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Duplexer Based on a Cavity Resonators for PSR

Tomas Zalabsky, Tomas Hnilicka


Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Pardubice
Pardubice, Czech Republic
tomas.zalabsky@student.upce.cz

Abstract - This paper deals with a design of a frequency duplexer 521 a 53 1


based on a cavity resonator for a primary surveillance radar. The [ dB]
duplexer in this radar system for receiving of two different
frequencies is used. Using of two different frequencies allows us
achieve a greater system reliability. The proposal of frequency
duplexer is based on a cavity resonator. Design and optimization
ofthe duplexer was performed in a CST Microwave Studio. After
designing and optimizing, the final circuit was fabricated and
required parameters were verified by a measurement.

Keywords Frequency Duplexer; Cavity Resonator; 2, 73 2, 83 f [GHz]


Coaxial Resonator; waveguide diaphragm; Waveguide Pins
Figure [. The transmission characteristics of the duplexer
I. INTRODUCTION
This paper describes the design of a frequency duplexer for The resulting structure of these coupled coaxial resonators
a primary surveillance radar working in the frequency band S achieves a high slope of the transmission characteristic which
[1], [2]. The primary radar for determining the position of the allows a sufficient isolation of both independent frequency
target uses the retlected signal from this target. The size of the bands to be obtained.
reflected signal from the aircraft greatly fluctuates. The A coaxial cavity resonator is composed of an oval shape
diagram of the radar cross section contains a lot of declines cavity, in which is placed a cylindrical resonator resonating at
which could mean that the aircraft is not detected for a short the frequency of2.83 GHz (resp. 2.73 GHz). The height of the
time. The position of these declines is very time and frequency resonator is determined according to [7] in the range of 50% to
dependent. If the radar uses two different frequencies, a 80% of one quarter wavelength of the resonant frequency. The
problem that aircraft is not detected, is eliminated. To allow a resonator diameter is 3.6 times smaller than the diameter of a
radar to transmit and receive two different frequencies, a cavity. Keeping this ratio, the coaxial cavity resonator has
frequency duplexer is used and this is the reason for this work. smallest losses. The height of a cavity is set to 40 mm. In CST
To obtain proper parameters of the duplexer, especially a high Microwave Studio [8] simulation model of a coaxial cavity
value of slope of transmission characteristics, a frequency resonator was designed (Fig. 2). The dimensions correspond to
duplexer based on a cavity resonator was selected [3], [10]. the above calculations. Supply ports with a 50 n impedance
value are placed to a height of 8 mm.
II. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROPOSED DUPLEXER
The duplexer is designed for primary surveillance radar,
operating in the frequency range S. Namely this occurs, at
frequencies of 2.73 GHz and 2.83 GHz. The required
bandwidth of each channel is 20 MHz. Insertion loss value in
both bands should not exceed I dB. The minimum required
attenuation in the adjacent band is 50 dB and required value of
the slope of the duplexer is IdBIlMHz (Fig. 1).

III. SLECTION OF A STRUCTURE


At first the individual bandpass filters were designed.
Consequently, these bandpass filters were connected and they
created a frequency duplexer. The individual bandpass filters
are composed of mutually coupled coaxial cavity resonators
[4], [5], [6] and [11].

Figure 2. The simulation model ofthe coaxial cavity resonator

58 th International Symposium ELMAR-2016, 12-14 September 2016, Zadar, Croatia


147
Furthermore, it is proposed that into the structure is added a S -pa rametry

tuning element (the pin) which is placed over the resonator, and ,..----i-- --i-----1 - - S2 1
is conductively connected with the top of an enclosed cavity. - - S ll

The tuning element has the function of the mechanical tuning 10


of the resonance frequency. The length and diameter of the
tuning pin was set to 8 mm. S-parameters of an optimized 20

simulation model, with added tuning element, are in figure 3. Cii'


The value of the insertion loss is, on the central frequency, ~ 30
Qi
equal to 0.018 dB and the value of the reflection coefficient >
OJ
-' 40 --- ---- --t- --------
S 11 is -24.19 dB.
50
S-para metry

60 ':;----:",,----...lL:f;:-----;:':;----!:---:f;:---'---':-':----'
2.2 2.4
Frequency [GHz]

5 Figure 5. S-parameters of an newly designed simulation model of a cavity


resonator
Cii' 10 ..... , ..... ,
~
, , , , ,
Table 1 provides a comparison of the dimensions of the
Qj
> 15 ...... !' ...... ;" ......:....... : ,
----- r------
, , ,,------,-------
,
,
,
,- ------
,
,
r -----
, previous and the new structure of the cavity resonators.
OJ , " ,,
, I
,, I
,, I
,, I
,,
...J :
,,
: :
Furthermore, the transmission characteristics S21 of previous
+..... +... ---:
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
20 ...... ; .... -----T------
,
,
,, ------.,-------.-------
I

, ,
I

,T-----
I I

and second resonators are compared (Fig. 6). The bandwidth of


,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,,
initial structure at SII = -10 dB is 70 MHz (2.79 - 2.86 GHz)
25 . .. . .. !...... j.......!.......j ......!......! .....
I I I

. j....... j ..... !. ....


, I I I I

and insertion loss at the band edges is l.2 dB. The bandwidth
,I ,
, I
, I
, ,
, I
, ,
, I
, I
,
,I ,
, I
, I
, ,
, I
, ,
, I
, I
, of new structure at S 11 = -10 dB is 40 MHz (2.81 - 2.85 GHz)
.30 L-_L----'_---'_---'._---'._--'-_--"-_--'-_--'--_...J
2 U U U U U ~ II il and insertion loss at the band edges is 1.1 dB. A sufficient
Frequency [GHz] value of slope of the transmission characteristic is one of the
most important properties of the duplexer because provides
Figure 3. S-parameters of an optimized simulation model sufficient isolation between two independent frequency bands.
For this reason, the newly proposed structure it is left for the
With the aim of achieving a greater slope of transmission proposal of partial bandpass filters.
characteristics S21, a more sensible tuning of resonance
frequency the second structure of a cavity resonator was TABLE T. DIMENSIONS OF A NEWLY DESIGNED AND A PREVIOUS
designed. This structure has larger dimensions than the STRUCTURE
previous model. The height of the resonator is approximately
half of the wavelength. Compared to the previous model this New structure Initial structure
resonator is partially hollow (Fig. 4), thus increasing the Parameter Value [mm] Value [mm
sensitivity of the mechanical tuning of a resonance frequency. Diameter of a cavity 66,1 41
The diameter of the resonator was experimentally chosen 2.5
times smaller than the diameter of the cavity. The value of Height of a structure 72 40
insertion loss of the newly proposed structure is, on the central Height of a resonator 58 20
frequency, equal to 0.016 dB and the value of the reflection Height of a pin 12,1 8
coefficient SII is equal to -25.78 dB (Fig. 5). Diameter of a pin 5,6 8
S2 1

Frequency [GHz]

Figure 4. Simulation model of the newly designed coaxial cavity resonator Figure 6. Comparison of the transmission characteristics

58 th International Symposium ELMAR-2016, 12-14 September 2016, Zadar, Croatia


148
IV. SIMULA nON MODEL OF THE BANDPASS FILTERS V. SIMULATION MODEL OF WHOLE DUPLEXER
Bandpass filters are formed by a system of coaxial cavity The hardest part of the design of frequency duplexer is a
resonators. The proposed band-pass filter is composed of four proposal of interconnection between individual bandpass
resonators, among which is created an internal coupling (Fig. filters. Interconnection must be designed with respect to the
7). Internal coupling is formed via a capacitive tuning pin signal, which is divided at the input port toward the bandpass
placed in coupling windows. The width of these coupling filters, does not reflect back to the input port. The signal
windows influences the value of the inductive component of incident on one bandpass filter shall not reflect to the second
the coupling structure. The width of the coupling window was bandpass filter. The individual bandpass filters may not
set to 26 mm. The length of the tuning pin was set to 18.5 mm influence the parameters of second bandpass filter. The
and its diameter was set to 5.5 mm. The dimensions were interconnection is realized by a coaxial line. The length of the
primarily set, based on literature [9] and after that, individual interconnector has been optimized in the CST Microwave
dimensions were optimized in the software CST Microwave Studio. The resulting length of the interconnector 62.5 mm has
Studio. With the increasing number of resonators in the been selected. Simulation model of the frequency duplexer is
proposed model, the slope of the transmission characteristic shown in Figure 9.
S21 increases. Designed and optimized model of a bandpass
On the central frequency 2.73 GHz insertion loss value is
filters now reaches a relatively high slope of the transmission
equal to 0.1023 dB. The Value of reflection S 11 at this
characteristic S21 (Fig 8.) Size of suppression ofa signal at the
frequency is equal to -20.3 dB. On the central frequency 2.83
second operating band reaches values around 65 dB. The value
GHz insertion loss value is equal to 0.23 dB. The value of
of insertion loss around the central frequency does not exceed
reflection S 11 at this frequency is equal to -15.1 dB. The -3 dB
the value 0.4 dB. On the edges of the frequency band the
bandwidth of a channel operating at the frequency 2.73 GHz is
insertion loss is around 1 dB.
now equal to 27 MHz and a -3 dB bandwidth of a channel
In a similar manner the second band pass filter working on operating at the frequency 2.83 GHz is now equal to 34 MHz
the center frequency 2.83 GHz, was designed and optimized. (Fig. 10).
After designing of individual bandpass filters, follow their
interconnection was provided. This created a simulation model
ofthe duplexer.

Figure 9. Simulation model ofthe frequency duplexer


Figure 7. Simulation model of the resulting bandpass filter
S-parametry

- - 521
- - 5 11

-10

-20

~
-30
~ ~
~ w
>
W -40 .3 -80
>
III
...J
-50
-100
-60
, , , , , ,
-70 -120 ---- ~ - ---- --- ---:-- ------ ---:- ------ - -+ ---- ---- ~ ----- ---~-- ----- --
-80
-140 ---- --------------------------------- --------- ---------- ---------
~~ v ~~ ~ ~~ u ~~
Frequency [GHz]
Frequency [GHz]

Figure 8. S-parameters of an optimized simulation model of bandpass filter Figure 10. S-parameters ot the tmal model ot trequency duplexer

58 th International Symposium ELMAR-2016, 12-14 September 2016, Zadar, Croatia


149
VI. FABRICATION AND MEASUREMENT VII. CONCLUSION
After the design and optimization of the duplexer in CST The aim of this work was to design a frequency duplexer
Microwave Studio the duplexer was fabricated. Duplexer was based on a cavity resonator for a primary radar. Bandpass
constructed in T-CZ, a.s .. For manufacturing of the duplexer filters of a duplexer were designed for operating frequencies of
and tuning elements aluminum was elected. Cooper material 2.73 GHz and 2.83 GHz. As a basic building block of the
for interconnecting wires was chosen. The constructed sample proposed duplexer, a coaxial cavity resonator was selected.
is composed of three parts. The surface finish has not been Two different types of a cavity resonator were described.
applied. As power connectors, N-type connectors were used Subsequently individual bandpass filters were designed. The
(Fig. 11). hardest part of the design of the frequency duplexer was a
proposal of interconnection between individual bandpass
After completion of the duplexer, subsequent
filters. The results of the final simulation model of a frequency
measurements were performed. The resulting duplexer
duplexer has been presented. The designed frequency duplexer
measured characteristics are shown in Fig. 12. On the central
has been fabricated and its parameters were measured. The
frequency 2.73 GHz, the insertion loss value is equal to 1.2 dB.
duplexer has a very good slope of transmission characteristics,
The value of retlection S 11 at this frequency is equal to -16.52
which is one of the most important parameters of the duplexer,
dB. On the central frequency 2.83 GHz, the insertion loss value
because it provides sufficient isolation between two
is equal to 0.8 dB. The value of retlection S 1 I at this frequency
independent frequency bands. Reduction of insertion loss of
is equal to -19.5 dB. The -3 dB bandwidth of a channel
the proposed duplexer would be achieved by applying a
operating at a frequency of 2.73 GHz is 25 MHz and -3 dB
suitable surface finish.
bandwidth ofa channel operating at a frequency of2.73 GHz is
31 MHz
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The described research was supported by the Internal Grant
Agency of University of Pardubice, the project No.
SGSFEI 2016 022

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