Course Plan

Lecture Presentation

Carlos Torres-Verdn, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor

PGE368
Fall 2003 Semester
September 2, 2003
Course Plan, I Start

Borehole Environment The Anatomy of a Log

Mud-Filtrate Invasion Log Formats and Plots

Caliper and Tension Logging

Temperature Logging
QC

Spontaneous Gamma Ray Logging

Spontaneous Potential (SP)

Lithology
Logging
 Course Plan, II

Electrical Resistivity of Rocks

Saturation
Electrical Resistivity Tools:
Induction and Laterolog
Invasion

Core
Data
Bulk Density Logging
Active Nuclear
Logging
Neutron Logging Porosity
Invasion
Gas
Sonic Logging Lithology
 Effective
Course Plan, III Saturation

Irreducible
Water
Shaly Sand Interpretation Saturation

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Logging Effective
Porosity

Fluids Pore-Size Permeability

Distributions

Formation Testing Pore

Pressure FINIS
OPUS
Borehole Imaging
 Basic Well Logging
Concepts and Terminology

Lecture Presentations
Carlos Torres-Verdn, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor

PGE368
Fall 2003 Semester
September 2, and 4, 2003
Objectives:

To understand the anatomy of a well log,

To learn how to read a well log,

To get acquainted with the cultural,

drilling, and environmental variables, and

To understand some of the basic elements

of the borehole environment.
Seismic Scale
 Reservoir
1.4 mm

Scale

Dolomite
 Well-Log Scale

What do well logs really measure?

What can we infer from logs?
When is a well log good/bad?
Can we tell the difference?

???
Synthesis of bad/missing logs.
Estimation of rock properties.
WHAT ELSE ???
S
 Logging Tools

INDUCTION LOG 80 cm

RESISTIVITY

RESOLUTION
LATEROLOG 80 cm

NEUTRON 40 cm
RADIOACTIVITY
GAMMA RAY 30 cm
DENSITY 20 cm
ACOUSTIC SONIC 60 cm
MICRO RESISTIVITY 5 cm
RESISTIVITY MICROLOG 2 cm
DIPMETER
0 cm
250 cm 200 150 100 50 0 cm

DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION
FORMATION MICRO-IMAGING TOOL

LATEROLOG
TOOL
RESOLUTION OF FORMATION IMAGES
What do logs come from?

Logging
Tool

Resistivity Gamma Density

Ray Porosity
Why Mud?
MUD LOGGING
PRINCIPLE

Rock Cutting
Collection Unit
EXAMPLE OF
MUD LOG
 Applications of Mud Logs
Monitoring of bit performance
Determination of lithology
Preliminary indication of the well location
relative to expected stratigraphy
Indication of hydrocarbon types
Indication of pressure conditions

Depth Accuracy ~ +/- 5m

 Wireline Logging Tools

Source: Oilfield Review, Schlumberger

Example of Wireline
Logging
Job Description, I

MAIN HEADER
Important Information Available from the Log Header
Important Data Acquisition Issues
Depth Control

Logging Speed(s)

Vertical Sampling Rate

Tool Calibration

Repeat Runs (Assessment of Accuracy)

Depth Matching
Borehole Shape, Mud Properties, Temperature
(Borehole Environment)
DEPTH CONTROL PARAMETERS
DEPTH CONTROL PARAMETERS:
Measured Depth
TVD
Well Survey Data
Accuracy
DEPTH MEASURING SYSTEM
Depth Wheels

EM Magnetic Mark Detection Device

Winch
 DEPTH REFERENCES
FOR LOGGING:

(a) DERRICK FLOOR (D.F.)

(b) KELLY BUSHING (K.B.)

(c) GROUND LEVEL (G.L.)

ROTARY DRILLING EXAMPLE

ROTARY DRILLING EXAMPLE
 Issues on Depth Control
Tools are commonly run from the bottom to

the top of the well

Tension of Cable, Dragging Force

Borehole Deviation Survey (Deviated Wells)

Uncertainty of Lateral Location

Depth Matching via Gamma Ray Log

Log Splicing
Borehole Shape and Temperature
Caliper Log

Temperature Log

Borehole Environment
In-Situ Formation Conditions?

Mud Properties

Drilling and/or Invasion Damage?

Example of Wireline
Logging
Job Description, IV

TOOL
DESCRIPTION
 TRACK
Description

Example of Wireline Logging Job Description, VI

 Example of Wireline Logging Job Description, VII

DATA
TRACKS
COMMON LOG PRESENTATION FORMATS
COMMON LOG PRESENTATION FORMATS
COMMON LOG PRESENTATION FORMATS
Split Three-Cycle Grid
COMMON LOG PRESENTATION FORMATS
Four-Track Linear-Log Grid
 TOOL
CALIBRATION
SUMMARY

Example of Wireline Logging Job Description, IX

 Logging Speeds
Sampling Rate ~ 1 / Logging Speed

Vertical Resolution ~ 1 / Sampling Rate

500 3,600 ft/hour (152 1,097 m/hour)

1,600 ft/hour (489 m/hour) = slow (imaging tools)

1,800 ft/hour (549 m/hour) = high-resolution

Schlumbergers Platform Express logging speed

3,600 ft/hour (1,097 m/hour) = normal- resolution

Schlumbergers Platform Express logging speed

2,400 ft/hour (732 m/hour) = NMR logging speed

 Some Physical Limitations of
Logging Tools
(Ball Park Numbers)

Maximum Pressure: 10,000 20,000 psi

Maximum Temperature: 350 oF (175 oC)

Minimum Hole Size: 4-8 inches

 Acknowledgements

Schlumberger

Baker Atlas

Repsol-YPF