NORTH CHINA ELECTRIC POWER

UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

High Voltage DC (HVDC) Technology

FINAL EXAM REPORT

BY

NDAYISHIMIYE Vedaste

STUDENT ID: 1164200075

DATE: 07.07.2017
MASTER STUDENT IN POWER SYSTEM AND ITS AUTOMATION
 I. Draw the main circuit of traditional HVDC and name the main equipment in
the HVDC converter station.

Line commutated converter (LCC) HVDC or classic HVDC is built using thyristors in a current
source converter (CSC) topology. Thyristors can be switched on, but need the current to pass
through zero in order to switch off. The angle at which the thyristors are switched in is called
the firing angle, . Figure 1 depicts the basic circuit of classic HVDC[1]

Figure 1: Bipolar CSC-HVDC system with one 12-pulse converter per pole.

Components of Converter Station

HVDC Converter transformer

AC filters
Rectifier and Converter)
Smoothing reactor
DC line
DC filters
Inverter (Converter)
Ground Electrode
Control System
Communication line
II. List the order of characteristic harmonics both for 6-pulse rectifier and 12-
pulse rectifier. Is there difference of the characteristic harmonics for a
converter operating in rectifier mode or inverter mode?

From the AC point of view, an HVDC converter acts as a source of harmonic currents.
From the DC point of view, it is a source of harmonic voltages[2].

The order n of these characteristic harmonics is related to the pulse number p of the
converter configuration: n = kp 1 for the AC current and n = kp for the direct voltage, k
being any integer. In the example, p = 12, so that injected harmonics on the AC side are
11, 13, 23, 25, and on the DC side are 12, 24.

AC Current Harmonics:

For a six pulse single bridge converter (p=6), the DC voltage harmonic orders n is given
as: n 6k 1 n 5,7,11,13,17,19,23,25... and for Twelve-Pulse Converter For a 12-pulse
converter p = 12. The orders of the harmonics are: n 11,13,23,25,35,37,47,49,...

Direct Voltage Harmonics:

Six-Pulse Converter
For a six pulse single bridge converter (p=6), the DC voltage harmonic orders n are given
as:
n 6k this gives harmonic order of n 6,12,18,24,30,... and n 12k which gives
n 12,24,36,48,60,... for Twelve-Pulse Converter

The characteristics harmonic of inverter and rectifier are related to the number of
switching pulses per cycle of the fundamental frequency. Since in both rectifier and
inverter modes of operation the converters switching pulses per cycle of the
fundamental frequency remains the same, the characteristic harmonic of converters is
not affected by the operation mode. We can conclude that There is no difference in
characteristic harmonics for converter operating in rectifier or inverter mode[3].
III. A 3000MW HVDC feeds to a 500kV AC system where the short circuit current
for the connected bus is 25kA.
Calculate the SCR
Analyze the strength of the receiving AC system.
Solution

I sc 25103 A

Pdc 3000106 W

Vlrms 500103V

Ssc 3 Vlrms I sc

Short _ Circuit _ VA S sc
SCR
DC _ Power Pdc

3 500 103 25000

SCR
3000 106
SCR 7.217
Condition of system strength according to the SCR
> 5 ;
If { < 5 > 3
< 5

So the receiving AC system is a strong system because the SCR is greater than 6

IV. HVDC 12-pulse Transmission System 1000 MW (500kV-2kA) 50/60 Hz

Description
A 1000 MW (500 kV, 2kA) DC interconnection is used to transmit power from a 500
kV, 5000 MVA, 60 Hz network to a 345 kV, 10 000 MVA, 50 Hz network.

The rectifier and the inverter are 12-pulse converters using two 6-pulse thyristor
bridges connected in series. The rectifier and the inverter are interconnected
 through a 300 km distributed parameter line and two 0.5 H smoothing reactors. The
transformer tap changers are not simulated and fixed taps are assumed. Reactive
power required by the converters is provided by a set of capacitor banks plus 11th,
13th and high pass filters for a total of 600 Mvar on each side. Two circuit breakers
are used to apply faults on the inverter AC side and rectifier DC side.

With the short circuit level of Base Voltage of 500KV and Source inductance 28mH, that is,
SCR of 7.2e+07, the waveform for DC voltage of Both Rectifier and Inverter are as shown
below.
From the three figure above indicate that as the SCR increase, the system become more stable.
When the Decrease the System become unstable
Also the Variation of Short Circuit Ration affect the AC voltage and Current. The higher SCR
the more Voltage and Current are Stable
Short circuit ratio (SCR), representing the strength of ac transmission system from the
system impedance point of view, that ac system strength at the converter ac bus has
significant impact on the performance of the dc system. For example, weak ac systems
connected to dc systems can exhibit transient stability, steady state stability and frequency
stability problems.
 V. Research topic:
1.

2Lr I d
cos 1 cos

E

150
2f 2 50 314

Lr 0.0015H

E 380103V

Pd Vd I d

Pd
Id
Vd

3 2
Vd E cos

3 2
Vd 380 103 cos(150 )

Vd 444427.18V

500 106
Id 1125 A
444427.18

2 314 0.0015 1125

cos 1 cos(150 ) 150

380 10

0.225

U d U d 0 cos d x I d
2.
3 2
Ud0 U1 1.35E

3Lr
dx

 3 314 0.0015
dx 0.4498

U d 0 1.35 380 103 513 103V

I d 1125 A

180 180 150 30

30 0.225 29.775

U d 513 103 cos( 29.775 ) 0.4498 1125 444768.85V

C. Build a simulation circuit to study the behavior of the inverter;

The simulation circuit was built in SIMULINK/MATLAB. The inverter circuit is as shown
below.

The corresponding firing circuit is as shown below.

The output AC voltage waveform is shown below.

Triggering pulses
Using the two models below to study the characteristic harmonics for both 6-pulse and 12-
pulse inverter respectively.
Output for 6-pulse inverter
Output voltage at inverter terminal and at the load terminal respectively.
AC side harmonics
Harmonics at load terminal
DC side Harmonics
Output for 12-pulse inverter
Output voltage at inverter and load terminals respectively.
AC side harmonics
Harmonics at the load terminal
DC side harmonics
Controlling DC voltage
The control circuit for maintaining a constant DC voltage is as shown below.

The inputs to the controller are the measured DC voltage on the DC link and the reference
DC voltage for the DC bus specified in the m-file. Inside the DC controller is as shown below.
The PI controller is as shown below.

The output of the controller is the reference DC current which is then passed through a
current controller. The output of the current controller are the direct and quadrature axes
voltages which are then scaled with the measured DC voltage. The output is the modulation
index and new reference voltage which are eventually used to compensate the DC voltage
appropriately. The entire controller is as shown below.

The controlled DC voltage profile is as shown below.

The profiles of the reference current and the modulation index which are used in voltage
control are as shown below.
[1] Ned Mohan_ Tore M Undeland_ William P Robbins-Power electronics _ converters,
applications, and design-John Wiley & Sons (2003).pdf. .

[2] M. Eremia, C. Liu, and A. Edris, Advanced Solutions in Power Systems. .

[3] P. Control, L. Zhang, L. Harnefors, S. Member, H. Nee, and S. Member,

Interconnection of Two Very Weak AC Systems by VSC-HVDC Links Using, vol. 26,
no. 1, pp. 344355, 2011.