iron production Reduction process chemically. Iron ore,
- General cost blast furnace, coke and limestone. Product is cast iron with
- Fire reduced strength, heat conductor high content of carbon, sulfur, phosphorus etc.
(b) Steel Production - Process to reduce carbon, sulfur,
- General maintenance phosphorus. If required, chromium, nickle, manganese are
- Buckling added to produce desirable characteristics.
(c) Rolling Process - Steel billets are rolled to produce
required steel sections. Steel usually contains about 98%
iron + other chemicals. The rolled sections are generally in
stock, are lowest in cost, require less design and
connection are straightforward.
 Standard Steel Section
Types of steel sections for beam and column components:
Universal Beams (UB)
Universal Columns (UC)
Rectangular hollow section (RHS)

UC steel
section
UB steel
section
Process

Cont
Common used for open section;
Universal beams UB. Very efficient sections for
resisting bending moment about the major axis.
Universal columns UC. Primarily to resist axial loads
with high radius of gyration about minor axis to prevent
buckling.
Channels C. Used for beams, bracing members, truss
members
Angles (equal/Unequal) Used for purlins, truss
members and bracing members.
Structural tees Produced by cutting UB or UC into two
parts. Used for truss members, ties and light beams.
In form of Hollow Sections:
Hollow Sections, i.e. Circular, Square, Rectangle
(Produced from flat plate). These sections make
very efficient compression members. Used as
members in lattice girders, building frames,
purlins, sheeting rails.

EC3 covers steel grades of S235 to S450:

(i) Grade S235 - the lowest strength grade
(ii)Grade S275 - most commonly used in structural Structural System of
applications. Multi-storey Steel Framed
(ii)Grade S355 the intermediate grade of steel.
(iii)Grade S450 the strongest steel, suitable for Buildings
bridges.
Where: S structural steel
275 indicates the yield strength in N/mm2

The Youngs modulus of steel, E should be taken as

210000 N/mm2
Low-rise multi-storey
building

Structural Steelwork
INTRODUCTION TO
EUROCODE
Cont Cont

Cont Cont
EN1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design
EN1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
EN1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
EN1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
EN1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete
structures
EN1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
EN1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
EN1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
EN1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
EN1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures
The first two areas basis and actions are common to all
designs, six are material-specific and the other two cover
geotechnical and seismic aspects

BS EN 1990 and BS EN 1991 will be used with every Eurocode of BS
EN 1992 to BS EN 1999 for the design of new structures. BS EN 1990
sets out principles and requirements for achieving safety, serviceability
and durability of structures.
BS EN 1992 to BS EN 1999 only include clauses for design and
detailing in the appropriate material.
Eurocode terminology &
symbol
Actions = load, imposed displacement, thermal
strain
Effects = internal bending moment, axial forces, etc
Resistance = capacity of a structural element to
resist bending moment, axial force, shear, etc
Verification = check
Execution = construction (fabrication, erection, etc)

Symbols Subscripts
Ed = design value of an effect
eg: MEd = design bending moment
NEd = axial force
Rd = deign resistance
eg: MRd = design resistance for bending
NRd = resistance to axial force
el = elastic property
eg: Wel = elastic section modulus
pl = plastic property
eg: Wpl = plastic section modulus
 Greek Letters/Alphabet Geometrical axis in EC3
EC BS5950
Major axis y-y x-x

Minor axis z-z y-y

Along the x-x -
member
Elastic WEl Z
modulus
Plastic PEl S
modulus
Yield fy Py
strength
1,234 1.234

Types of actions Types of actions

Permanent Actions G, g
- dead load
Variable Actions Q, q
- live or wind load
Accidental Actions A
- impact or fire
 Permanent actions
Permanent actions or
dead loads consist of
the permanent
construction material
loads comprising the
roof, floor, wall, and
foundation systems,
including claddings,
finishes, and fixed
equipment.
Wind actions
This actions is variable
and beyond human
control. Wind loads are
the positive or negative
pressures exerted on a
building when it
obstructs the flow of
moving air.
Variable actions
Variable actions or live
loads are produced by
the use and occupancy
of a building. Actions
include those from
human occupants,
furnishings, non-fixed
equipment, storage, and
construction and
maintenance activities.
Basic of Structural Design
Principles of limit state design
- to ensure that the probability of operating
conditions reaching failure conditions is so
low as to be negligible
- factoring the applied loads upwards
- factoring resistances downwards
 Cont. Cont.
Ultimate limit state (ULS):
Serviceability limit state (SLS):
- a state beyond which the structure no longer
satisfies the design requirements - related to conditions which are regarded as
being unacceptable in everyday use but which
- related to structural collapse or endangering
do not actually endanger the structure or its
human safety (yielding, buckling, overturning)
occupants
- include excessive deformation, rupture,
- include excessive deflection or vibration
instability and equilibrium loss
- concern the functioning of the structure under
- concern the safety of people and/or safety of
normal use and the comfort of people
structure

Design Value Partial safety factor g

- used for factored loading and resistances gF for actions (loading)
- loads are obtained by multiplying the Table 1: Partial safety factor value (UK NA)
characteristics value by the appropriate partial
safety factors
- design resistances are obtained by dividing
the characteristics resistances by the
appropriate partial safety factors
- safety factors needed for ULS and SLS
* Favourable help resist collpase
verifications are: Unfavourable help cause collapse
- partial factor
- combination factor
 Cont Combination factor,
Table 2: Extract from Table A1.1: Recommended value of
gM for resistance factors for buildings

EC 3 value
Partial factor gM Application
(UK NA value)

gM0 1.00 (1.00) Cross-sections

gM1 1.00 (1.00) Member buckling

gM2 1.25 (1.10) Fracture

Cont Combination of action

Variable action, Q (Live loads)
- Qk Characteristic value ( = 1.0)
- 0Qk Combination value take account of the reduced
probability of the simultaneous occurrence of two or more
variable actions
- 1Qk Frequent value should be exceeded only for a
short period of time and used primarily for SLS and
accidental ULS
- 2Qk Quasi-permanent value may be exceeded for a
considerable period of time / may be considered as
average loading over time. Used for long-term affects of
SLS and accidental and seismic ULS
- For each critical loadcase, the design
value of the effect of action (Ed) shall be
determined by combining the values of
actions that are considered to occur
simultaneously
- Each combination of actions should
include: - a leading variable action, or
- an accidental action
* Ed = the design value of the effect of actions such as internal force,
moment or a vector representing several internal forces or moments
 Cont ULS Equation 6.10
Can use either:
- Equation 6.10
- Less favourable of 6.10a and 6.10b

Method: Get the factors from Tables 1

and 2 and substitute them into the
equation you are using, check for a range
of different loading combinations and take
the least favourable result.

Equation 6.10(a) and (b) SLS

ULS & SLS Check Example 1.1
A roof has the following loads applied:
Permanent load, Gk = 1.0kN/m2
Variable actions, Qk = 0.5kN/m2
Wind load: Wuplift = 1.25kN/m2
Wdownload = 0.6kN/m2
Snow, S = 0.4kN/m2
Determine the most critical combination load.

Example 1.1 Example 1.1

Example 1.1 Example 1.1

Example 1.1 Assignment