1

Student Number: 51262215

Student Name : Y. D. Hauradhun

Assignment 3 (Semester 1)

Examination Portfolio Number: 821839

Module: COM3702
(Media Studies: Policy, Management and
Representation)

University of South Africa

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I, the undersigned, hereby declare that this is my own and personal work, except where the
work(s) or publications of others have been acknowledged by means of reference techniques.

I have read and understood Tutorial Letter CMNALLE/301 regarding technical and presentation
requirements, referencing techniques and plagiarism.

Name : Y.D. Hauradhun

Student Number : 51262215

Date : 17/05/2017

A Witnesss name : D Tetley

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SN Table of Contents Page

1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 MEDIA POLICY AND REGULATION 5

2.1 The nature of media and communication policy 5

2.1.1 Identification of the Problem 6

2.1.2 Policy development 6

2.1.3 Decision making 6

2.1.4 Implementation of policy 7

2.1.5 Evaluation of policy 7

3 MEDIA MANAGEMENT 8

3.1 Strategic Media Management 8

3.1.1 Internal and external assessment of a media organisation 8

3.1.2 SWOT analysis 9

3.1.3 The strategic fit betweem the internal and external
10
conditions
4 REPRESENTATION 11

4.1 Summary of news article 11

4.1.1 News as representation 11

4.1.2 Intensity or threshold 12

4.1.3 Cultural proximity or relevance 12

4.1.4 Unexpectedness 13

4.1.5 Composition 13

4.2 Media and Race 13

4.2.1 Racism 13

4.2.2 Concept of representation in terms of racism in the media 14

4.2.3 Institutional Racism in South African media 14

4.2.4 Whiteness as ideological position in South African
15
Media
4.3 Media and Sexual Orientation : the portrayal of gays and
16
lesbians
4.3.1 The concept: Media representation of Sexual Orientation 16
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4.3.2 The visibility of gays and lesbians in the media 16

4.3.3 The representation, stereotyping and otehring of sexual
17
orientation
4.3.4 Representation in the media of hate crimes against
17
lesbians
4.4 Media and HIV/AIDS 18

4.4.1 Representation 18

4.4.2 Metaphor 19

4.4.3 Agenda building process for public opinion 19

4.4.4 Newsworthiness of the issue in the article 20

4.4.5 The placing and time slot of the issue 21

4.4.6 The issues placing into perspective 21

4.5 Media and Terrorism 21

4.5.1 Definition of Terrorism 22

4.5.2 The role of the media over Brussels bombings in March
23
2016
4.5.3 Media needs of terrorists 24

SOURCES CONSULTED 25

ADDENDUM A 31

ADDENDUM B 33

ADDENDUM C 35
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1 INTRODUCTION

This portfolio deals with a variety of themes from media studies. The first theme analyses media
policy and regulations with regards to the anture of media and communication policy whilst
relating it to the stages of a policy process as well as how they relate in terms of the law
prevailing in South Africa.

The second theme deals with media management in terms of strategic media management,
focusing on the SWOT analysis in terms of external and external assessment of a media
organisation and its strategic fit.

The third theme focuses on representation in terms of news as representation whereby an online
news article is selected and discussed with a view to how the reporter uses the characteristics of
news values to contextualise the story.

The fourth theme discusses how the media represents race, emphasising on institutional racism
and on the whiteness theory as an ideological position in South Africa.

The fifth theme deals with the media in terms of sexual orientation, particularly portrayl of gays
and lesbians whilst it elaborates on stereotypes, visibility and hate crimes.

The sixth theme discusses how the media represents HIV/AIDS in South Africa by selection off
an online news article to elaborate on its agenda building process and newsworthiness.

Finally, the seventh theme deals the relationship of the media and terrorism wherein an online
news article on Brussels bombings in 2016, is selected for analytical purposes.

2 MEDIA POLICY AND REGULATION

2.1 The nature of media and communication policy

Fourie (2008:5) states that communication policy is a collective term for all policy aimed at the
establishment of the system of public communication also referred to as mass communication.
The outlined focus on communication policymaking are content and structure, the former
referring to policies that impact on the nature of the content offered by the media outlets and the
latter signifying the structural elements of the media markets, such as ownership patterns and
competitive conditions (Iosifidis 2011:2). Such a policy process involves five stages wherein the
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Film Publication Regulation (FPR) (see ADDENDUM A) is selected to explain these processes
as follows:

2.1.1 Identification of the Problem

Policies emerge to improve an existing situation wherein the problem is located by comparing the
current situation (reality) with the desired situation (norm). According to Fourie (2008:10) the
categorisation of a policy problem is based on: ideology, issue and agenda. After South Africa
became a democratic country in 1995, the televisions and radios were simultaneously, relied on
to reflect a democratic (agenda) and peacful (ideology) country, which was not the case (issue)
therein thus, the problem identified to protect the rights of children who are the most
vulnerable ones in society. The Film Publication Act came into being in 1996, to enable the
establishment of the Films and Publications Board (FPB). This entity is used as a vehicle to
protect children from exposure to potentially disturbing, harmful and inappropriate materials and
to protect children from sexual exploitation in media content.

2.1.2 Policy Development

Endeavouring to find a solution to an existing problem constitutes an important part in the policy
development process. Fourie (2008:10) states that policy development involves figuring out a
solution for a problem and often takes place in large organisations which include specialists
working in a division that specialises in policy-related issues.

Fourie (2008:11) indicates that the mission (or mission statement) of an organisation often
contains the values that become guiding indicators for the development of a policy document.
The term organisation encompasses the administrative body of a country, which in this instance
is South Africa aiming to regulate the freedom of expression which if not monitored can usurp
certain democratic rights by selecting media content and online content by establishing the FPB.
A great deal of research goes into the process of policy development which guides the policy
plan.

2.1.3 Decision-making

Planning is central in policy-making especially if the plan has to lead to a decision wherein the
trigger to this end depends on sufficient support in terms of lobbying. In the context of the FPB
policy development plan, a statute is required to be passed by the South African Parliament for
the entity to be legally established.
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Brand South Africa (2017) states that one of the prominent lobbyists in South Africa to protect
such rights is:

Lawyers for Human Rights (LHR) is an independent human rights organisation with over 35 years of
human rights activism and public interest litigation in South Africa. The organisation uses the law as a
positive instrument for change and to deepen the democratisation of South African society. It
provides free legal services to vulnerable, marginalised and indigent individuals and communities,
both non- national and South African victims of unlawful infringements of their constitutional rights.

As such, lobbyists from both civil society and politicians try to convince or gain support from
individuals who may influence the policy and help to get it accepted. A great deal of explaining,
as well as major negotiations needs to be done in order for the proposed policy plan to be
supported by everyone. Subsequently, the policy was endorsed by the South African Parliament
and resulting in the creation of the FPB to regulate media content.

2.1.4 Implementation policy

Fourie (2008:12) states that preceding the decision-making strategic policy, becomes
operation policy (short term) whereby it need to be implemented. The need for the
establishment of an organisation, such as the FPB, could be regarded as a strategic policy
decision. However, the day-to-day running of the FPB, should be regarded as an operational
policy issue which according to South African Government (2017), are as follows:

The FPB assists the public to make informed choices about whether a particular film is appropriate
by displaying guidelines that identify classifiable elements such as strong language, violence, sex,
nudity, drug abuse, blasphemy and religious prejudice (South African government :2017).............
The board spearheads a national anti-child-pornography campaign to educate learners about ways to
avoid victimisation. Child-pornography websites can be reported by calling the boards toll-free
number 0800 148 148.

2.1.5 Evaluation of policy

Fourie (2008:13) states that an adequate policy evaluation presupposes that the preceding
stages and especially the development of policy have all been covered quite thoroughly, so that
one can easily determine the end goals that were envisaged in the process. The evaluation of
policy needs to indicate whether the policy is achieving the actual goals it was set to achieve.
As such, a negative outcome clearly outlines the need to review back the policy development.
Therefore, an on-going evaluation of the FPB needs to indicate whether this organisation is
meeting the goals it was set to fulfil namely to regulate the creation, production,
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possession and distribution of films, games and certain publications by way of classification;
protect the child from harmful exposure to media content.

3. MEDIA MANAGEMENT

Media management contains the functions strategic management, procurement management,

production management, organisational management and marketing of media enterprises.

3.1 Strategic media management

Fourie (2008:162, cited Daft) states that strategic management is the set of decisions and
actions used to formulate and implement strategies that will provide a competitively superior fit
between the organisation and its external environment so as to achieve organisational
objectives. According to Cilliers (2008:108, cited Smit and Cronje 2002), the business or
management environment comprises three different environments: the micro-environment, the
market environment and the macro-environment. Thus, formulation of strategy involves
assessing all the three environments, in which the organisation operates, then making a series of
strategic decisions about how the organisation will compete.

3.1.1 Internal and external assessment of a media organisation

According to Cilliers (2008:116), under the system approach in management, the media
organisation is seen as a system wherein the focus is on the interface between a media
organisation and importance of the interface between a media organisation and its environment
especially the environment's influences on the organisation and its subsystems.

Furthermore, Cilliers (2008:116) states that:

A media organisation gets resources (or inputs) from the environment in the form of people
(labour), physical resources (raw materials), capital (financial resources) and information
(knowledge and know-how). The media organisation transforms these inputs from the environment
into outputs in the form of products and services from the environment, or more specifically, the
marketplace.

Therefore, the environmental analysis involves two categories: internal assessment (micro-
environment) and external assessment (macro environment including the market environment).

According to Cilliers (2008:110), the three environments are elaborared as follows:

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- The micro-environment includes: mission and objectives of the organisation; the organisation
and its management, eg marketing, financial and purchasing management; the resources of
the organisation, eg human resources, capital and know-how; and the organisational culture.

- The market environment includes: the market, comprising consumers, their needs,
purchasing power and behaviour; suppliers; Intermediaries; competitors; opportunities; and
threats.

- The macro-environment includes: technological environment; economic environment; social

environmen; institutional/political environment; international environment; and ecological
environment.

3.1.2 SWOT analysis

The purpose of performing a SWOT analysis is to reveal positive forces that work together and
potential problems that need to be addressed or at least recognised in order to analyse the
branch of industry in which an organisation operates, but would not say much about the position
that the organisation itself occupies in the branch of the industry (Fourie 2008:163). A SWOT
analysis reveals an organisations strength (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O) and Threats
(T) (Fourie 2008:164).

Therein, the internal factors are the strengths and weaknesses internal to the organisation. The
external factors are the opportunities and threats presented by the environment external to the
organisation. According to MPAMedia [Sa], the components of the SWOT analysis are explained
below in the form of a diagram:

STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES

What is the company's market share?
What are the company's major lines
of business?
Does the company have a pool of
skilled employees?
Are the company's sales & marketing
functions effective?
Does the company have a strong
financial position? Can it raise
capital?
What are the company's historical
operating results?
Has the company demonstrated the
ability to adapt and change?
Are there new technologies that the
company can use to innovate?
Are there opportunities to extend
brands into related areas?
Are there reasonable acquisition
opportunities?
Can the company move up the value
chain?
Are there opportunities for strategic
partnerships with non-competitive
businesses?
Are there money-losing ventures that
can be divested to increase
profitability?
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WEAKNESSES THREATS

Does the company have adequate

What are the company's least
reserves to withstand a down cycle?
profitable lines of business?
Is there trade union activity that could
Are any of the company's lines of
have an adverse effect?
business losing money?
Are competitors eating away market
Is the company able to hire and retain
share or driving down prices?
talented employees?
Does the internet pose a threat to the
Are the company's sales & marketing
company?
functions effective?
Does lack of access to capital limit
Does the company have a strong
the company's ability to invest?
financial position? Can it raise
capital?
Is the company innovative? Has it
brought new products or services to
market?
Does the company have high levels
of corporate governance?

3.1.3 The strategic fit between the internal and external conditions

Majukawa, Haddud & Liu (2016) state that strategic fit is concerned with the alignment of the
organisations market requirements and the operations capabilities and it is measured in terms of
its market relatedness or fit which is necessary to exploit the economies of scope. According to
Department of Communication Sciences (2008:125), the success of a news strategic plan for a
media organisation depends on the strategic fit between the internal situation and external
conditions and the objective of a good strategy would be to increase the strengths, to optimise
the opportunities, and to decrease the influence of internal weaknesses and external threats.

Barnot (2014) coins that functional strategies are primarily concerned with the activities of the
functional areas of a business which support the desired competitive business level strategy and
complement each other wherein functional areas are purchasing and materials management,
production/operations, marketing, finance, human resources, research and development, and
information systems management.

Njeri (2013:3) expounds as follows:

Porter (1998) defines competitive strategy as being different which means deliberately choosing to
perform activities differently or to perform different activities better than rival to deliver unique mix of
value. He attributes this to a number of possible approaches, i.e., positioning the firm so that its
capacities provide the best defense against the existing array of competitor forces; influencing the
balance of forces through strategic moves, thereby improving the firms relative position; or
anticipating shifts in the factors underlying the forces and responding to them, thereby exploiting
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change by choosing a strategy appropriate to the new competitive balance before rival recognizes
it.

Therefore, a company's success or failure is thus closely linked to the following keys:

- The competitive strategy and all functional strategies must fit together to form a coordinated
overall strategy wherein each functional strategy must support other functional strategies
and help a firm reach its competitive strategy goal.
- The different functions in a company must appropriately structure their processes and
resources to be able to execute these strategies successfully.

4 REPRESENTATION

4.1 Summary of News article

Following concerns wherein terrorists have come up with innovative type of airline bomb,
President Trump is considering banning electronic devices, larger than a mobile phone-
laptops, tablets and kindles in aircraft cabin, in order to ensure the security of incoming
flights passengers in USA. Last month, both the US and British Governments banned
electronic devices on board of flights from six Middle Eastern countries. The present list of
countries (airports) under such restrictive measures is elaborated as follows:

USA : UAE (Abu Dhabi and Dubai), Morocco

Britain : Lebanon, Tunisia
USA & Britain : Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, Kuwait, Qater, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait

Now, the US also banned such devices on flights from the British airports, claiming that British
security chiefs have been alerted of being a terrorist affected area. The US is also planning to
extend such security restrictions to incoming flights from some parts of Europe. Thereafter, it
could be implemented soon. Hoewever, no final has been taken as regards inclusion of Britain
under the restrictions.

4.1.1 News as representation

Generally speaking, news values of a story are based on what relevance and effect a story has
on its audience, in other words its newsworthiness. The greater the relevance and effect on the
audience, (the higher number of news values the story contains) makes the story more of a
priority in the news journalism world. Scandinavian researchers Johan Galtung and Marie
Holmboe Ruge (1965) identified nine values that make up news selection which are:
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- Time span
- Intensity or threshold value
- Clarity / lack of ambiguity
- Cultural proximity or relevance
- Consonance
- Unexpectedness
- Continuity
- Composition
- Socio-cultural

4.1.2 Intensity or threshold

Intensity and absolute intensity related to the simple proposition that, say, the more violent the
murder the bigger the headlines (Mcgregor [Sa]). Now President Trump considers banning
laptops from aircraft cabins on flights from the UK (Hayward 2017). Thus, the use of the word
now intensifies the headlines. Hayward (2017) reports ban of laptops and iPads in passengers
hand luggage in flights cabin. Thus, it is deduced that it is clearly a crisis of magnitude for most
passengers who have come to rely a lot on these devices.

4.1.3 Cultural proximity or relevance

Relevance refers to the level of meaning implied for news audiences even if an event happened
in a culturally distant place (Mcgregor [Sa]). The article by Hayward (2017) on the website of the
Daily Mail, a newspaper in the United Kingdom, is clearly of relevance to the readers therein, as
it would inform them under which conditions the flights to USA are operating.

Mcgregor [Sa] explains the nature of cultural proximity as follows:

Four culture-bound factors influencing the transition from events to news were also identified as
being important in western developed countries by Galtung and Ruge (1965). These were the more
the event concerned elite nations, the more probable that it would become a news item. Similarly,
the more the event referred to elite people the more likely it would be chosen as news and if an
event can be personalised or personified it has heightened newsworthiness.

As such, USA and UK are considered as elite countries which are commonly targeted by
terrorists and thus, the article by Hayward (2017) is of relevance to both countries.
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4.1.4 Unexpectedness

This factor adds to the preceding factor consonance which refers to stories that are expected
for instance, corruption in certain countries- are more likely to be slected (Fourie 2008:235).
Therefore unexpectedness is the unexpected within the meaningful and the consonant that is
brought to ones attention. Haywards article (2017) on security measures preceding terrorist
threat which ban flights passengers from using laptops and iPads, is unexpected.

4.1.5 Composition

An event may be included as news not because of its intrinsic news value but because it fits into
the overall composition or balance of a newspaper or news broadcast. For instance, editors may
seek to provide a balance of different types of coverage in various ways. If there is an excess of
foreign news for instance, the least important foreign story may have to make way for domestic
news. In this way the prominence given to a story depends not only on its own news values but
also on those of competing stories. In that respect, the article by Hayward (2017) is classified
under the heading of news which announces matters of national interest to its readers in UK.

4.2 Media and Race

4.2.1 Racism

Hoyt Jr. (2010: 225) defines racism as the belief that all members of a purported race possess
characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as
inferior or superior to another race or other races. Racism has been also viewed as an ideology
based on the perception on naturally occuring biological differences correlated with social, moral
and cultural values in a hierarchical system that privileges European biological traits (Fourie
2008:283).

Miles & Brown (2003:6) coin that racism interacts with other social phenomena and changes
form according to circumstances. As such, Fourie (2008:285) states that racism beliefs in the
1960s also accomodated to include actions and processes that maintained white domination and
the continue subordination and inequality of black citizens. The last change to the racism
ideology was a new racism did not present itself as explicitly against racial others; it simply
offered itself as a way of preserving its own way of life, represented in essentialised notions of
nationhood and culture (Fourie 2008:285, cited Solomos & Black 1996:18).
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Acording to TimesLive (2017), former Miss South Africa Bokang Montjane-Tshabalala has
detailed an incident where she claimed a white couple hurled racist insults at her, calling her a
monkey and swearing at her when they lost their cool in a car behind her when she was driving
back from a salon. Thus, racism is a particular form of prejudice defined by preconceived
erroneous beliefs about race and members of racial groups.

4.2.2 Concept of representation in terms of racism in the media

Brooks & Hbert (2006) state that just as gender is a social construct through which a society
defines what it means to be masculine or feminine, race also is a social construction and the
media plays an important and complex role in shaping our increasinly racialised media culture.

Considering that the media is central to what is represented as our social realities (Brooks &
Hbert, 2006:297), it is commonly agreed that the social construct in South Africa implies the use
of the word race referring to skin colour or ethnicity.

Feminist Frequency (2014) quotes Whoopi Goldberg statement as follows:

Well, when I was nine years old, Star Trek came on, I looked at it and I went screaming through
the house, Come here, mum, everybody, come quick, come quick, theres a black lady on
television and she aint no maid! I knew right then and there I could be anything I wanted to be.

Such a statement clearly reveals that the media often represents black women in inferior position
in society class.

Ngobili (2006) clearly corrobates this fact when she states as follows:

Louise Beavers has appeared in over 160 films from the 1920's through the 1960's often as a
mammy stereotype of a maid, servant, or housekeeper. Louise Beavers played the lead role of
Deliah a black maid in imitation of life (1934). Even though she was giving the lead role not
overshadowed by a white actor or actresses, she was still stereotyped playing a mammy role.

The mammy role clearly depicts how ideas about race inform the different ways in which
racism is manifested in the media (Fourie 2008:302).

4.2.3 Insitutional racism in South African Media

According to Heather (2012) institutional racism is a pattern of differential access to material

resources and power determined by race, advantages one sector of the population while
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disadvantaging another; such racism is not only about conspicuous acts of violence but can be
carried in the hold of mono-cultural perspectives; and overt state violation of principles
contributes to the backdrop against which much less overt yet insidious violations occur.

Gumede (2016) states that institutional racism is embedded in most of South Africas institutions:
state bodies, private companies, churches, schools, universities, police, media and the courts.
Entrenched from the legacy os slavery, colonialism and apartheid, the media in South Africa has
the tendencies to reproduce the racial biases inherent in the society by giving priorities to news
through white privilege lenses. Aislinn Laing, journalist at the Telegraph News, (website
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/09/white-south-african-judge-sparks-outrage-after-
claiming-rape-is/) publicised the news that a white South African judge claims that rape is black
culture and consequently, causing debates on the issue. As such, the mere newsworthiness of
this article reveals a society and domination which is skewed against blacks (Gumede 2016).
Gumede (2016) coins that even black ownership or black boards or staff do not automatically
mean media houses will cover issues from a diverse perspective because such has been the
devastating legacy of apartheid that even black South Africans, including black journalists may
internalise white racial negativity about blackness, and report issues through that lens also.

4.2.4 Whiteness as an ideological position in South African Media

The study of race and the media cannot be seriously undertaken without engaging with theories
of ideology and without awareness of theoretical work of differing approaches. According to
Fourie (2008:295), Thompson (1990) argues that ideology is rooted in language wherein it
operates as meaning in the service of power whereas Billig (1991) states that ideology operates
as a sense-making framework of the audience as regards the representation of the text.

Given that South Africa, is a country where the mere mention of the word race invoke the
distinction of superiority of the whites over the blacks, Ruth Frankenberg (2000) and Richard
Dyrer, have theorised the whiteness in its ideological position wherein both agrees that
whiteness is a social construction. Dyer argues that both the invisibility of whiteness and its
omnipresence give it its power whilst Frankenberg focuses on the site of its dominance wherein
everyone is assigned a place in the relations of racism.

In the article at https://www.theguardian.com/guardianweekly/story/0,,1840575,00.html, Caroll

(2011) reported as follows:

Hired to protect white-owned businesses in the 1980s, he is thought to have shot 101 people,
killing 39, in a three-year spree. Some were burglars; others were passersby dragged in from the
street. All were black or coloured, the term for those of mixed race.
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Therein, hired to protect white-owned businesses represents the dominance of the whites
wherein the mere fact of being a white occupies a position of privilege in a natural and invisible
way.

4.3 Media and sexual orientation: the portrayal of gays and lesbians

4.3.1 The concept media representation of sexual orientation

The gays and lesbians are minority groups. The mass media actively takes part in the
construction of identities of these minority groups. Thus, the media creates meaning about
sexual orientation. According to Cilliers (2008:247), the representations of gays and lesbians in
the media have an impact on dominant ideas about what it entails to belong to one of these
minority groups. If media portrays homosexuality as some kind of disease that people need to be
cured from, then society will see it in the same light because they believe that what is depicted in
the media is true. A lot of people rely on the media to give them information on topics such as
homosexuality that they cannot discuss with others, because they somehow seem sensitive to
society. So they take information as it is from the media without questioning it since they do not
have any other source of information about homosexuality.

4.3.2 The visibility of gays and lesbians in the media

Often when minority groups do attain visibility in the media it reflects on the stereotypes and
biases of those creating the media. However, early depictions of gays and lesbian individuals
were negative and often based on prevailing stereotypes the public image of homosexuals
swung between two stereotypes: the child molester and the drag queen (Fourie 2008:335).

Although mainstream media representations are dominated by heterosexuality, one of the

turning points for gay and lesbian representation on television occurred in 1997 following the
show Ellen, which was the first television show that had a lesbian leading character. Ellens
coming out was significant because it contributed to the visibility of lesbians on television and
helped shape the visibility they have today.

It took South African television years to finally include homosexuals in the programme text. The
majority of people in society are not educated about the lifestyle and sexual orientation of
homosexuals. According to Staff Writer (2013), SABC presented the popular soapie Generations
which introduced the characters of Jason and Senzo as a gay couple which was not common
previously.
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According to Penn State (2016), the representation of the LGBTQ community on television has
increased according to GLAADs (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) most recent
report Where We Are on TV which analyzes the overall diversity of primetime scripted series
regulars on broadcast networks and LGBTQ characters on cable networks for the 2015-2016
television season.

4.3.3 The representation, stereotyping and othering of sexual orientation

It is believed that through stereotyped portrayals, the media reinforce existing patterns of
attitudes and behaviours toward specific individuals, groups and institutions, especially the
homosexual community. Gay men and masculine lesbians are regarded as threatening to
heterosexuality. Thus, if society perceives a certain group negatively or positively, the media
would have influenced their attitudes in one way or the other.

Homosexuals are depicted differently from heterosexuals because they are part of the minority in
society; the majority of society is heterosexuals. Producers create television content that strives
to please the majority wherein more often, gays are portrayed as possessing feminine
characteristics. For example in the television show Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, Tituss is the
gay male character who is very feminine and fashionable. On the other hand, lesbians are
characterised with masculine features in the media. Penn State (2016) affirms that in most
movies, lesbians have short haircuts, tattoos, and is most likely driving a pick-up truck. For
instance, Big Boo in the movie Orange in the new Black is portrayed as a typical butch
lesbian.

Homosexuality is still not fully accepted in todays society and traditional patriarchal portrayal of
both men and women are still dominant. Hence, on television the gay male is omitted seen
showing affection to another male.

4.3.4 Representation in the media of hate crimes against lesbians

In an online article in Women and Girls website

(https://www.newsdeeply.com/womenandgirls/), Hate crime call for corrective rape receives
boost in South Africa (Thorpe 2016), it becomes clear that prejudice and dangers still targets
lesbians in South Africa. In this article, Thorpe (2016) writes that despite the claim by the
South African Government to address the violence towards the homosexual community by
passing a hate crime bill, the lesbians are still the prey of violence and rape. The article
reports that corrective rape, the belief that heterosexual rape can cure or correct a
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womans homosexuality, is known to be common in South Africa. The article further reports
that activists argue that laws are not much of a deterrent in the context of South Africas
patriarchal society. Thus, it is deduced that the media is potraying that that there is no
concrete prevailing safety measures for lesbians in South Africa which is still dominated by a
patriarchy.

In another online article on website Waging Nonviolence (https://wagingnonviolence.org/),

the writer Mwareya-Mhondera (2015) clearly states that South Africas high incidence of
domestic violence against all women means lesbians face a higher threat of violence in
general and that the South African media has also stepped up to highlight lesbian rights to its
audiences. It is also reported in the article that lack of initiative to ensure the safety of
lesbians has caused the emergence of a group Correct The Country. founded in 2005 by
Ndumie Funda whose main objective is to put an end to corrective rape a phenomenon
where men rape lesbian women with the belief that it will somehow correct them of their
sexuality. Henceforth, the lesbians are again portrayed as victims of corrective rape with an
absent government in the background to tackle the issue.

4.4 Media and HIV/AIDS

4.4.1 Representation

Fourie (2008:381) states that representation can briefly be described as the concept that we use
when we refer to the mass media as representing the world in which we live. Whilst it is widely
acknowledged that HIV/AIDS is the worst epidemic humanity has ever faced which keeps on
increasing with more catastrophic long-term effects than any other disease, the media have
tremendous reach and influence in that respect wherein it has a pivotal role to play in the fight
against HIV/AIDS. My selected article refers (See ADDENDUM C).

The media has a moral responsibility to inform the public about AIDS, to be critical of
government policy when appropriate and to advocate constructive approaches to dealing with
the epidemic. In an online article in the Sunday Times News (Joseph 2016), the journalist is
overtly criticising the circumstances when the government policies were not in favour of
acknowledging the relationship between HIV and AIDS. Such a delay in recognising HIV/AIDS
relationship and how it causes death when not treated with the right medicines has caused the
deaths of so many South Africans which could have been avoided if the right policy health
programme was adopted by the government on time. As such, the right policy would have been
making ARVs available to all HIV/AIDS patients in the country.
 19

The value perspective of the selected article emphasises the total lack of humanitarian feelings
of those politicians who were supposed to look after the well-being of the country and its people.

Joseph (2016) states that:

"Shall I repeat garlic, shall I talk about beetroot, shall I talk about lemon... these delay the
development of HIV to Aids-defining conditions, and that's the truth," the minister, nicknamed Dr
Beetroot, said in a debate on her department's budget vote in 2006.

As such, Joseph (2016) is clearly representing the far from the truth state of the pandemic that
is destroying the country gradually and the term Dr Beetroot is clearly meant to depict the
person as claiming such untrue statements as ridiculous.

4.4.2 Metaphors

According to the Oxford Dictionary, a metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is
applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. Joseph (2016) used the
metaphor - South Africas rocky road to HIV-freedom which suggests that the rocky road is
figuritavely used to refer to the former President Thabo Mbeki aided by the former Minister of
Health, Dr Manto Tshabalala-Msimimang who kept denying the link between HIV and AIDs
as long as he was the President of South Africa.

Another metaphor used by Joseph (2016) is plague of biblical proportions which clearly
suggests that AIDS is a massively destructive epidemic. People from all age group are dying
of Aids old, young and children. Whilst the majority of HIV/AIDS patients were helpless and
vulnerable on the face of such power and denialism, the reporter is a making a point to
inform the readers how the President Thabo Mbeki was responsible for the deaths of
hundreds of thousands of people in the country.

4.4.3 Agenda-Building Process for Public Opinion

Agenda building refers to the process by which news organisations and journalists feature,
emphasise, and/or select certain events, issues, or sources to cover over others. As such,
the agenda-building process is a conscious effort to place the issue on the public agenda
and to influence its outcome by the media. According, to Fourie (2008:385), in order to
explain and analyse the possible influence of specific media on its users, it is necessary to
ask, among other things, the following questions:
 20

- Is media attention necessary for an event to become an issue?

- Is there enough continuity of the theme to retain attention?
- Is this issue far removed from the recipient?
- Is the issue placed into perspective?
- Placing and/or time of the issue?
- Is the media content linked with secondary symbols
- Are credible sources quoted/
- Are the media known as credible sources of information?

For the purpose of this assignment, I will discuss the three questions as requested.

4.4.4 Newsworthiness of the issue in the article

Media attention is clearly of utmost importance when an event or issue is kept secret from
the mass population by powerful organisations or government. Thus, the media attention is
the main gateway to expose the secret to the public. The reporter, Joseph (2016), clearly
revisits some of the families destroyed by Mbeki's Aids denialism in the past, so that the
present Government and South Africans remember the foolish decision of a former president
which caused so many deaths. The newsworthiness of this article is categorised as an issue
that needs to be commemorated and remembered in order to prevent such foolish denial in
the future. The journalist has a personal connection to these pasts events because he had
witness the death and helplessness of the HIVpatients Before this thing young people
buried the old now it is the old burying the children Joseph (2016).

In the past the journalist Boseley (2008), stated in her article:

The Aids policies of the former South African president Thabo Mbeki's government were directly
responsible for the avoidable deaths of more than a third of a million people in the country, according
to research by Harvard University.

Therefore, the newsworthiness of this article has been acknowledged because in the past
other media and policy makers has taken up this issue that has caused it to become a public
issue calling for the involvement of communities, the government and subsequently the
changing of laws and attitudes. In this instance the changing laws resulted in the
Constitutional court ordering to provide ARVs to all HIV patients in South Africa.
 21

4.4.5 The placing and time slot of the issue

In this instance, relating to events or issues, placing refers to on which page the articles are
placed in newspapers whilst the news is itemised as first, second and so on, on radio and
television news bulletins. As such, this article (Joseph 2016) is an online article on the
website of Sunday Times News which suggests that such a fact need to be known by all
readers on a global scale. The article was produced by Code for South Africa Data
Journalism Academy for Sunday Times Joseph 2016). The vocabulary used by the
journalist highlights its prominent features for invoking any form of reaction from the readers.
As such, in this chosen article (Joseph 2016), the journalist, through his choice of words,
outlines The heartbreaking legacy of South Africa's HIV/Aids victims wherein
heartbreaking legacy in order to provoke strong reactions from the Black- coloured patients
who had a lifetime of hardships and sufferings legacy related to apartheid and poverty.

4.4.6 The issues placing into perspective

This article is clearly reaching for a change in perspective for their readers by highlighting the
impact of Mbekis denialism and manipulation through endless fake scientific studies that
HIV has no link with AIDS and that ARVs are useless and even harmful for its treatment. The
journalist (Joseph 2016) relates his own experience of encountering a 30-year old woman
who was an HIV/AIDS patient and suffering increasingly due to lack of its treatment wherein
the disease was also disrobing her dignity as a human being in the society. The article
(Joseph 2016) is clearly asking for a change of perspective which can be achieved by not
supporting the ever-denialism of former President Mbeki in respect of HIV/AIDS patients
treatment.

4.5 Media and terrorism

4.5.1 Definition of Terrorism

It is commonly agreed that terrorism does not have a commonly agreed definition yet. However,
there are some prerequisites for an action to be accepted as a terrorist act. As such, Fourie
(2008:449) states that the Organisation of African Unity (OAU 1999, Article 1) defines terrorism
as:

(a) Any act which is a violation of the criminal laws of a State Party and which mayendanger the
life, physical integrity or freedom of, or cause serious injury or death to, any person, any
 22

number or group of persons or causes or may cause damage to publicor private property,
natural resources, environmental or cultural heritage and iscalculated or intended to:

(i) intimidate, put in fear, force, coerce or induce any government, body, institution,the
general public or any segment thereof, to do or abstain from doing any act, or toadopt
or abandon a particular standpoint, or to act according to certain principles; or
(ii) disrupt any public service, the delivery of any essential serviceto the public or to create
a public emergency; or
(iii) create general insurrection in aState.

(b) any promotion, sponsoring, contribution to, command, aid,incitement, encouragement,

attempt, threat, conspiracy, organizing,or procurement of any person, with the intent to
commit any actreferred to in paragraph (a) (i) to(iii).

The Brussels bombings in March 2016 is categorised as an act of terrorism because according
to Fox News (2016), it caused serious injuries to 180 people and deaths of 31 people. Fox
News (2016) further reports that the bombings brought down ceilings and ruptured water pipes,
mixing water with blood from victims which are clearly damages to public properties.

A source told Fox News that a credible ISIS social media account posted the message, Mosul
revenge for the Kuffar capital Brussels, but it was not definitive that the terror group was behind
the attacks (Fox News 2016). Such a statement reveals that the bombings have been intended
to intimidate and put in fear the general public and government. Moreover, causing the
bombings purposefully at the airport and at the metro station disrupted the delivery of an
essential service to the public.

4.5.2 The role of the media over Brussels bombings in 2016

The media and terrorism have become ever more intertwined in a mutually beneficial relationship
often described as 'symbiotic'. Just as terrorism has to be communicated to have effect, the
media has to cover the incidents in such a way to benefit from the publics eagerness to
obtain information about terrorist attacks (Bilgen 2012). Fourie (2008: 446) states that the
reason for these claims has simply been that terrorist activities are newsworthy by nature and the
media offer publicity to the terrorist groups by publishing reports on these activities.
Subsequently, the mass media capitalises from the confusion and consternation caused by
terrorist attacks to produce the kind of dramatic news that draws the attention of its viewers and
readers. On the other hand, the terrorists carefully calculate the scale, target, location, and timing
of their assaults to stir ample media attention so as to generate advertisements for their
messages on a global scale.
 23

The media is not only a passive channel to share information, but a key player that shapes
people's perceptions of reality. For instance, the reporter of the article (Fox News 2014) states
that ISIS has claimed credit for Tuesday mornings rush-hour attacks in Brussels which is
influencing the readers to believe that the culprit is ISIS. The effect of media coverage of
terrorist events and the reason why the media are utilised by the public to get information on
terrorist activities can be explained by three theories: contagion effect; agenda setting; and
the uses and gratification approach.

4.5.3 Media needs of terrorists

Fourie (2008:472, cited Schaffert 1992) describes the relationship between the media and
terrorism as parasitic because the media operates freely under democracy which terrorists aim
to end.

The contagion effect theory propounds that the media may actually cultivate and spread
terrorism (Fourie 2008:465) when reporting on terrorists activities. Fox News (2016)
propounds that - We have been subjected for the last few months in Europe to acts of war".
Fox News (2016) even quoted the Belgian Prime Minister: "What we feared has happened;
we were hit by blind attacks". Thus, these reports create an atmosphere and politics of fear,
and create incentives for the terrorists to cause further terrorists acts in any part of Europe.

According to Fourie (2008:467), the agenda setting theory proposes that if the terrorist group
can execute an event which is picked up by the media and become part of the media
agenda, it, consequentially influence and determine the public and government agenda. As
such, the agenda setting theory emphasises that if the media give much air-time or space (in
a repetitive manner) to an issue or event it is seen by information consumers as very
important. Fox News (2016) reports that Europe has taken in more than a million refugees
and terror groups including ISIS, are infiltrating the wave of migrants. Therein, the media is
subsequently trying to influence the public and the government to review the policy related to
refugees from Muslim nations.

The uses and gratification approach states that the audience or media user will use a
specific media product to gratify a certain need (Fourie 2008:468). It follows, therefore, that
terrorists and audiences need the media to satisfy their needs, and the effects can be
positive and negative. Fox News (2016) quoted one of the victims: "I felt the explosion, the
way it feels through your body which is clearly meant to enlarge anecdote stories on the
 24

events. Therefore, the immense coverage given by Fox News (2016) on the Brussels
bombings by writing sensation-seeking, enlarging anecdotic stories, especially on who is to
blame, repeating the same images over and over again, separating physical and mental
health consequences of disasters gratifies the needs of the audiences and ultimately, the
terrorists too.

5 CONCLUSION

This essay dealt with a variety of themes from media studies. The first theme analysed media
policy and regulation. The second theme discussed the management of a medias organisation.
The tird theme dealt with news as representation and its characteristics. The fourth theme
elaborated on how the media represented race, particularly in South Africa. The fifth theme dealt
with how the media portrays the gays and lesbians, a minority group. The sixth theme analysed
the how the media represents HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Finally, the seventh theme dealt with the
relationship betweent the media and terrorism, focusing on the terrorist act in Brussel in March
2016.
 25

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 31

ADDENDUM A

SUMMARY of FILMS AND PUBLICATIONS REGULATION 2014 in South Africa

1. The Film and Publication Board (Board) is a public entity of the Department of
Communications, established in term of the Films and Publications Act 65, 1996 (as
amended in 2004 and in 2009).

2 The mandate of the Board can be summarised as follows:

2.1 To regulate the creation, production, possession and distribution of films, games and
certain publications by way of classification;
2.2 To protect children from exposure to disturbing and harmful material and from premature
exposure to adult material; and
2.3 To criminalise child pornography and the use and exposure of children to pornography.

3 Section 18(1) of the Films and Publications Act requires any person who intends to
distribute any film or game and certain publications in the Republic of South Africa first to
register with the Board and to submit to the Board for examination and classification such
film, game or publication.

4 Although the current legislation is not platform-specific, the Board's compliance and
classification activities have over the year focused more on physical platforms and less on
the online space, resulting in children being exposed to unclassified content accessed
through the internet and other mobile platforms.

5 Media convergence - a new technology trend enabled by the digitisation of media content,
the widespread availability of high-speed broadband. This gazette is also available free
online at www.gpwonline.co.za No. 38531 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 4 MARCH 2015
connections, and the proliferation of Internet-enabled devices has fundamentally
transformed the way media content is distributed and consumed. Consumers can now
access media content across geographic boundaries, anytime, anywhere, and however
they want it.

6 Section 4A of the Act empowers Council, in consultation with the Minister, to issue
directives of general application, including classification guidelines, in accordance with
matters of national policy that are consistent with the purpose of this Act. Thus on 16
October 2013 Council resolved to enact an Online Regulation policy that would issue
directives on how the Board must classify and regulate the distribution of online content in
 32

the Republic of South Africa to ensure cyber safety of children and that children are
protected from disturbing and harmful content access through social media and mobile
platforms.

7 Against this background, in order to give effect to the Act, Council in consultation with the
Minister of Communications, Ms Faith Mutambi intends to adopt the attached Draft Online
Regulation Policy.

8 The purpose of the Policy is to ensure that classification and compliance monitoring
focuses on media content, rather than on platforms or delivery technologies.
 33

ADDENDUM B

Now President Trump considers banning

laptops from aircraft cabins on flights from the
UK
Passengers flying to US from UK face ban on laptops and iPads in hand luggage
Trumps administration considering extending ban on large electronic devices
US and the UK implemented a ban on flights from six Middle Eastern countries

By Eleanor Hayward For The Daily Mail

PUBLISHED: 01:35 BST, 25 April 2017 | UPDATED: 01:57 BST, 25 April 2017

Passengers flying to the US from British airports face being banned from taking laptops and
iPads in their hand luggage.

President Trumps administration is considering extending its ban on large electronic devices
being carried in aircraft cabins to flights from Europe, The Times reported.

Last month both the US and British governments barred passengers from bringing large
electronic devices on board incoming flights from six Middle Eastern countries.

The ban, which followed concerns terrorists had perfected a new type of airline bomb, means
travellers have to stow gadgets larger than a mobile phone including laptops, tablets and
kindles - in the hold.

British security chiefs have now been warned that the US is planning to extend these security
restrictions to incoming flights from some parts of Europe and have been put on alert that Britain
could be one of those affected.

Last month both the US and British governments barred passengers from bringing large
electronic devices on board incoming flights from six Middle Eastern countries. Above, the
airports and countries targeted by the new American and British policies.

A US official confirmed to The Times that Britain was on the list of countries being examined for
extended security restrictions. A UK government spokesman said: The safety and security of the
 34

travelling public is our highest priority. We keep aviation security under constant review.The US
Department of Homeland Security said: We will continue to evaluate the threat environment and
make determinations based on that assessment but we have not made any decisions on
expanding the current restrictions against large electronic devices in aircraft cabins from selected
airports.

Under the new arrangements, phones, laptops and tablets will be banned from hand luggage
from these countries on flights to the UK:

Turkey
Lebanon
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
Jordan
Tunisia

Passengers travelling to Britain from these countries cannot carry large electronic items in the
cabin on these UK airlines:

British Airways
EasyJet
Jet2.com
Monarch
Thomas Cook
Thomson

And non-UK carriers:

Turkish Airlines
Pegasus Airways
Atlas-Global Airlines
Middle East Airlines
Egyptair
Royal Jordanian
Tunis Air
Saudia

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4442136/Trump-ban-laptops-aircrafts-flights-UK.html/
 35

ADDENDUM C

The heartbreaking legacy of South Africa's HIV/Aids victims

The early 2000s were a terrible time when a plague of biblical proportions swept through South
Africa. The HIV and Aids pandemic claimed the lives of 330,000 people, between 2000 and
2005, indiscriminately killing old and young alike.

On the eve of the International Aids conference in Durban and 12 years after the first
private ARV pilot programme was launched in 2001, Raymond Joseph looks back at
South Africa's rocky road to HIV-freedom, and revisits some of the families destroyed by
Mbeki's Aids denialism.

Endless scientific studies that tried to prove there was no link between HIV and AIDS, and
claims that the virus could be held at bay with a diet of fruit, vegetables and vitamins, marked
South Africas decade of denialism under President Thabo Mbeki.

As the President pontificated, the virus claimed the lives of hundreds of thousands of lives as a
plague of biblical proportions swept through South Africas townships and rural areas.

From 1999, when he was elected President, to 2008, when his second term came to an abrupt
end, Thabo Mbeki steadfastly denied that HIV causes AIDS. He even went as far as to institute
policies that denied access to antiretrovirals (ARVs) for seriously ill people infected with the
virus.

At the height of the pandemic life-saving ARVs were available, but only via very expensive,
private treatment. Or for a lucky few, if they fell within the catchment areas of non-State,
privately-funded pilot programmes.

In newsletters penned late at night, Mbeki argued his theory that the risks of ARVs outweighed
the benefits and were poisonous. At the same time his Minister of Health, Dr Manto
Tshabalala-Msimimang, advocated vitamins, African potatoes, lemons, beetroot and garlic as a
remedy.

"Shall I repeat garlic, shall I talk about beetroot, shall I talk about lemon... these delay the
development of HIV to Aids-defining conditions, and that's the truth," the minister, nicknamed
Dr Beetroot, said in a debate on her department's budget vote in 2006.
 36

The government was ordered by the Constitutional Court to provide ARV-nevirapine (which
stops HIV from multiplying) in 2002. But it only began a slow rollout two years later, in 2004. By
then, the virus had emerged as one of the biggest threats to post-apartheid reconstruction and
development.

During that time photographer Fanie Jason and I became obsessed with telling the story of the
dead and the dying, and the stigma they faced, to give them them a voice.

Im still haunted by the image of one woman we spoke to. She was in her 30s but made
prematurely old by the disease. Her body was wasted and covered in sores and her dignity
gone as she struggled to control her bowels. But her neighbours refused to let her use the
communal public toilets because they believed she would infect them.

This is what people in townships and rural areas around South Africa were seeing on a daily
basis.

The virus, in the guise of opportunistic infections like TB and pneumonia that took advantage of
victims suppressed immune systems, was killing the young in ever-growing numbers.

A priest once told me after the burial of a schoolgirl: Before this thing young people buried the
old now it is the old burying the children.

But many people survived after they were put on to ARVs and, Phoenix-like, they came back
from the dead.

Today antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV infection from a progressive, typically
fatal infection to a chronic disease that can persist for many decades. A typical young adult who
acquires HIV is expected to be on therapy for up to 50 years, according to a recent article in the
Lancet medical journal.

Yet despite irrefutable data that proves how ARVs helped arrest the spiraling deaths once the
government rollout began, Mbeki is still sticking to his guns.

From the most powerful office in the land he preached denialism - and today, from a leafy
Joburg suburb, hes still doing the same thing.

In a newsletter in March this year he once again reiterated his controversial views. Back in
2006 he said that, according to Statistics South Africa, tuberculosis was the countrys leading
 37

cause of deaths, while HIV and Aids were the ninth. He also questioned why a spotlight was
being shone on HIV/Aids while, he claimed, less was being said and done about TB.

In his March 2016 newsletter he wrote: Did this have to do with the fact that South Africa could
be a lucrative market for the sale of ARVs, as it now is?

Source: http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/stnews/2016/07/17/The-heartbreaking-legacy-
of-South-Africas-HIVAids-victims/
 38

ADDENDUM C

SIS claims credit for terror attacks at Brussels airport, Metro

station

Published March 22, 2016

Fox News

DEVELOPING: ISIS has claimed credit for Tuesday mornings rush-hour attacks in Brussels,
which left at least 31 dead and more than 180 injured.

As many as 31 people were killed and more than 180 injured as coordinated terrorist bombings
rocked the Brussels airport and subway system during rush hour Tuesday morning in the Belgian
capital.

Two bombings at Zaventem Airport, where 11 people were reportedly killed, and another at the
metro station in the Maelbeek section near the European Union headquarters, where the mayor's
office said 20 were killed, were almost immediately confirmed as terrorism. The attack at the
airport was reportedly accompanied by shouts in Arabic and gunfire, and an unexploded suicide
belt was reportedly found in the aftermath.

"What we feared has happened, we were hit by blind attacks," said Belgian Prime Minister
Charles Michel.

"We are at war, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls said Tuesday. We have been subjected for
the last few months in Europe to acts of war."

The attacks, which Belgian authorities said were suicide bombings, came four days after the
main suspect in the November Paris attacks was arrested in Brussels, and even as Brussels was
braced for new attacks.

A source told Fox News that a credible ISIS social media account posted the message, Mosul
revenge for the Kuffar capital Brussels, but it was not definitive that the terror group was behind
the attacks.

The first two explosions rocked the departure hall at the Brussels airport shortly after 8 a.m. local
time. Early reports placed the number of dead at 13, with as many as 81 wounded, although the
 39

death toll was later revised downward to 11. Witnesses told The Associated Press that one
occurred at an American Airlines counter and the other near a Starbucks cafe.

American Airlines said in a statement that none of its employees were among the dead or injured
and later tweeted from its verified account that the blast did not occur at its check-in row.

There were two explosions in the departure area, one probably caused by a suicide bomber,"
said Belgian federal prosecutor Frederic Van Leeuw of the attack on the airport.

One of the airport bombs may have been in a suitcase, a U.S. official told The Associated Press,
and local TV reported that it may have been loaded with nails.

Witnesses recounted a harrowing and chaotic scene.

First there was one explosion. Everyone started to run and panic broke out. Then a second
explosion was heard, one witness told The Brussels Times about the airport explosion

Zach Mouzoun, who arrived on a flight from Geneva about 10 minutes before the first blast, told
BFM television that the second, louder explosion brought down ceilings and ruptured pipes,
mixing water with blood from victims.

"It was atrocious. The ceilings collapsed," he said. "There was blood everywhere, injured people,
bags everywhere."

"We were walking in the debris. It was a war scene," he said.

Marie-Odile Lognard, a traveler who was lining up in the departures hall for a flight to Abu Dhabi,
told BFM television that people panicked after the first explosion about 65 feet from her and that
a second explosion about 15 seconds later caused parts of the ceiling to collapse.

"I knew it was an explosion because I've been around explosions before," said Denise Brandt, an
American woman interviewed by Sky television.

"I felt the explosion, the way it feels through your body. And we just looked at each other and I
said 'let's go this way.' It was over there. There was just this instinct to get away from it. Then we
saw people running, crying, toward us. So I knew we were going in the right direction and away
from it. "
 40

Amateur video shown on France's i-Tele television showed passengers -- including a child --
running with a backpack dashing out of the terminal in different directions as they tugged
luggage. Belgian news channel RTBF reports a Kalashnikov rifle was found in the departure hall
at the airport

Marc Noel, 63, was about to board a Delta flight to Atlanta, to return to his home in Raleigh, N.C.
A Belgium native, Noel says he was in an airport shop buying automobile magazines when the
first explosion occurred about 50 yards away.

"People were crying, shouting, children. It was a horrible experience," he told AP. He said his
decision to buy the magazines might have saved his life. "I don't want to think about it, but I
would probably have been in that place when the bomb went off."

Three Mormon missionaires, identified by the church as Richard Norby, 66; Joseph Empey, 20,
and Mason Wells, 19, all of Utah, were the only Americans known to have been injured in the
airport attack.

Moments later at the Metro station, another explosion was reported on a train that was stopped
at the Maelbeek subway station, not far from the headquarters of the European Union. Ian
McCafferty told The Irish Times he was just getting off the metro at the stop before Maelbeek
around 8:20 a.m. when he heard a loud muffled thud but, because of construction at the metro,
he didnt really think much of it.

There was a large military presence and mass confusion, he said. People started to run. Some
people were crying. The two stations are only a stones throw apart. We were the last train
through the station before the blast.

Rescue workers set up a makeshift treatment center in a local pub near the train station. Dazed
and shocked morning travelers streamed from the metro entrances as police tried to set up a
security cordon.

Brussels Mayor YvanMajeur put the number of dead at the train station at 20, with more than 100
more injured.

Alexandre Brans, 32, who was wiping blood from his face, said: "The metro was leaving
Maelbeek station when there was a really loud explosion. It was panic everywhere. There were a
lot of people in the metro."
 41

First responders ran through the street outside with two people on stretchers, their clothes badly
torn.

The bombings in the European Union capital are certain to add new fire to the raging debate
over refugees from Muslim nations where terrorist groups are active. Europe has taken in more
than a million refugees, and terror groups including ISIS have said they are infiltrating the wave
of migrants.

After his arrest on Friday, Salah Abdeslam, who is suspected of taking part in the Nov. 13 Paris
attack that killed 130 people, told authorities he had created a new network and was planning
new attacks.

After Abdeslam's arrest and before Tuesday's attacks, authorities were frantically hunting a
suspect identified as 24-year-old NajimLaachraoui, who allegedly traveled to Hungary with
Abdeslam before the Paris attack on Nov. 13. It was unclear whether Laachraoui played any role
in Tuesday's bombings, but prosecutors say Laachraoui played a key role in recruiting attackers
for ISIS.

U.S. authorities were monitoring the situation, poised to assist in the investigation. A U.S.
counter-terrorism source told Fox News the priority for investigators is identifying the suicide
bomber or bombers through DNA because they cannot operate in isolation, and identifying them
can lead to the broader network.

Speaking Havana, President Obama mentioned the attacks before giving prepared comments on
the thawing relationship between the U.S. and Cuba. Obama called the attacks outrageous,
and pledged that the thoughts and prayers of Americans are with the Belgian people.

This is yet another reminder that the world must unite, we must be together, regardless of
nationality or race or faith, in fighting the scourge of terrorism, said Obama, who had also
spoken to Michel by phone.

Belgium's interior minister announced that the terror threat was being raised to its maximum
level. All flights were canceled and arriving planes and trains were diverted.

Authorities told people in Brussels to stay where they were, bringing the city to a standstill.
Airport security was also tightened in Paris, London and other European cities. Flights due to
land at Zaventem, which handles 21 million passengers a year, were sent to Antwerp, Liege, and
Brussels Charleroi airports.
 42

French President Francois Hollande said "terrorists struck Brussels but it was Europe that was
targeted -- and all the world that is concerned," adding that "this war will be long."

Paris announced it would light the Eiffel Tower in the colors of the Belgian flag, and security
around France's nuclear plants was reportedly increased, though no specific threat was cited.

Fox News' Catherine Herridge and Matthew Dean contributed to this report.

Source: http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/03/22/multiple-injuries-reported-after-explosions-at-
brussels-aiport.html/