Section 10 Piling Works

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Standard Specification For Road Works
SECTION 10
PILING WORKS
Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 239

SECTION 10 - PILING WORKS
Page
10.1 DESCRIPTION S10-245
10.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TOLERANCE
10.2.1 Setting Out S10-245
10.2.2 Position S10-245
10.2.3 Verticality S10-245
10.2.4 Rake S10-245
10.2.5 Forcible Corrections S10-245
10.2.6 Piles Out of Alignment or Position S10-245
10.2.7 Records S10-245
10.3 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES
10.3.1 Description S10-246
10.3.2 Materials S10-246

10.3.2.1 Concrete S10-246
10.3.2.2 Reinforcement S10-246
10.3.2.3 Pile Shoes S10-246
10.3.3 Manufacture and Storage of Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles S10-246

10.3.3.1 Casting S10-246
10.3.3.2 Handling and Storage S10-247
10.3.4 Installation of Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles S10-247

10.3.4.1 Pitching of Piles S10-247
10.3.4.2 Driving of Piles S10-247
10.3.4.3 Repair of Damaged Pile Heads S10-248
10.3.4.4 Lengthening of Piles S10-248
10.3.4.5 Cutting and preparation of Pile Heads S10-249

Page
10.4 PRESTRESSED SPUN CONCRETE PILES
10.4.2 Materials
10.4.2.1 Concrete S10-250
10.4.2.2 Reinforcement S10-250
10.4.2.3 End Plates S10-250
10.4.2.4 Pile Shoes S10-250
10.4.3 Manufacture and Storage of Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles S10-250

10.4.3.1 Casting S10-250
10.4.4 Installation of Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles S10-251

10.4.4.1 Pitching and Driving of Piles S10-251
10.4.4.2 Lengthening of piles S10-251
10.5 BORED CAST-IN PLACE PILES

10.5.2 Materials
10.5.2.1 Concrete and Reinforcement S10-252
10.5.2.2 Permanent Casings S10-252
10.5.2.3 Drilling Fluid S10-252
10.5.3 Boring Operations

10.5.3.1 Diameter of Piles S10-252
10.5.3.2 Boring S10-252
10.5.3.3 Temporary Casings S10-253
10.5.3.4 Stability of Piling Excavations Using Drilling Fluid S10-253
10.5.3.5 Spillage and Disposal S10-253
10.5.3.6 Pumping of Boreholes S10-253
10.5.3.7 Continuity of Construction S10-253
10.5.3.8 Enlarged pile Bases S10-254
10.5.3.9 Cleanliness of Pile Bases S10-254
10.5.3.10 Inspection S10-254
10.5.4 Placing of Reinforcement S10-254

10.5.4.1 Joints in Longitudinal Bars S10-254
10.5.4.2 Positions of Reinforcement S10-254

page
10.5.5 Concreting Operations S10-254

10.5.5.1 Placing Concrete S10-254
10.5.5.2 Workability of Concrete S10-254
10.5.5.3 Compaction S10-255
10.5.5.4 Placing Concrete In Dry borings S10-255
10.5.5.5 Placing Concrete Under Water or Drilling Fluid S10-255
10.5.6 Extraction of Casing

10.5.6.1 Workability of Concrete S10-256
10.5.6.2 Concrete Level S10-256
10.5.6.3 Vibrating Extractors S10-256
10.5.7 Construction of Pile Heads S10-257

10.5.7.1 Water levels S10-257
10.5.7.2 Cutting and preparation of Pile heads S10-257
10.5.7.3 Temporary Backfilling Above Pile Casting Level S10-257
10.6 STEEL H-SECTION PILES
10.6.3 Manufacture and Storage of Steel H-Section Piles S10-257

10.6.3.1 Manufacture S10-257
10.6.4 Installation of Steel H-Section Piles S10-258

10.7 STEEL PIPE PILES
10.7.3 Manufacture and Storage of Steel Pipe Piles S10-258

10.7.3.1 Welding S10-258
10.7.3.2 Fabrication of Piles S10-259
10.7.3.3 Matching of Pile Lengths S10-259
10.7.3.4 Straightness of Piles S10-259
10.7.3.5 Fabrication of Piles On Site S10-259
10.7.3.7 Marking of Piles S10-259

Page
10.9.4 Installation of Pressure-Treated Timber Piles

10.9.4.3 Cutting and preparation of Pile heads S10-265
10.10 BAKAU PILES
10.10.3 Delivery and Inspection of Bakau Piles S10-266
10.10.4 Installation of Bakau Piles S10-266

10.10.4.1 Pitching of Piles S10-266
10.10.4.2 Driving of Piles S10-266
10.10.4.4 Cutting and Preparation of Pile Heads S10-267
10.11 PILE TESTING
10.11.1 Test Piles S10-267
10.11.2 Preliminary Pile Load Tests S10-267
10.11.3 Production Pile Load Tests S10-267
10.11.4 Testing Procedure S10-267

10.11.4.1 Preparation of Test Pile S10-267
10.11.4.2 Method of Loading S10-267
10.11.4.3 Measurement of Settlement S10-268
10.11.5 Method of Testing S10-268

10.11.5.1 General S10-268
10.11.5.2 Maintained Load Test S10-269
10.11.5.3 Constant Rate of Penetration (CRP) Test S10-269
10.11.6 Submission of Results S10-269
10.11.7 Interpretation of Test Results S10-269
10.11.8 Load Testing of Bakau Piles S10-270

SECTION 10 - PILING WORKS deviation of the finished pile from

the specified rake or the rake shown
on the Drawings is 1 in 25.
10.1 DESCRIPTION
10.2.5 Forcible Corrections
This work shall consist of the supply,
installation and testing of piles in Forcible corrections to concrete piles
accordance with this Specification and shall not be permitted. Forcible
the lines, levels, grades and cross- corrections may be permitted to
sections shown on the Drawings and as other types of piles if approved by
directed by the S.O. the S.O. However, no forcible
corrections shall be made to piles
which have deviated beyond the
10.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS permissible limits specified in Sub-
FOR TOLERANCES Sections 10.2.2, 10.2.3 and 10.2.4
above.
10.2.1 Setting Out
10.2.6 Piles Out of Alignment or Position
Setting out shall be carried out using
the data and reference points as The Contractor shall, if ordered by
shown on the Drawings. the S.O., extract and reinstall any
Immediately before installation of pile which has deviated out of
the pile, the pile position shall be position or alignment by more than
marked with suitable identifiable the specified limit, or alternatively
pins, pegs or markers. the substructure shall be modified to
the approval of the S.O. The cost of
10.2.2 Position such extraction and reinstallation or
any extra cost in the design and
For a pile cut off at or above ground construction of a modified
level the maximum permitted foundation shall be borne by the
deviation of the pile centre from the Contractor if, in the opinion of the
centre points shown on the Drawings S.O., such extra works have been
shall not exceed 75 mm in any made necessary due to the error
direction. For a pile cut off below and/or negligence of the Contractor.
ground level an increase in this
tolerance is permitted in accordance 10.2.7 Records
with Sub-Sections 10.2.3 and
10.2.4 hereinbelow. The Contractor shall keep records of
the installation of each pile as
10.2.3 Verticality required by the S.O. and shall
submit two signed copies of these
The maximum permitted deviation records to the S.O.not later than at
of the finished pile from the vertical noon of the next working day after
is 1 in 75. the pile has been installed. The
signed records shall form part of the
10.2.4 Rake records for the Works.
The piling rig shall be set and Any unexpected driving or boring
maintained to attain the required conditions shall be noted in the
rake. The maximum permitted records.

10.3 PRECAST REINFORCED Other means of jointing

CONCRETE PILES reinforcement, such as by means
of mechanical couplings shall be
to the approval of the S.O.
10.3.1 Description
10.3.2.3 Pile Shoes
This work shall comprise the supply
and installation of precast reinforced The type of pile shoes to be
concrete piles, inclusive of pitching used shall be as shown on the
and driving, lengthening and cutting Drawings and shall comply
and preparation of pile heads, all in with the following as relevant :-
accordance with this Specification
and to the details shown on the i) "Chilled-hardened" cast iron
Drawings. shoes as used for making grey
iron castings to B.S. 1452,
10.3.2 Materials Grade 10; or
10.3.2.1 Concrete ii) Mild steel to B.S. 4360,

Grade 50B; or
Unless otherwise specified,
ordinary Portland cement shall be iii) Cast steel to B.S. 3100, Grade
used for the casting of piles. A.
The materials and workmanship Mild steel straps cast into the
shall be as specified under shoes shall be as shown on the
Section 9 of this Specification. Drawings. Rock shoes where
The grade of concrete and the required shall consist of wrought
details of reinforcement to be iron shoes and mild steel straps
used shall be as shown on the cast into "Chilled-hardened" cast
Drawings. iron blocks, as shown on the
Drawings.
10.3.2.2 Reinforcement
10.3.3 Manufacture and Storage of Precast
The main reinforcing bars in piles Reinforced Concrete Piles
not exceeding 12 m in length
shall be in one continuous length 10.3.3.1 Casting
unless otherwise approved by the
S.O. The length of piles to be cast
shall be as shown on the
In piles exceeding 12 m long, Drawings, subject to revision by
joints shall be permitted in main the S.O. Based on the results of
longitudinal bars at 12 m nominal pile driving resistance and/or load
intervals. Joints in adjacent bars tests carried out on piles driven
shall be staggered at least 1 m on the site, the S.O. may from
apart along the length of the pile. time to time order the lengths of
Joints shall be butt welded as piles to be modified.
specified in Sub-Section 9.7.5 of
this Specification.

Piles shall be cast on a horizontal thicknesses shall be provided

platform in approved moulds to between piles at the lifting points.
the dimensions as shown on the
Drawings. The concreting of 10.3.4 Installation of Precast Reinforced
each pile shall be completed in Concrete Piles
one continuous operation and no
interruptions will be permitted. 10.3.4.1 Pitching of Piles
Lifting holes shall be formed
during casting in the positions Piles shall be pitched accurately
and in accordance with the details in the positions as shown on the
shown on the Drawings. Drawings. At all stages during
driving and until the pile has set
The cross-sectional dimensions of or been driven to the required
the pile shall not be less than length, all exposed piles shall be
those shown on the Drawings and adequately supported and
shall not exceed them by more restrained by means of leaders,
than 6 mm. Any face of a pile trestles, temporary supports or
shall not deviate by more than 6 other guide arrangements to
mm from a straight edge 3 m maintain position and alignment
long laid on the face, and the and to prevent buckling and
centroid of any cross-sections of damage to the piles.
the pile shall not deviate by more
than 12 mm from the straight line 10.3.4.2 Driving of Piles
connecting the centroids of the
end faces of the pile. Each pile shall be driven
continuously until the specified
After a pile has been cast, the set and/or depth has been
date of casting, reference number, reached, unless otherwise
and the length shall be clearly approved by the S.O. The
marked with indeletable marker driving equipment used shall be
on the top surface and on the of such type and capacity to the
head of the pile. In addition, approval of the S.O. A follower
each pile shall be marked at (long dolly) shall not be used
intervals of 0.5 m along its length unless otherwise approved by the
before being driven. S.O.
10.3.3.2 Handling and Storage A detailed record of the driving

resistance over the full length of
The method and sequence of each pile shall be kept. The log
lifting, handling, transporting and shall record the number of blows
storing piles shall be such that for every 0.5 m of pile
piles are not damaged. Only the penetration. The Contractor shall
designed lifting and support inform the S.O. without delay if
points shall be used. During an unexpected change in driving
transport and storage, piles shall characteristics is encountered.
be placed on adequate supports
located under the lifting points of Where required by the S.O. set
the piles. All piles within a stack shall be taken at approved
shall be in groups of the same intervals during the driving to
length. Packings of uniform establish the behaviour of the
piles.
A set shall be taken only in the driving. If a pile has been driven
presence of the S.O. unless to the required set or depth but
otherwise approved. The sound concrete of the pile is
Contractor shall provide all below cut-off level, the pile shall
facilities to enable the S.O. to be made good to the cut-off level
check driving resistances. The as described above.
final set of a pile other than as
friction pile, shall be recorded as 10.3.4.4 Lengthening of Piles
the penetration in millimeters per
10 blows. The temporary Where piles have to be
compression of the pile shall be lengthened, other than by means
recorded if required. of welding of steel plates as
detailed on the Drawings, the
Piles shall be driven in an reinforcement shall be stripped of
approved sequence to minimise all surrounding concrete for a
the detrimental effects of heave distance equal to thirty times the
and lateral displacement of the diameter of the main
ground. When required, careful reinforcement measured from the
levelling from a datum unaffected pile head for spliced joints and
by the piling shall be made on 300 mm for butt welded joints
the pile heads already driven, and all lateral reinforcement shall
before and after driving be removed. The lengthening
subsequent piles. Piles which bars shall butt on the exposed
have been displaced as a result bars in true alignment and shall
of driving adjacent piles shall be be butt welded as specified or
redriven to the required shall be spliced with bars of the
resistance. same diameter as the main pile
bars, 60 diameters in length and
10.3.4.3 Repair of Damaged Pile Heads lapping the main bars for a
distance of 30 diameters above
If a pile is to be subjected to and below the joint, and shall be
further driving, concrete in the securely bound with 1.63 mm
damaged pile head shall be cut soft annealed iron wire. New
off square at sound concrete, binders of similar size shall be
and all loose particles shall be provided and spaced at half the
removed by wire brushing, fol centres of the binders in the main
lowed by washing with water. body of the pile and shall be
Care shall be exercised to ensure securely bound with 1.63 mm
that the reinforcement in the pile soft annealed iron wire and the
head is not in any way damaged. pile extended by concreting in
Any damaged reinforcement properly constructed mounds to
shall be made good to the the length required.
satisfaction of the S.O. The head
shall be replaced with concrete of
an approved grade. The new
head shall be cast truly in line
with the remainder of the pile and
be properly cured and allowed to
harden sufficiently to develop
the strength necessary for further

Care shall be taken to form the (b) Splicing

joint between the old and new
concrete as specified The projecting bars shall be
hereinbefore. The extension shall stripped of all surrounding
be truly in line with the concrete as necessary to allow
remainder of the pile, , and be splices of length 60 diameters
properly cured and allowed to with extension bars. The
harden sufficiently to develop the extension bars shall be securely
strength necessary for further bound to the projecting bars with
driving. 1.63 mm soft annealed iron wire.
The concrete of the pile shall be
10.3.4.5 Cutting and Preparation of Pile made good either before or
Heads together with the casting of the
pile cap, all to the satisfaction of
When a pile has been driven to the S.O.
the required set or depth, the head
of the pile shall be cut off to the Care shall be taken to avoid
level specified or shown on the cracking or otherwise damaging
Drawings. The length of the rest of the pile. Any cracked
reinforcing bars projecting above or defective concrete shall be cut
this level shall be as shown or away and made good with new
specified on the Drawings. If the concrete properly bonded to the
length of reinforcing bars left old.
projecting is insufficient, then
they shall be extended by
either of the following
methods :-
(a) Butt Welding
The extension bars shall butt on

the projecting bars in true
alignment and shall be
butt welded in accordance with
Sub-Section 9.7.3.5 of this
Specification.

10.4 PRESTRESSED SPUN 10.4.2.4 Pile Shoes

CONCRETE PILES
If specified, the type of pile shoes
to be used shall be as shown on
10.4.1 Description the Drawings and shall be in
accordance with Sub-Section
This work shall comprise the supply 10.3.2.3.
and installation of prestressed spun
concrete piles,inclusive of pitching 10.4.3 Manufacture and Storage of
and driving, lengthening and cutting Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles
and preparation of pile heads, all in
accordance with this Specification 10.4.3.1 Casting
and to the details shown on the
Drawings. The length of piles to be cast
shall be as shown on the
10.4.2 Materials Drawings, subject to revision by
the S.O. Based on the results of
10.4.2.1 Concrete pile driving resistance and/or load
tests carried out on piles driven
Unless otherwise specified, on the site, the S.O. may from
ordinary Portland cement shall be time to time order the lengths of
used for the casting of piles. The piles to be modified.
materials and workmanship shall
be as specified under Section 9 Piles shall be hollow cylinders
of this Specification. The grade manufactured by the centrifugal
of concrete to be used shall be as casting process. Moulds shall be
shown on the Drawings. of metal, well braced and
stiffened against deformations
10.4.2.2 Reinforcement caused by the hydrostatic
pressure of the wet concrete
The prestressing tendons and the while spinning. The metal forms
non-prestressing reinforcement of shall have smooth joints and
the piles including workmanship inside surfaces. The forms shall
shall be as specified under be accessible for adequate
Sections 11 and 9 respectively of cleaning.
this Specification and to the
details as shown on the The spiral reinforcement shall be
Drawings. securely held to the longitudinal
reinforcement during casting and
10.4.2.3 End Plates spinning. Any welding used shall
not affect the strength of the pre
Details of end plates of each stressing tendons.
length of pile shall be as shown
on the Drawings. The pile shall not be removed
from the moulds until after the
Each end plate shall be machine- specified transfer strength is
finished and provided with a achieved.
chamfer to accommodate the
welding when two lengths of pile The external diameter and the
are jointed. thickness of the pile shall not be

less than that shown on the 10.4.4.2 Lengthening of Piles

Drawings and shall be constant
over the entire length of the pile Where lengthening of piles is
and coaxial with the end plate at required, the details of the joint
each end. shall be as shown on the
Drawings. When two lengths of
After a pile has been cast, the pile are jointed, the end plates
date of casting, reference number shall bear over their complete
and length shall be clearly areas. Shims for packing shall not
marked with indeletable marking be accepted.
on the top surface and on the
head of the pile. In addition, each 10.4.4.3 Cutting and Preparation of Pile
pile shall be marked at intervals Heads
of 0.5 m along its length before
being driven. When a pile has been driven to
the required set or depth, the
head of the pile shall be cut off to
10.4.3.2 Handling and Storage the level specified or shown on
the Drawings. The Contractor
The method and sequence of shall submit to the S.O. for
lifting, handling, transporting and approval, his proposed method
storing piles shall be such that for cutting of piles. Pile heads
piles are not damaged. Only the shall be constructed to details as
designed lifting and support shown on the Drawings.
points shall be used.
All piles within a stack shall be in

groups of the same length.
Packings of uniform thicknessess
shall be provided between piles at
the lifting points.
10.4.4 Installation of Prestressed Spun

Concrete Piles
10.4.4.1 Pitching and Driving of Piles
Pitching and driving of piles shall

be in accordance with Sub-
Sections 10.3.4.1 and 10.3.4.2.
Piles shall not be driven until the
concrete has achieved the
specified characteristic strength.

10.5 BORED CAST-IN-PLACE Bentonite shall be mixed

PILES thoroughly with clean fresh water
to make a suspension which will
maintain the stability of the pile
10.5.1 Description excavation for the period
necessary to place concrete and
This work shall comprise the boring complete construction.
or grabbing, with or without casing, Preparation of the suspension
and subsequently filling the hole shall comply with the
with plain or reinforced concrete to manufacturer's instructions.
form bored cast-in-situ piles, all in
accordance with this Specification Where saline or chemically
and to the details shown on the contaminated ground water
Drawings. occurs, special precautions shall
be taken to modify the bentonite
10.5.2 Materials suspension or prehydrate the
bentonite in fresh water to render
10.5.2.1 Concrete and Reinforcement it suitable in all respects for the
construction of piles.
The concrete and reinforcement
to be used and workmanship 10.5.3 Boring Operations
for bored cast-in-situ piles shall
be as specified under Section 9 10.5.3.1 Diameter of Piles
of this Specification. The grade
of concrete and the details of The diameter of piles shall not be
reinforcement to be used shall be less than the specified designed
as shown on the Drawings. diameter at any level throughout
its length.
10.5.2.2 Permanent Casings
10.5.3.2 Boring
Permanent casings which form
part of the designed pile shall be Boring shall be carried down to
as specified in the Drawings. the depth as required and
directed by the S.O.
10.5.2.3 Drilling Fluid
When deemed necessary by the
Drilling fluid material, bentonite, S.O., the Contractor shall take
shall comply with Specification undisturbed soil samples while
No. DF CP4 of the Oil the pile is being bored. The
Companies Materials Association samples shall be taken to an
or its equivalent. A certificate approved Laboratory for testing.
shall be obtained by the
Contractor from the manufacturer Sampling and all subsequent
of the bentonite powder, showing handling and testing shall be
the properties of each carried out in accordance with
consignment delivered to the site. B.S.5930.
This certificate shall be made
available to the S.O. on request.

Piles shall not be bored close to In the event of a rapid loss of

other piles which have recently bentonite suspension or water
been cast and which contain from the piling excavation, the
workable or unset concrete, such excavation shall be backfilled
that a flow of concrete could be without delay and the instructions
induced from or damage caused of the S.O. shall be obtained prior
to any of the piles. to resuming boring at that
location.
10.5.3.3 Temporary Casings
10.5.3.5 Spillage and Disposal
Temporary casings of approved
quality or an approved alternative All reasonable steps shall be
method shall be used to maintain taken to prevent the spillage of
the stability of pile excavations bentonite suspension or water on
which might otherwise collapse. the site in areas outside the
immediate vicinity of the boring
Temporary casings shall be free operations. Discarded bentonite
from significant distortion. They water shall be removed from the
shall be of uniform cross-section site without delay. The disposal
throughout each continuous of bentonite water shall comply
length. During concreting they with the regulations of the Local
shall be free from internal Controlling Authorities.
projections and encrusted
concrete which might prevent the 10.5.3.6 Pumping of Boreholes
proper formation of the piles
being cast. Pumping from the borehole shall
not be permitted unless a casing
10.5.3.4 Stability of Piling Excavations has been placed into the stable
Using Drilling Fluid stratum to prevent the further
ingress of water in significant
Where the use of drilling fluid or quantities from other strata into
a column of water is approved for the boring, or, unless it can be
maintaining the stability of shown that pumping will not
boring, the level of fluid or have a detrimental effect on the
column of water in the surrounding soil or its properties.
excavation shall be maintained
such that the fluid pressure 10.5.3.7 Continuity of Construction
always exceeds the pressure
exerted by the soil and external A pile constructed in stable soil,
ground water and an adequate without the use of temporary
temporary casing shall be used in casings or other support, shall be
conjunction with the method to bored and concreted without
ensure the stability of the strata delay to ensure that the soil char
near ground level until concrete acteristics are not significantly
has been placed. The fluid water altered.
level shall be maintained at a
level not less than 1 metre above
the level of the external ground
water.

10.5.3.8 Enlarged Pile Bases of the reinforcement during the

construction of the pile and the
The enlarged pile base shall not spacing of the reinforcing bars
be smaller than the dimensions shall be maintained in such a way
specified and shall be concentric that proper concreting shall not
with the pile shaft diameter. A be impeded.
sloping surface of the frustum
forming the enlargement shall 10.5.4.2 Positions of Reinforcement
make an angle to the horizontal
of not less than 55. Adequate spacer blocks, guide
tubes, and lifting wires shall be
10.5.3.9 Cleanliness of Pile Bases provided so as to maintain the
reinforcing steel in the positions
On completion of boring, loose, as specified.
disturbed or remoulded soil or
fragments of rock shall be Where temporary casings are
removed from the base of the employed, the longitudinal
pile. reinforcement shall extend at
least 1.0 metre below the bottom
10.5.3.10 Inspection of the casing so that movement of
the reinforcement during
For dry boreholes, each hole shall extraction of the casing is
be inspected prior to the placing minimised.
of concrete in it. The inspection
shall be carried out from the 10.5.5 Concreting Operations
ground surface in the case where
the borehole diameter is less than 10.5.5.1 Placing Concrete
750 mm. Where the borehole
diameter exceeds 750 mm, The method of placing and the
adequate equipment conforming workability of concrete shall be
to B.S. 5930 shall be provided to such that a continuous monolithic
enable the Contractor and the concrete shaft of the full cross-
S.O. to descend into the borehole section is formed.
for the purpose of inspection.
10.5.5.2 Workability of Concrete
For wet boreholes, i.e. holes
filled with drilling fluid or water, The workability of the concrete
a suitable probe shall be provided shall be determined by the slump
to ascertain the evenness and test as described in M.S. 26.
cleanliness of the pile base.
The suggested slump details for
10.5.4 Placing of Reinforcement typical concreting situations shall
be as specified in Table 10.1
10.5.4.1 Joints in Longitudinal Bars below. The slump shall be
measured at the time of
Reinforcement shall be such that discharge into the borehole.
the full strength of the bar is
effective across the joint and the
joint shall be made so that there
is no relative displacement

TABLE 10.1 - SLUMP RANGE FOR TYPICAL CONCRETING SITUATIONS
Typical Conditions Slump Range

of Use (mm)
Placed into water-free unlined bore.

Widely spaced reinforcement leaving
room for free movement between bars 75 to 125
Where reinforcement is not spaced widely

enough to give free movement between
bars.
Where casting level of concrete is within

the casing.
Where pile diameter is less than 600 mm. 100 to 175
Where concrete is to be placed by tremie

under water or drilling fluid. 150 to collapse
10.5.5.3 Compaction diameter, an enriched mix shall

be used in the first few batches of
Internal vibrators shall not be concrete to minimise segregation.
used to compact concrete unless
it can be satisfied that they will 10.5.5.5 Placing Concrete Under Water or
not cause segregation or arching Drilling Fluid
of the concrete.
Concrete to be placed under
10.5.5.4 Placing Concrete In Dry Borings water or drilling fluid shall be
placed by tremie unless otherwise
Approved measures shall be approved and shall not be
taken to avoid segregation and discharged freely into the water
bleeding and to ensure that the or drilling fluid.
concrete at the bottom of the pile
is not deficient in grout. Before placing concrete,
measures shall be taken to ensure
Where piles are vertical, concrete that there is no accumulation of
may be poured through a funnel silt or other material at the base
with a length of tube so that the of the boring.
flow is directed and does not hit
reinforcement bars or the side of
the hole. Chutes extending to
near the base shall be employed
for raking piles of large diameter.
For raking piles of small

The hopper and pipe of the 10.5.6.2 Concrete Level

tremie shall be clean and
watertight throughout. The pipe When the casing is being
shall extend to the base of the extracted, a sufficient quantity of
boring and a sliding plug or concrete shall be maintained
barrier shall be placed in the pipe within it to ensure that the
to prevent direct contact between pressure from external water,
the first charge of concrete in the drilling fluid or soil is exceeded
pipe of the tremie and the water and that the pile is neither
or drilling fluid. The tremie pipe reduced in section nor
shall at all times penetrate the contaminated.
concrete which has previously
been placed and shall not be No concrete shall be placed in the
withdrawn from the concrete boring once the bottom of the
until the completion of casing has been lifted above the
concreting. At all times, a top of the concrete; it shall be
sufficient quantity of concrete placed continuously as the casing
shall be maintained within the is extracted until the desired head
tremie pipe to ensure that the of concrete is obtained.
pressure from it exceeds that
from the water or drilling fluid. Adequate precautions shall be
taken in all cases where excess
The internal diameter of the heads of water or drilling fluid
tremie pipe shall not be less than could be caused as the casing is
150 mm for concrete made with withdrawn because of the
20 mm aggregate and not less displacement of water or fluid by
than 200 mm for concrete made the concrete as it flows into its
with 40 mm aggregate. The final position against the wall of
tremie pipe shall be so designed the pile shaft. Where double
that external projections are casings are used in the boring, the
minimised, allowing the tremie proposed method of working
pipe to pass through the shall be with the approval of the
reinforcing cage without causing S.O.
damage or uplifting. The internal
face of the tremie pipe shall be 10.5.6.3 Vibrating Extractors
from projections.
The use of vibrating extractors
10.5.6 Extraction of Casing shall be permitted subject to the
condition that work shall be
10.5.6.1 Workability of Concrete carried out in such a manner and
at such times as to minimise
Temporary casings shall be nuisance and disturbance.
extracted while the concrete
within them remains sufficiently
workable to ensure that the
concrete is not lifted.

10.5.7 Construction of Pile Heads 10.6.2 Materials
10.5.7.1 Water Levels All steel H-section piles shall

comply with B.S. 4 with regard to
In the event of the ground water sectional dimensions and the steel
level being higher than the shall comply with the requirements
required pile head casting level of B.S. 4360. The sections and
shown on the Drawings, the grades to be used shall be as
Contractor shall submit his specified or as shown on the
proposals for approval prior to Drawings.
placing concrete. The pile head
shall not be left below the ground 10.6.3 Manufacture and Storage of
water level unless approved Steel H-Section Piles
precautions are taken.
10.6.3.1 Manufacture
10.5.7.2 Cutting and Preparation of Pile
Heads Unless otherwise approved by the
S.O. the strengthening of the toe
The top of the pile shall be in lieu of a shoe or the
brought above the cut-off level of strengthening of the head of a
the pile to permit all laitance and pile shall be made from material
weak concrete to be removed and of the same grade as the pile and
to ensure that it can be properly to the details as shown on the
keyed into the pile cap. Pile Drawings.
heads shall be constructed to the
details shown on the Drawings. For standard rolled sections the
deviation from straightness in
10.5.7.3 Temporary Backfilling Above millimetres shall not exceed 1.04
Pile Casting Level (L-4.5) where L is the length of
the pile in metres.
After each pile has been cast, any
empty bore remaining shall be For proprietary sections made up
protected and shall be carefully from rolled sections the deviation
backfilled as soon as possible from straightness shall not exceed
with approved materials. 1/1000 of the length of the pile.
Each pile shall be clearly marked

10.6 STEEL H-SECTION PILES with white indeletable marking at
the flanged head showing its
reference number and overall
10.6.1 Description length. In addition, each pile
shall be marked at intervals of
This work shall comprise the supply 0.5 m along its length before
and installation of steel H-section being driven.
piles, inclusive of pitching and
driving, lengthening and preparation
of pile heads, all in accordance with
this Specification and to the details
shown on the Drawings.

The length of piles to be supplied 10.6.4.3 Cutting and Preparation of Pile

shall be as shown on the Heads
Drawings subject to revision by
the S.O. Based on the results of When a pile has been driven to
pile driving resistance and/or load the required set or depth and
tests carried out on piles driven before encasing in concrete, the
on the Site, the S.O. may from piles shall be cut to within 20
time to time order the lengths of mm of the levels shown on the
piles to be modified. Drawings. Pile heads shall be
constructed to the details as
10.6.3.2 Handling and Storage shown on the Drawings.
All operations such as handling The remaining section which can

and transporting of piles shall be be reused for lengthening of piles
carried out in such a manner that shall be stored and protected as
damage to piles and their directed by the S.O.
coatings is minimised. Piles
that are damaged during handling
and transporting shall be replaced 10.7 STEEL PIPE PILES
by the Contractor at his own
expense. All damaged and
rejected piles shall be removed 10.7.1 Description
from the Site forthwith.
This work shall comprise the supply
Piles within a stack shall be in and installation of steel pipe piles,
groups of the same length and on inclusive of pitching and driving,
approved supports. lengthening and preparation of pile
heads, all in accordance with this
10.6.4 Installation of Steel H-Section Piles Specification and to the details
shown on the Drawings.
10.7.2 Materials
Pitching and driving of piles shall
be in accordance with Sub- All steel pipes shall comply with
Sections 10.3.4.1 and 10.3.4.2. B.S. 6323 with regard to sectional
dimensions and the steel shall
10.6.4.2 Lengthening of Piles comply with the requirements of
B.S. 4360.
Where lengthening of piles is
required, the piles shall be jointed 10.7.3 Manufacture and Storage of
by butt welding. Butt welded Steel Pipe Piles
joints shall be stiffened with
plates fillet welded on all four 10.7.3.1 Welding
sides as detailed on the Drawings.
All weldings shall be continuous Unless otherwise specified, all
and complying with B.S. 638, welds shall be full penetration
B.S. 5135 and B.S. 5950 for arc butt welds complying with the
welding and B.S. 4577 for requirements of B.S. 5153.
resistance welding as appropriate.
The type and size of weld shall
be as detailed on the Drawings.
10.7.3.2 Fabrication of Piles 10.7.3.4 Straightness of Piles
The root edge or root face lengths Unless otherwise approved, the
of piles that are to be butt welded deviation from straightness shall
shall not differ by more than 25% not exceed 1/600 of a length not
from the thickness of piles not exceeding 10 m. When two or
exceeding 12 mm in thickness; or more such lengths are joined, the
by more than 3 mm for piles deviation from straightness shall
exceeding 12 mm in thickness. not exceed 1/960 of the
When piles of unequal thickness completed length.
are to be butt welded together, the
thickness of the thinner material 10.7.3.5 Fabrication of Piles on Site
shall be the criterion.
When pile lengths are to be made
Pile lengths shall be set up so that up on Site, all test procedures and
the differences in dimensions are dimensional tolerances shall
matched as evenly as possible. conform to the Specification
for the supply of pipe materials.
The length of piles to be supplied Adequate facilities shall be
shall be as shown on the provided for supporting and
Drawings subject to revision by aligning the lengths of pile.
the S.O. Based on the results of
pile driving resistance and/or load 10.7.3.6 Handling and Storage
tests carried out on piles driven
on the Site, the S.O. may from All piles within a stack shall be in
time to time order the lengths of groups of the same length and on
piles to be modified. approved supports. All
operations such as handling,
10.7.3.3 Matching of Pile Lengths transporting and pitching of piles
shall be carried out in a manner
Longitudinal seam welds and such that damage to piles and
spiral seam welds of lengths of their coatings is minimised. Piles
pipe piles forming a completed that are damaged during handling
pile shall, whenever possible, be and transporting shall be replaced
evenly staggered. However, if in by the Contractor at his own
order to obtain a satisfactory expense. All damaged and
match of the ends of piles or the rejected piles shall be removed
specified straightness, the from the Site forthwith.
longitudinal seams or spiral
seams are brought closely to one 10.7.3.7 Marking of Piles
alignment at the joint, then they
shall be staggered by at least Each pile shall be clearly marked
100 mm. with white indeletable marking
showing its reference number and
overall length. In addition, each
pile shall be marked at intervals
of 0.5 metre along its length
before being driven.

10.7.4 Workmanship ii) for tubes of any wall

thickness, continuous
10.7.4.1 Welding Procedures ultra-sonic examination over
the whole weld, supplemented
The Contractor shall submit for where necessary by
approval, full details of the radiographs to investigate
welding procedures and defects revealed by the
electrodes with drawings and ultrasonic examination.
schedules as may be necessary.
Tests shall be undertaken as may 10.7.4.4 Acceptance Standards
be required by the S.O. and shall
be in accordance with the If the results of any weld test do
requirements of B.S. 4870. not conform to the specified
requirements, two additional
10.7.4.2 Welders' Qualifications specimens from the same length
of pile shall be tested. In the case
Only welders who are qualified of failure of one or both of
in the approved welding these additional tests, the length
procedure shall be employed. of pile covered by the test shall
Copies of certificates relating to be rejected.
welders' tests shall be made
available to the S.O. on request. 10.7.5 Protective Coatings
10.7.4.3 Radiographs If protective coatings are specified,

the preparation of surfaces and the
During production of welded application of the coatings shall be
tube piles, at least one radiograph carried out by skilled labour having
approximately 300 mm long shall experience in the preparation of the
be required on each completed coatings specified.
length as a spot check on weld
quality. This shall be taken on a 10.7.5.1 Surface Preparation
circumferential or longitudinal
weld and its position shall be as Unless otherwise specified, all
directed by the S.O. surfaces to be coated shall be
blast cleaned with an approved
For spirally welded piles, one of abrasive in accordance with B.S.
the following tests shall be 4232 or SIS 05 59 00 to remove
carried out :- rust, mill scale and other adhering
materials, to provide a finish to
i) for tubes of wall thickness 12 second quality (near white) of
mm or less, three spot check B.S. 4232 or SIS 05 59 00 grade
radiographs, one at each end Sa 2 1/2.
of each length of the tube as
manufactured and one at a 10.7.5.2 Application and Type of Primer
position to be chosen at the
time of testing by the S.O.; Immediately after surface
and spot check radiographs as preparation, the surface shall be
required by the S.O. on the coated with an approved primer
weld joints between strip or the specified coating to avoid
lengths; recontamination. No coat shall be

applied to a metal surface which 10.7.6 Installation of Steel Pipe Piles

is not thoroughly dry.
The primer shall be compatible
with the specified coating. Pitching and driving of piles shall
be in accordance with Sub-
10.7.5.3 Part to be Welded Sections 10.3.4.1 and 10.3.4.2.
The coating within 200 mm of a 10.7.6.2 Lengthening of Piles

weld shall be applied after
welding. Unless otherwise approved,
where lengthening of piles is
10.7.5.4 Thickness, Number and Colour required, the piles shall be jointed
of Coats by butt welding along the entire
periphery as detailed on the
The minimum dry film thickness Drawings.
of the finished coating, including
the minimum dry film thickness 10.7.6.3 Cutting and Preparation of
of each coat and the minimum Pile Heads
number of coats that are to be
applied, shall be as specified and When a pile has been driven to
shown on the Drawings. the required set or depth and
Coatings shall be applied in before encasing in concrete, the
accordance with the pile shall be cut to within 20 mm
manufacturer's instructions. of the levels shown on the
Drawings and protective coatings
10.7.5.5 Inspection of Coatings and shall be removed from the
Acceptibility surfaces of the pile head 100 mm
above the soffit of the concrete.
The finished coating shall be Pile heads shall be constructed to
generally smooth, of a dense and details as shown on the
uniform texture and free from Drawings.
sharp protuberances or pin holes.
10.7.6.4 Concreting of Pile Shaft
Any coat damaged by subsequent
processes or which has If concreting is specified or
deteriorated to an extent such that shown on the Drawings after the
proper adhesion of the coating pile has been cut off to the
may not be obtained or specified level, the shaft shall be
maintained, shall be recleaned to filled with concrete in a
the original standard and recoated continuous operation. The
with the specified sequence of method of placing shall be
coats. approved by the S.O.
The completed coating shall be The reinforcement cage in the

checked for thickness and pile shall be made sufficiently
continuity by an approved rigid and kept in its correct
magnetic gauge or detector. Areas position during concreting.
where the thickness is less than
that specified shall receive
approved additional treatment.
The length of the reinforcing bars 10.8.3 Drilling Operations

projecting above the pile cut off
level shall be as shown on the 10.8.3.1 Diameter of Piles
Drawings.
The diameter of piles shall not be
less than the specified/designed
10.8 MICROPILES diameter at any level throughout
its length.
10.8.1 Description 10.8.3.2 Drilling
This work shall comprise the drilling The Contractor shall submit to
of a hole, placing of reinforcement the S.O. details of drilling
unit and subsequently filling the hole equipment and drilling procedure
with grout to form micropiles, all in for approval before
accordance with this Specification commencement of works.
and to the details shown on the Drilling operations shall be
Drawings. carried out in accordance with the
relevant requirements of Sub-
10.8.2 Materials Section 10.5.3.
10.8.2.1 Reinforcement Unit 10.8.4 Grouting Operations
The type of reinforcement unit to 10.8.4.1 Mixing and Placing Grout

be used, the diameter and/or
thickness, grade, yield strength The Contractor shall provide
and working stress shall be as details of the method and
specified or as shown on the equipment used in grout mixing.
Drawings. Further information such as
grouting pressure, grouting
10.8.2.2 Grout procedure, grouting equipment
and techniques employed in
Unless otherwise specified, the grouting underwater shall also be
grout shall be non-shrink cement furnished for approval.
grout. The grout mix design such
as the water-cement ratio, the Grout shall be mixed on Site and
minimum cement and grout shall be free from segregation,
strength at 7 and 28 days shall be slumping and bleeding. Grout
as specified and shown on the shall be pumped into its final
Drawings. position in one continuous
operation as soon as possible and
If admixtures are used, details of in no case more than half an hour
admixtures shall be submitted to after mixing.
the S.O. for approval before
commencement of works. The 10.8.4.2 Testing Grout
use of the admixture shall fully
comply with the manufacturer's Grout shall be tested in
instructions. accordance with B.S. 1881 and
B.S. 4550.

10.8.5 Construction of Pile Heads Pressure-treated timber piles shall

conform to M.S. 822 and shall be
10.8.5.1 Lengthening of Piles approved by SIRIM.
Where lengthening is required, 10.9.3 Manufacture and Storage of

the pile reinforcement unit shall Pressure-Treated Timber Piles
be connected on Site to the
details shown on the Drawings. 10.9.3.1 Manufacture
Other means of jointing Before commencement of work

reinforcement shall be to the the Contractor shall notify the
approval of the S.O. S.O. of the name of the supplier
and manufacturer for approval.
10.8.5.2 Cutting and Preparation of Pile The method of preservative

Heads treatment for timber piles shall be
the full-cell process as described
Pile heads shall be constructed to in M.S. 360. The preservative
the details as shown on the used shall comply with M.S. 733.
Drawings. The depth of penetration of
preservative shall be a minimum
of 25 mm and the net dry salt
10.9 PRESSURE-TREATED TIMBER retention in the treated part of the
PILES timber shall be a minimum of 16
kg/cu.m.
10.9.1 Description Piles shall be within -2 mm and

+6 mm of their specified cross-
This work shall comprise the supply sectional dimensions. The
and installation of pressure-treated centroid of any cross-section of a
timber piles, inclusive of pitching pile shall not deviate by more
and driving, lengthening and than 25 mm from the straight line
preparation of pile heads, all in connecting the centroids of the
accordance with this Specification end faces of the pile.
and to the details shown on the
Drawings. The timber terms used in Before the treated timber pile is
this Specification shall have the accepted for the work the
meanings assigned to them in M.S. Contractor shall obtain from the
229. manufacturer of the treated piles
a warranty on an approved form
10.9.2 Materials which provides, that for a ten
year period, the treated piles shall
Unless otherwise approved by the be free from fungus and insect
S.O., Kempas (Koompassia attack.
Malaccensis) shall be used and this
shall not be of a lesser quality than
the grading specified in Appendix A
of M.S. 822.

Each treated pile shall be The length of piles to be supplied

permanently marked with shall be as shown on the
identifications which indicate that Drawings subject to revision by
they comply with this the S.O. Based on the results of
Specification, manufacturer's pile driving resistance and/or load
trade mark, type of treatment, tests carried out on piles driven
charge number and date of on the Site, the S.O. may from
treatment and the length of the time to time order the lengths of
pile. The end plates of each pile piles to be modified.
shall have SIRIM Control Labels.
10.9.4 Installation of Pressure-Treated
The S.O. may require inspection Timber Piles
and testing at the treatment plant
to observe and ensure that the 10.9.4.1 Pitching and Driving of Piles
manufacturing process and
control testings of the piles are Pitching and driving shall be in
carried out in accordance with accordance with Sub-Sections
this Specification. Records of the 10.3.4.1 and 10.3.4.2.
actual treatment schedule shall be
kept during the treatment process, Piles shall be provided in one
and the Contractor shall furnish single length of 6.0 m each unless
such records for the piles otherwise approved. Any pile
supplied when requested by the driven to the required set at a
S.O. depth of 6.0 m or less shall be in
one continuous length.
10.9.3.2 Delivery and Storage
The pile head shall be adequately
The Contractor shall notify the protected during driving, so that
S.O. of the delivery of timber brooming and splitting do not
piles to the Site, and provide the occur. The pile head shall be
necessary facilities to enable the fitted with toothed metal plates as
S.O. to inspect each pile and take approved by the S.O. during
random sampling for normal driving.
determination of depth of
penetration and the net dry salt In the case of hard driving, unless
retention. otherwise approved by the S.O., a
metal helmet shall be fitted to the
Accepted piles shall be marked top of the pile. The top of the
and stacked in lengths on drained pile shall first be trimmed to fit
hard ground. Each pile shall be closely into the recess of the
stacked clear of the ground and underside of the helmet. A hard
have an air space around it. The wood dolly and, if necessary, a
piles shall be separated by sticks packing piece shall be used above
or blocks placed vertically one the helmet.
above the other and closely
spaced horizontally to avoid If during driving the head of the
sagging of the piles. All rejected pile becomes excessively
piles shall be removed from the broomed or otherwise damaged,
Site forthwith. the damaged part shall be cut off
and the helmet refitted.

When fissures appear in a pile i) the cut-offs or bored holes

during driving, which in the shall be given two flood coats
opinion of the S.O. will affect its of 10% m/v solution of the
strength, the pile shall be rejected preservative, or as specified in
and replaced at the Contractor's accordance with M.S. 360,
expense. allowing each application to
soak thoroughly into the cut
10.9.4.2 Lengthening of Piles or bored surface;
If jointing is required, pile joints ii) immediately after the

shall be made by using Mild preservative solution has
Steel Welded Boxes 450 mm dried, the pile heads shall be
long fabricated from 5 mm thick heavily coated with a
plates unless otherwise shown on bituminous compound which
the Drawings. Joint boxes shall conforms to B.S. 3416 for the
be painted with red lead paint or whole depth that the pile is to
otherwise protected against be enclosed in the pile cap.
corrosion to the satisfaction of the
S.O. The internal dimensions of
the box shall be 3 mm undersize 10.10 BAKAU PILES
of the pile cross-sectional
dimensions. The joint and the
ends of the piles to be jointed 10.10.1 Description
shall be constructed so that the
necessary strength and stiffness This work shall comprise the
are developed at the joint. supply and installation of bakau
piles, inclusive of pitching and
driving, lengthening and
10.9.4.3 Cutting and Preparation of Pile preparation of pile heads, all in
Heads accordance with this
Specification and to the details
When a pile has been driven to shown on the Drawings.
the required set or depth, the head
of the piles shall be cut off square 10.10.2 Materials
to sound wood and treated with
an approved preservative and a Unless otherwise approved by the
waterproof coating all in S.O. only Bakau Minyak
accordance with M.S. 822. The (Rhizophora Apiculapa) or Bakau
pile head shall be embedded for a Kurap (Rhizophora Mucronata)
depth of not less than 150 mm in shall be used. Bakau piles shall
the concrete cap which shall be at be provided in one single length
least 150 mm thick round the of not less than 5.0 m each. The
piles. diameter of piles at the small end
shall not be less than 75 mm
When piles are cut-off at the pile unless otherwise specified.
cap level, all cut-offs and bored
holes shall be treated as follows :-

All bakau piles shall be free from Unless otherwise approved,

rot, fungal or pest attack and any bakau piles shall be driven by
other defects. The piles shall be means of a drop hammer of at
reasonably straight and circular in least 250 kg in mass, suspended
cross-section with all branch from a shear-leg or approved
joints trimmed off to the general pile-frame.
outline of the piles but leaving
the bark intact on the piles. Piles shall be driven in an
approved sequence to minimise
10.10.3 Delivery and Inspection of Bakau the detrimental effects of heave
Piles and lateral displacement of the
ground. When required, levels
The Contractor shall notify the and measurements shall be taken
S.O. of the delivery of piles to the to determine the movement of the
Site and provide labour and ground or any pile resulting from
facilities to enable the S.O. to the driving process. If any pile
inspect and measure each pile at rise occurs as a result of adjacent
the time of unloading. Accepted piles being driven, the Contractor
piles shall be stacked on an shall submit to the S.O. for
approved surface in an approved approval, his proposals for
area and kept constantly in a correcting this and to avoid the
damp condition. Rejected piles same in subsequent work.
shall be removed from the Site
forthwith. The pile head shall be flat and at
right angles to the axis of the pile,
10.10.4 Installation of Bakau Piles its edges chamfered to minimise
splitting during driving. The
10.10.4.1Pitching of Piles Contractor shall take precautions
to avoid damage to the pile head
Piles shall be pitched accurately during hard driving by providing
in the positions and at spacings as a suitable metal helmet. A hard
shown on the Drawings or as wood dolly and, if necessary, a
approved by the S.O. packing piece shall be used above
the helmet. If during driving the
10.10.4.2Driving of Piles head of the pile becomes
excessively broomed or
The length of piles to be driven otherwise damaged, the damaged
shall be as shown on the part shall be cut off, the head
Drawings. Based on the results retrimmed and the helmet
of pile driving resistance and/or refitted.
load tests carried out on piles
driven on the site, the S.O. may,
from time to time order the
lengths or spacing of piles to be
modified.

10.10.4.3 Lengthening of Piles 10.11.2 Preliminary Pile Load Tests
Where a pile has to be jointed, Preliminary pile load tests shall be

it shall be to the details as carried out before the S.O. issues to
shown on the Drawings. Only the Contractor, in writing,
one joint shall be allowed. instructions on the pile length and
The two pile ends to be pile length combinations for the
jointed shall be of the same manufacture and supply of the piles.
diameter and each shall be cut The Contractor shall not proceed to
at right angles to its axis to manufacture or supply the piles until
make contact over the whole he has received instructions in
cross-section when the two writing to do so from the S.O.
timbers are co-axial. A mild
steel tube connector of No. 9 The lengths of the piles for the
gauge to B.S. 6323 shall be preliminary load tests shall be
used to join the two pile ends. determined by the S.O.
The steel tube connector shall
be painted with red lead paint 10.11.3 Production Pile Load Tests
or otherwise protected against
corrosion all to the Load tests shall also be carried out
satisfaction of the S.O. The during the installation of piles for the
pile ends shall be trimmed or permanent Works. Such pile load
packed in the connector to tests shall be referred to as
provide a tight fit. production pile load tests.
10.10.4.4 Cutting and Preparation of 10.11.4 Testing Procedure

Pile Heads
10.11.4.1Preparation of Test Pile
When the piles have been
driven to the required depth, The pile head shall be cut off or
the top of the piles shall be built up to the necessary elevation
cut off to a uniform level. and shall be capped appropriately
The cut-off level shall be to produce a bearing surface
below the lowest dry season perpendicular to the axis of the
ground water level as shown pile. The arrangement shall be
on the Drawings or as such that none of the test load is
approved by the S.O. carried by the ground under the
cap.
10.11 PILE TESTING
10.11.4.2Method of Loading
10.11.1 Test Piles
The test load shall be applied in
In order to determine the required one of the following ways :-
length of pile at each location, the
Contractor shall drive test piles as i) by means of a jack which
shown on the Drawings and/or as obtains its reaction from
instructed by the S.O. Test piles kentledge heavier than the
shall be driven with the same required load;
hammer that is used for driving
foundation piles.

ii) by means of a jack which wires. The reference beam

obtains its reaction from supports shall be located at least
tension piles or other suitable 3 m from the load test pile,
anchors. reaction pile or piles supporting
reaction loads. The reference
The load shall be measured beams or wires shall be protected
using a calibrated load gauge from the effects of temperature
and also a calibrated pressure changes.
gauge in the hydraulic system.
The jack and load gauge shall 10.11.5 Method of Testing
be carefully aligned so that
the load applied is co-axial 10.11.5.1General
with the pile.
Maintained Load Tests shall be
When method (i) is used, care conducted on test piles as
shall be taken to ensure that selected by the S.O. The
the centre of gravity of the loading tests shall be carried out
kentledge is on the axis of the in accordance with Sub-Section
pile. The nearest edge of the 10.11.5.2.
crib supporting the kentledge
stack shall not be closer than When instructed or approved by
1.3 m to the surface of the test the S.O., Constant Rate of
pile. Kentledge shall not be Penetration Tests shall also be
used for testing raked piles. conducted on other piles. The
tests shall be carried out in
When method (ii) is used, all accordance with Sub-Section
anchor piles shall be at a 10.11.5.3.
distance of at least three (3)
pile shaft diameters from the Prior to the performance of any
test pile, centre to centre, and load test, the Contractor shall
in no case shall they be less submit to the S.O. for his
than 2 m from the test pile. approval, working drawings
showing the method and
If the anchor piles are to be equipment he proposes to use in
permanent working piles, the performance of the load test
their levels shall be observed and the measurement of
during application of the test settlements. Such submission
load to ensure no residual shall include design calculations
uplift occurs. of lateral supports or other
methods to be used in ensuring
10.11.4.3Measurement of Settlement against buckling. Horizontal
supports to ensure buckling
Settlements shall be measured by stability shall be provided to the
use of a reference beam or wire pile to be loaded whenever the
supported independantly of the ratio of the unsupported height to
load test pile, reaction pile or the least cross-sectional
piles supporting reaction loads. dimension is 20 or more.
Settlements shall be measured to Horizontal supports shall provide
the nearest 0.1 mm for reference full support without restraining
beams or 0.5 mm for reference the vertical movement of the pile
in any way.
10.11.5.2Maintained Load Test corresponding loads shall be

made in the loading process.
The Maintained Load Test shall
be carried out as follows :- After attaining a test load equal to
twice the design load, the load
i) the full test load on a pile shall gradually be released and at
shall be twice the design load least four readings of settlement
noted on the Drawings and it and their corresponding loads
shall be applied in twelve shall be made during the
equal increments. At least two unloading process. The
hours shall elapse between the settlement obtained when the
addition of each load load has been completely
increment, i.e. until the rate of released shall also be recorded.
settlement is reduced to less An interval of at least 15 minutes
than 0.25 mm/hour and shall elapse before the next CRP
slowing down; test is commenced.
ii) the full test load shall be 10.11.6 Submission of Results

maintained on the pile for at
least 48 hours and settlements Full test data and results shall be
shall be recorded at jointly signed by the S.O.'s
intervals of not more than 12 representative and the Contractor's
hours. The test pile shall authorised agent immediately upon
then be unloaded in four completion of the test, and shall
equal increments at one hour consist of the following :-
intervals until the full load
is removed. Settlement
readings shall be made i) for the Maintained Load Test, for
immediately after and before each stage of loading, the period
every load increment is for which the load was held, the
applied or removed. load and the maximum
settlement. These are to be
10.11.5.3Constant Rate of Penetration plotted as time-settlement graphs.
(CRP) Test
ii) for the CRP test, the maximum
For each pile load test, three load reached and a graph of load
cycles of pile loading test at a against penetration;
constant rate of penetration shall
be carried out to a full test load 10.11.7 Interpretation of Test Results
equal to twice the design load.
The S.O.'s interpretation and
The rate of loading shall be such conclusions on the test results shall
that a constant rate of penetration be final. Unless otherwise specified,
is maintained throughout the test the pile so tested shall be deemed to
insofar as is practicable. The rate have failed if :-
of movement of each pile to be
tested shall be agreed upon with i) the residual settlement after
the S.O. prior to the start of the removal of the test load exceeds
test. At least twelve readings of 6.50 mm; or
settlements and their

ii) the total settlement under the Bakau piles shall be tested to
Working Load exceeds 12.50 failure by the Maintained Load
mm; or Test as described hereinbefore.
The load on the pile group shall
iii) the total settlement under be applied in 2 to 4 equal
twice the Working Load increments as directed by the
exceeds 38.0 mm, or 10% of S.O. until the failure load is
pile diameter/width whichever reached. The failure load (i.e.
is the lower value. ultimate load) is that load at
which the piles continue to settle
10.11.8 Load Testing of Bakau Piles at a constant rate without further
increase of applied load.
In general, all relevant Sub-Sections
stated hereinbefore shall apply to the For each increment of load, the
load testing of bakau piles, except settlement readings shall be
that what is understood as single test recorded at 15 minute intervals
piles in these Sub-Sections shall until the rate of settlement is less
mean a group of test piles for bakau than 0.25 mm per hour. The load
piles. at each increment shall be
maintained at a constant value
The load testing of bakau piles shall throughout the test.
be carried out on a group of nine
bakau piles, made up of three rows Graphs of time-settlement, load-
of piles, three in a row. time and load-settlement, to a
suitable scale, shall be plotted
An approved reinforced concrete pile and submitted to the S.O. with all
cap with a loading pedestal shall be records of the readings.
cast centrally over the group of piles
to be tested. The loading pedestal
shall be short to ensure stability, and
it shall have an approved mild steel
bearing plate cast on top. The load
shall be applied centrally on to the
steel plate.

Section 10 Piling Works

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Section 10 Piling Works

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FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Standard Specification For Road Works

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 239

SECTION 10 - PILING WORKS

10.1 DESCRIPTION S10-245

10.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR TOLERANCE

10.2.1 Setting Out S10-245

10.2.2 Position S10-245

10.2.3 Verticality S10-245

10.2.4 Rake S10-245

10.2.5 Forcible Corrections S10-245

10.2.6 Piles Out of Alignment or Position S10-245

10.2.7 Records S10-245

10.3 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PILES

10.3.1 Description S10-246

10.3.2 Materials S10-246

10.3.3 Manufacture and Storage of Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles S10-246

10.3.4 Installation of Precast Reinforced Concrete Piles S10-247

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 240

10.4 PRESTRESSED SPUN CONCRETE PILES

10.4.1 Description S10-250

10.4.3 Manufacture and Storage of Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles S10-250

10.4.4 Installation of Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles S10-251

10.5 BORED CAST-IN PLACE PILES

10.5.1 Description S10-252

10.5.3 Boring Operations

10.5.4 Placing of Reinforcement S10-254

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 241

10.5.5 Concreting Operations S10-254

10.5.6 Extraction of Casing

10.5.7 Construction of Pile Heads S10-257

10.6 STEEL H-SECTION PILES

10.6.1 Description S10-257

10.6.2 Materials S10-257

10.6.3 Manufacture and Storage of Steel H-Section Piles S10-257

10.6.4 Installation of Steel H-Section Piles S10-258

10.7 STEEL PIPE PILES

10.7.1 Description S10-258

10.7.2 Materials S10-258

10.7.3 Manufacture and Storage of Steel Pipe Piles S10-258

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 242

10.9.4 Installation of Pressure-Treated Timber Piles

10.10 BAKAU PILES

10.10.1 Description S10-265

10.10.2 Materials S10-265

10.10.3 Delivery and Inspection of Bakau Piles S10-266

10.10.4 Installation of Bakau Piles S10-266

10.11 PILE TESTING

10.11.1 Test Piles S10-267

10.11.2 Preliminary Pile Load Tests S10-267

10.11.3 Production Pile Load Tests S10-267

10.11.4 Testing Procedure S10-267

10.11.5 Method of Testing S10-268

10.11.6 Submission of Results S10-269

10.11.7 Interpretation of Test Results S10-269

10.11.8 Load Testing of Bakau Piles S10-270

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 244

SECTION 10 - PILING WORKS deviation of the finished pile from

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 245

10.3 PRECAST REINFORCED Other means of jointing

10.3.2.1 Concrete ii) Mild steel to B.S. 4360,

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 246

Piles shall be cast on a horizontal thicknesses shall be provided

10.3.3.2 Handling and Storage A detailed record of the driving

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 248