METAL CURTAIN WALL FASTENERSFORWARD ‘This Technical Information Report is a consensus document developed bythe Engineering Design Standards Task Group of the Architectural s Window, Curtain Wall and Store Front Division ofthe American Architectural Manufacturers Assocation (AAA). Twent-t00 professional engineers and ten designers representing twenty-two companies and associations were members ofthe tak group. This report is published as a service 10 those with the responsibilty for design, specification, manufacture and installation of metal curtain wall systems. While this report is believed 10 be accurate, the information should not be used or relied upon without competent professional examination and Spend ee te ea eta eal coe pr ata raf nd aso ‘expressed or implied, on the part nor sit a representation that the information issutable for ary general or particular use, or of freedom fom infringement of any patent or patens. Aryone making use of this information assumes all lability akan from such use, The desig profesional shouldbe aware that standards, specifications and technical data developed by other organizations, incorporated by reference i this report, may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent tothe printing of ths repore Prior tothe publication ofthis Technical Information Report no single body of information existed which provided the guidance needed for analyzing fasteners used in metal curtain wall constriction. The Aluminum Association (AA) provided specifications and guidance Jor luminuri, The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) provided similar information for stel. Other information required 1o adequately design and analyze fasteners was found scattered among a number of ‘organizations including the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the Industrial Fasteners Institute (IF1) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). In some instances the larger uses of industrial fasteners, such as the General Services Administration, developed their own standards for fastener analysis. The results of this were often guidelines tailored only to meet the specific needs ofthe individual users. {In recognition ofthis situation the Curtain Wall Engineering Design Standards Task Group of the Architectural Window, Curtain Wall and ‘Store Front Division of AAMA undertook the task of developing this report. The report brings together in one document the data and guidance essential for selection of fasteners needed in metal curtain wall framing and anchoring systems. The information is also applicable to sore Jronts, sloped glazing skylights and other architectural metal applications. AAMA weleomes comments and suggestions relative to this report with the objective of improving and ‘the next edition when itis published. me TADLE OF CONTENTS 1, INTRODUCTION 10 METAL CURTAIN WALL FASTENERS a 2 APPLICADLE DOCUMENTS a at 3 QUALITY CONTROL. - a 2 4 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION |” ‘3 5 PREVENTION OF FASTENER LOOSENING |. ‘ © _ FASTENER LOAD TABLES COMMENTARY 7 7. ALLOWABLE BEARING AT BOLT HOLES ._ 0 MINIMUM SPACING AND MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE & STANDARD AND SLOTTED BOLT HOLES h 9. PULLOUT STRENGTH s-sssss 2 10, SCREW SLOTS an i 3 11. SLIDING FRICTION IN SCREW CHAS | i 12, SCREW ENGAGEMENT IN SCREW CHASE 6 1X. FASTENER SPECIFICATION CHECK LIST 0 14 FASTENER AVAILABILITY .ossess see so, 0 15, SAMPLE CALCULATIONS FOR LOAD TABLES | 8 16 SYMBOLS os vvvesscrsssresereitee, 20 17, SELECTING FASTENER MATERIALS 2171111) : 2 18 STAINLESS STEEL BOLTS, HEX CAP SCREWS, AND STUDS, 2 (Avatact of ASTM F 593-1985) 19, FASTENER LOAD TABLES... 2B 20, FASTENER SELECTION EXAMPLE 3% 21, APPENDIX Senne 8 oho, Ser ‘is dconent woe dehy ty rperinhe meen ot ‘AMA a5_advisory information” and. published asa public Service. AAMA disclaims alllblity for the use, application or adaptation of materials published herein, S B,American Architectural Manufacturers Association 5! 1540 E. Dundee Road; Palatine, I, 60067 JD Phone: 7087202-1380 Fax: 70802-1480 ECHIN A os ENTER1. INTRODUCTION TO METAL CURTAIN WALL FASTENERS “The purpose of tis Technical Information Report ito provide metal curtain wall designers with « the data necessary to select fasteners for curiain wall framing members and components, and for anchoring the curtain wal to the building structure. ‘Technical information and data assembled in this report were drawn from a number of organizations. The relevant publications of these organizations are listed under Section 2, "applicable Documents." ‘Uniform coarse machine threaded fasteners and spaced threaded fasteners are covered in this report. The Unified Thread Series are generally used in either clear holes with mating nuts oF in tapped holes. Thread cutting screws with machine threads are used to cut their own threads in pre-drilled holes. Spaced threaded fasteners, on the other hand, are generally used only as tapping screws. This subject is covered in detail in Section 6, ‘Fastener Load Tables Commentary ‘Metals used in fasteners, on which the data inthis report is based, include two groups of carbon steel and five groups of stainless ste! alloys. The use of aluminum fasteners i not recommended for curtain wall anchoring systems and no data on aluminum fasteners is included. Carbon steel fasteners must be plated or coated in accordance with the specifications in Section 4, "Protection ‘Against Corrosion." ‘Tables giving allowable tension, shear and bearing loads for fourteen different fastener sizes, for carbon steel and stainless ste! alloys are included inthis report. The four sizes atthe small end of the size range, in ascending order, are designated #6-32, #8-32, #10-24 and #12-24. For {fasteners designated in this manner the number preceding the hyphen is related to the fastener diameter. For larger size fasteners the number preceding the hyphen is the nominal diameter in inches andlor a fraction thereof. The ten larger size fasteners range from 1/4-20 through 1-8. In both designation systems the number following the hyphen isthe number of threads per inch. Equations needed to calculate the allowable loads are included with the tables. 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS. (AA) THE ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION "Specifications for Aluminum Structures,” Fifth Edition (AISC) AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION "Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress Design,” Ninth Eaiti (AISI) AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL INSTITUTE "Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Stee! Structural Members," ‘August 19, 1986 Edition "Stainless Steel Cold-Formed Structural Design Manual," 1974 Edition (ANSI) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE ANSUASME B11, "Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Forms) (ASTM) AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS ‘Volume 15,08, "Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Fasteners” [ASTM A 143, “Recommended Practice for Safeguarding Against Embeitiement of HotDip Gatvanized Structural Steel Products and Procedure for Detecting Embriiement” [ASTM A 183, "Specification for Zine Coating (Hot-Dip) on Tron and Steel Hardware” ASTM A.307, “Specification for Carbon Stee! Bolts and Studs, 60,000 psi Tensile Strength” ry ASTM A325, "Specification for High-Strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints” ASTM A 449, "Specification for Quenched and Tempered Steel Bolts and Studs*ASTM A 490, "Specification for Heat-Treated Stee! Structural Bolts, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength” ASTM A 563, “Specification for Carbon and Alloy Stee! Nuts" ASTM B 201, "Practice for Testing Chromate Coatings on Zine and Cadmium Surfaces* ASTM B 456, "Specification for Eleetrodeposited Coatings of Copper Plus Nickel Plus ‘Chromium and Nickel Plus Chromium" ASTM B 638, "Speciation for Flectrodeposted Coatings of Zine on Iron and Stee ASTM B 695, "Speciation for Coatings of Zine Mechanically Deposited on Iron and Stee" ASTM B 696, "Specification for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically Depesited” [ASTM B 766, "Speciation for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium” ASTM ¥ 593, "Specification for Stainless Stel Bolts, Hex Cap Screws and Studs? ASTM F 594, "Specification for Staines Stel Nuts" ASTM F 606, "Method for Conducting Tests to Determine the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers and Rivet (IFT) INDUSTRIAL FASTENERS INSTITUTE "Fastener Standards” Sath Edition "Manufacturer's Capability Guide” INDUSTRIAL PRESS, INC. *Machinery’s Handbook” ‘MCGRAW.IILL BOOK COMPANY Marks’ Mechanical Enginecrs Handbook (SAE) SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS "Standards for Grades 2 and 5 Steel” 3. QUALITY CONTROL “The selection and use of proper fasteners is critically important to the safe and satisfactory performance of curtain wall systems. This report provides the information necessary to select the proper fasteners and to specify them, Beyond this point, however, it is essentil that the ‘manufacturers of fsteners maintain excellent quality control procedures in their plants to ensure that their products meet the specifications for which they are designed. ‘The purchasers, 100, ‘must have means for determining that they are, in fact, getting fasteners that meet their specifications. Unfortunately, there has been a plague of inferior bolts being sod inthis country ‘which have been fraudulently identified as bolts having quality which they do not possess, Inadvertent use of such inferior bolts could have disastrous results. “The problem with inferior fasteners on the market has been serious during the past few years. Many fasteners may be found to be substandard mechanically and dimensionally when checked ‘even though marked as high performance grades. Protective coatings on fasteners may aso be a problem. AS a result of more stringent environmental requirements and tightening economic Dresures, fewer manufacturers are applying adequate coatings. The quality and thickness of protective coatings in today’s market, particularly on low price fasteners, is somewhat unreliable, {in order to be certain thatthe fastener needed to meet design criteria is provided, the designer ‘must not only specity fastener size and type, he must also specify material, minimum mechanical properties, thickness and type of protective coating required. See the suggested Fastener Specification Checklist, page 17 for tems to be included in fastener specifications.ASTM standards give the chemical and mechanical requirements forthe steels used in fasteners. |n addition, they set forth requirements which the purchaser of fasteners may speciy for the {quality control procedures to be followed in connection with his order. These include shipment Jot testing, source inspection, alloy control, heat control, permeability, manufacturer's ‘identification and material identification. ASTM F 606 sets forth in detail the test methods for ‘determining the mechanical properties of externally and internally threaded fasteners. ApprO- ‘riate reference to these standards can provide the bass for reliable quality assurance programs. 4, PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION [tis essential that fasteners have adequate protection against corrosion. If such protection isnot ‘provided, failures in connections may ultimately occur. Curtain wall framing systems may contain, ‘and channel considerable amounts of water both from rain and condensation of water vapor. ‘This would tend to accelerate corrosive action where satisfactory protection did not exst and this. ‘would be the case with unprotected carbon steel fasteners. In addition to corrosion resulting from atmospheric conditions and moisture, protection must also be provided against galvanic ‘corrosion which occurs when dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of moisture. To protect against both types of corrosive action carbon steel fasteners plated in accordance with the specifications listed below or stainless steel fasteners are recommended for use with aluminum curtain wall systems. Stainless steet fasteners come in a variety of alloy types. All stainless steel alloys referenced in this report have good resistance 10 corrosion. However, some of these alloys have better resistance than others. Type 316, for example, has a higher resistance than Type 304, It may seem that specifying the higher resistance and types of stainless stee! for all fasteners. would ‘address these concerns with corrosion. Unfortunately, this is not necessarily true. Some fastener designs are not manufactured in all types of stainless stee! because of the need for hardening ‘heads or points, or because of the capacities of the screw machines used to manufacture fasteners. The higher resistance types of stainkes steel generally cannot have the finishes applied ‘which match anodized framing without resorting to painting. Painting of screw heads is expensive ‘and of dubious durability. Many types of fasteners are only availablc in stainless steels having lower resistance to corrosion. Small order quantities, less than 100,000 fasteners per run, may also limit the availabilty of the fastener desired or greatly increase its cost. The specifier and purchaser must be aware of these matters and make the best compromise possible, al factors considered, in the selection of the fasteners. ‘Carbon steel fasteners may be plated with zine, cadmium, nickel or chrome to provide adequate resistance to corrosion. The severity of the service conditions, to which the fasteners will be ‘exposed, must be considered in the specification. For zinc and cadmium coatings the following specifications are recommended: Zine plated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 633 for Class FE/ZN 5, ‘Sum coating thickness, service condition SC 1 (mild), with Type II finish meeting ‘corrosion resistance requirements afler a 12-hour salt spray test. Zine plated fasteners shall mest the requirements of ASTM B 633 for Class FE/ZN 8, ‘um coating thickness, service condition SC 2 (moderate), with Type II finish meeting corrosion resistance requirements after a 96-hour salt spray test. ‘Mechanically deposited zine coated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 695 for Ciass 5 coating, 5 am thick with Type II finish, or Class 8 coating, 8 wm thick ‘with Type I finish. Both Class 5 and Class 8 coatings shall meet the corrosion resistance requirements after @ 72-hour salt spray test. (Thicker coatings meeting this ASTM tandard are available if required.) ‘Cadmium plated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 766 for Class 5, 'S jm thick, Type III coating meeting corrosion resistance requirements after a 12-hour salt spray test. ‘Cadmium plated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 766 for Cass 8, 8 ym thick, Type II coating meeting corrosion resistance requirements after a 96-hour salt spray test,Mechanically deposited cadmium coated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 696 for Class $ coating, $ um thick with Type II finish, or Class 8 coating, 8 um thick with Type TI finish. Class 5 coatings with ‘Type II Gnish shall meet the corrosion ‘esistance requirements after a 72-hour salt spray test. Class 8 coatings with Type TL finish shall meet the corrosion resistance requirements after a 96-hour salt spray test. (12 ‘um coatings meeting this ASTM standard are availabe if required.) ‘An advantage of mechanical deposition is that it does not produce hydrogen embritlement in ‘hardened steet during the coating process. ‘Type Il and Type IIT finishes for zinc and cadmium receive supplementary colored chromate treatments. These supplementary treatments produce a bright or semi-bright continuous, Protective conversion coating of uniform color which retards the formation of white corrosion Products caused by exposure to stagnant water, moist atmosphere or stagnant environments ‘Containing organic vapors. Colors produced can range from yellow through bronze and olve-dra {to brown and black. The salt spray test used 10 evaluate these treatments is conducted in ‘accordance with ASTM B 201, ‘The performance of bath zine and cadmium coatings depends largely on their coating thickness fand the kind of environment to which they are exposed. Without proof of satisfactory Correlation, accelerated tests such as the sall spray test, cannot be relied upon to predict Performance in other environments, nor will the tests serve as comparative measures of the Corrosion protection afforded by the two different metals. Thus the superiority shown by ‘cadmium coatings over zinc coatings of equal thickness in the standard salt spray est cannot be construed as proof that this will hold true in all atmospherie environments. ‘The following specification is recommended for nickel or chrome plated fasteners: Nickel or chromium plated fasteners shall meet the requirements of ASTM B 456, ine coatings may also be applied by the hot-dip process (Galvanizing). For such coatings the {following specifications are recommended: Zine coating applied by the hot-dip process shall meet the requirements of ASTM A 153 For Class C hardware, which includes threaded fasteners over 348" in diameter, minimum. ‘weight of coating on surface, 125 ozsq. . For Class D hardware, which includes threaded fasteners 38" and under in diameter, minimum weight of coating on surface, 1.00 ozis. ft. Based on mathematical calculations, 1.00 oz/sq ft. corresponds 10 an average thickness of 1.7 mil Hydrogen Embrittlement is condition of low ductility in metals resulting from the absorption Of hydrogen during the manufacturing process. High strength bolts and serews in the 150 ksi ‘ange and higher are particulary subject to embrittlement if hydrogen is permitted to remain in the steel and the steel is subjected to high tensile stress. The hazard caused by hydrogen {embrittlement isthe unpredictable failure which may occur to-a fastener under high tensile load. Results of such failure could be disastrous. ‘Acid pickling and alkaline cleaning prior to whe application of protective metalic coatings ‘generate hydrogen which can be absorbed in the fasteners and if not removed can be trapped by the coatings. Also, hydrogen as a by-product of electroplating can be generated and trapped inthe plating. ‘The mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement failure is believed t0 be due to the migration of Ihydrogen into microscopic cracks when a sufficient load is applied to a fastener. This causes {internal pressures and microscopic ruptures in the stressed areas. This action continues under repeated or constant high tension loads and eventually leads to a failure of the fastener. ‘Hydrogen embrittlement is non-corrosion related and is often mistaken as the cause of failure ‘when a corrosion process is active and the true cause of failure is hydrogen assisted siress corrosion cracking. gFor hot-dip galvanized steel fasteners, hydrogen can be absorbed during the picking process. ‘Heating to 300°F after pickling and before galvanizing, in most cases, results in expulsion of the ‘hydrogen absorbed during pickling. Reference may be made to ASTM A 143 for more information on the subject of embrittlement of hot dip galvanized structural stel products. In Practice, hydrogen embrittlement of galvanized steel is usually of concern only if the steel ‘exceeds approximately 150 ksi in ultimate tensile strength. ASTM provides specifications for {galvanizing A 325 bolts but galvanizing of A 490 bolts is not permitted. ‘Stress Corrosion is the effect of corrosion on a metal which is under stress. When metals are under stress the effect of corrosion can be much more severe than when metals are not stressed. ‘This is true for metals subjected to constant high tension stresses as well as metals subjected 10 cycling stresses which cause fatigue. Siress corrosion failures can occur shorty after the load is ‘plied but may not occur for months or years Iter. Such failures occur without warning. Its believed that when corrosion occurs microscopic cracks develop in the high stress areas. The combined effects of stress and corrosion cause the crack to grow inwardly which reduces the ‘cross-sectional area. Eventually, when the cross-sectional area can no longer support the load, the fastener breaks. The rate of failure depends on the level of stress the corrosive conditions ‘and the metallurgical properties of the fasteners. Hydrogen Assisted Stress Corrosion is similar to stress corrosion. It takes place when stress ‘corrosion cracking is accelerated by the presence of hylrogen which is generated in a service application by a galvanic couple, for example, between aluminum aad iron, in the presence of water. Even fasteners which might resist stress corrosion cracking alone can fail if service ‘generated hydrogen is diffused into the surface of the fastener. Stress Embrittlement is similar to hydrogen embrittement and like hydrogen embrittlement it ‘is non-corrosion related. Hydrogen generated through the service environment, not in ‘manufacture, causes stress embrittlement. For example, bydrogen can be absorbed into the surface of an uncoated fastener when caustic substances, such as soap and detergents, come in contact with nitrates and siicates. Metals most susceptible to sizess embritlement are stecls ‘heat-treated to high strength levels and with high carbon content. In carbon steel fasteners, the higher the hardness, the greater the chance of stress corrosion, hydrogen embrittlement and stress embrittlement. ‘This review of hydrogen embrittement, stress corrosion, hydrogen assisted siress corrosion and. stress embrittlement has been presented to point out how dangerous failures may occur in high strength ste! fasteners. Hardened, high strength fasteners with tensile strengths of 150 ksi and greater are most susceptible. Reliable fasteners depend on carefully controlled manufacturing Processes which reduce to @ minimum the chance of hydrogen embrittlement. Designs for ‘curtain wall anchoring systems must take into account the stresses for which fasteners must be Selected and the coatings to be employed in order to eliminate problems due to galvanic action and stress corrosion. ASTM standards and technical literature of reputable manufacturers provide valuable information on these subjects. (Other significant factors, described inthe following paragraphs, must be taken into consideration ‘when galvanized high-strength bolts and nuts are to be used. Reduction of Mechanical Properties. The heat treatment temperatures for certain types of high- strength bolts, Type 2 A 325 for example, s in the range of the molten zinc temperatures for hotdip galvanizing, and, therefore, there is a potential for diminishing the heat treated ‘mechanical properties by the galvanizing process. For this reason, AISC Specifications require that such fasteners be tension tested after galvanizing to check the mechanical properties. Nut Stripping Strength Hot-ip galvanizing affects the stripping strength of the nul/bot sssembly because to accommodate the relatively thick zine coating on bot threads itis usual Practice to tap the mut oversize. This overtapping results in a reduction in the amount of ‘engagement between the stel portions of the male and female threads wilh a consequent approximately 25% reduction in stripping strength. Only the stronger hardened ruts have adequate strength to meet specication requirements with the reduction due to overtapping.‘Torque Involved in Tightening, Hot-lip galvanizing both increases the friction between the bolt and nut threads and also makes the torque induced tension much more variable. Lower torque ‘and more consistent results are provided ifthe nuts are lubricated. Refer to ASTM A 325 for specifications and ASTM A 563 for testing requirements. Shipping Requirements. Galvanized bolts and nuts are to be treated as assemblies and shipped together. Purchase of galvanized bolts and gatvanized nuts from seperate sources i& not recommended because the amount of over tapping appropriate for the bolt and the testing and application of lubricant would cease to be under the control of a single supplier. In that case the responsibilty for proper performance of the nut/oolt assembly would become obscure. 5, PREVENTION OF FASTENER LOOSENING ‘There are many devioes designed to keep the fasteners commonly used in curtain wall framing from loosening or turning out due to thermal movements, building movements, wind forces of vibration. Those commonly used are the various types of lock washers including pyramidal, internal tooth, external tooth, helical spring, serrated flanges and SEMS assemblies. Also used, to. lesser degree, are locking devices such as nylon patches, plastic serew inserts, rolled threads and dissimilar numbers of threads per inch for fasteners and their nuts or tapped holes. These \evices can effectively prevent loosening of fasteners due to building movements and vibration induced by wind or other causes. Appropriate devices should be selected for the specific applications in which they will be used. ‘Another important criterion for choosing a locking device is its torque limiting ability. Where fasteners are used in extruded aluminum screw chases there isa tendency forthe threads in the aluminum to strip if too much torque is applied to the ste! fastener. However, if a lock washer 's used, especially a toothed lock washer, tbe friction between the sieel washer teeth and the softer aluminum surface is usually great enough to cause the fastener to tighten before stripping, Of the aluminum chase occurs. If a torque specification is given for a particular fastener application, itis important that the specification be followed to prevent stripping. [Not all fasteners in a framing system requir locking device to ress vibration or torque limiting devices. Generally those fasieners which woukl be considered main structural fasteners oF anchors in curtain wal applications, and those which attach moving parts to the framing require the consideration ofthese types of devices. Fasteners which hoK! shear blocs in place, perimeter fasteners for windows and store fronts and those which hold light trim in place do not require Jocking or torque limiting devices. ‘The sources of fastener vibration are basically two, wind and machinery. Vibrations induced by changes in wind pressure tend to be of iow amplitude and rather long cyte times. Vibrations induced by machinery wil tend to be of greater amplitude and of much higher frequency. Most curtain wall framing applications do not encounter vibration sources other than those induced by the wind. Machinery induced vibrations, though of infrequent occurrence, are serious in ‘ature and should be carefully analyzed. It will be assumed that only wind induced vibrations ‘occur in the framing connections described herein.6. FASTENER LOAD TABLES COMMENTARY Fastener Load Tables provide data for evaluating the loaded performance of various size fasteners and fastener metals. The performance of the metals being fastened must be determined separately. The values given are for quality fasteners in round clearance holes or tapped holes as noted. When specifying fasteners, the designer, in addition to speciying loaded Performance, must specify fastener quality, corrosion resistance and minimum mechanical Droperties. Specification of these items is usually done by appropriate reference to ASTM of ‘other recognized standards. ‘The two general types of fasteners described in this report have either machine threads oF spaced threads. Thread angle of both types of threads is 60 degrees. Machine threaded fasteners hhave threads which are closely spaced in accordance with the diameter/pitch combinations ofthe Unified Coarse Thread Series (UNC), as shown in Figures 1 (external threads), 4 (external threads) and 5 (internal threads). The form of Unified Threads is specified in ANSVASME B1.1, Unified Inch Screws Treads (UN and UNR Forms), Fasteners with spaced threads, as shown {in Figore 2, have an expanded thread pitch which results inthe spaced threaded fastener having fewer threads per inch than a fastener with machine threads of the same diameter. ‘As mentioned in the Introduction, Unified Coarse Machine Threaded Fasteners are generally Used in either clear holes with mating nuts or in tapped holes. Thread cutting screws with ‘machine threads are used to cut their own threads in pr drilled holes. These serews carry tensile ‘and shear loads. Spaced threaded fasteners are generally used only as tapping screws. Most ‘thread forming sorews and some thread cutting screws have spaced threads. Like fasteners with machined threads, these fasteners carry tensile and shear loads. However, due to the small ‘number of threads per inch, spaced threaded fasteners have smaller effective tensile and shear ‘reas than machine threaded fasteners of the same nominal diameter, Also, less thread engagement means that a spaced threaded fastener will have lower pullout resistance than a comparable fastener with machine threads. However, this is not always true for thin materials, To provide conservative values, the tensile and shear loads for fasteners with spaced threads are ‘based on a minimum cross-sectional area. This area is found by using the minimum minor iameter and neglects any additional strength provided by the threads. ‘The minimum material thickness to equal the allowable tension for spaced thread fasteners as shown in Tables 23 through 31is based on the TSA(I) and N for Unified Coarse Threads from ‘Table 4. Based on a series of pullout strength tests made with 8-18, 10-16, 12-14 and 1/4-14 screws in different thicknesses of aluminum alloy 6063-TS, it has been determined that the ‘values of pullout or material which appear in the tables are conservative, ‘Thorough testing has shown that fasteners with Unified Threads fail in tension at loads corresponding to those of unthreaded pari with diameters approximately midway between theit pitch diameters and minor diameters. The area determined by this diameter is known as the ‘Tensile Stress Area. Its calculated by the following equa Tensile Stress Arca = A(S) = 07856(D : 29788) ag in, Equation 1 For tension connections in tapped holes be sure that the fastener length is sufficient to ensure full thread engagement, ‘The geometric shear area for fasteners with Unified Threads is equal to the area ofa circle with a diameter equal to the basic minor diameter ofthe external thread, This area, known as the ‘Thread Root Area, is calculated by Equation 2. Refer to the Appendix for a derivation of this equation, 2 ‘Thread Root Area = A(R) = 0.7854 (3 a I sq. in. Equation 2 N ‘The tensile stress area as calculated by Equation 1 is used to determine the allowable tension ads for Unified Coarse Thread Stee! Screws below 5/8" in diameter and for stainless steel screws sizes 6-32 through 1 inch,‘The Thread Root Area as calculated by Equation 2 is used to determine the allowable shear loads for Unified Coarse Thread Steel Screws below 5/8" in diameter and for stainless steet screws sizes 6-32 through I". For steel screws 518" through 1” nominal diameters the AISC recommendations are followed. "These recommendations call fora tensile stress area and shear stress area based on the nominal iameter as shown in Equation 3, Tensile Stress Area = Shear Stress Area = 0.7854D? sq. in. Faquation 3 Inasmuch as the use of 0.6F, appears overly conservative for fastener metals with low yield-to- tltimate ratios, and not sufTiently conservative for fasteners with high yield-to-ultimate ratios, the O6F, limit has been replaced by the lesser of F, = O.7SF, or F, = O40F,, and F, F, = 0.75% oF, = 0.40 inthe computation of the tensile and shear allowable sireses v3 v3 given in ine oad abe for td asteners. These iis produce tensile and shear values which Eres than those based onthe AIST Stainless Sicel Cah? Formed Design Manat (1994) and tess than values that woud be obained fom the AISC prossons fer ager bole The 2 factor Stsfey on uimate consent wit he 1986 AISI Cold-Formed Stel Speci vale sn ceeds the 234 factor of set curently ese for alominum bls An exept tots is mace forte to Ise serene Tales 5 and 6, and forthe 12°10 I teal eens in Tables 7 ti 8. For these serews the AISC values for allowable tense and allowabe shear sess are Used. Using the nomial re, ihe allowable tense sess Fy = 033F, andthe allowable shear Sess Fy = O.7F Tables ace based on threads inte sear pane. Fasteners subjected to combined tensile and shear loads are limited by the following interaction ee ere "This equation applies to all fasteners regardles of size, on 4 The allowable bearing area for fasteners is the nominst diameter multiplied by the length in bearing, except that for countersunk bolts and screws one half the depth of the countersink is deducted from the length, ‘Allowable bearing for ste! in standard round or short-slotted holes for two or more fasteners is determined by Equation 5. Values calculated from this equation are used in the load tables For allowable bearing for single fasteners use Equation 9 on page 10. Allowable Bearing 1.2,)@)() Ib ‘Equation S “The bearing strength of steel fasteners in slotted holes perpendicular to the walls should be reduced below the bearing strength in round holes in accordance with the requirements given in the section on “Allowable Bearing at Bolt Holes, subsections "Minimum Spacing for Stee! and “Minimum Edge Distance for Steet, Page 10. Allowaible bearing for aluminum in standard round or short-slotted holes is determined by Equation 6 Allowable Bearing (Joo Ibf Equation 6 Fy i the minimum bearing yield strength for the aluminum alloy. 1.65 isthe safety factor. Alfowable bearing stresses for aluminum may be found in Table 5.1.1a in The Aluminum ‘Association's, "Specifications for Aluminum Structures.” The bearing strength of aluminum for fasteners in slotted holes perpendicular to the walls should be reduced to 2/8 of the bearing sirength in round hotes.Refer to Page 11 for information on bolt spacing and edge distance.o Aso included in the load tables for fasteners with Unified Threads are values for minimum ‘material thickness to equal the tensile capacity of the fastener. Reference should be mae 10 ‘sample calculations on page 19 and to Table 4 for the equations and methods of calculation used 10 determine these thicknesses. ‘The pullout resistance of selftapping screws in screw slots should be reduced to 3/4 of the pplloot resistance in tapped round holes. The Aluminum Association provides some guidelines {or the design of screw slots. These are shown on Figure 3, page 13. However these no longer represent industry standards inasmuch as manufacturers with knowledge and experience in extrusion design generally design their own screw slots to meet the needs ofthe application. The length of a screw used in a serew slot is found to be 4/3 of the chart value for round tapped holes plus 1/4" plus the thickness of the material the screw passes through before entering the Serew slot. The shear strength of a fastener in a screw slot should be equivalent to that in a round hole provided that itis notin the direction of the opening of the screw slot. Fasteners which are used in screw chases, that i, between two parallel walls with ether extruded (or tapped screw threads as shown in Figures 6a and 6b, must be carefully evaluated. In general, ‘bearing strength against the extruded side walls may be assumed to be equivalent to that for a fastener in a slotted hole. The pullout sirength of the fastener in a screw chase would be the pullout strength of the fastener in a tapped hole multiplied by the percent engagement in the Screw chase a8 given in Equation 14. The shear strength of a fastener in a screw chase should bbe considered to be equal to that of a fastener in a round hole if the direction of load application is perpendicular to the walls of the serew chase. The shear strength of a fastener in screw chase parallel to the walls ofthe chase is reduced by the shear factor given in Equation 13. In all eases, consideration should be given to the use of a safety factor which accounts for ‘mechanical property variations, extrusion tolerances and fabrication tolerances which may run to the extreme end of their range. The allowable stresses in the load tables have not been increased by 1/3 for wind loads in calculating the values for the loads shown. The decision on whether oF not to use the higher loads is left to the discretion of the responsible engineer. N= THREADS/NCH | —{— ~aor omnerer2 Ss ITCH OMMETER2 _ N FASTENER G/L. prox oaveren2 of i | vn were? non owETEV2 » i --A--+ | J-_—— avon oareTER/2 » yy Figure 1: Unified Coarse Threads, External Figure 2: Spaced Threads, External7. ALLOWABLE BEARING AT BOLT HOLES Minimum Spacing and Minimum Edge Distance Allowable Bearing at Bolt Holes for Steel (On the projected area of fasteners in shear connections with the end distance inthe line of force ‘ot less than 1.5 nominal diameter, D, and the distance center 10 center of fasteners not less than 3D: In standard or short slotted holes with two or more fasteners in the ine of force: .2P, Equation 7 Where: F, = Allowable Bearing Stress F, = Ultimate Tensile Stress {In long slotted holes withthe axis ofthe slot perpendicular to the direction ofthe load and with two or more fasteners inthe line of force: F, = LOR, Equation 8 On the projected area of the fastener closest to the edge in standard or short slotted holes with the edge distance less than 1.5D and in all connections with a single fastener in the line of force: ro oS] 212, Equation 9 Where Ly = Distance from the free edge to the centerline ofthe fastener. IE 1.2F, isthe desired bearing stress for a single fastener in the ine of force, then Tp must not ‘be less than 24D. ‘Minimum Spacing for Steel Along a line of transmitted forces, the distance between centers of standard holes shall be not less than 3D when F,, is determined by Equations 7 or 8, ‘Minimum Edge Distance for Stee! Along a line of transmitted force, with two or more fasteners in the direction of the force, the allowable tension capacity of fastener) Number of threads per inch ‘A factor which approximates the increase of stresses in the fastener due to deformations (elastic andor plastic) in attached materials. A = pit, in. of serew Deadioad (Ibs.) Windload (1bs.) F radius of screw threads, in, Major radius of screw threads, in. A. Ratio of engaged thread area to total thread area in screw chase = —* ‘Mean radius of screw threads, in. = ‘Shear factor for determining resistance of screw in screw chase parallel to walls of chase, Ib. Ultimate lateral frictional resistance to sliding of screw in a screw chase parallel to walls of chase. Thickness, in ‘Torque on screw or bolt, = Lrm Ib-in. ‘Thread stripping area per thread, external, sq. in. ‘Thread stripping area per thread, internal, sq in. Length of Engagement, in, (see Figure 6a) 1.226917, SELECTING FASTENER MATERIALS 4 ‘MATERIALS 17. SELECTING FASTENER MATERIALS IFI TABLE. MECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CARBON STEEL EXTERNALLY THREADED FASTENERS Mecha Ragone Prete Hornen Roce feeea| meres |e wememeg meme, ole toca vesintion | Seda TE | elena | raat suse core ome oe tte ges ore |e wie oan [wae mien [we ~— © eer [ieee 1007, 0.8 | vate ow oF medium carbon steel _ omin-o0 max |---| 69 | 005 | none Speciied 0.1 [wwe aaa a === [sre | B10 sec. 2 | iets Eu peo carbon sal, cokd 35 7 ™ =-- | 980 | 8100 | none species wees [aos =aige = ce | ox Wibe ve ais 2 S/S], atime [vse | mosum ews atest me poovain | 8s | a2 te cs fen | oN Vas ve | Santee Rls 2 2 & ines BIg by sat | sic, tie! [rz s | 2 Seo Yedue RE mL |S Ss ease [ues «te m7 es [ox WL ite 2 [v4101 | on caton soon ant va poet | 28 | v2 ‘0 ces | om ‘A325, Type2 | 12101 issuer Pett 85 2 120 cee cas, ste a - Hmene [om ws |---| ew | on reste [1201 | emeweneconosonroman [es | ee 5 ext [os catepeam ae 12 eee |S «[ a ee wees | vem wie vo [| wo = sie sssee:80 [vst2i2 | maim caon soy wt be [0 | 190 | v0 | >K 23/4 to 4 peaaeg se eat 105, us 140 oe mote [aw ve ‘wo | 19 [orn roar exe | x saeor.82 [4101 low carbon boron steo: the product | 120 130 150, x9, se oeaesatamsae! aco Tyee? | 1204 “ 10 [10 [ss0minsvomex| --- | ess | coe MS resis corso noma meotyna |amsva |ewcbapcdataqwentedat | 120 | 120 |ssommirome| --- | cas | cm | asso wpe tate 21: 2 3 ores: 1 Forties and sources of avalabilly fr rlrancad ASTM and SAE standard foto page M28. For ASTM ASOT so page BSS. For ASTM A 44:00 page BS. For ASTM A 325 oe page E-1. For ASTM A 95, sou page BS. For ASTM A 45, sou Page Ei, For SAE J42, too Page BSD. 2 To compute the proofed, yield srengt or test engin pounc, for a bok. stem or hat, mil the svss valu yas gion in Table 2or he seengh ge by 1000 and mutipy his answer bythe ans sess aren ftw product's screw rand as giant Teles 2 and’ of ANGIAGME BL.) pages R30, A Shane 3. ln ganeral Kentfication markings shall be located on the top ofthe product head and prelereiy sha be asad. 4 SAE Grade 2 products are avainte in longbe 6 .and shorter oy. Tis tbe reproducd with petmiston tom ASTM and IF Faster Standards Sith Eaton, - Try 218. STAINLESS STEEL BOLTS, HEX CAP SCREWS, and STUDS 18. STAINLESS STEEL BOLTS, Rosi af ioonemen HEX CAP SCREWS, and STUDS ree invores 1 ASTM F 593 so specification developed tough the procedures of ASTM, F593 is under the json of ‘ASTM Commiaee F.16 on Fastener. 2. This ara presens the chemical and mechanical requirement for exerally ead fasteners made of several stainless el alloy. toms thse requiremencs dling wth quliy assurance and inspection, and alsin of ‘pplicable documens, and value for merc products. For the omied information, refer tthe complete F593. ‘The parograph number trough this absract are those of the complete FS93-85. 4. ASTM F 593.85 is absracted, wih pemision, rom the Annual Book of ASTM Standard, copyright American Sociey for Testing and Mourials 1916 Race Saee, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA. 1. Scope 1 This specification covers the requirements for commercial Stainless steel bolts, hex cap serews, and studs 0.25 to 1.504in. nominal diameter inclusive in a number of alloys in common use and intended for service applications requiring general corrosion resistance. 1L2 Seven groups of stainless stet alloys are covered, including ten austenitic, two ferrite, four martensitic, ‘and one precipitation hardening. GROUP ALLOYS* CONDITION* 1 308,305, | (CW) Cold Worked? 384, MX7® 2316 (CW) Cold Worked? 3 321,387 (CW) Cold Worked” 4 0? (A) Annealed oF Solution Annealed Ss aie (H) Hardened and Tempered 6 Bt (H) Hardened and Tempered 7 630 (AH) Age Hardened "Unless otherwise specified on the inquiry and order, the choice of an alloy from within a group shall be at the diseretion of the fastener manufacturer (see 6.1). See 42 for options. When approved by the purchaser, alloys 303, 303Se, or XMI may be furnished. When approved by the purchaser, alloy 430F may be furnished. When approved by the purchaser, alloys 416 or $16Se may be furnished. "Sizes 0.75 in. and larger may be bot worked. 1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided, applicable only when agreed upon by the manufac- turer and the purchaser at the time of the inquiry and order. 1.4 Suitable nuts for use with bolts, hex cap serews, and studs included inthis specification are covered by ASTM F594, page B-124. Unless otherwise specified, all nuts used on these fasteners shall conform to the requirements of ASTM F 594, shall be of the same alloy group, and shall have a specified ‘minimum proof stress equal to or greater than the specified minimum full-size tensile strength of the externally threaded fastener. 2 Applicable Documents (Refer to complete specification, see page M-28.) 3. Ordering Information 3A Orders for bolts, hex cap screws and studs under this specification shall include the following information: ‘3.1 Quantity (number of pieces of each item and size). 3.41.2 Name of item (bolt, hex cap screw, stud, ete.) ‘This table is reproduced with permission from ASTM and IFI, Fastener Standards,” Sixth Edition. Try