Single Phase Transformer

Dr. Amitava Biswas

Assistant Professor
Department of Applied Physics
Electrical Engineering Section
University of Calcutta
92, APC Road, Kolkata - 9
 Single Phase
Transformer
A transformer is an electrical device, having no moving parts,
which by electromagnetic induction transfers electrical
energy from one circuit to another circuit at the same
frequency, usually with changed values of voltage and
current.
Its simplest form it consists of two windings insulated from
each other and wounding a common core made up of
magnetic material.

Alternating voltage is connected across one of the windings

called the primary winding. The second winding is called the
secondary winding. In both the windings emf is induced by
electromagnetic induction.
Construction of transformers
Transformer with open secondary
Ideal transformer and load
Schematic view of mutual and leakage fluxes in a transformer
 EMF Equation of Transformer

An alternating voltage is applied across the primary side of the

transformer, it takes a magnetizing current and a flux is
established in the transformer core.

The flux is uniformly distributed over the transformer core

section and is linked with all the turns of the primary and
secondary windings.

The main flux established in the core is alternating in nature,

i.e. m sin t , where m is the maximum value of the
core flux produced.

The emf e P is induced in the primary winding of the

transformer due to the change of main flux, which is given by
 d
N P m sin t N P m cos t
d
eP N P

dt dt
N sin (t )
P m 2
This induced emf eP is maximum, when sin (t 2 ) 1
EP (max) N P m 2 f m N P
The emf induced in the primary winding is
eP EP (max) sin (t 2 )
The rms value of the induced emf in the primary is
EP (max) 2 f m N P
EP 4.44 f m N P
2 2
Similarly, the rms value of secondary emf is
ES 4.44 f m N S
Transformation ratio
EP
Per turn emf of primary side, 4.44 f m
NP
ES
Per turn emf of secondary side, 4.44 f m
NS
From the above equations, we can say both primary side
and secondary side per turn are equal.
E P ES EP N P
4.44 f m k
NP NS ES N S
where k is is called the transformation ratio of a
transformer.
For a ideal transformer, primary and secondary side power
is constant.
EP I S N P
E P I P ES I S k
ES I P N S
Three circuits which are identical at terminals ab when the
transformer is ideal.
Steps in the development of the transformer
equivalent circuit
Steps in the development of the transformer
equivalent circuit
Approximate transformer equivalent circuits
Equivalent circuit with short-circuited secondary

Equivalent circuit with open-circuited secondary

 Two-winding
transformer

Connection as an
autotransformer