MICROWAVE PATH CALCULATIONS

This shows the calculations done in order to obtain the necessary values in
designing the microwave communication system.

Microwave Path

Figure 5 Microwave Path

Assumptions
10-6 bit
Bit Error Rate (BER)
(1 error bit per 1 000 000 bits)
Bit Rate (BR) 34.368Mbps (1 E3)
Modulation Implementation Loss 3 dB
Modulation Scheme 64 - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Billboard 1 and Billboard 2 Dimensions 40 60
Rigid Waveguide @ each end 20 feet
Flexible Waveguide @ each end 5 feet
Number of Connectors @ each end 5 connectors
Use of Radome No
Parabolic Dish Efficiency 100%

Requirements
Transmitter Radiated Power (PTx) 30 dBm
Number of Passive Repeaters 2 repeaters
Temperature 290 K
Connector Loss 0.1 dB
Hybrid Loss 0.5 dB
Frequency of Operation (f) 6 GHz
Reliability 99.999%
Noise Figure (NF) 6 dB
EB/NO Calculations

ideal EB/NO = 18.8 dB (based from Freeman Handbook, Eb/No vs. BER curve)

desired EB/NO = ideal Eb/No + modulation implementation loss

desired EB/NO = 18.8 dB + 3 dB
desired EB/NO = 21.8 dB

TSYS = 10 log TO + NF 10 log B (where B = 1 Hz)

TSYS = 10 log 290 K + 6 dB 10 log 1 Hz
TSYS = 30.62 dB

NO = 10 log k + 10 log TSYS

NO = 10 log k + 30.62 dB
NO = -197.98 dB

Received Signal Level Calculations

min RSL = desired EB/NO + 10 log BR + NO

min RSL = 21.8 dB + 10 log 34.368 106 197.98 dBW
min RSL = -100.82 dBW
min RSL = -70.82 dBm

reqd RSL = min RSL + FM

reqd RSL = -70.82 dBm + 48 dB
reqd RSL = -22.82 dBm

Net Path Loss Calculation

NPL = PTx reqd RSL

NPL = 30 dBm (-22.82 dBm)
NPL = 52.82 dB

Coupling Condition Testing

a = 2 cos2

5942 56.04"
a = (24 30)cos 2

a = 24.99

b = 2 cos
2
 8012 34.19"
b = (24 30)cos 2

b = 23.47

(a + b) = 48.46

=
9.84108 /
= 6
= 0.164

2 = 98.94

Since (a + b) < , then far coupled condition exists between billboards.

Far Field / Near Field Condition Testing

1
=
42

Considering billboard 1:
3280
1 (27.16) ( 1 ) (0.164)
=
4(24.99)2
1
= 18.37

Since > 2.5, then far field condition exists between billboard 1 and

transmitter.

Considering billboard 2:
3280
1 (16.26) ( 1 ) (0.164)
=
4(23.47)2
1
= 12.46

Since
> 2.5, then far field condition exists between billboard 2 and receiver.
Gain Budgeting

NPL other losses = GTx + FSL1 + AAL1 GB1 + FSL2 + AAL2 GB2 + FSL3 + AAL3 GRx

Let: GTOTAL = GTx + GB1 + GB2 + GRx

NPL other losses = GOTAL + FSL1 + AAL1 + FSL2 + AAL2 + FSL3 + AAL3

FSL (dB) AAL (dB)

(TX Billboard 1) Path 1 136.64204 0.1907
(Billboard 1 2) Path 2 127.14385 0.0639
(Billboard 2 RX) Path 3 132.18544 0.1141

NOTE: The formulas used in the calculations for the free space losses (FSL) and
atmospheric absorption loss (AAL) are as follows:

FSL = 92.4 + 20 los dkm + 20 log f GHz

AAL = (0.00117 dB/GHz km)(fGHz)(dkm)
Recall: NPL = 52.82 dB

52.82 dB other losses = GOTAL + 136.64204 dB + 0.1907 dB + 127.14385 dB +

0.0639 dB + 132.18544 dB + 0.1141 dB

GTOTAL = 343.52003 dB + other losses

GB1 (dB) GB2 (dB)

Billboard Gain 119.7933 118.7020

NOTE: The formulas used in the calculations for the billboard gain (GB1) are as follows:

GB = 22.3 + 20 log Aft^2 + 40 log f GHz + 20 log cos 0.5

GTx + GRx = GTOTAL GB1 GB2 + other losses

GTx + GRx = 343.52003 dB 119.7933 dB 118.7020 dB + other losses
GTx + GRx = 105.0247 dB + other losses

Other Losses Transmitter Receiver

(1.05 dB/100)(20) (1.05 dB/100)(20)
Rigid Waveguide Loss (WR107)
=0.21dB =0.21dB
(0.1 dB/1)(5) (0.1 dB/1)(5)
Flexible Waveguide Loss
= 0.5 dB = 0.5 dB
(0.1 dB)(5) (0.1 dB)(5)
Connector Loss
= 0.5 dB = 0.5 dB
Hybrid Loss 0.5 dB 0.5 dB
Total Fixed Loss 1.71 dB 1.71 dB
GTx + GRx = 105.0247 dB + 1.71 dB + 1.71 dB
GTx + GRx = 108.4447 dB

In budgeting the gains for the transmitter and the receiver, the researchers
decided to divide the total gain equally to the two towers, therefore, each antenna
must have at least 54.22 dB.

G = GTx = GRx
G = 7.5 + 20 log dft + 20 log fGHz + 2.66 dB

20 log dft = 54.22 dB 7.5 20 log 6 2.66 dB

20 log dft = 28.50 dB
dft = 26.6 ft
dm = 8.11 m

Since the calculated diameter for the parabolic dish is not a standard size, it is
therefore assumed that the calculated size is of a standard size and is able to be
constructed with the given exact dimensions.

For comparison, the researchers also calculated the RSL by using the standard
30 diameter parabolic dish and denoted as the predicted RSL, and the solution is as
follows:

pred RSL = PTx line losses (transmitting end) other losses (transmitting end) NPL
line losses (receiving end) other losses (receiving end)

pred RSL = 30 dBm 0.71 dB 1 dB 52.82 dB 0.71 dB 1 dB

pred RSL = -20.73 dBm

The table below shows the summary of the gains and losses that are considered
in the proposed microwave system.
Table 2.1
Summary of Gains and Losses
Transmitter Receiver
Transmitted Power 30 dBm
Antenna Gain 52.44 dB 52.44 dB
Billboard Gain 119.7933 118.7020
Rigid Waveguide Loss
0.21dB 0.21dB
(WR107)
Flexible Waveguide Loss 0.5 dB 0.5 dB
Connector Loss 0.5 dB 0.5 dB
Hybrid Loss 0.5 dB 0.5 dB
Total Fixed Loss 1.71 dB 1.71 dB
FSL (dB) AAL (dB)
(TX Billboard 1) Path 1 136.64204 0.1907
(Billboard 1 2) Path 2 127.14385 0.0639
 (Billboard 2 RX) Path 3 132.18544 0.1141

Since 30 diameter parabolic dish is an uncommon size for usage in the

industry, the researchers assumed an increase in the transmitting power to 10 watts
(40 dBm), and re calculated the dish diameters, the calculations are as follows:

NPL = PTx reqd RSL

NPL = 40 dBm (-22.82 dBm)
NPL = 62.82 dB

62.82 dB other losses = GOTAL + 136.64204 dB + 0.1907 dB + 127.14385 dB +

0.0639 dB + 132.18544 dB + 0.1141 dB

GTOTAL = 333.52003 dB + other losses

GTx + GRx = GTOTAL GB1 GB2 + other losses
GTx + GRx = 333.52003 dB 119.7933 dB 118.7020 dB + other losses
GTx + GRx = 95.0247 dB + other losses
GTx + GRx = 95.0247 dB + 1.71 dB + 1.71 dB
GTx + GRx = 98.4447 dB

G = GTx = GRx
G = 7.5 + 20 log dft + 20 log fGHz + 2.66 dB

20 log dft = 49.2224 dB 7.5 20 log 6 2.66 dB

20 log dft = 23.50 dB
dft = 14.96 ft
dm = 4.56 m

From the calculations, it was calculated that the parabolic dish diameter is
approximately 15 m, the commercial dishes that are available in the market are now
capable of being used in this case.