SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING

MODULE: BUILDING SERVICES (BLD60403)

ASSIGNMENT TITLE: BUILDING INTEGRATION OF SOLAR ENERGY
LECTURER: MR. LEONG BOON TIK
SUBMISSION DATE: 6th JULY 2017
LIM HAO ZHENG 0327115

SHUM WEN JUN 0325151

SAHIL GUNESH 0328569

NG KAI CHUN 1101G13410

SOW WEI HENN 0324998

HENG YI CHENG 0327895

Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Solar Energy ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Photovoltaics ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Rationale ............................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 7
2. INSTALLATION PROCESS..................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Engineering site visit ............................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Installation of inverter ........................................................................................................... 8
2.3 solar panel installation .......................................................................................................... 9
2.4 Installation of battery .......................................................................................................... 10
2.5 Installation battery charger controller ................................................................................ 10
2.6 Approval and interconnection ............................................................................................ 11
3. MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INTELLIGENT ENERGY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM .......................... 12
4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY .................................................. 14
4.1 Advantages .......................................................................................................................... 14
4.1.1 .Renewable source ....................................................................................................... 14
4.1.2.Reduces electricity bills ................................................................................................ 14
4.1.3. Applications ................................................................................................................. 15
4.1.4 Low maintenance costs ................................................................................................ 15
4.2 Disadvantages ................................................................................................................ 16
4.2.1 Initial cost ..................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.2 Climate and region dependent ..................................................................................... 16
4.2.3 Materials used to make solar panels can cause pollution ........................................... 17
5. POSSIBLE PROBLEMS TO THE SYSTEM .............................................................................. 18
5.1. Panel cracking..................................................................................................................... 18
5.2.Panel discoloration .............................................................................................................. 19
5.3.Soiling .................................................................................................................................. 20
5.4 Storm/snow load. ................................................................................................................ 21
5.5 Theft .................................................................................................................................... 21
5.6 Rodent bites ........................................................................................................................ 22

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 5.7 Overvoltage ......................................................................................................................... 22
6. CASE STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 23
7. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY ...................................................................... 26
7. 1 Solar Tracking Mounts ........................................................................................................ 26
7. 2.Solar Thermal Fuel (STF)..................................................................................................... 27
7.3 Solar Water Purifiers ........................................................................................................... 28
7. 4.Solar Skin Design ................................................................................................................ 29
7.4.1. Efficiency of solar production ...................................................................................... 29
8. Reflection ........................................................................................................................ 30
9. References....................................................................................................................... 33
10. Appendices .................................................................................................................... 35
Appendix 1: Interview transcript.......................................................................................... 35
Project Brief ........................................................................................................................ 44

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Solar Energy

Since human was born, people have been exposed to the sun. The ancient of Egypt
civilization used sun as a god, called the solar deity. Throughout the history, the
sunlight has become the important sources for farmers to grow plants and fruits.
(Susan,2013) The sun is a pure, infinite energy source for us throughout the years,
the earth needs sunlight to survive so do we human. If earth does not have sunlight,
crops do not grow and with no food, animals find it hard to survive. With power of
heat and light from the sun, in recent years we people have developed technologies
to better use the solar energy. This technology not only has brought upon the
most important energy sources, it could also replace non-renewable energy such
as fossil fuels and so on. Many years, people have used the fossil fuels, coals and
also nuclear power to provide electricity and other purposes. This kind of non-
renewable energy has been bringing consequences to our human. As reported by
Economist, In 2014 it still had a share of 31%, compared with 29% for coal and
21% for natural gas. Fast-growing rivals to fossil fuels, such as wind, solar and
geothermal energy, together amounted to little more than 1%. (The future of
oil,2016). (Figure 1)

Figure 1. Global primary energy consumption percentage (The future of oil,2016)

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This means that fossil fuels have been a primary energy for recent years and it is
high on demand. Because of it is a non-renewable energy, the fossil fuels will be
running out with current rates of production. So nowadays people have always
looked for ways to develop other energy sources to replace the fossil fuels, one of
the most promising energy sources is the solar energy.
Solar energy is a form of energy which produces by the sun rays, it is a solar
radiation which transforms into solar electricity and heat. There are two types of
solar technologies, photovoltaics and thermal. Photovoltaics technology uses sun
rays and directly invert it into electricity. On the other hand, solar thermal
technology uses the heat from the sunrays and uses it directly. It provides energy
to various applications meant for heating purposes such as hot water supply.
Buildings nowadays need solar energy to provide lighting, heating purposes and
electricity. Solar energy comes in two forms, active and passive forms.

Figure 1.1 Different solar technologies covering different building needs

According to this picture (MC Munari Probst & C Roecker,2012) (Figure 1.1), we can
know that
Domestic hot water system can be provided by using the solar thermal
system.

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 Heating can be provided by passive(direct) solar through building from
windows and doors. It can also be produced indirectly from solar thermal
system.
Electricity for household items are provided by the solar technology of
photovoltaics.
Light can be provided by the passive(direct) sunlight using windows and
electric lighting also can be provided by electricity from photovoltaics
technology.
At night, ventilations are available through the windows (passive night
ventilations) for free cooling.

1.2 Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics solar technology absorbs the sun rays and directly converts it into
electricity using the solar panels made from semiconductor cells. Photovoltaics(PV)
can be installed in different ways. For an example, ground-mounted or installation
on the roofs and walls of a building are called BIPV (Building Integrated
Photovoltaics). There are three types of photovoltaics panels, which are cell,
module and array. PV cells are associated into parallel circuit to create high voltage
of electricity. PV modules consists number of PV cells together in a protective
laminate. Finally, PV array is a complete electricity generating unit with
combination of few PV modules and PV cells. (FSEC, n.d) (Figure 1.2)

Figure 1.2 Types of Photovoltaics

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1.3 Rationale
In recent years, passive solar have been used in most of the building design. It is
very common to have passive solar in our building. Now or in the future, we need
to integrate the building by using active solar in order to reduce the consumption
of fossil fuels and also the use of non-renewable energy. Not many of the countries
have developed the active solar technology especially those developing countries.
On the contrary, some of the countries like US, Canada, Sweden have developed
their active solar technology and integrate them into building design. Many of the
citizens gave positive feedback on the active solar technology. However, Malaysia
and some developing countries have yet developed the technology probably due
to financial and political issues.

This research is important as solar energy is popular and reliable when it comes to
replacing non-renewable energy. As mentioned above, solar energy is a clean and
powerful energy resource on the earth. With the matter of pollutions and other
environmental issues from non-renewable energy, solar energy is very beneficial
for future lifestyle and next generation too.

1.4 Scope
Though there are two types of solar technologies which are photovoltaics system
and solar thermal system, the scope of this research is more on photovoltaics. This
is because it is more widely used in building integration.
Listed below is a more detailed scope of the research topic:
The installation process of photovoltaics
Management system (software, how to manage the solar energy system)
The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy used in buildings
The possible problems faced in the system
Recommendations for future improvement on photovoltaics
Case studies with more in-depth explanation and findings about the
integration of photovoltaics system into our buildings.

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2. INSTALLATION PROCESS

2.1 Engineering site visit

Sunrun (2017) mentioned that the first thing the solar panel company does is to
send an engineer to a clients home to evaluate the electrical status of the home
and also to make sure their energy system is compatible. Besides that, Richardson,
L(2017) mentioned that the engineer uses a tool called Solar Pathfinder to find
out how much sun the panels are likely to able to capture. After that, the engineer
also evaluates the condition of the roof to make sure that it is stable. After passing
all the tests, the solar panel company discusses with the client and assesses how
powerful the client expect the system to be and also budget. However, the solar
company makes sure that the client would have at least 3.5kWh system to make
the solar energy worthwhile.

Figure 2.1 above shows a Solar Pathfinder (Solar Pathfinder, n.d.)

2.2 Installation of inverter

According to this article entitled What is the process of installing solar panels on
your roof?, it was mentioned that an inverter is a device that collects the electricity
generated by the solar panels and sends it to the grid. Installation of the inverter is
a compulsory because the current generated by the solar panels is direct current
(DC) while the grids runs on alternating current (AC). The inverter is usually installed
on the home wall and it is important to make sure that the home power is
disconnected while installing the inverter. The lifespan of the inverter will only last
for 10 years while the solar panels will typically last for at least 25 years. Therefore,
a inverter needs to be replaced every 10 years (what is the process of installing
solar panels on your roof, 2017).

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Figure 2.2 above shows an inverter

2.3 solar panel installation

Gevorkian, P. (2014) mention that the solar installer will start by prepping the roof
to make sure that the shingles or tiles are properly attached. After that, they will
install the wiring that connects to the electrical panel and general power system.
After the electrical wiring is complete, they will start to install the racking support
for the solar panels. Roof-mount solar power installation are made of either tilted
or flat-type support structures. If the client has flat roof, then installing the panels
will take a little bit longer as they will need to be mounted at an angle.

Figure 2.3 above shows a prefabricated PV module support railing system used
for roof-mount installation. (Gevorkian, P., 2014)
When installing roof-mount solar panels, care must be taken to meet the proper
directional tilt requirement. Another important factor to be considered is that solar

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power installation should be located in areas free of shade which could cause by
adjacent building, trees, or air-conditional equipment. In the event of unavoidable
shading situations, the solar power PV module location, tilt angle, and stanchion
separations should be analyzed to prevent cross shading.
Once, the racking is safely attached, the panels are placed onto the racking. Finally,
the inverter is connected to the panels to convert direct current (DC) energy into
the alternating current (AC) energy used in homes and on the electric grid.

2.4 Installation of battery

For buildings that uses off-grid solar system, battery is needed to store the excess
electricity generated by the solar panels for later use. Unlike many electrical
apparatus, standby batteries have specific characteristics that require special
installation and maintenance procedures. If not followed correctly, these can
impact the quality of the battery performance.
Gevorkian, P. (2014) stated that Lead-acid and NiCad batteries must be kept dry at
all times and in cool locations. Therefore, batteries must be mounted on open racks,
on steel, fiberglass racks or enclosures. The racks should be constructed and
maintained in a level position and secured to the floor and must have a minimum
of 3 feet walking space for maintenance.

Figure 2.4 above shows a battery rack

2.5 Installation battery charger controller

Gevorkian, P. (2014) also mentioned that a charge controller is essentially a
current-regulating device that is placed between the solar panel array output and

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the batteries. These devices are designed to keep batteries charged at peak without
overcharging, hence prolonging the batteries lifespan. Most charge controllers
incorporate special electronics that automatically equalize the charging process.

Figure 2.5 above shows a battery charger controller

2.6 Approval and interconnection

Before you can connect the solar panels to the grid, a town government
representative will need to inspect the clients system and give approval.
Richardson, L (2017) mentioned that the representative will need to double-check
the installers work, if electrical wiring was done correctly, whether the mounting
is safe and sturdy and overall instalment meets the standards of their policy. After
the final evaluation, as long as there are no issues, the system is ready to be
installed.

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3. MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INTELLIGENT ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
AG, S. S. (n.d.) commented that Intelligent energy distribution system is used to
determine how effectively the power generated from renewable sources are
distributed. With this system, you are able to monitor your energy usage and able
to reduce both energy wastage and money on energy bills. The system is able to
decides when to use the energy stored in the battery.
When the power generated from the commercial electricity grid is low, then it will
switch to the solar grid. P. Nagalaxmi (n.d.) mentioned that if the energy generated
from the solar panel is sufficient then power supplied as usual as the commercial
grid otherwise controlling action takes place. The energy stored in the battery is
always compared with the present levels and if it is low then it communicates with
control room to take necessary steps. P. Nagalaxmi (n.d.) also suggested that
according to the energy levels in the stored battery the controlling of devices takes
place. If the energy level is below the first present level then the power that goes
to the least priority devices are automatically shut off and the high priority devices
are run and if the energy is below that then the next priority devices are shut off
and allows to run only the highest priority devices giving a signal to take the
necessary actions.
M. Veda Chary (n.d.) mentioned that as the consumption of power increases, the
energy stored in the battery decreases causes that no longer the devices operate
with the solar energy. In order to increase the efficiency of the solar system it is
required to distribute the energy intelligently, sends a control signal from the
control room to turn off the least priority devices and keep on monitoring the
battery status. M. Veda Chary (n.d.) also mentioned that if the battery value
reaches the threshold value which is set for safe operation runs only the highest
priority device making all remaining devices turn off.

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Figure 3 above shows an Intelligent energy distribution system

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4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

4.1 Advantages

4.1.1 .Renewable source

The most important and essential thing about solar energy it that it is a renewable
source of energy. It can be used in most part of the world and can be used every
day. It is different from other sources such as fossil fuel. As long as the sun is
present, humans will still be able to harness solar energy from the sun. In the article
Pro and Cons of Solar Energy, according to scientists, the sun has a life span of at
least 5 billion years. So, if used by humans as an alternative energy, solar energy
will be available for a very long time.(2017)

4.1.2.Reduces electricity bills

As electricity will be produced from sunlight, there will be a consequent decrease

in the electricity bill each month. Using solar energy is a good way to fight against
the cost of living which is continuously increasing. The use of solar energy will also
reduce our dependence from conventional energy sources. In the article Pro and
Cons of Solar Energy mentioned that if the solar panels generate more energy than
we use, we can sell the energy back to our provider to make money. (2017)
However, the amount of solar energy collected is proportional to number of solar
panels installed. So, an optimum number of panels must be installed to maximise
saving of energy and reduction of bills.

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4.1.3. Applications

Figure 4.a.3 The Mauritius Commercial Bank- Ebene

Solar energy can have various uses. As mentioned above, it can be used to generate
electricity and heat water. Also, it can be used to refine water in regions with
limited clean water supplies. Solar energy can also be integrated into the materials
used for buildings, for example the Mauritius Commercial Bank (Figure 3.3) found
in Mauritius. Photovoltaic cells installed on the windows of the buildings generate
power from sunlight which relieve the countrys pressure on power load.
4.1.4 Low maintenance costs
In general, systems using solar dont require a lot of maintenance. The only real
need is to keep them clean, so cleaning them several times a year should be enough
and a system check can be performed yearly, just to make sure that everything is
working as it should. Adding to the fact, as there are no moving parts present in the
panel systems, damage from wear and tear will not be a problem. The only part
that needs to be changed (after 5-10 years) is the inverter as it is continually
working to convert the solar energy to electricity. So, after having covered the
initial cost of the solar system, there will not be much cost in maintaining the panels.

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4.2 Disadvantages

4.2.1 Initial cost

One of the main drawbacks of using solar energy is the cost of installing enough
solar panels to harness energy for a whole house. Although it will save you money
on the long run, its initial cost is fairly high (payment for solar panels, inverter,
batteries, wiring, installation). Also, Rinkesh (n.d) mentioned that the time taken to
break even with your investment is around 10 to 15 years long but, anything that
can help to conserve the environment and decrease our dependence on fossil fuels
is worth trying.

4.2.2 Climate and region dependent

Figure 4.b.2

As solar energy is dependent on sunlight, and all regions on earth dont receive the
same amount of sunlight. So, in regions which barely receive sunlight, it is not
advisable to install solar panels as it will be a wastage of funds. Furthermore,
efficiency of solar system is reduced during cloudy, foggy and rainy days. "[T]he
solar resource during foggy or low-cloud conditions is approximately 10% of the
value under clear-sky conditions." (Nick Gromicko, n.d). Continuous rainy days can
be a problem and also, solar energy cannot be created at night. This problem can
be countered by the use of large batteries which will store the energy generated.
However, these batteries are expensive but its a good investment.

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4.2.3 Materials used to make solar panels can cause pollution
Materials present in solar panels which can be dangerous for the environment are
cadmium and lead. When sealed properly inside solar panels, cadmium is harmless.
According to article, Cadmium Telluride The Good and the Bad The real problem
will arise if there is any leakage in the panels as cadmium is among the top 6
deadliest and most toxic materials known. (2010). As for lead, it is also a very
dangerous and it can seriously damage the nervous system and brains of unborn
children. However, most of the material used in dead batteries can be recovered
provided the consumers make the effort. Also, compared to other sources of
energy, the pollution cause by solar panels is negligible.

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5. POSSIBLE PROBLEMS TO THE SYSTEM

5.1. Panel cracking

Panel cracking can be caused by many ways. Physical impacts, oscillation from wind,
or manufacturing issues can cause cracking. Panels should be inspected on
purchase because there could be micro cracks created during the manufacturing or
shipping process that will grow into larger cracks over time.(Djordjevic, Sinisa,
David Parlevliet, and Philip Jennings, 2014). Cracks will reduce module vitality yield
and effectiveness. This is because that the cracking will change the optical
properties of the board, and make light infiltrate the surface of the board in an
unexpected way. This prompts loss of proficiency because the greatest measure of
light is not entering the board. Contingent upon the measure of breaking,
infrequently it is not justified to purchasing a whole new board. Typically, additional
boards are requested at whatever point a system is acquired, and for this situation
it could be worth using these boards to supplant cracked ones. Else, it would not
be worth purchasing an altogether new board to supplant ones with cracks.

FIGURE 4.1.1 ABOVE SHOWS A CRACKING PANEL.

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5.2.Panel discoloration
Panel discoloration is a common defect that will
decrease the amount of sunlight that penetrate a
solar cell. This is meant that the panel generate
less energy. For instance, purple discoloration,
such as in figure 4, means that purple light is not
absorbed by the panel. This causes loss of
efficiency because not every wavelength of light
is being absorbed. Different types of semi-
FIGURE 4.1.2 ABOVE SHOWS
conductor materials absorb different wavelengths.
DISCOLORATION PANELS.
Some examples that cause discoloration are poor
encapsulate quality, high temperatures, humidity, and if a PV system is located near
an ocean: ocean salt. (Djordjevic, Sinisa, David Parlevliet, and Philip Jennings,
2014). Like panel cracking, there is very little you can do to decrease the impacts of
discoloration once it has happened, other than replacing the panel totally. Higher
quality panels will progress toward becoming stained less effortlessly. There is not
a correct technique to perceive how much power is lost, other than looking at the
vitality yield previously, then after the fact discoloration has happened.

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5.3.Soiling
Soiling is one of the most serious issues in dusty environments. It is very expensive
and the only way to deal with it is to clean the panel. On a large commercial array,
heavy soiling could warrant multiple cleanings a year. At a cost of two or three
thousand dollars a cleaning, doing this consistently for a PV frameworks life
expectancy can be extremely exhausting, and in many occasions, can even
debilitate the change to solar. One of the most ideal ways one can manage soiling
is to battle it before it even happens. One can do this by performing due steadiness
and checking whether panel cleaning goes under guarantee. Also, according to
Mejia and Kleissl, out of 186 sites, each site was found to have losses greater
than .01% per day, over double the average. This is because the tilt angles were
FIGURE 4.1.3 ABOVE SHOWS SOLAR PANELS WITH less than 5 degrees. Tilt angles less
FULL OF SOIL. than 5 degrees were shown on
average to have 5x more soiling
than ones that were tilted more
than 5 degrees. If you are in a very
dusty environment it would be
well worth it to consider a higher
tilt angle even if maximum solar
irradiance is gained from an angle
of 5 degrees or lower. This is
because after some time there will
be less soiling, and at last you will create more vitality over the long haul, and not
cleaning as regularly. There is just so much you can do to battle soiling before you
need to clean panels. Finding an expert solar cleaning organization is the best
choice when it comes time to cleaning panels.

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5.4 Storm/snow load.
The respective standards especially for storm and
snow load are to be considered and are to be
matched with the local conditions or
requirements. Also, expert Prof Ir Dr Mohd Zainal
Abidin Ab Kadir (2016) said that Malaysia is the
third highest lighting strikes country with an
average of 180 to 260 thunderstorm days a year,
after Indonesia (322) and Columbia (275 to 320). FIGURE 4.2.1 ABOVE SHOWS THE PANEL WAS
DAMAGED BY STORM.

5.5 Theft
Smart thieves always know the expensive things. Hence, product should be
securely installed against theft (also roof mounted PV plants). According to this
research IMIA Working Paper WGP70, Theft proof screw connection should
always be used(2011). An adequate fencing and CCTV shall be provided for ground
mounted PV plants.

FIGURES 4.2.2 SHOWS THEFT DAMAGE.

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5.6 Rodent bites
Bites of rodents are not completely avoidable. To prevent marten bites, necessary
protection must be taken.

FIGURE 4.2.3 ABOVE SHOWS DAMAGE CAUSED BY A

MARTEN BITE.

5.7 Overvoltage
Overvoltage and short circuits are frequent causes of losses. Adequate overvoltage
protection must be installed.

FIGURE 4.2.4 ABOVE SHOWS SHORT CIRCUIT

AND OVERVOLTAGE CONVERTER

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6. CASE STUDY
A case study of solar photovoltaic power system at Sagardeep Island, India
The application of renewable energy in electric power system is growing fast.
Photovoltaic and wind energy sources are being increasingly recognized as cost-
effective generation sources for remote rural area isolated power system.
Sagardeep Island in West Bengal state of India installed solar photovoltaic (SPV)
system and the performance is analysed by using commercial parameters. SPV
installations have provided electricity to people but also raised their standard of
living (Ravindra M & Prakash S, 2007).
Based on 2001 census data, 43.5% of Indian rural households have access to
electricity. Due to high cost of installation of electric lines, Villages in remote areas
are not connected buy the electric lines as it is not possible to lay the line in some
isolated areas. There are about 94,000 un-electrified villages (around 25,000
villages are placed in remote geographically isolated areas where extension of
existing electricity grid it not economically viable (census of India, 2001).
Presently the capital cost of photovoltaic system is about $4000 kW 1, while the
cost of conventional power system such as oil, gas and coal is approximately four
times lower. But the operating cost associated with these conventional plants is
unacceptably high due to escalating fossil fuel costs. Considerable fuel savings can
be achieved by integrating renewable sources such as wind and/or solar energy
with existing diesel plants. Though photovoltaic (PV) is far from being economic in
comparison to conventional fossil fuel for providing electricity, it is used in remote
areas where it is uneconomical to extend the electric grid. However, the market for
PV is also expanding rapidly due to reduced manufacturing cost of PV systems
during the last decade (Phuangpornpital N & Kumar S., 2007).
In order to decrease the diesel consumption, wind turbine generator (WTG) is
operated by using wind and solar energy in remote areas and/or the PV unit in
parallel with diesel generators resulting fuel save. This particular operation suits for
systems with relatively small renewable energy penetrations (Infield DG, Slack GW,
Lipman NH & Musgrove PJ, 1983).

23
There are several researchers who contributed their papers on solar photovoltaic
(SPV). Rahman & Chowdhury (1988) showed number of photovoltaic performance
analysis models and their impact on electric utilitys load shape under supply side
peak load management conditions for eastern and western parts of US and cost
saving effect of battery bank.
Sagardeep Island is located at latitude 22.658N and at longitude 88.458E. A
MATLAB program is developed to predict the solar radiation at the site. Figure 5
shows the (i) predicted values and (ii) 5 years monthly radiation data from 1998 to
2002.

Figure 6 shows that the dc power generated by an array and stored in two lead acid
battery banks (each of rating 2 V 800 Ah) during daytime and discharged during
night time from 6 p.m. till the charge of the battery bank reaches to 20% of its rated
value or midnight whichever is earlier. Additional power if available may be
supplied in the morning hours from 4 to 6 a.m. DC power is converted to ac power
through inverters (3 15 kV A) and is connected to the consumer load through
feeders (230 V, 50 Hz ac supply). The arrangement has three feeders, one feeder
for plant and other two are for consumer loads. The system implements protective
schemes including air circuit breaker (ACB) and minimum oil circuit breaker (MOCB)
(Ravindra M & Prakash S, Refer to pg. 673-681, 2007).

Figure 7 gives the seasonal load variation at Sagardeep Island. It is observed that
during the summer season power requirement is high because both lighting and
fan load is increased. During the winter the peak requirement is during 67 p.m.
slot and load gradually reduces, as the day length is small. During summer season
the day length is more and the peak occurs during 8 9 p.m. slot. During rainy
season only lighting load is required to be supplied (Ravindra M & Prakash S, Refer
to pg. 673-681, 2007).

Fig. 9 represents the power generation minimum, maximum and average value. It
is observed that during summer season when sky is clear on maximum days the
minimum output is above average value (Ravindra M & Prakash S, Refer to pg. 673-
681, 2007).

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Fig. 10 shows the loss of load hours during different months (Ravindra M & Prakash
S, Refer to pg. 673-681, 2007).

28 kWp-installed capacity plant contributes electricity to households within 4.5-5k

km radius where each plant averagely has 100 consumers. These plants are
managed by rural cooperatives, and the revenue collection method is through the
account of the cooperative society in the Rural Development Bank. Smart cards are
being introduced for prepaid services, as well as an automatic tripping device to
prevent consumer from drawing excessive power than permissible limit (Ravindra
M & Prakash S, 2007).

Around 2500 families are now enjoying electricity from SPV. The power supply at
night has helped society in at least four ways. It has helped (i) the students to
continue their study at night, (ii) the shopkeepers, cultivators of betel leaf to
continue their work at night (iii) the people to avail themselves of the
entertainment facilities and (iv) the women to do the household work. The supply
of solar power has also helped, though on small scale to run the video hall, battery-
charging center, etc. Streetlights make the island safer at night. Two hospitals on
the island now have a 24-h supply of energy (Ravindra M & Prakash S, 2007).

Well-established technology, simple operation and main- tenance, downward

trend of cost, optimum resource availability in remote and island areas,
environmental sustainability, good management systems, etc., are indications of
large scale installations of solar power plants in near future at Sagardeep Island.
With the demand not exceeding 2025 kW at a load factor less than 30% and where
conventional power cannot reach as techno-economically viable proposition, SPV
system will offer a competitive option there. Acceptability of system by the people
both on commercial operation and quality of power supply are guiding principles.
The fee for service payment model is effective (Ravindra M & Prakash S, 2007).

25
7. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY
7. 1 Solar Tracking Mounts

Figure 6.1 Cartier-Bresson (2015) .New York ,NY

Recently as the usage of solar is on the rise ,there are many homeowners are
considering to use solar ,although there are roofs which are less than ideal for
panels .The usage of solar tracking mount can be considered in order to maximize
the efficiency of electricity production by following the direction of sun because it
moves along the sky .Based on a research ,scientists of United States (n.d) says that
solar panel tracking systems are more advanced compared to mounting PV
panels .The advantage of using this system is that when the sun passes to a less-
than-optimal angle and the solar trackers are automatically moving to track the
progress of the sun across the sky .Generally ,trackers generate more electricity
due to the higher rate of the direct exposure of sunlight .The increase of 10-25%
electricity depending on the geographical location of the tracking systems .

26
7. 2.Solar Thermal Fuel (STF)

Figure 4.2 David L. Chandler | MIT News Office (April 13 ,2014)

It acts as an alternative storage for solar .The technology and process of the STF is
comparable to a typical battery .Grossman T. (n.d) says that the STF is able to utilize
sunlight energy ,store it as a charge and then release it when prompted .The
dissipation of heat is the issue with storing solar energy as heat and thats why the
solar storage is able to charge energy rather than capture energy .STF has energy
density of lead batteries .Solar thermal energy generally converts solar energy to
heat and could use that energy for generating power for several hours even if the
sun has gone down .

27
7.3 Solar Water Purifiers

Figure 4.3
Stanford University researchers collaborated with the Department of Energy
(2016) ,United States stated that they are developing a new solar device that can
purify water when exposing to sunlight .Prior purifiers design needs to utilize UV
rays and requires the exposure of sunlight for hours to fully purify the water .In
addition ,Stanfords new product is able to access visible sunlight and manages to
produce drinking water within just few minutes .

28
7. 4.Solar Skin Design

Figure 4.4
Theres a high percentage of homeowners consider solar panels to be an unsightly
home addition and its one of the major problem for a solar
industry .Fortunately ,Sistine Solar ,a Boston-based design firm has a new
solution ,which is making major strides with aesthetic enhancement concept that
allow the panels for having a customized look .The creation of Solar Skin has been
produced in order to match the appearance between the solar panels and the roof
without affecting the panel efficiency and production .The solar skin panel is said
to be in U.S market in few more years soonest .

7.4.1. Efficiency of solar production

More efficient semiconductor materials need to be discovered by the scientists in
order to increase the efficiency of the solar production .(Problems with solar energy
why its is not widely used ,n.d) mentions that lesser space is required to produce
the same amount of power when doubling the efficiency of a panel due to the size
of the array which will in turn .T. Alfred (n.d) states that other than increasing the
efficiency of the solar production ,mass production of panels inefficient factories
should also reduce the cost of the productions in order to make them more
affordable for the consumers .

29
8. Reflection

LIM HAO ZHENG 0327115

First of all, I would like to thank to my group members for their full cooperation and commitment
of their work. Thanks to my one of the group members, Wen Jun because he is able to invite us
to his uncles house to do some research about the solar energy. This visit has surely helps us a
lot on our assignment. This assignment helps me a lot on my research skills as well as learning
more about citation. I am also able to learn and gain knowledge on how photovoltaics works and
picture life in the future if we use solar energy as a permanent source of energy. Wen Juns uncle
mentioned a lot about the future of solar energy, I am surely that this kind of source can be
successfully developed and fully integrate into our building, is just a matter of time. In the
beginning of the assignment, we have difficulties of choosing the topic, and we finally made up
our mind by choosing Building integration of Solar energy as our assignment topic. I only knew
solar energy as a source to provide water heating in our houses, but after doing much research
and visiting Wen Juns uncle, I am able to know more and discover more about solar energy. It is
not just about heating the water, it could do way more than that such as converting it into
electricity to provide lights and electric to our household items. I think solar energy is a very clean
and green energy source compare to fossil fuels. Finally, I would like to give my appreciation to
the uncle who has taught us a lot about solar energy and how solar energy integrates into our
building. I hope in the future we will have solar energy to fully integrate in our building and to be
a replacement of primary energy source.

SOW WEI HENN 0324998

Through this assignment ,I have a clearer understanding on the Solar Energy .I am able to
differentiate the different types of solar energy such as photovoltaic and solar thermal .I also
know that photovoltaic technology directly converts sunlight into electricity whereas the solar
thermal technology captures the suns heat .This heat is used directly or converted into
mechanical energy and in turn electricity ,known as concentrated solar power .Besides that ,I also
know some efficient ways for the improvement of the solar energy in the future .Enhancing
knowledge is also one of the lessons that I got after completing this assignment .In addition ,I
have also realised that communication skill is very vital especially in a group project in order to
avoid any unnecessary conflicts .Apart from that ,being cooperative is the key to
success .Cooperation among the group members enable the works to be done smoothly and also
in a shorter time .Last but not least ,I have found out that solar energy is not widely used in our
country although it comes with a variety of advantages .Consequently ,government plays an
important role to encourage the usage of solar energy in our country .

30
SAHIL GUNESH

This project for me had many highs and lows. Since the very start, I was very excited as I have
always been for the protection of our environment and throughout the project, Ive learnt that
solar energy is really recommendable for our environment. Also, this project has helped me grow
into a better person. Each meeting increased our team's bonding and each meeting helped me
to develop my communication skills and to convey my ideas in an efficient way. We went to meet
Wen Juns uncle who has great knowledge in solar panels. Moreover, I also developed my
research skills: to find, extract and use information efficiently. It is one of the most interesting
assignment as I had to find whether solar energy is beneficial or not, and to conclude, its highly
recommendable for humanity.

SHUM WEN JUN 0325151

Through this assignment, I have better understanding how a solar energy system works in a
building. I can now differentiate the difference between on-grid system and off-grid system of
solar energy which I previously do not know this thing exist in solar energy system. I am also able
to learn about the advantages of using solar energy system in building. Solar energy is actually
environment friendly, but the initial cost of investment is very high. Lastly, I also learnt how to
work with teammates to finish this assignment. Communication is very important as it can
combine our thoughts together to create an awesome outcome.

31
HENG YI CHENG 0327895

For this assignment, we have learnt many things from it. For me, I have learnt about how solar
energy works to make a better life for human, and it is also an investment that capital can be
earned back by several years and start earning some profit although it is a very expensive system
to install. Moreover, this project helps me to develop my communicating skills, research skill and
skill of understanding. From the beginning, I do not even know what is AC and DC until I ask my
group mates and do some research about it. Lastly, I very appreciated that I can get to know more
about solar energy by this project.

NG KAI CHUN 1101G13410

Thorough this assignment, I have learned a lot of things about solar energy such as installation
process, management of solar and so on. In order to gain more knowledge about solar panels,
my team and I paid a visit to a professors house who using solar panels as electricity supply of
his house. He explained to us how solar works and how solar might affect thorough globally. I
was amazed how solar can change our lifestyle completely by substituting electric panel which
provided by Tenaga Nasional Malaysia. However, it is not fully utilised and introduced by the
government due to the technology we are lack of. In term of cost, solar contributes cost saving
in long term as the cost of installing solar panel is expensive. However, it is recommended by
household to install solar panels in order to save cost economically. Last but not least, I want to
thank our lecturer, Mr. Leong for giving me the opportunity to approach new things that I have
never learned before.

32
9. References
AG, S. S. (n.d.). The Basic Solution. Retrieved June 14, 2017, from http://www.sma-
australia.com.au/home-systems/solar-system-smart.html

Cadmium Telluride The Good and the Bad. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2017, from
http://www.solar-facts-and-advice.com/cadmium-telluride.html

Cells, Modules & Arrays. (n.d.). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from
http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/solar_electricity/basics/cells_modules_arrays.htm

Compare Solar Panel Prices in Your Area. (n.d.). Retrieved June 14, 2017, from
http://www.theecoexperts.co.uk/home-energy-management-systems-a-comprehensive-guide
Gevorkian, P. (2014). Large-scale solar power system design: an engineering guide for grid-
connected solar power generation

IMIA Working Group Paper WGP 70 (11) 44th Annual ... (2011). Retrieved June 24, 2017, from
https://www.bing.com/cr?IG=A50686F72F49453FB79B5CB2865952C5&CID=0F44766725B361150
A057CCC24B56094&rd=1&h=IXX8yMMT4w2snxTiAhPytENrD1kpi3b8DNTf8xa2bxg&v=1&r=https
%3a%2f%2fwww.munichre.com%2fsite%2fmram-mobile%2fget%2fdocuments_E-
275508420%2fmram%2fassetpool.mr_america%2fPDFs%2f3_Publications%2fResearch_Spotlight
%2fIMIA_WGP_70_PV.pdf&p=DevEx,5032.1

Infield DG, Slack GW, Lipman NH, Musgrove PJ. Review of wind diesel strategies. Proc IEE Part A:
Phys Sci Meas Instrum Manage Educ1983;130(December (9 Pt. A)):6139.

MC.Munari Probst, C.Roecker .(2012). SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS IN ARCHITECTURE. Retrieved from
http://leso2.epfl.ch/solar/pdf/SolEnBui.pdf

Mejia, F., & Kleissl, J. (n.d.). Soiling Losses for Solar Photovoltaic Systems in California . Retrieved
from http://maeresearch.ucsd.edu/kleissl/pubs/MejiaKleisslSE2013_Soiling.pdf

Nancy W.Stauffer (December 14 ,2015) .The Future of Solar Energy : A summary and
recommendations for policymakers .Retrieved from http://energy.mit.edu/news/the-future-of-
solar-energy-a-summary-and-recommendations-for-policymakers/

Online, T. S. (2016, May 21). M'sia third highest in lightning strikes - Nation. Retrieved June 24,
2017, from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/05/22/msia-third-highest-in-
lightning-strikes/

Phuangpornpitak N, Kumar S. PV hybrid systems for rural electrification in Thailand. Renew Sustain
Energy Rev 2007;11:153043.

Pros and Cons of Solar Energy. (2017, March 28). Retrieved June 24, 2017, from
http://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2014/08/5-advantages-and-5-disadvantages-of-solar-energy

33
Rahman S, Chowdhury BH. Simulation of photovoltaic power systems and their performance
prediction. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 1988;3(September (3)):4406.

Richardson, L. (2017, May 10). 2017 Solar Panel Installation Guide: 5 Step Process | EnergySage.
Retrieved June 13, 2017, from http://news.energysage.com/solar-panel-installation-guide-what-
should-you-expect/

Ryan Whitwam (October 17 ,2013) .New nano-material could boost solar panel efficiency as high
as 80% .Retrieved from https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/168811-new-nano-material-
could-boost-solar-panel-efficiency-as-high-as-80

S. (2017, February 23). What Happens During a Solar Installation. Retrieved June 13, 2017, from
https://www.sunrun.com/how-it-works/solar-panel-installation

Shapiro, D., Robbins, C., & Ross, P. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.dri.edu/images/stories/editors/receditor/Solar_PV_Article.pdf

Solar Pathfinder. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2017, from http://www.solarpathfinder.com/PF

Susan. (2013, June 20). Shine On: An Introduction to Solar Power. Retrieved June 22, 2017, from
http://www.justenergy.com/blog/shine-on-an-introduction-to-solar-power/

The Future of Solar Energy ,MIT Office (n.d) .Retrieved from

http://energy.mit.edu/research/future-solar-energy/

The future of oil. (2016, November 26). Retrieved June 22, 2017, from
http://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21710628-worlds-use-oil-approaching-tipping-
point-writes-henry-tricks-dont-expect

The Two Types of Solar Energy, Photovoltaic and Thermal. (2015, February 04). Retrieved June 22,
2017, from http://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/two-types-solar-energy-
photovoltaic-and-thermal

Various Disadvantages of Solar Energy. (2017, April 18). Retrieved June 24, 2017, from
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/disadvantages_solarenergy.php

World Economic Forum ; Whats the Future of Solar Energy (n.d) .Retrieved from
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/whats-the-future-of-solar-power/

What is the process of installing solar panels on your roof? (n.d.). Retrieved June 13, 2017, from
http://www.solar-nation.org/what-is-the-process-of-installing-solar-panels-on-your-roof

34
10. Appendices

Appendix 1: Interview transcript

The Solar Photovoltaics System
J: What is this actually?
F: This is the controller which is called the synchronizer of this system.
J: How does this solar photovoltaics system works and any rules for this things in
Malaysia?
F: My solar system is a DC current then invert it into AC, then we synchronize it and
provide electronic power. This power I must export out. Those day when there is excess
power then only I sell to Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Now new regulations that I must sell to
TNB first, then if I need to use it I only buy back from TNB.
J: Can you please explain the display of the controller and what are the purpose for solar
photovoltaics system?
F: This controller is advanced, it can detect whether it has any short circuit or not on this
system. Currently it displays of the resistance is 8.5 ohm. Today the system is producing
1.998 kW of the solar energy because today is a bit cloudy so the sun light is not so
powerful. (Figure 10.1)

35
Figure 10.1 Solar energy produce per day
This system can produce 6kW maximum per day. Now it display the DC current voltage
and this is the grid frequency for the TNB one.(Figure 10.2)

Figure 13.2 Displaying the voltage of DC current and grid frequency of TNB
This one is the voltage that TNB produce so my solar will need to match the voltage same
as TNB, is adjustable by this solar photovoltaics system. If TNB voltage drop to 240V then
my solar controller will automatically drop to 240V.(Figure 10.3)

Figure 10.3 Displaying the TNB Voltage and the system voltage.
J: What number of kilowatt can produce by this system in highest peak and the peak of
the day?

36
F: From few years ago till now, the highest peak of kilowatt can produce by this system is
about 6.14kW.Today the highest peak is about 3.969kW.(Figure 10.4)

Figure 10.4 Highest peak of all year and the peak of the day
J: Still got any display of the controller you can explain?
F: You can see the controller, it can also the display the temperature of the
system.(Figure10.5)

Figure 10.5 The temperature

You know the power factor? Actually the power factor less than 0.5 will get a penalty from
TNB means you waste energy. TNB wants you to generate at least 85% of the energy
efficiency, less than 85% will get penalty. You can see the display of the info, power factor
is 1 means my solar system is 100%. (Figure 13.6)

37
Figure 10.6 Power Factor
Now it displays power out, 2.1kW, I can run water heater, air conditioner, electric fan and
lights and so on. Now my solar system already generates 32000kW in 5 years. So, I have
another 2 more years to get my investment back. (Figure 10.7)

Figure 10.7 Generates total power in 5 years till now

J: How do you get your investment back and this system cost you how much?
F: I get back my investment by generate the power and sell it to TNB, so now I already
generates 33000 unit, I sell to TNB for one unit about RM1.35 and now I already get back
RM42k. This system cost me about RM60k for installation. Two more years, I just need to
get back RM18k then I can use it for my whole life with this system.

38
J: What are the benefits with using this solar photovoltaics system?
F: The main benefits is the economical. If I dont want to install , my monthly usage I need
to contribute the electric cost fee and the expenditure and I cant get any money. If I
install this, I will have one time investment and I get back my capital fees and I can still
use for another 21 years. The electricity fees I already save a tons on it, the solar have
given much benefits to ours especially the electricity cost. Now this system no more sold
in the market because Najib has close this kind of investment.
J: This solar photovoltaics system has another name, what does it call?
F: This system called grid-tied system.
F: This is the solar system I use for myself not TNB which is the OFF-Grid system. (Figure
10.8)

Figure 10.8 OFF-Grid System

J: This system use to generate for?
F: This off-grid use to generate electricity for computers, television, LED lights, hot water
system and many more using the solar energy to save money. I just using air conditioner
for TNB, other is using OFF-Grid system from solar energy. Another is ON-grid system
which is from TNB, I sell the power to TNB and buy back from TNB using solar also.

39
J: The excess power which generate from this system, where did it flow to?
F: Lets say that I have generate 12kW in total, the excess power will be given to neighbors
to utilize it. They also get use to my solar power.
J: This solar photovoltaics system is so good but why Malaysia still not develop to our
citizen to use the solar energy for electricity?
F: This system is good to ours but the government restrict not to encourage to citizen
because it will affect the Tenaga Nasional Berhad profit. Because those capitalize country
will always take care of those monopoly company, everything will give to corporation. So
this is the big problem to this world for now. Some of the country do this kind of thing is
illegal to them even United States is not allow in certain states because the corporation
will get angry on it.
J: Many people say solar provide electricity not so good because of night time will
blackout, recommend fossil fuels and nuclear power etc., is that true?
F: People say solar is not good is a false, at night will blackout is nonsense. You see the
earth is rotating everyday, at Sabah 6am the sun rises, while you sleeping in KL the Sabah
already have sunlight, the solar energy can channel through the sea, with submarine
cables. When sun goes down around here, in Europe the sun rises ,sunlight there is very
strong, starting to produce sunlight, Europe can transfer the power to our site. When in
the Europe in the night time, the US there can produce solar energy to Europe, one of the
issues is the political issues.
J: Who provide us the future and the electricity of AC, those electrical equipment?
F: You know Tesla? In nowadays history books dont have Tesla this man only have Mr.
Einstein, Maxwell and so on. What ever you enjoy today,you must say thank you to Tesla
because before he died he said your future is my future, he invented the radio control,
transformer, voltage , AC , laser and many more. Because he is not American, is a Croatian.
American dont like him so America suppress him.

40
J: What is the steps for Photovoltaics(PV) from solar energy transform into electricity?
F: Photovoltaics absorbs the heat radiation becomes the DC current and go through a
charge controller(cc). The function of charge controller is to charge the battery, You cant
use PV direct to the battery, because it will damage the battery, the charge controller can
control the voltage and once fully charge the battery will make it stop to prevent battery
failure. The excess power will go to the loads. Then from here, it will be transfer to inverter
and invert into AC to provide the electricity for household items. When the sun goes down
and no more sunlight is provided, so your battery will continue to supply electricity to the
electrical items. It depends the battery capacity, the more you have the longer you last,
until tomorrow also can, no problem at all. If no sunlight for the whole day, they wont be
any issues too because the battery will be always asked for 300% on it. They stored the
solar energy into the battery until fully charged to 300%-500%.

Figure 10.9 Aurora Solar Photovoltaics System

41
Figure 10.10 The photovoltaics mounted on the roof in Kajang

Figure 10.11 Photovoltaics ground mounted solar panels of Wen Jun uncles house

42
Figure 10.12 Another view of Ground-mounted solar panels of Wen Juns Uncle house

43
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE BUILDING DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia

Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)

BUILDING SERVICES I [QSB 1714/BLD 60403]

GROUP PROJECT (30%)

Project Brief

This project is a study on building services system with the selected topics such as ventilation system,
telecommunication, storm water system, cold water supply and hot water supply.

In a group of maximum 6 students, you are required to prepare one of the topics within the existing
topic below:

1. Sustainable Wastewater Treatment

2. Energy Efficient Ventilation System
3. Building Integration of Solar Energy
4. Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies
5. Ventilation Problem in Heritage Building
6. Energy Efficient in Heritage Building
7. Telecommunication Service for High Rise Building
8. Sustainable Storm-water Management
9. Indoor Environmental Quality in Healthcare/Office
10. The installation of Hot Water Supply for Hotel/Corporate Building

You are required to carry out survey on the selected topic, and prepare a documentation report. You are
required to explain the application, system, installation process, benefits, problems, case study and
anything relevant to support the documentation. You are also encouraged highlighting the
recommendations for future improvement.

A4 bound report complete with visual and photographs inclusive of detailing and documentation
of your project.
Word processed, font size 11, Arial, 1.5 spacing, justify and not less than 3500 words
Visual/photographs used in the submission must be clear and well communicated.
Assumptions can be made through references from books/drawings are allowed. DO NOT
PLAGIARISE. Application must be according to selected topic context.
Softcopy is required to be attached with the hardcopy.

44
FORMAT of A4 report/Documentation

1. Cover page Name and student ID number should be written clearly (TU logo)
2. Table of content
3. Introduction of selected topic
4. Installation process (if applicable)
5. Management system (if applicable)
6. The advantages and Disadvantages
7. Case study: Finding and Explanation
8. Possible problems to the system (if applicable)
9. Recommendations for future improvement
10. Learning from the group work project
11. References (alphabetical order)
12. Bibliography (alphabetical order)
13. Appendices

The assessment for this project will be based on your:-

Demonstrated understanding of the project brief

Quality and clarity of the documented drawings/photographs and detailing of the system
Materiality and richness of contents
Clear visual and written communication of your understanding of the project
Appropriate use of drawings/photographs standard e.g. symbols/profiling, label and
specifications

Standard university peer assessment for marks shall be distributed as follows:

Visual image, annotated sketches or drawings (20marks)

Documentation of building services system of selected building, explain the installation process and
identify possible problems to the system (if applicable) including recommendations for future
improvement

Clear and suitable visual image used in report

Clarity and annotation in sketches

Analysis, Explanation & Case Study (50 marks)

Understanding the application, system, installation, process, benefits and problems.

Ability to identify problem defects and analyze problem.
Propose appropriate solutions.
Provide the appropriate case study (at least one)
Ability to analyse the application of system to the real building project.

Communication (10 marks)

45
 English structure, punctuation, spelling, grammar

Presentation

7-10 minutes presentation.

To develop students understanding of course materials and the current application in construction
industry.
Developing higher-order intellectual skills evaluating skills and critical thinking skills
Encourage knowledge sharing about subject taught
Understand and explain relevant information related to the selected case study.
Identify the application, system, installation, process, benefits, problems and anything relevant to
support the documentation.

Report submission date: 12pm, 6th July 2017

Presentation: Tutorial in week 13

46