CHAPTER 1: RESPIRATION

Functional model Lungs

1. Respiration is a chemical process where glucose reacts 1. When the rubber 1. When the diaphragm
with oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water sheet is pulled down is move downward &
flattens
glucose + oxygen energy + carbon dioxide + water 2. volume of bell jar 2. volume of thoracic
increase cavity increase
2. Human respiratory system. represent
3. air pressure inside 3. air pressure inside
bell jar increase thoracic cavity
increase
4. air from outside 4. air from outside
flow into balloon flow into lung and
and expand inflate

7. Oxygen is carried by blood. Transport of oxygen involves

following processes:
a. Diffusion of gases in alveolus
i. oxygen diffuses from alveoli to capillaries
ii. carbon dioxide diffuses from capillaries to
alveoli
b. Transport of oxygen in blood vessels
i. oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form
oxyhaemoglobin to become oxygenated blood
ii. oxygenated blood leaves lungs and flow to heart
iii. heart pump oxygenated blood to all part sof
body
c. diffusion of gases near the cells
i. when oxygenated blood reaches the cells,
3. Pathway of air flow oxyhaemoglobin is broken down & oxygen is
nose trachea bronchus bronchiole alveolus releases to cells by diffusion
ii. carbon dioxide from cells diffuse into blood
4. Characteristics of alveoli to facilitate exchange of gases: capillaries to be carried back to lungs to be
Moist, have a large surface area, have very thin and elastic expelled.
walls and surrounded by many capillaries.
8. Diseases due to air pollutants: lung cancer, heart diseases,
5. Breathing mechanisms: asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia.
Inhalation Exhalation
Diaphragm contracts & Diaphragm relaxes & Harmful substances Effects
moves downward moves upwards (curves) Cigarette smoke Tar blackens lungs
(flattened) Nicotine causes lung cancer
Ribs move forwards & Ribs move downwards Acid corrodes lungs cells
upwards and inwards Vehicles smoke Carbon monoxide reduce ability
Volume of thoracic Volume of thoracic of blood to transport oxygen
cavity increases cavity decreases
Air pressure in lungs Air pressure in lungs
decreases, lower than increases, higher than
atmospheric pressure atmospheric pressure
Higher atmospheric Higher air pressure in
pressure outside forces the lungs forces air out
air into the lungs of the lungs

6. Using functional model to explain inhalation

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