Professional Documents
Culture Documents
89
91
()
2m2
(1970-OECD
)
()100m250 ~100m2 (ITA)
3km(ITA)2km()1km()
10km
(1)
(2)
(3)
-2%
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Geological Condition
Open Cut
(1)
(2)
(3)
Ground Classification
Type Description of strata Legend
Sandstone without mudstone intercalation,
Sandstone/mudstone alternations,
with subordinate gravel layers.
Sandstone/mudstone alternations,
with subordinate gravel layers.
(74m
)
(2)
(3)
(
)
Deformation control
sidegallery
temporary invert
CSIRRMRNGIQ
SYSTEM
DESIGN AS YOU GO
(NATM)
()
(Terzaghi)(FEMBEM
DDA)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(1)(NATM)
(2)
(3)
(NATM)
(1)
(2)NATMASSM
(3)
(4)
(5)
NATM
1.
:
(1).
(2).
(3).
2.
NATM()
3.
()
()
5~15
4.
5.
()
NATM()
6.
7.
()
8.
Shotcreting
Steel Form
Tunnel Excavation
NATM
(Deere,1970)
NATM
(2)NATMASSM
(NATM)(ASSM)
NATM
ASSM
NATM
(3)
(a)
(b)
NATM
(4)
(a)
(b)
NATM
(5)
NATM
NATM
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(
)
NO
YES
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
(1983.3.NATM)
(()
)
Sakurai(1982)Franklin(1976)
40mm 40mm
5mm/day 5mm/day
(15mm) (15mm)
70mm 70mm
10mm/day 10mm/day
(40mm) (40mm)
150mm 150mm
15mm/day 15mm/day
(100mm) (100mm)
()
()
()
T
B
I
5mm/day 40 mm/day
10 mm/day 70 mm/day
15 mm/day 150 mm/day
1
1~2
( )
B
2
()
A B
. .
. . (
. )
. miniroof pipe .
.
.
. (mesh)
.
.
. (mesh) . ( )
. (slit) .
()
(20m4)
8255m
()-()
()
(
)
/
(
)
(
)
(
)
(/
)
(
)
/
;10-20m; 0.5-1.0mm
;;
(//)
(//)
??
()
-+
-
-
-
-
8236
4.54m140
176/cm241.13m3/
-
-
90-45o
>1m
/
-
-
-
-
(23k+753~25k+070)
(10m/1cm)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Video GIS
-
-
TS 360
TS 360-
(0.1-0.3mm)
:5.0-10.0 km/hr
: 230,000 pixl
CDS
()
()(
)
()10m
1.
7.
4. 2.
6.
5.
80
3.
Mont Blanc
1999324
11.6Mont Blanc
6.3
1411
8
Mont Blanc
Mont Blanc
ATMB
SITMB
1,274 m
1,381 m
Mont Blanc
Mont Blanc
Flash Over
17
3327
50
39
400
Mont Blanc2002
3920024
Tauern
1999529Tauern
1250
6.4
40
Tauern
828
Mont Blanc
Tauern
(: CNN)
Mont Blanc
(CNN)
40Mont Blanc
(CNN)
(CNN)
Kitzsteinhorn
20001111
Kitzsteinhorn
119:05
161
600
3.2
3 155
12
St. Gotthard
20011024945
16.9 St.
Gotthard ( 24.5
Laerdal)
11300
1000
St. Gotthard20011221
St.
Gotthard
St.
Gotthard
(CNN)
(95%)
(
)
(
100-4-5
)1%
/(HGV)
()()
(
)
(
)
(
)
()
A A A B C D
( T e l e p h o n e s ) 0 0 0 0
( A l a r m p u s h b u t t o n s ) 0 0 0 0
( F i r e d e t e c t o r s ) 0 X
( A l a r m s i g n a l s t u n n e l 0 0 0 0
u s e r s )
( F i r e e x t i n g u i s h e r s ) 0 0 0
( F i r e h o s e p o i n t s ) 0 0
( E m e r g e n c y e x i t 0 0 0
s i g n s )
( E q u i p m e n t f o r t h e 0 X
e v a c u a t i o n o f s m o k e o r t u n n e l
u s e r s )
0 X
( F i r e h y d r a n t s s u p p l i e d 0 X
w i t h w a t e r u n d e r p r e s s u r e )
( A u x i l i a r y 0 X
c o m m u n i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t n o t u s i n g
w i r e s )
( R a d i o 0 X
t r a n s m i s s i o n o r l o u d s p e a k e r
i n s t a l l a t i o n )
( C l o s e d c i r c u i t 0 X
t e l e v i s i o n )
0 0 0
:
P IA R C
8 5 0
7 5 0 m 7 0 0 m 1 4 0 0 m 8 0 0 m
1 1 0 0 m
7 5 0 m 3 0 0 m 3
3 5 0 m 4 0 0 m
3 5 0 m
8 0 0
1 6 0 0 m
1 5 0 0 m
1 4 0 0 m
3 5 0 m
2 0 0 m 1 7 5 m 2 0 0 m 1 5 0 m 2 5 0 m 5 0 m 2 0 0 m 2 0 0 m
3 0 0 m
5 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m
1 5 m
5 0 m 5 0 m
2 5 m
5 0 m 4 0 2 5 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m
2 2
5 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m
2 0 0 m 5 0 m 5 0 m
2 0 0 m 1 0 0 m 2 0 0 m
What has been learned
150L
What has been learned
What has been learned
Mont Blanc
1999Mont Blanc
10
75m3/s 82.5m3/s
600 m150
m3/s100m
1.5m2 Damper
400oC2hr
400oC1hr
4 Booster
Plant
400oC1hr
1 600 m
2
3 2530 m3/s
4
5
6
300m 37
40m2
4m
1200oC
35 oC
3 air changes per hour
20 air changes per hour
80Pa
Mont Blanc
600m
76 Jet Fans
Mont Blanc
10
150
150LED
(100)
(St. Gotthard
)
Mont Blanc
(
3-5)
70km/h
Mont Blanc150
LED
9LED
50
CCTV
LED
LED
LED
360
Mont Blanc
600
()
()
Mont Blanc Tunnel10(
31
St. Gotthard TunnelMont Blanc Tunnel
St.
Gotthard Tunnel
)
()
400
700
(HGV) 1,000
()
() 1,200
() 1,400
PIARC1999
150-200(
)
()
(
)
(20-40
)
Human behavior influencing
tunnel safety
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Human behavior influencing
tunnel safety
10
5
35
15
Human behavior influencing
tunnel safety
70
18
12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.()
13.
14.
5
13
2006/09/16
23
700
66
(:)
()
Mont Blanc19999