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 r, 'WW'F

\ _ i _ w' l'..t.:i-;.
T H O U G H T 5
OF

c It c E R _0, . wct__
I
man
ON THE FOLLOVVING SUBJECTS,

I. RELIGXON. VIII. FRIENDSHXP.

11. MAN. 1x. OLD AGE.
111. CONSCIENCE. x. DEATH.
1v. THE PASSIONS. xr. scxmo's DREAM.
v. wst'OM. ' \ AND
vr. PROBl'I'Y. ' xn. MISCELL'ANEOUS
V1I._EL0<LULNCE._ SUBJECTS.
Publihed m LATINw and FRENCH
BY T H E

Absz D'OLIVET;
lTo whichisadded,_
" An ENGLISH TRANSLATIoctN With No'rns,

By-the Revd. ALEX'. WISHART.

THE SECOND EDITION, CORRECTED

L O N D O N:
Printed for T. CARNAN and F. NEWBERY, jun.
at Number 65, in St. Paul's Church-Yard.
7 MDCCLXXIII.
 PREFACE
To THL

ENGLISH TRAN'SLATION.

HERE there is, in the nature o a work,

a manife
face might utility,
bectexcued; or, even the want o
at lea,'the a pre
hortnes

of one ought to pas for a mark o ju repect to

the reader. A book calculated to inpire virtuous
and manly and
to youth, entiments, mu be a eaonable
not unacceptable preent
to the*public in
general; and that uch is the tendency of the ol
lowing collection of Cicero's thoughts, cannot be
denied.

The 'wor-d is uciently acquainted With the'Ab

be' d'Olivet's ability to make a proper choice: and,
indeed, his tranlation is as much a maeripiece in
the French language, as the original is in the Latin.
What his reaons were for this undertaking, appear
rom his preaceu There too may be een a very
plain and obvious demand for an Englih tranlation.

For it is there oberved, that. in order to learn the

French, the way of teaching 'it in ome chools was
by means o the Latin. Now, as nothing is more
generally allowed, than that children cannot be put
too young to learn languages, while their memory
is mo exible and apt to take charge of words; o
there are ew, in o tender an age as that wherein it
would be expedient to put 'them to learn French, o
A 2 far
 'iv -TRANSLATOR's PREFACE.
far advanced in their Latin, as by means thereof to
come at the French tranlation. But this objection,
and we appeal to the public if it is not aju: one, is _
eectually removed by this addition of an Englih
tranlation 3 which will carry with it the advantage
o a double key, as being accommodated to promote
the knowledge both of the Latin and French; o
that ladies, and others who have no deign upon the
Latin, may, by the help of the Englih tranlation,
learn, nor improve, their French. '

Here they will meet with precepts of the mo ex

alted piety, benevolence, and virtue, recommended
to them by the name of an Author, of whom there
are fewladies who have not heard enough to raie
their curioity to be acquainted with his entiments.
It mut likewie be an additional atisfaction, to nd
thee repreented in. the greate purity of the French
language; which, without detracting in the lea
from the merits of their native one, has, though
notgreater, yet dierent, beauties to recommend if;
to ay nothing of its being int/uch general ue and
requet, as to be now ranked among the branches
of polite education.
. _' NO 63
Foreigners too, w oare learning' Englih, will
reap great advantage from' this treatie: for the
learned may, by means of the Latin, come at the
Englih tranlation; and the ladies and others who
do not underand Latin, may make ue of the
French for the ame purpoe. '_
/

A 'We hall ay nothing more o the Englih tranla- .

. tion, which
lic, but thatis all
ubmitted-to
imaginablethejudgmenf; of taken
care has beien the pub_
to ' '
_ render it anwerable to all the ends propoed ; and
we flatter ourelves, its beauties will be found nothing
inferior, at leat, to thoe of the other two languages. .
rv'i
 TH E

AMEMOLIVETB

PREFACE.
COULD neVer forget what happened to
me once, as I was engaged in a party for a
walk, about twelve or fteen miles from Lon
don: for being obliged, by bad weather, to
take helter in the r houe that preented
habitedI by
itelf, wasa agreeably urprized
Frenchman, whom to ndknown
l had it in i
in my youth; and who, after various adven
tures, had procured himelf this retreat,
Where he made a livelihood by boarding chil
dren, to whom he taught the French lanv
guage. Being curious to learn the' method
followed in this ort of chools, which, are
common enough in England, .I found that
they read Alintus
tranlation; 'Curtius,
and that withhelp
by ithe Vaugelas's
of the
Latin, the rudiments of which the children
mu previouly be acquainted with', the
' 3 niaer
 vi - The Abbe d'O L I V E T's'
maer endeavoured to make them underand
the French; which erved, at once, to exer
cie them in both languages. In the mid of
our converation, the father of one of the
boardersjoined us 3 when ome words, which
in the way of dicoure he directed to me,
gave me occaion to tell him, that-I hould
be glad to hear his on explain a page or two,
at: dipping into the book. And where hould
the book open, but ju at the battle of Ar
bella? But, far the boy's explanation' had not
proceeded, before the Englih gentleman, the
father, interrupted it, by reections that gave
rie to this little collection. After all, ays
he, *What reaon is there that my on hould
have his head lled with all thee wars? I'
have no thoughts of making him a general.
But was that his deination, are thee books
t to teach him his trade? Why not have
ome other tranlation, that hould contain
ueul maxims, and principles proper to form
a man of honour?

Nothing could be more judicious than this

reection: And from that inant, I formed
a reolution to et about uch a work, but:
know not how I came to delay o long the
execution of a deign, o agreeable to me on
more than one account. Fir, it could not
be indierent to me, conidered as a member
. of our academy, to contribute to the pread
ing our language through foreign nations.
Another motive, ill more engaging, was,
that -
 PKEFACE. Viiv

that a work of this nature, i tolerably ex

ecuted, might become the mo important of
all reading to young people, and the proper
e to inpire them with a tae for virtue;
without which, it is impoible for a man to
be happy in himelf, or ueful to ociety.
Some tranlation then: was to to be thought
o for attaining the double end I propoed to
myelf 3 and there was no room to heitate
upon the choice of the original. Where
could I have found the beauties of the Latin
tongue, and the mo refined, m'orals, better
united than in Cicero? But as mot of his
Works include everal things, which either ex
ceed the comprehenlion of children, or are
not all alike ueful, [thought it would' be
be to make a choice out of them, and ' con
ne myelf almo wholly to collect detached
thoughts. And indeed, children are hardly
capable of taking in the whole chain of a long7
argument. Neither is it_my opinion, that
entences delivered in a laconic way, are t
for them. A thought, unles explained, and
put in a certain light, appears obcure to
them: Or, granting that perpicuity hould
accompany uch a concie method, there is
too much room to fear, that what is called
entences, would pas too quickly to ix their
deultory imaginations. For this reaon alone,"
was there no other, Ihould have preferred
Cicero to Seneca. But beides, there was a
' A4 7 much
 viii The Abbc': d'OLIVET's
much ner harve to be reapcd in the one
, than in the other: For as the cardinal du Per
ron very july oberves, there is more in two
page: of Cicero, who thinks a great deal, and
whoe entiments always move forward, than
in ten page: of Seneca, who eternally dwells
on a thought, and treats the ame thing over
and over again.

lt may be objected, that Cicero loes in

nitely, by being thus retailed in-craps. Since
the uperiority of his merit, and what raies
him, perhaps, above all who ever wrote be
fore, or ince, is not only an uninterrupted
eries of true, olid, and hining thoughts;
nor the ecret only of expreiing thoe'
thoughts with graces peculiar to himelf: But
it is chiey the art of marhalling, cannecting,
and forming them into one chain. To this
I anwer, that the point here is to make Cicero
iibervient to our prot, without being oli
citons about his reputation as a_writer, which
will ubi independent of any liberty we may
take with him.

I hould, however, do him wrong, with

thoe who know no more of him than by what
they will ee here, i I neglected to acquaint,
x them, that this volume, o far from compre
hending all that he has aid worthy of notice,
contains only a very mall part thereof. It _
was my buines to proportion the work to the;
. wants
 PREFACE. ax,
wants of children. (Luintilian compares their
underandings to veels, into which no liquor
can be poured, but drop by drop. Whence,
though little reading be neceary for this age,
yet that little hould be well choen, and ire-
quently repeated.

I have taken almo nothing out of the

Oces, becaue they ought to be read, and
eriouly conidered, from one end to the other.
To give them in remnants, would be inex
cuable. They are all connected together,
all equally beautiful and neceary._ One prin
ciple infers another, and has often occaion
for a third to prove itelf, in order to make
us enible, that morality compoes only one
entire body; whoe parts are o coherent, o
ineparable, that, on examining well the nature
of our duties, and that of the human heart,
if oneis not an hone man in every thing,
it follows that he is o in nothing.
I own, however, that Cicero's yem of
morals, though it may be looked on as an
abract of the mo olid, and judicious, en- _
timents of the heathens, wants nevertheles to
be ometimes corrected, and at other times
upported, by the morality of the gopel.
Where human reaon eems to leave us in a
ort of uncertainty, there divine revelation
eps in to our aiance. This is what a judi
cious maer will make his pupils enible of.
When, for example, Cicero ues the expreion
or
x The Abbe d'O L I VE T's i

of Gods : A word thrown in, will make them

perceive that this plural oends, not again
religion only, but common ene too. Whem
they hall ee the judgment that mere heathens
have paed on pleaures, the paons, riches,
real good, and real evil, it will be well tQ
join to their admirable maxims, the great.
motives which a Chriian has before his. eyes.
When they come to read the Dream of Scipio,
how naturally will the occaion oer to explain '
to them, what the Chriian aith teaches ofv
another life?

To form 'a Chriian then, it' will be ne

ceary to upplement often, and much, to
Cicero's ethics.. Thee very morals, however,
at the ame time that they contribute to form'
the man of honour, dipoe likewie a child
to receive, and preerve in his heart, the pre
cepts of religion. You cannot too often
repeat to him, that he has a oul, and a
concience; that there is a law of nature,
whence reult indipenible duties; and that
independently of all revealed religion, i he
wants probity, he becomes in the eyes of all.
who make ue of their reaon, an object of
horror and contempt. Certainly, the virtues
of a Socrates cannot alone uce us ; but let
us begin with having them. Every edice
built without this foundation, will not be a
laing one. Whereas it is rare for religion to
loe its ground, in a man incerely virtuous
an . -
p PREFACE. xi
and rarer yet,'for it not to recover its rights,
ooner or later, hould they happen to be lo.
Though, once more, my deign was to be
erviceable to uch foreigners, as, by the help
of the Latin, udy the French; it appears to
me, that my labour might even be of ome
ervice in our own chools, whereLatin is udied
by the help of the French '2 I do not mean
our colleges z they are governed by able heads,
who know better than me, which method is
be. I peak of thoe little chools, which
daily multiply round Paris, as well as in the
country. lnead of reading treaties in them,
which require an acquaintance with the dif
putes of the Athenian portico and lyceum Jr,
that are little known in our days; would it
not be as advantageous for the udent, and
no les convenient for the maer, to keep to
inructive paages, and uch as are accom
modated to every capacity, either by the help
of a tranlation alone, or a few hort remarks ?
This
' This holds equally good of an Englih tranlation,
deigned for the ue of our chools; by the help of
which, both the Latin, and French, language may be
learned at once. '
1- Zeno had the appellation Stoic given him from
fay, apartico, the place where he taught his diciples;
who from him were called Stoics. The Lyceum was a
place on the banks of the river Ilius, where Ariotle
ued to walk, as he taught his philoophy; whence he
and his followers had the name of Peripatetics, from
wzgmccten, to tum/if.
 xii The Ab'be d*OLIVET's
This would be to teach things as well as
words; to cultivate reaon and memory an
the ame time; and to make inruction at
once ueful, and eay. For the great princi
ples of morality have this peculiar property,
that, being naturally impreed, or at lea
traced our, on the hearts of all mankind;
when they are pointed out to a child, he
thinks he dicerns only what he knew before :
' And thus he becomes his own be interprcter,
as nding an excellent commentary in his own
heart.

But let us not conne ourelves to the times

of udy in our public chools. During the
breaking-up eaon, it is common for children
to follow their parents into the country; and
it is there that a work of this ort might be
of ignal ervice. What duty can a father
hold more acred, what obligation more indi
pcnible, than that of inructing his own
child himelf? Beides, where is there a more
fenible, more lively, or more attracting pleav
ure, when the bowels of the parent are, what
they ought always to be preumed P' I am
fond to gure to myelf a man engroed by
the public throughout the year, excepting for
a while in autumn, when retored to himel,
and removed at a ditance from the noie and
impertinence of the world; I am fond, I ay,
to gure 'to myelf uch a man in the boom
of his family, with a Cicero in his hand, read
ing ome remarkable paage of antiquity, and
,. taking
 -PR.EFACE. ixiii,
taking a pleaure to reaon upon it, more, as
it were, by chance, than in the form of ad
- vice. It is thus the precious eed penetrates
into the yet tender oul; whenCe, in due time,
hall pring up the hone and great man, the
good magirate, and the virtuous patriot.
All the leons of a tutor, however learned and
diligent, are of little avail, compared with
what a father properly inculcates; becaue a
child knows, and knows it o as not to be
miaken, that his father's only aim is to en
deavour to make. him happy, and deerving
to be o.

I conclude with a paage, that has often

preented itelf to my memory, but which I
will not tranlate, for fear of oending the
age we live in. It is well known, what were
the conequences of an ill diributed opu
lence, an unbounded luxury, too general an
impunity, but epecially a contempt of all
order and decency; which never gains foot
ing, till the duties of morality are quite
forgot; and which puts, as it were, the la
hand to the depravation of manners. Iwill
not ay, that we are come to uch a length.
All 1 hall oberve is, that whatever meaures
are taken, in order to prevent the like dege
neracy, hould neither proceed from a panic
terror, nor a premature zeal. But, however
that may be, here follows the Latin quotationg '
that I meant to peak of. [Les crupulous than
the
xiv* The Abbe d'QLIVET's, are.
the French tranator', we give-here ilz'eu of (he
Latin, the Englih trargotionj -

." What 8 reater, what better ervice, can

'6
we do the commonwealth, than preent
LC
ing it with any thing towards the inruc
CE
tion and tutorage of youth? Epecially
'I
Whil the manners, and the times, are at
it
uch a pas of degeneracy and diolutenes,
usthat no les than the united- endeavours of
'6
all who love their Country, is neceary to
(t
rerain and keep our youth within bounds." _
CXCERO, de Div. II. 2.
>,

qz, NOGZ
v

THE

_CONTE,N-T_s.t
N RELIGION, Page 17

11.' On MAN, ' 39

_i 69
III. On CO'NSCIENC'E,
A 81
IV. On' the PA s sr on s,
V. 'On W-ISD-OM, f 'i
i 99
VI. On P-ROBITY, 117
i '141
VH. On E-Loqpnch,
VIII.OnFR-IiNDSI-lll',
165

IX. OnO-LD Act, 205

X- On baATH,5 229
XI. SCIPIO'S DREAM, 245
XII. MISCELLANEOUS SUBjECTS,-281
 I

M.TULLII PENSEES

CICERONIS DE
ECLOG. CICERON.

m I. r. .
De RELIGIONE. Sur la RELIGION.
UID pote ee tam P E U fio N regarder le
Q apertum,tamque per del, et contempler tout
picuum, cum clum (a qui Jy pa, fam voir
upeximus, cleiaque avec toute [Ya/'dene gio-fila
contemplati umus, quam gu'il e garment? par une
ee aliquod numen pr uprimt, par um divine Ia
antim mentis, quo hc ttlligm .9
regantur?
qupd qui dubitet, baud an'congue aurait que/que
fane intelligo, cur non idem, d'au/e I-du, je (rai: gu'il
o] t, an nullus it, dubipourrait autt douter s'i] y
tare pot. (Did enim e a unhltil. Lun z-il plu:
hoc illo evidemius P Bed Ivz'ib/e que I'autre .9 (gette
nii cognitum comprehen pavida/iam fam lvidence
umque animis haberemus, qui laccompagne, naurait
non mm abilis opinio per fa: fliirme et i dui-abit ;
maneret, nec conrmaretur elle naurait pax atqm': dq
diuturnitatc temporis, nec nou-vellei force: en (vieilli/3
una cum feculis tatibufque iuzt ; elle naurait pu rE/ier
hominum inveterate potuif au torrent de: (main, etjah'
et. Etcnim videmus, c alt/fide eniPclejuilu'Zz 7mm.
teras opiniones ctas atque Taut te qui n'itoit que r
vanas diuturnitate extabu tion, que faz-tf, nous rvqy
ie. Wis enim hippocen am' gaz tela r'e dif/ii la
taurum uie, aut chim longue. Pe'mne croit-i1 m
ram putat? quve anus tam cort aujourdhui, quil] eat
excors jamau
 THOUGrHTS
OF

CICE'RO.

I.
On RELIGION.
1 HEN * we view the heavens, and contemi
plate the celeial bodies, 'can any thing be
more plain, or appear with clearer evidence, than
thatwhom
by there they
is a are
deity of moi conummate widom,i
governed

He that entertains any doubt of this, may, in my

opinion, with equal reaon, doubt of the exience
o the un. For, wherein is the one more evident
than the other? Had not mankind been thoroughly
convinced of the truth of this opinion, it could ne
ver have acquired o rm a footing, never have been
able to make its way through o many agcs and
generations, nor have gained new conrmation by
length of time: For we ee, that all other vain
and ctitious notions are at length quite explod
ed. Who now believes, that there ever was an

_' De Nat. Door. ITb II. cap. a.

1 B hippw
 as THOUGHTS of CICERO.
excors inveniri pote, quae jamair un hippocentaure, um.
chzmhrt P Le! mon-re: har
illa, quze qu0ndam crede
bantur apud ineros por rihle: qu'on i iguroit am
tenta, extimecat? Opinio tiennement dam le: uen,
m'm'i enlm 'commenta delet hut-il: emore pear 3 [a Wi
dies: naturze judicia con eil/e [a plu: imhftille du
rmat. Itaque et in noiro monds? Ave: le ter;sz le:
populo, et in creteris, deo opinion: de: hammer J'ei-va
rum cultus religionumque nouint, mal: le: jugemenr
anctitates exiunt in dies de In naturefartiient. De
majores, atque meliores. lZz il arrirve parmi nour et
part/71' [81 attire: per-4712.', gue
le calle die/in et le: pratiqaer
de religion J'augmenttnt, et
J'ijreut a'Eonzr en jour.
'Prxelarei Arioteles, Si'
Ariate dzt. trhr-hien .*
nt, inquit, qui ith term Suppoons des hommes qui
mer hahitawnt, ho'u'x euent toujours habite ous
et illtzrihm domitiliir, gua terre dans de belles et gran
gmt ornata qni: atque des maions, ornEes de a
picturir, inructagne rehur tues et de tableaux, our
ii: omnihus, guihu: ahm/a'tmt nies de tout ce qui abondc
it' qui hcati puta/illa', ne: chcz ceux que l'on croit
tamen exz'wt anouam upra heureux. Suppoons, que
terram : accepnt autmz ans &tre jamais ortis de
fama et auditione quod' la, ils euent pourtant en
dam numen, et rvz'm a'eorum : tendu parler des dieux ; et
deintle aligua trmore, pale que tout d'un coup la terre
facti: lerrztfauojhm, ex i] venant a s'ouvrir, ils quit
lzctr ahdj/irtz'z'hm e-vaa'erc in taent leur Ejour tenEbreux
> larke' [am gaze no: into/firm, pour venir demcurer avec
atque exire potuf-nt : tum nous. Be peneroient ils,
repent? lerram, et marz'a, en d6couvrant la terre, les
(wlamgue evidz'nt : nuhium mers, le ciel? En conide
magnitudinom, , wentorumgne rant l'6tendue des iiu6es,
tvim cognoruint; apexz'l la violence des vents ? En
ntqua olem, . eyiuque Jum
jetant les yeux ur le o
magnitudinem, pulahritudi leil? En obervant a gran
m'mgue, tum etiam c'cie/l deur, a beaute, l'euion
Iiam cognoq/lznt, quod is de a lumiEre qui eclairc
diem qctref, toto (re/o luce tout? Et quand la nuit au
dz'zyii: cum auttm term: roit obeurci la terre: que
. - 'lax diroicnt
 On'RELIGION. 19
hippocentaur *, or chimera 1- ? Or where is the old
wife o upidly illy, as to dread the infernal mon
ers I, that were believed to exi heretofore? For
time, which eaces all feigned hypothees, eablihes
and conrms opinions that are agreeableto nature :
and hence it is, that the veneration paid theidivine
beings, and' the acred rites of religion, both with us,
and among other nations, daily gain
improve. A ground and

. .
8 \

It is ][ an excellent uppoition of'Ariotlc, that if

there were men who had always lived under ground,
in plendid and magnicent apartments, ornamented
with pict'ures- and tatues, and well furnihed with
whatever 'abounds with thoe who are, commonly
eeemed opulent and happy; and that without ever
making their appearance on the urace of our globe,
thee men had, by ame or inruction, been inform
ed that there was a deity, and divine powers : then,
that after ome time, afcham of the earth hould
0 P en a and make way for them to leave their buried -
habitations, and mount up to the world which wc
inhabit. When the earth, the ea, and the heavens,
ruhed upon their ight; when they oberved the:
B 2 extent
- * Hippocentaur is a fabulous animal, half man half hore.. The
Thealians are aid to have been the inventors o the art of breaking
hores; and being the r that were een on horeback, they appear
ed to' make but one body with the hores; which gave rie to the
fable of the hippocentaur. - > . .
1- Chimera, according to the poets, was a moner, that had the
head of a lion, the body of a gnat, and the tail o a dragon. Bellero
phon, mounted upon pegaus, defeated the chimera. For the die
_ rent explanations of this, conult the authors who have treated of
antient fables.
I Such as cerberus, the parcae or ier-fares, the eumcnidts or
furies, &it.
il De Not. Deor. II. 37, 38.
 20 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
wax apzm't, dun (ye/um diroicnt ils en comen plant
lah/m (cr'zcrwzt q/F'Zis dy? le cicl tout pareme d'ares
tinctum it ormm/m, him' di'rcnq? [in remarquant
qm' lzzmi/mm ruarieta/xm tum les waritez urprenanzcs dd
true-mix, tum i-nq/i'crz.'z':, la lunc, on croianr, un
(Orllz'llg'llt omzzizzm arm: et dctourz? in obervant en
Oa/us, (It/ue 11: cmm (Ner n le lever et le coucher e
niiate rutas it/z.*;mta!2i/g/i7ue
rous ces ares, et la rchu
(nii/5 .* bra' (um 'riders/It, laritG inviolabie de lcurs
jnctb et drew', et b/tc mouvemens? Pourroient-ils
tauta oera dearum ee? arbi doutcr qu'il n'y efzt en ee:
'dram-mar. -<L:s dieux, ct qui ce nc [t
\ 'lal leur ouvyach
\ Afafme li-Offo'- Fli
Atquc hzec quidem Ille.
No: autcm tencbras cogi gnrmsi 'to-'w pawi/sze/zf J'ai
'temus mnras, quantae quen pay/Us AND/res, _/2m['/a/)le:
dnm cru'ptinne jEtnazorum telle: doat [e man? Et'za,
ignium nitimas regioncs far l'irrulhtion dy e' idwes,
obf'curavic dicuntur, ut wwvrit tellenmgt jks Ell-'vi
per biduum nemo homincm rom, yue I'onut a'wx jaszrs,
homo agnoccret: cum au (lit-an, hm [ma-voi" i! con
tem term) die o] illuxict, :za-Z/re; et que le troz'iZ'me
tum ut revixiik bi vide ow', le ola! qyant reparu,
Tentun. (ond i hoc idem on e (re-zyoz't e'ejl'zgcitg. Fi
ex aztcmis tene'oris contin guram-nom, dis-je, yu'au
gerct, ut ubito luccn] api J'ai-th' d'wze Etcrzzelz'c mu't, il
cercmus: qurcnam pecrcs nous arrive de 'voir [a [u
cmli vidercrur? Sed adui mz'Ere pour [a prcmrcfci: .*
tate quotidiana, et conue gus/'le iizzprcfm fz-'rcz't in'
tudine oculorun1,auecunt you: la (vie de tie] P IWaz':
animi: neque admirantur, parte guc nous law/16.: uit:
neque requirunt rgtiones eg 22 le mair, no: ej/rif: n'en
rum rerum, quas lemper Vl hut lm" -ajbpez, et m' fem
dent: proinde quai novitas &rzri'dwt point z/a reclzerc/Jc'r
nos magi<, quam magnitudo ' le: principles de ce gus nous
. rerum, dcbeait ad exquiren avcm rang/'ours cle-vant le:
das cauas excitare. jeux. Commei c'thait [a mu
czxeazzz'c', pluit ctgue [a grar
dear meFrne des clyohs, qui dzZt
_ exa'ter notre curioit.
Qgis enctim hunc homi E-ce done' Etre bommc,
Izvm amour, qm cum tum gus d'atlribuer; non I: um:
ass culi mows, ram ra_ car/e ilztc/lzgezzte, mni: an
' tos q/"ara',
\
 ohRELIGioN'. at
extent ofithe clouds, and felt the force o the winds ;,

when they had ca their eyes on the un, viewed its

magnitude and plendor, and had been told of its;
great influence," and how, by diuing light through
the heavens, it caues day. When, on night's over-'
hadowing the earth, they beheld the irmament be
pangled with ars; when they had been made ac
quainted with the ill varying phaes of the moon,
both in its increae and wane; alo with the riing
and etting of all thee heavenly bodies, and their
ated and unvaried revolutions from all eternitiy.v
Certainly, on uch a'propect, they would be con
vinced that there were gods, and that the great
things they had e\en were their works.
Thus far Ariotle. Let us now make another'
uppoition, and imagine uch a darknes as prevailed
once at an eruption of mount jEtna, when, or the
pace of two days, the adjacent countries were o
benighted, that it was impoible for one man to
diinguih another; o that on the third day, when.
the un appeared with his uual plendor, they eem
ed rien, as it were, fromthe dead. But hould. it
happen, that,,after being enveloped'in eternal dark
nes, the light uddenly broke out upon us with full,
glare, how amazing would the propect of the hea
vens appear? The daily returns of the ame objects
to our view, render thetnfamiliar to us 3 nor are men
inclined to admire or earch into the caues of what
they are always Converant with; as i the novelty,
rather than the greatnes and excellence o things,r
ought to excite us to inveigate their caues. v
Does he merit the name of MAN, who, after
B 1 having
 22 THOUGHTS df CICERO.
tas arorum ordines, tam Inni, le: mozwemem du
que omnia inter : connexa ciel i eertaz'm, le cour: de:
et apta viderityneget in his are: i rgulier, toute:
ullam inee rationem, a [bu/e: i bien lie'e: enmle,
que cau eri dicat, qu i bien proportiomzex, et (ou
quanto conilio gerantur, nuite: awe: tant de razon,
nuilo conlio aequi po que noire rai/on J'y perd elle
umus? An cum machina mme? Quand mu: tvqycmx
tione quadam moveri ali - (le! mar/nine: qui e main-ent
quid videmus, ut fphrami artzfez'ellemeuf, une p/pire,
ut horns, ut alia permulta : une horloge, et autre; em
non dubitamus quin illa lale: ; "ou: ne doute: par
opera nt rationis: cum que l'q/rit nait eu par! ce
autem impetum coeli vad
mirabili cum celeritate mo-l travail. Douterom-uou: que -
[e monde/bit dirig/e ne (li:
veri vertique videamus, pmimplemcnt par uni intel
conantifm concientem ligence, mai: par une exrel
vicitudincs anniverarias, lev/tape une (li-vine {Nelli
cum umma alute et con glN'e, falli/fi llallx 'UJ'IJ le,
-1'ervarione rerum omnium: riel/e mouvoir a-Ueezme pro
dubitamus, quin ea non o digieu witai, etfaire fuc-s
lum ratione ant, ed etiam eider annuellement lune ,
excellenti quadam divina lautre le: diwe': jai/7271:,
que, ratione? Licet enim qui via/(ent, qui cauen/ent
jam, remoti fubtilitate di tout ? Car e'zn, il neplu:
putandi, oculis quodammo ein ici de preuve: et/ner'
do contemplari pulchritu elJeJ : il ny a qu'iz exami
dinem rerum earum quas me de! yeux la haute? de:
divin providentia dicimus tho/Et, dont nous rapporteur
conitutas. letalz'meut
deuee divine unect pro-vi ct
etc-twf
Quand mu: regardons la
primum candoremque cli; &eaute' et la jji/emitur du.
deinde converonis celer ciel ; la clrit de for: rau
tatem tantam, quantam co lement, qui e i grande
gitare non poumus; tum quum uefaurait lu contervozr ;
vicitudines dierum atque la viatude (le: jour: et
noctium, commutationeque de: nuit: 5 le eharzgement de:
temporum quadripartitas, quatre hiom, qui ferment
ad maturitatem frugum et mrir le: nir, et fg}
ad temperationem corpo tg'er le carp; le hleil, qui
rum aptas; eorumque om e le modrateur et le chef
mum de
 On RELIGION." . "2'3"
having viewed the ated and invaria'ble motions of
the heavens, the regular arrangements and dipoi
tion o the ars, and the nice connection and har
mony which reign throughout the univere, hall
notwithtanding maintain, that all this is the eect
of blind chance, and not the work of reaon z though
the widom, by which they are conducted, far ex
ceeds the power of the human underanding to com
prehend? When we ee a phere,.a curious dial, or
any other piece of machinery moving articially, it
is never queioned that they are the eects of de
ign _: and can we then contemplate that mighty
power, whereby the heavens perform their revolu
tions with uch amazing velocity, whence arie the
regular vicitudes of the eaons, 'o admirably con
trived
of the fox-'promoting
whole yem; the
andhappines and preervation
yet doubt_that the world
is directed, I will not aylmply by inteHigence, but
by the mo conummate and divine widom i Away
then with the ubtilties of ophiry; for here we
have ocular demonration of the beauty of thoe
things we attribute to divine pro'vidence.

When' * we behold the bright appearance of the

heavens, and conider the great, the amazing velo
city of their revolution 3 the vicitudes of day and'
night; the ucceve change of the eaons, _o aptly
calculated for ripening the fruits of the earth, and
preerving aju temperature in all bodies; the un"
which predes over, and regulates all thee phaeno
mena; then the moon, whoe augmentation and dimi
" _ B 4 nution
1' Tucul. I. aS, 29
 THOUGHTS oif CICERO.
24
nium moderatorem et du tle [am In mawvemem (Ell
cem olem; lunamque ac is: ; [a lum, don! [e troiihnt
cretione et diminutione lu7 et le a'iuzzr: hlblf'lt ail:
minis, quai faowm 'no pour you: marquer IleaN;
tantem etignicantem dies; le: planetex, gin', a-vec dy:
tum in eodem orbc, in xu mou-wmmx inigaux,f0urnii
partes diributor, quinque ent Egnlcmmt z'a "time rar
ellas erri, eodem curus rz'Drc, ar in: mine ter/e di
eonantiiimEervantes, di mti en douze partie; (eate
paribus inter e motibus; proa'zgiezzt guzmt'ite= d'itailes,
noctumamq ue cuzli formam qui durant [a nuit dicarent le
undique ideribus ornatam ; rit] de toute: parts.
. tum globum terrzc eminen Want! you: jetam enizite
tem I: mari, xum in medio Is: jeux ur le glocte de In
mundi univcri loco, gluabus Nrre, &le-71? an dgu de la
oris diamibus habitabilem mer, plat? dam le centre du
et cultum: quarum altera, monde, et divz'i en patre
quam nOs incolimus, ub partiu, deux abque/le: hut
(It/ti-vzies, la iptentrianale
axe pota ad ellas eptem,
unde ' gui now babifom, I'tzurale
Harrir qui nam- ej inconnut, et le
Aguilarzz': ridar gelida: ma ree inculte, parte gue Itfroz'd
]z'lur 'Ii-UEL: au It (baudy damim a-vcc
eerr.
abcra auralis, ignota no annd now aber-vom que
bis, quam vocant * Grzzzci dam la partie at) mzu am
dtxem : caeteras partes m nm, an wit tozg'aur: a' tempt
culras, quod aut frigore ri marqui,
eant, aut urantur calore:
gie autem, ubi habitamus,
non intermittit uo tempore
Cat-lum nitqtere,aro'are5'on Une clartE pIus pure
deere, Embellir la nature;
'im Imlz'iat pampinix pu Les arbres reverdir;
bqhere, Les fontaines bondir;
Rami Imctzzrum ubertate in L'herbe tendre renaitre ;
fur-veying, Le pampre reparoitre ;
- chetes lazgirtfrugn,arere Les prEens de CGrE-s'em
omnza, plir nos magazins;
Fontex atere, berbi: [r-am Et les tributs de Flore en
ronrveziritr . richir n05 jardins.

tum Land

______..>..- - >
 On RELIGION. 25
Hution of light eems o well adapted to mark out:
our calendar *"; the ve planets likewie reVOlving.
through the twelve igns of the zodiac, and all of'
them, with. the greate regularity performing their
repective revolutions, though with- dierent mo-
tions : to this add the nightly propect of the irma
ment, uddeid and ornamented with ars; then the
terrerial globe, raied above the ea, and xed in
the center of the univere -1- ; which in two regions I,
diinct from each other, is habitable and cultivateda
One of thee is that we inhabit,,ituated towards the.
north pole, whence i \
The hlu'ring north wind brings' the gclid hows.
The other lies towards the outh, and is called by
the Greeksx'zzixewn Whil the remaining parts, by:
reaon of the- exceive heats and colds which pre-
vail there,,are entirely wae and depopulated. But.
here, in our happier ituation, all in due eaon,_,
The ky grows clear, the trees their foliage hoot,
The joyous vines luxuriant-branches pread,
The boughs way down beneath their fruitful load,
The ertile oil a copjous harve yields.
All nature hlooms. Up pring refrehing reams,
And the gay herbage crowns th' enamel'd elds.
' Bs ' *Wh'en>.
* By the fai, We mu underand the days of the month in gene
ral. For working-days were, by the Romans, called faizlirs, and!
holiday' nefai.
1' lt is evident, from the expreions here ued, that Cicero ful-
lewed the Ptolemaic yem of the world; which places the earth in
the center of the univere, and ,ma.kes the heavenly bodies to revolve
round it: But this opinion is now given up as erroneous, all the pha:
nomena being accounted for in a much more imple and rational way,_
hy uppoing the un to occupy the center, and all the planets to re
volve round him, mix. our earth once a year, and at the ame time
to turn once every day round its own axis.
I The earth is divided, both by ancients and moderus, into ve
regions-or zonesz that in the middle of the earth was called the ral-rid.
. Wih:
es THOUGHTS of CICERO.
tum multitudinem pecudum, .Gmnd mu: mqyonx que la
partim ad vecendum, par terree peuple danimaux,
tim ad cultusagrorum, par lex um pour nam naurrir,
tim ad vchendum, partim 1e: autre: pour nou: fvtir;
ad corpora veiehda; ho (eux-ri pour traner no: far
minemque ipum,quai con deaux, ceux-l pour labourer
templatorem cli, ac deo nox champ: : que lhomme]
rum, iporumque cultorem; q comme pour contempler le
atque hominis_ utilitati ugros de], et pour honorer le: dieux .'
omnes et mana parenua. que toute: le: tampagne:,
toute: le: mer: oinl :
&e/aim.
Haec igitur et alia innu Powuotzx nous la rafle de
merabilia cum cernimus. te pectacle, douter quil y
poumune dubitare, quin ait un Eire, ou qui ait for
his prt aliquis vel eec me le monde, ippe/ que,
tor, i hc nata unt, ut fui-varii lopinion de Platon,
PlatOni videtu'r: vel, em il ait l,form; ou qui le
per fuerim, ut Arioteli candui/e et le gouverne, jup
placet, moderator tanti ope pa? que, fui-van! 1e fenti
ris et muneris? ment dArote, z'I fait de
toute Eternit_? _
- .
In' ne daix-jespax mton
Hic ego non mirer ee
quemquam, qui bi per 'ter quil] ai! un homme qui
uadeat, cor or-a qudam perj/uade, que de certain:
folida atque mdividua vi et cor/2: lide: et indi-vzible:
gravitate ferri, mundumque e meu-vent deux-mime: par
eci ornatimum, et pul leur paid: naturel; et que,
cherrimum ex eorum cor de leur (amour: fortuit, x'q
poru m concurione fortuil? fait un monde dun: i grande
Hoc qui exiimat eri po haute? Quitanque trait ce
tuie, non intelligo, cur 1a poible,
rait-il pourquai
pu: que I'o'znejetait
croi
non idem
rbiles putet,
unius i innume
et vigintiifor
terre quantiz de car-act?
m literarum vel aurea, vel re: dor, au de quelque ma
quales liber, aliquo con' tire que tefzt, qui reprE/n
jiciantur, poe ex his in tq-nt le: v'ngt et une [et-
terram excus annales En lre:, il: purroienf tomer
ni, ut deinceps legi-pont, ari'angez dan: un tel ara/re,
eci: quod nefcio an ne quil: aw/lenient li/ib/ement
in uno quidem veru poffit le: annale: dEmziu: ? yg
tantum valere fortuna. Ii doute i le baard rencontre
' ' autem - rai:
 =0n RELIGION; 27)
7When we conider again the multitude of cattle S
deigned, ome for our nourihment, and others to
upply us with cloathing; one part, for the conve
nience of carriage ; another, for the purpoes of
agriculture: agaihctwhen we reect' on man himelf,
formed to contemplate the heavens, and pay his'de
votion to the divine beings; and, laly, when we
oberve how the whole' earth, and the wide extenive
eas, are ubervient to his accommodation. '
When we conider all thee, and the other innu."
merable objects of the univere, can we entertain a
doubt, but that, if they were created, as is the opi
nion of Plato, there preides over them ome ecient
caue; or if, as Ariotle holds, they exied from all
eternity, that there is a being, who directs and u
perintends the mightyfabric? ' ' ' '
' - .
Is it not aonihing *, that ever there was a man
who could peruade himelf, that the beautiful, and
every way complete yem' of the World could be
produced by the fortuitous concoure of certain olid
and indiviible bodies, necearily moved by the force
of their natural gravityl He that can bring himelf
to think in this train, vmay with equal reaon believe, '
B 6 that
Bone, as being directly under the un, and therefore uppoed by the*
antients_ to be uninhabitable for heat z the two zcnrs under the palea
were called frigid, becaue not habitabl-e for cold; and the two re
maining zones, ying between the two rigid nones and the turrid zone,
were called temperate, on account of the clcmency of their air : And
though this opinion of the anticnts, both with regard to the torrid
and frigid zone's, has long ince been found to be erroneous; yet it
cannot be denied, but the inhabitants of the temperate zones live
much more comfortably than thoe of the other three d i.
* De Nat. Dcor. H. 37. He means Epieurus, the chief of awel]
known ect o philoophers. " i
a
28 THOUGHTS ofc-ICERo.
autem quemadmodum aej. roit azjtf/Ie pour cnfaire'
verantp ex corpuculis non un in wem. Maiy roignle
colore, non qualitate 'ali: l, comment &ir-ently gue
qu, quam, worra Grci de; carpe/cule: qui nontjmim
vocant, non enu prditis, de couleur, point de qualile,
fed concurrentibus temer point de ntimmt, oui ne
atque cau, mundum ee fant que ontiger au gr du
percctum? vel innumera baard, ont fait te manda-ti :
biles potius in omni punctp ou plu/lot, enfant tout mo
temporis alios naci, alios ment tlinnomraoln, qui er:
nterire? ngd i mundum rem/lment d'autrh? 25101';
eccrc potefl concurqu ato i le contour: de; aroma- peut
morum, cur porticum, cur faire un monde, yeourroit
templum, cur domum, cur i] pax faire de; (/Jofe: plus.
u;me non pote? qu unt (li/275;, un portigue, un temple,
mins operofa, et multo une mai/on, une ville a'
quidem facilioza.

.t"'*b

Firmimum hoc afferri _ Une trEJ-orte premit le

videtur, cur deos ee cre- - Paf/lente de: dieux, ce/i oui!
idamusl quod nulla gens n'y apoint depeuple qle bar
tam fera, nemo omnium ban, poth dovtmxe az
tam timmanis, cujus men farouebe, pour navoir pas
tem non imbuerit deorum I'cyrit imbu de celle opinion.
opinio. Multi de diis prava Pl/m/'N'pcupI/s, [a vrit,
entiunt: id enim vitioo nont pax une ide'j/Ie des,
more eici olet; omnes dieux: il: i: [aizt tromper
tamen ee vim et naturam de: coutume: errone! .' mai:
divinam arbitrantur. Nec\ enin il: ente-na'th ton:
ver id collocutio homi croire une puimce divine,
num, a-ut confenth efiicitz un Etreitprime. Et ce n'e
non initutisopinio e con. point une croyance qui ait t
rmata, non legibus. oni emmene; le: homme: ne e.
ni autem in re conenio fant paint donn le mot pour
omnium gengium, lex na lta/ir: leur: loi): 71} 0722
tur putanda e._ poth de part. Or, riam
guelyue matibre otio re/oh, le
con/mlement de toute: le: na
tion: doit/e prendre pour loi
de la nature. '
Rage: Vous
 On RELIGION. - 'zng
that if a very large number of' types, (whether of?
gold or any other ubance) repreenting the letters
of the alphabet *, be thrown any where on the;

ground, they would form the -annals of Ennius, o

as to make them legible : whereas "I very muchz
doubt, whether the power of chance could reach.
even o far as to produce one ingle vere. How them
can thee men arm, thalt corpucles without colour,
without anyof that quality 1-z- whihh the Greeke
call meam, i, A. plaic, 'or- compoug-faculty, and:
without intelligence, hould, qby only oating about.
at random, accidentally' concur. to the fonnation o
the world; nay, of an innite'n'umber ofworlds, con- _
tinuallyv toupply the placed' perihing ones? But'
if this concoure of'atoms can make a world, why.
does itnever form a portico,- a temple, a houe, or a
city 5 which are certainly much eaier to be eectedf
i*- " 'u Ft. t'.
Another invincible argument to' prove the exi
Ence of uperior heings is, that there is no nation o:
barbarous, no man o avage, whoe mind is not im-v
hued with this peruaion, It mu be cenfeed, in
deed, that many people entertain very unworthy ideas
concerning the gods ;_ which is owing to their bad mo-
rals, and the prejudices of education, butall unite
in acknowledging a divine and upreme nature. Nei
ther is this peruaion the reult of any conference,
, - . or
'- Some have imagined-that this paage oCicero gave the r hint.
towards inventing the art of printing. In the original, it is uniur et.
viginri rm-8 Iiterarum, i. e. types o thel one and twenty letters,._
which was the number contained in their alphabet.
+ Colour, heat, and uch other qualities, according to the Epicu
reans, belong only to compound bodies. Their atoms have naturally
no other property but their ize,, weight, and what necearily reult'
from their conguration, moothnes, or roughnes.
1: Tucul. l. 13. '
39 ,THOUGHTS of CICERO. _

Roges me, quid aut quale Van: me demandecm ce

t Deus? Auctore utar Si gaze c'q gue Dieu? yeferai
monide: de quo cum quee a-'utc tuum, camme Simom'de
vict hoc idem tyrannus awe: I: zjyran HiEran, qui
Hiero, deliberandi cau Iuipropooit [a mine guq/Itio't.
ibi unum diem poulavit. D'aord iI demanda un jaur
Cum idem ex eo poridie pour _y pener : Ie Iendemain,
quem-carer,
Cum aepius biduum petivit.
duplicaret nu-i deux attire: jour: : et tomme
tbagutiit il doublait le nom
'merum dierum, admiran &re des/'cum gu'i] demanded,
que Hiero requireret, cur 'Hiiron l'vaulut en a-voir [a
ita aceret: "aid, quanta, caue. Parce que, dit-il,
inquir, diuti: conider-0, Mn plus j'y fais rEexion, plus
to "tin re: widelur oburior. la choe me paroit obcure.
Sed Simonidem arbitror, Ce qui me faitjuger gue Sin
(non enim poEta olum ua manide, qui n'e'tait par/inde
vxs, verm etiam cacteroqui ment an pect: dE-Vicat, mals
qui d'ailleur: ne manguoit m'
doctus, apienque traditur)
quiamulta venirent in men d'Erudz'tz'an; m' de bon m,
t'em acuta atque ubtilia, perdit I: [an taute eux-'rance
dubitantem, quid eorum de trotwer la cviritE; aprE:
ee: verimum, depera'e guehn ejrit i fat [r-omen?
cmnem veritatem. d'opinion: m opiniam, le:
me: plm ubtile: gue le: au
Irn, am pouwir prauwcr la
wiritab/e.
*.<'Win-'am
"w
Nec verb Deus ipe, qui Omzezbzut come-voir Dieu,
intelligitur A nobis, gue bm 'Z'idie dull-U Writ
alio
inodo intelligi potc, nii pur, ans ma'zge', dignge?
mens oluta qudam et li do'
quitude maliEr-e
(azznoiz'i 'corruptib/e
tout, qui man! ;
bera, egregata ab omni
concretione mortali, omnia tout, et gm' a tle Iui-mfme
i'cntiens et movens, ipaque zm mauwment &ternal.
pracd'na motu empiterno
X Pm:
 On RELIGION. 31'
or concert of mankind 3 nor does it derive its autho
rity from the power of cuom, or the anction of
laws. Now, the common conent of mankind is,
in every cae, to be eeemed a law of nature.

Should * you ak me to dene what God is, I

Would adopt the procedure of Simonides, who, when
the ame talk was impoed on him by Hiero, king
of Syracue, deired one day to conider of it : next
day, the ame queion being'again put to him, he
requeed two days more; then four, and o on fora
coniderable time, doubling always his demand. At
la, when the king with urprie aked the reaon of
this, he rcplied, * That the more he meditated on it,
the more incomprehenible it appeared to him.' For
I uppoe that Simonides (who was not only an excel
lenti poet, but otherwie a man of extenive know
ledge and widom) was bewildered in a variety of
opinions, each more ubtile and abracted than the
other;
near'e toandtruth,
beinghe uncertain which
depaired of of it
nding them
1-. camet i

Be' 3
B PsaI
Now I we can entertain no other idea o God, o
far as his nature is Comprehenible by us, than that
of
* De Nat. Deor. I. zi- " T T
_ 1- None but Jews and Chriians can form aju idea of the divine
being: for the antient philoophers, unapprized of the true yem of
the creation, and believing the eternity of matter, could not but draw
fale inferences from o fale a principle.
I Tucul. I. 27. Several moderns have maintained, that the no
ticn off-un: pirit was not to be ound in the writings of the ancients.
] would be glad t_o ak them, if to expre s that notion, they themelves
have terms les equivocal, or more deciive and clear than thoe we
ee here P , *
 32 THOUGHTS of CICERO...

(q-"'I q F
hei-m

Ex ipa hominum oler Par I'tprit humain, If?

tia ee aliquam mentem, quil e, nous dewomjuger
et eam quidem acriorem qu'il y a quelque autre intel
et divinam, exiimare de ligence, qui ait ply: de (viva-
bemus. Unde enz'm bane bo cit, ei gui/ait di-uine. Car.
ma arrz'puit? ut ait apud do viendroit l'homme,.
Xenophontem
Win et humorem,Socrates.
et calo dit Son-ate dam XEnof/aonr
lentendement dont il e
rem, qui e uus in corpo dou? On 'voit Que ce
re, et terrenam ipfam vi 1m Aeu de terre, deau, de.
cerum oliditatem, animum feu, et dair, gue mm: d'e
denique illum pirabilem rvam' 1e: partiuolz'ch de nam
_ quis qurat unde habe tre carp', [a elm/ear et Ilm
mus, apparet: quqd aliud miditei gui] fant ripanduwb
terra umpimus, aliud ab Ieme mii/m qui mu: anime.
humore, aliud ab igne, a Mai: re qui e bien au de in,
]iud ab are eo, quem pi de tout eela, jentem la rai
ritu ducimus. Illud autem, im, et peur le dire en plu
quod vincit hc omnia, ra jz'eur: termes, la/prit, le
tionem dico, et, i placer, jugement, la peme, [a pra-
pluribus verbis, mentem, deuce, a: Pawns-rum: pri:.?1~ '
conilium, cogitationem,
prudemiam, ubi inveni
musk unde uulimus ~

Ee prantem aliquam, Qyily ait un tre zp

ternamque naturam, et rieur, guiubieriz taujaur:,-,
cam upiciendam, admi et gui mrite le repect et lad
randamque hominum gene miration de: hammer, c'gh
ri, pulchritudo mundi, or de quai la beauty? de luni
doquc rerum cleliium co mer: et la rgularit de: afl/v
gicconteri. amobrem, Ire: nam fbrre de cana/Mir.
un religio propaganda_ e On doit par comiyuent mur
nam ny
 On RELIGION. '33
of a pure and free intelligence, or pirit, entirely
- diinct from all corruptible matter, perceiving and
moving all things, and poeed of (hi-motion from'
etern'ity. -

From V: the conideration of the powers of the

human mind, it is reaonable,*and We ought to infer,
that there mu exi a divine mind, far urpaing
the activity of ours : for as Socrates aks in Xeno
phon, 4 Whence hath man derived his piritual na
ture P' As to the conituent parts of the body, the
humours, the heat diued through it, the olids, and
the breath we repire, it is eay tracing each o them
to their repective elements : thus one proceeds from
water, another from re, a third from earth, and a
ourth from air. But what far excelsvall bodily ac
complihments, our reaon, I mean, or in', other
words our underanding, judgment, thought, pru
dence, where have we found it? From what ource .
is it derived? -

That + there exis an excellent, perfect, and

eternal being, worthy of the mo exalted repect;
and admiration of mankind, the beauty ofthe uni
'vere, and the harmony of the heavenly bodies, com
pel us to confes; Wherefore, as religion, which
is intimately connected with the knowledge of na
ture, ought to be propagated, o every root of u
' ' perition
* De Nature Deorum, II. 6, 7.
1- De Divinat. 11. 72.
 '54 THOUGHTS of CICERO. ,
tiam e, quae e juncta rir et re'pandre 'me aligiiu
cum cognitione naeum, ic Erlairct, mai: en "time temp:
uperitionis irpes omnes extirpcr toute ilpzrition.
ejiciendx. Inat enim et You: ne huriez faire zm
urget, et, quo te cunque pas', gue telle-[i ne qmu pour
Veneris, perequitur; ve zi-ve, et ne e prc'nte 2:
tu vatem, ve tu omen au rvour. Un 'dE-Uin, un pri
dieria ; ve immolaris, ve age, un zcrice, [e rao! a':
avem apexeris; i Chal gudque aieau, [a rentontr'
dazum, i harupicem vide il'un Chaldien, at' d'un ba
ris; fulcrit, i tonuerit, rupire, un chair, le bruz't du
i tonnerre, [afaudre tomtie du'
i tactum aliquid erit de
1
cmlo, i oenti imile na tial, qui-[ue production de
tum, factumve quippiam; [a ferre, au YZlE/YZJZ iwine
quorum necee e plerum meam. yui jmmit tenir du
que aliquid eveniat: ut prodige, tout/igit an hper
nunquam liceat quiet men itieux pour J'alarmer; et
te conitere. niccziremerzt i] en trazwem
do: occaion: i friquentex,
yue on Writ neem jamai '
tranquille. \' '
.'

Deos et .ve_ne'rari, et co On doit- izux dieux 'm

lere debemus. Cultus au
tem deorumw optimus,
idemque caimus, atque
anctimus, plenimuque
pieratis, ut eos emper pu
r, integr, incorrupt, et
mente, et voce veneremur.
Non enim philoophi o
lum, verum etiam majores
noiri uperitionem 21 reli
gione eparaverunt.
cul/e plein a'e reect. CuI
te trix-ban, trow-aint, qui
exige beaucoup d'imzocerzre et
depiElZ, me inrviolable pu
retei de azur et de Laxative;
mai: qui n'a rim de commun >
arvec Iacpwitian, dont no:
pErH, au-bim yue le: pZii
loop/m, onf entiirment h
pari [a religion.

Sit igituijam'hoc a prin Qui de: hammer qui 'vi e

cipiopcruaum civibus,do tvent en ociitE, commencent
minos ee omnium rerum, dam' par craire ermement,
ac moderatores deos: ea qu'i] y a tle: dieux mat'ry:
que, quae gerantur, eorum de tout, et qui gou-uernent
geri ditione, ac numine, tout; qui dipoent de rous
eodemque optime de ge le: Eminembm; qui ne a
nere hominum mereri: et, hut de fair: du [rien au
qualis gem?
 On RELIGION. 35'
perition hould be extirpated. Turn you to which
hand you will, the follies of uperition are ure to
rike your obervation; whether you _lien to a
diviner, or attend to an omen 3 whether you acri
ce, or oberve the flight of a bird; whether you
meet a Chaldean *, or oothayer, nay, does it
but thunder or lighten, is omething thunder-ruck,
or hould any monrous production, or" extraordi
nary accident occur! Now, as incidents of this'
kind mu,- in the coure of things, frequently hap
pen, the uperitious peron is thereby alarmed, and
nev'er enjoys one unruled hour.
'- ,'\. r'

To + worhip the gods, is our indipenible duty:

and that and
perfect, worhip is be performed,
mo deerves the name ofmo purewhenct
piety, and

it is oered with true incerity and purity of mind:

for not only the philo0phers, but likewie our an
ceors, have carefully diinguihed between reli
gion and uperition. v '

Let I this therefore be a fundamental principle in

all ocieties, That the gods are the upreme lords
and governors of all things, that all events are di-v
rected by their inyence and widom, and that they
are kind and benevolent to mankind 5 likewie? that
they know what every
i peron really
is, \ oberve his
actions

* A Chaldean, among the Romans, was the ame with what the
French call a Bobemian, and we a Gy 5 that is to ay, a fortune
teller.
1- De Nat. Deor. II. 28.
I De Legibus, II. 7.
36 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
qualsv quique tct, quid
genre lmmain; dont le! re
agat, quid in e admittat, gard: dmlant ce que (lia
qui mente, qui pietate co cun e, ce que elmeun fait,
lat religiones, intueri: pi tout re quon je permet
ommque et impiorum ha ji-mime, dan: quel e/prit,
bere rationem. avec quel: jntimem on pra-
la religion; et qui met
tent de la (fig/France entre
lhomme pieux et l'impie.
Utiles ee autem opi Peut-011 nier que ce: ri
niones has, quis neget, cum timem-l ne himt dune -
jntelligat, quam multa r grande utilit, largu'zm voit
mentur jurejurando; quan duni (nm/n'en doral/Ion: le
t alutis int fderum re rment yi le fteau de ne:
ligiones; quam multos dia paroleJ; peur camien la
vini fupplicii metuls ce religion entre dans la foi
lere revocarit; quamque de no: alliance-1; comien
ancta it ocietas civium de crime: la crainte dune
inter ipos, diis immortali punition divinen dtaurnez;
bus interpotis tum judici et caml'ien e/ ainte une o
us, tum teibusi. dite dhomme: per/imda
quil; ont au milieu deux, et
pour ugar, et pour tmim,
le: dieux immortel: ?
_.' un
In fpecie ctaz imula Il en LYI de la pit comme
onis, icut reliqu virtu de toute: le: autre: ruertuf,
tes, ita pietas ine'e _non elle ne mnie pas en de
ote: cum qua imul et main: dehors. Sun: elle il
ny aura ni hintetei, nt' re
Fanctitatem, et religionem
tolli nece e: quibus ligion: et dat-lar: quel d
ublatis perturbatio vit e rangement, quel traulle par
quiturl et magna. confuo. minou: ? je doute, i d
Atque haud cio, an, pie teindre [a pit rit-ver: les
tate adverss deos (ublat, dieux, ce neeroit pu: anan
ides etiam et ocietas hu tir la &onm' i, la jcit:
mani generis, et una .ex civile, et la princigale du.
Cellentima virtqu juiti/a, vertu, qui [a/fice.
tollacur.
 On RELIGION. 37
actions whether good or bad, dicern whether our
proeions of religion are incerc, and from the heart
or not, and are ure to make a dierencebetWeert
good men and the wicked. - t

Now who. can dipute the utility of thee en

timents, when he hall reect, how many caes of
the greate importance are decided by oaths; how
much the acred rites, perormed i'n making treaties,
tend to aure peace. and tranquillity; alo what'
numbers has the fear of divine punihment reclaim
ed from a. vicious coure of life; and how * acred r
the ocial rights mu he, in a ociety, where a rm
peruaion obtains of the immediate intervention of
the immortal gods, both as witnees and judges of
their actions ?

It 1- is with piety as with other virthes, it can

not coni in dimulation : withou't piety, neither
anctity o manners, nor- religion, can in any wie
be upported 3 and if thee are deroyed, what dread '

ful confuion and diorder mut enue? And indeed,

it isa queion with me, whether, without piety to
wards the gods, the mutual condence and ociety
of mankind, -or that mo excellent of all virtues,
juice, could ubi.
*' Other tranlator-s may eize occaions to praie and point out the
delicacy of a thought, or the happines and elegance of an exPrezon.
'Let me, on juter grounds, admire here the manner in which a hea
then lavs down to us that important doctrine of the omni-preence of
God, the carchcr o hearts.
1" De Nat.-Deor. I' 3'
'33 THOUGHTS of CICERO.

II. IL
De HOMINE. Sur LH 0 MM E.

NIMA L hoc provi N animal, d'an: [que]

dum, agax, multi hnt Pr-vqyanre, hga
plex, acutum, memor, ple dua talem divers, pntra
num rationis et conlii, tion, mmoire, rayonnement,
quem vocamus HOMINEM, jugement ; ret animal que
prclargudam conditione nous appelait: HOAIME, a
generatum e ummo Deo; t ygn/iremmt favori/
Solum e enm ex tot ani par le Dieu tpreme, qui la
mantium generibus a_tque mi: au monde. Car,- de tom'
natuns, parflceps ratlonls les animaux, dant il] a tant
et cogxtatloms, cum ctera d'ece: dg'rentex, celui1
nt omnia expertia. e/t leizul qui ait regit m par
tage la rai/im et la peneiz.
Taux les autre: en mt n
pour-wis.
._ La. .
_.9.=._.*-.>*._
E illud quidem maxi Rien n'e i grand, guy
mum, animo ipo animum tle vair amer le: yeux de
videre: et nimirum hanc Iame,1ame elle mime. A'ui
habet vim prceptum A egi-ce l le em de l'Orac/e,
lpollinisj quo monet, ut e qui went que cbaum i can
quique nocat. Non enim, m. Sait: doute gu' Apol
credo, id prcipit, ut mem Ian na point prtendu par-[
bra notra, aut aturam, nous dire de con/witn- notre
guramve nocamus: neque tarps, mire taille, notre i
nos corpora umus: neque gure. Car gui dit nous,
ego tibi hc dicens, cor ne dit par notre cor/: ; et
pori tuo dico. cum igi quand je parle ruozu, te
tur, Nq/'ce le, dicit, hoc di ne pas marre carp: 'juejc
cit, Noce animum tuum. parle; Lyand dam I'Oracle
Nam corpus quidem quai non: dit, Connoitoi, il m
vas e, aut aliquod animi tend, Connoi ton ame. la
recep Ira
 On 'M A N. an

II.

On M' A

AN *, whom we may dene to he an animal

endowed with foreca, agacity, wit, penetra
tion, memory, judgment, and prudence, holds, by
the ingular favour of the upreme being, a very di
tinguihed rank in the creation. For' he, of all the
dierent pecies and kinds of animals, is the only
partaker of reaon and thought.

'It is 1- a matter of the greate importance, for

the human oul to comprehend its own nature: and
doubtles, this is the meaning of Apollo's I precept,
enjoining every one to know himelf: for I cannot
think that it directs us to make ourelves acquainted
with the dierent parts of our bodies, or their &a
ture and form. ' Body by no means conitutes our
being ; nor when I dicoure with you, is it to your
body I addres myelf. Wherefore, when the oracle
ays, * Know yourelf,' it 'certainly intends, Know
your oul. For, in fact, the body is no more than

the veel, or receptacle of the oul z andthe actions

of
* De Legib. I. 7. 'f Tucul. I. 12.
I Pliny, l. r. c. 37.. informs us, that in the temple at Delphos,
(hey read three precepts of Chilon, One of the even wie men,- the
r of which was that here mentioned ; the econdwas, < That we
ought to deirc nothing with too great eagernes ' the third, * That
itis a misfortune to be in debt, or engaged in law-1urts.'
 40 THOUGHTS ofKCICERO.
receptaculum, Ab animo tre 'carx n'e, 'pour airzi
tuo quidquid agitur, id agi dire, que le vaau, quc I:
tur A te. Hunc igitur noe, domiti/e de warre ame. You:
nii divinum eet, non eet re que man: faile', c't 'vo
hoc acrioris cujudam ani ire am qui It uit. Admi
mi pracceptum, xc, ut tri raHe pre'repte, que teluz' de
butum deo it. - tonnoi/re h'z ame 1 On a
bien/'agei qu'il 71.] weir qu'un
bomme d'un erig hpEritur,
qui pit en all/air confu I'idZe:
et c'e teqm' fait qu'tm l'a
attribmf I: un dien,
i is"
"hid, WJGt nau'ti, noli Quarta' on dit I: I'bamme,
putare ad arrogantiam mi Connoitoi, ce n'c par u
nuendam olm ee dictum, Iement pour rabarhn fr
gueil, c'q aui pour Iuifairt
verdm etiam ut bona noh'a
e-'ztir te qu'z'l want. -
norimus.

QLI e iple norit, pri Tout [yomme qui rentrem

mhm aliquid entiet e ha m Ini-mime, _y dZmurw-ira
cle: trace: tle- [a di-z/inzitE :
bere divinum, ingeniumque
in e uum, cut mula et h regardtznt romme m'
crum aliquod, dedicatum temple at) le; dieux on! place'
putabit; tantbque munere on ame pour Etre [tur image,
deorum emper dignum ali il ne e permettra que du
(juid et faciet, et entict: ntimem, que de: actiam,
et, cum e ipe perpexerir, qui rEpandent d [a dignitim'e
cotumque tentarit, intelli Itur prihnt. Urz LFrieux ex
get, quemadmodum i na amen de ce qu'iz' A, et de
ce qu'i] pear, Iui zzif rom
tura ubornatus in vitam
Venerit, quamaque inru rendrg de quel: avantage:
jncnta habeat'ad obtinen la nature I'a pourrv, et tom
dam adipicendamque. a bien de ecour: lui fatiliterzt
I'acqmzitiarz de [a agc.
plennam : quomam prmcl
piouerum omnium qua Vena ay mande a-vec tle: na
adumbratas intelligentias a tion: anZrales, qui i'aban?
nimo ac mente concepcrit: ne b'zt que commc Ebzzuchex,
quibus illuratus, apienti il rWit qz/en ai-wmt Lette
duce, bonum virum, et ob lumiEre, guidi par laangz
eam ipam cauam cernat ilra hammer de bien, et par
e beatum fore. ' conEquezzt bewcux.
. Nam A)
 On M A N'. -4r
of the latter only, can properlyibe called the actions
of the man. In ne, was not the knowledge of
the oul an excellent accomplihment, it could not
have paed for an apophthegm of uch acutenes, as
to have been attributed to a deity.
..-'0- "Lt J
' ' x'.-'9.'w

This * precept, * Know yourelf,' was not ole

ly intended to obviate the pride -of mankind; but
likewie, that we might underand our own in
trinic worth.
'
Whoever 1- kndws himelf, mu be concious that
he is poeed of a divine principle; he will look'
upon his rational part as the reemblance of ome
divinity, conecrated within him; and will always
be careful, that 'his entiments, as well as his ex
ternal behaviour, be worthy of this ineimable di
vine preent; A erious and thorough examination
of all his powers will inform him, what ignal ad
vantages he has received from nature, and with
what innite helps he is furnihed for the attain-
ment of widom: for, from his r entrance into
the world, he has faint conceptions I of_ all things
delineated, as it were, in his mind; by the en
lightening aance of which, and the guidance of
widom, he may become a good, and conequently
a happy man. . '
* C - What
* Ad. AFratrem, 111. 6. + DeLegib. I. 12.
I Cicero, here, eems to take it for granted, that our ideas, which
have any regard to the law of nature, are innatet or uch as we come
mto the world with. But Mr LOCkC clearly evinces, that we have na
idea?
 42 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
Nam cum animus, cog
a-t-il, en -t, a'e
nltis perceptique virtuti pim- Zveurtux qu'u'z bamme,
bus, A corporis obequio in qui, par-vent: a? 'me exacte
dulgcntiaque dicecrit, vo connazwce de: 'ver-lax, n'a
- lupxatemque, icut labem point de [de/Je camp/aizme
aliquam decoris, oppree pour le: hm, et foule aux
rit, omnemque mortis do piea': [a rvalupti, camme guy]
lorique timorem eugerit, yue (be tle banleux; qui
ocieratemque caritatis coie ne rraz'nt 'zi [a daleur, m' [a
rit cum uis, omneque na man 3 qui (birit term'rement
tur conjunctos," uos duxe lex/1271.', et met au nomlzre
rit, cultumque deorpm, et de: it't! tout (e qu'i] a de
puram religioncm ucepe imctlab/es; qui harm-e reli
rit, et exacuerit illum, ut gt'en Ell/ent ds! die/ex, et let
Oculorum, c ingenii aciem, rt pure-ment; Qui, umme
ad bona deligenda, et reji 'tom on-vrom lexjveux du carp:
cienda contraria 1 quid eo pom- dz'ingutr le: abje/J, em
dici, auc excogitari porerit plaie de_mime [al-jeux de l'e
beazius? pth pour d'erizer le bien et
le mal.
Idemque cum cmlum, annd i: regard: duren!
terras, maria, rerumqueomi embraE le del, [a torn', le:
nium naturam 'perpexerit, men, tent ce 7111' exis :
'eaque unde generata, quo guand il aura rompri: de
recurrant, quando, quo mo guoi le: [ba/2: s/ztormin,
de obitura, quid in iis mor te gu'elle: dozirzjent' rtdewenir,
talc et caducum, quid divi day: quel temp: et de gus/I:
num aeternumquc it, vide maniEre e/Ie: im'ro'zt, ce
xit, lpumque ca mogeranj gu'elle: out tle peirzble, et
tem enegensem prene pre ce gu'ellt: out d'eitemcl :
henderit', ecque non unis guand il aura pret/ne tough:
circumdatum'moenibus, po au elazlgt et 21 l'a-uz'l, ij'o
Pulurem alicujus_cleniti lq _ aiq/i dire, I'Etre qui rEglc
-ci, ed clvem tQuus mundl, et gaurvcr/zeunimer: : yuand
quai unlus urbis, agnovc-' il warm, gue Iui paant]
he :* inhae illc magmcen Iement il zz'c point re c'rrE
4' tia rerum, atq uc? in hoc con dam' zm [bet/'t tain de [a term,
pectu et cognmone natu_ne_, mai: gne le monde e'zlz'cr m'
dii iinmortales! quam'plc alt ue romme une in/e
e nocet: xqupd Apullo wille, dent il q/t' citojen .' 6' I
prmclpit Pythius? (anm fu'un i magnyueectacle,
co'xmlnnet, quam depiciet, all la nature je ms'ztre Zz dei
quam pro nihilo putabit , cau-vtrt, 'meum [lien l'laomm'
** ' * en, 27 por
,2' *
 On MAN. '_ 43
What can be conceived 'more truly happy than
the ate of that man who, having attained to an
exact knowledge of virtue, throws o all indul
gence to body and ene, tramples upon pleaure as
athing unbeeoming the dignity of his nature; is
not terried at the approach of aiction, or even of
death itelf; who maintains a benevolent intercoure
with his friends, and in that number includcs the'
whole race of mankind, as being united together
by one Commonv nature; in hort, who preerves
an unfeigned piety and reverence towards the gods,
and exerts the utmot forceof his rational powers
to diinguih good from evil, ju as we train
Our eyes in order to view an object with the greater
attention ? i '

When this man hall have urveyed the heavens,

the earth, and the eas; udied the nature of all
things, and informed himelf whence-they were ge
nerated, to what tate they return, the time' and
manner of their diolution, and what parts of them
are mortal and perihing, and what divine and etera
nal; when he hall have attained, in a great-mea
ure, the knowledge of that being who uperintends
and governs them; and hall look upon himelf
not as conned within the walls of any one city,
or as the member of any particular cornmunity, but
as a citizen of the univere, conidered as one ate:
on uch a grand repreentation of things *as this,
C 2 and

idea: beides thoe we receive by the enes, and thoe which the
mind forms by its own operations on thc former. So that if a man
was born without any external eneat all, he couldOform no idea,
'int even of reection; becaue the mind would have no ubject t'
pound its reect.ons on. ' * , , -
44 THOU-GHTS of CICERO.
ea, quze vulgb ducuntu: am (I partie de i cannoitre [ta'
pliima 3 mEjne, ca'rmiment au prE
_ kepte d'dpallcn I O I qur'
'am ce: objtts, 'dent I'ambi
tion run/gain fait zme i
grant/e iaee, erant pea m
pab/cr de I'ZHou'ir! Qy'il:
lax' paraitront rails, et digne:
du dernief mipri: _
- Atquc have oqnnia, quai Ia'ireti
Four faire [a h/ia'itE et
tle : connazimres,
kpimento aliquo, vallabit
decrepdi ratione, veri et il It: entaurera commt d'unc,
fal judicandi cienti, et lmie, m Itur qza'ant [A
arte quadam intelligendi, lagz'que, qui entz'gnz 13 de'
quid quamque rem equa zneiIL-'r le rvraz' d'a-vec Icfaux,
tur, et quid it cuique con 17: tirer d'zm principe une can
trarium. 'Cumque e ad quentcjue, 2: rvair comment
civilem ocietatem narum um' propq/ition ditruit I'au
enerit, non ollm illa ub ire. Et comprezmnt qu'z'] e
mF pour [a arzcteih? civile, it
tili diputatione ibi men
dum putabit, ed ctiam fu ye x'en tiendra pa: E catte
a latius perpetua oratione, prctiion de: Iogiciem; mai;
qua regat poPulos, qua (la il fern zg/'age de I'Eloquem't,
biliat leges, qua caiget pour gouq/tr'zcr le: peuplu,
improbos, qua tueacur bo pom- qe'rmir le: laix, pour
nos, qua laudet claros vi (l'dtizr It: mEc/mm, pour
rosz' qua praeccpta alutis dndre le: bour, pour (HE
et laudes aptf: ad perua brcr le mirife, pour i'ruz're,
dcndum edat uis civibus: pom- animtr, pour txbartcr
i-qua hortari ad decus, revo
care i aigitio, conolari an Hem, dEtour'zcr du mal,
(onoltf le: qigez, et immor
pot aictos: factaque et la/ir le Wire et la rue-rim,
conulra fortium et apien
tium, cum improborum ig- '
hominia, empiternis mo
numentis prodere. chi woudrcz l- tonnaitre,
ngi: cum [Ot res tantzc
que mt, qua: inee in ho 'ver-m que l'bommr nait arvec
de i bearen/by a'zhq/zcttions.
mine perpiciantur ab iis,
qui e ip velint noe, ea
Mai: tiI faut que la agg/j?
rum parens e, educauix le: culIi-uc, et le: mette en
quc apientia. arwvre.
'o
Animorum Ox
 On- M A N., 7 45
and on uch a propect and knowledge of nature -,
how well, O heavens! would uch a one under
(land the precept of Pythian Apollo, by knowing
himelf? How low would he eeem, how thorough- '
ly would he contemn and depie thoe things which
by vulgar mi'nds are held in the highe eeem?

All thee acquiremcnts he, would ecure and

guard, as with a fence, by the 'cience of ditinguih
ing truth from falhood, and the art of reaoning,
that teaches him to know what conequences fol
low from premies, and how far one propoition
clahes with another. When uch a peron was
convinced that nature deigned him for ociety, he
Would not re contented with thee ubtile diqui
itions, but would put in practice that comprehen
ive eloquence which is neceary for governing na
tions, enacting laws, punihing malefactors, defend
ing the hone part of mankind, and publihing the
praies of great men; he would likewie ue his
peruaive eloquence to recommend alutary maxims
to his countrymen ; to roue them to the practice of
virtue, and turn them from wickednes z to comfort
the aicted; and in ne, by his writings, to im
mortalizc the wie regulations and noble actions Of
the prudent and brave, and to publih the hame and
infamy of wicked men.

So many and o excellent are the things that will'

be ound in man, by thoe who deire to know them
elves; of all which, however, widom is the pa
rent and ditector. i '

C 3 *The
 46 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
._
.- 1." . i
Animorum nulla in terris On nt peut aIummt
origo inveniri pote. Ni frowwr ur la' ferre, lori
hil enim e in animis mix girz de: giium Car il ny a
tum atque concretum, aut rim dam In man, qui fait
quod ex terra natum atque mixt: et (grille/; rim qui
ctum ee videntur: nihil parcm (unir de la terre,
tie I'imu, de lair, ou dufev.
ne aut humidum quidemf
aut able, aut igneum. Tow a: 515211611: nont rien
His enim in naturis nihilr
yuifq' [a mmoire, l'intel
fine," quod vim memori, ligmce, la rfexion ; qui
mentis, cngitationis habeat; pu' rapbe/er 'le pr, pre
quod et provideat,
futura praeterita teneur, et vcir I'a-vmir, embrar I:
et com- pr/km. li'amdj: m ne t: 01:
vcra do l'lyamme rrfaz't ce:
plecti put premia: gure
ola divina unt. Nec in divian gzza/ittz; main:
venietur unquam, unde ad gus de remanier un Dieu.
hominem venire ponr, ni Et far (mg/25'911th Fame q/I
i Den. Singularis e dune nature fuga/iha qui
igitur qudam nazura atque n'a rim de commu/z a-z-ct le:
vis animi; ejuncta ab his /mm: gue r1qu make;" mu.
utatis. notifque naturis. &del/e que oit dam' [a na
lm quidquid e illud, quod ture dun finu qui a'zti
entit, quod fapity quod ment, infect-"game, rue/oak',
vult, quod Viger, clee principi de Foie: cet tre-[
et divinum e: ob eam e cE/et, i1 qi divin, et
, que rem aeternum t ne ds-1 immortal.
cce e.

Sanguinem, bilem, pi ye comprendr Lint, ce m:

tuitam, oa, nervos, venas, emHe, de quoi et comment
omnem denique membro ont iii produit: [e ang, In
i/e, ila pilaire, lix or, le:
rum et totius corporis
guram videor poe dicere, "nei, le: rveine-1, et gni
unde concreta et quo modo raIement tout notre (0173:,
facta int. Per animum ip te] quil e. L'ame elle
um, i nihil eet in eo, ni mme, i .re ntait autre
id, ut per eum viveremus, rba/e dam nous que leprincipz
tam natura putarem homi de [a rule, me paratrait un
nis vitamfulcentari, quam gt purement natirel, com
vitis, quam arboris : haec me ce qui fait cuivre leur
enim etiam dicimus viverc. mani're la vigne et Iarre.
Item nihil haberet ani Eti I'ame'bumaine na-voit
mus m
\
 l

On ' M A ' 47

The * origin of human ouls is not to be met

with in any terrerial matter: there is in' them no
mixture, or compoition of parts, nothing that par
ticipate's of earth, or conis of water, air, or re.
There is no quality in thee ubances, that has the
lea reemblance to the powers of memory, intelliH
gence, and reection; or that is able to recollect
the pa, provide again the future, or comprehend
what is preent: thee are all emanations from the
divinity : Nor can they poiny be derived to man
from any other ource beides God himelf. Whence
we may conclude, that the nature and powers vof
the human oul are o a ingular kind, and entire
ly diinct from thee common and iwell known
ubances. It likewie follows, that a being en-*
dowed with perception,underanding, free-will, and
a principle of life, is certainly o celeial and divine
origin, and conequently immortal.

It 1- would be nordicult matter to account for

the ormation of our blood, choler, phlegm, bones,
nerves, veins; and, in a word, to point out from
whence, and after what manner, all the conituent
parts of the whole body were produced. Was there
nothing in the oul but a bare vital principle, we
might uppoe that human life was uained in the
ame manner as vegetables; for thee alo are aid
to live. Beides, was the oul of man poeed of
C 4. ' no
"Fragm, de Conol. ct 1- Tucul- I. 24, and 25.
 43 THOUGHTS or CICRO.
mus hominis, nii ut appe en partage yue I'z'ni'zct tft/r
xeret aut reugercr, id quo porter te qui lai ton-vital,
que eflet ei commune cum tt n'a-fuir re qui ne lui mmi
bcis. mt par, elle n'aurait rien de
plu: que le: Mm.
Habet primum memo Ala: i: proprie'te': hut,
riam. et earn innimm, re primam-tuma me men-fair: .
uminnumerabilium.Qmm capable de re'zfermer m jbi
quide Plato recordatio 'me innite: de t/mx. Et
nem te vult fuperioris vi (en: mmoire, Platon lveut
r. Nam in illo libre, qui file fe oit la re'minireme de
.i n c: ibimr [Venom puioncm re yu'an a x d'an: une autre
quendam Socrates interro wis. 11 fait par/er dam
gat qudam geometrica de le Mnon, uu jet/m erg/21m,
dimenione quadrati. Ad ea gaz Sonate interroge in' In
iic ille relzpondey ut puer: naufragium du yuarrtt len
ut tamen ita faciles interru jkmt ripond tommehn ge I'
gmioncs um, ut gradatim fer/net: et le: gag/31'021:
refpondens eodem perveni taut tou/cum a partie, il
m, quo geometrica di 'va de ripam/e en rporg/
diciet. Ex quo eci vult arvant, quen/in i] the
Socrates, ut difcere nihil munir tudi la gomtrie.
aliud it, nii recordari. D6 [ Surate conclut, gu'ap
(Qme locum multo etiam prendre, c feu/6mm! ;
accuratius explicat in eo rmari/min Il Jen expli
ermone, quem habuit eo gue emm-e plus exprqe'ment
vipo die, quo excellit vita : dam [e tif/mur: gu'il it le
docet emm, quemvis, qui jour dea mort. Un homme,
omnium rerum rudis ee vi dit-il, qui parat ne rien ja
deatur, bene interroganti voir, et qui cependant r
reondcntem, declarare, e pondjzg/te une queion,fait
non tum illa dicere, ed bien ruair que [a matire zr
reminifcendo recognocere; laquelle on l'i'zterrage, ne lui
nec verb eri ullo modo q/ 1m: nouvel/e 3 et 72:,
pae, ut pueris tot rerum dans le moment quil rpond,
atque tantarum initas et il neait yue rxpnr hr te
quaii conignatas in animis gui &toit (lefja dam/En erit.
nOtiones, quas zmzz; vo II mki-oii ectiz/tment pat
cant, haberemus, nii ani pzzMe, ajoule Surate, que
mus, antequam in corpus d: notre enfante mur enfin:
intravi'et, in rerum-cogni tant dt notion: i irent/uenit
tione vi'guiet. l cumque qui hut comme imprime: en
nihil eet, ut omnibus locis now-mirum i no: ame: n'a- .
Pla mien:
v-v_-W-->w, .- X y-_-_ v-'T

On M A N. 49'
no other faculties, than a mere iniinct lo appe
rite and averion, this would' be common to it with
brutes.
\ .
One o- the mot diinguihing powers of'the
human oul is memory, and that almo innite, be
ing capable of containing incidents innumerable * t
inomuch that Plato will have it to be the recol
lection of what paed in a former life; for in that;
treatie of his, 'entitled Menon 1-,, Socrates is intro
duced interrogating a child concerningthe geome
h'ical dimenions o a quare. The child anwers'
in a manne; agreeable to his age 5. and. yet the que
ions are put-in o eay a way, that he goes on an
wering one thing after another, till he comes to
the ame concluion as if he had learned geometry ::
whence Socrates iners, that to learn is only to re-w
eollect. This he explains With greater accuracy,,
in the dicoure he held the very day on which he
uered death I: for he there maintaine, that a
quite illiterate peron, giving proper anwers to
the queions put to him, makes it evident, that he
did not learn' thoe things at that time, but only
recalled them to his remembrance. Nor/is it po
ble, that the ideas of o many; and o-va objects,
hould in our very, inancy be implanted and tamped,
C 5. as=
* Inances of an extraordinary memory are every where to be met.
with in hiory. Cyrus knew every oldier in his army by name. Cy-
eas, ambaador to the Romans from king Pyrrhus, in one'day learn
ed the names of his pectators o well, that the next he aluted the
Whole enate and populace aembled, each by his name. See. Seneca
Controver. lib. r.
1- Plato has given the title Merton to one o his dialoguea.
1 Plato gives an account of this dicoure in. another dialogue
'lied Phidon,
go THOUGHTS of CICERO.
Platone dieritur, (nihil m'ent pa: eu dee'cannni'anees -
enim ille putat ee, quod animer/dl, a-uant que den
oriatur et ntereat; idque trer dan: no: corpt. Dail
folum ee, quod femper leurs, elo't [a doctrine con
tale t, qualem ide/1m ap ant: de Platen, il ny a de
pellat ille, nos/faim) non rel que u qui e immuaje,
potuit animus hc in cor tomme [eimt le: iden. Rien
pore incluus agnocere, de re qui e produit, et pi
eognita attulit. Ex quo tam rzzble, nexi/ie rellement.
multarum rerum cognitio Lame, enferme dan: le
nis dmiratio tollitur. Ne corps, na donc pu e former
_que ea plane videt animus, te: ide: .- elle le: apporte
cum repem in tam inoli avec elle en menant au mande.
tum tamque perturbatum bis-la ne ayam ply:hrprir,
domicilium immigravit', ed qua tant de [by/e: lui fuient
cum e collegit atque re cannuex. Il e vrai que
creavit, tum agnocit illa tout en arrivant dan: une
reminicendo. Ita nihil a demeure i hmbre et i
_ liud e dicere, nii recor trange pour elle, daard dk
dari. ne dmile pa: bien le: 0/1
jet: .' mai: quand elle Js/1
recueillie, et qu'elle/e recon
nat, ellefait l'applimtian de
e: du. Apprendre ne
donc autre choe gue rtfzu
vmir.
(Live t illa vis, et unde, Voyons (e qui fait la m
intelligendum puto. Non more, et d '012 elle procde. Ce
cll cerx nec cordis, nec n'q/f certainement ni du azur,
anguinis, nec cerebri, nec ni du cerveau, ni du ing, ni
atomorum. Anima t ani de: momej. Je nefaiti notre
mus, ignive, necio: nec ame e de u, au dair; et
me pudet, ut ios, fateri je ne rougir point, comme
necire quod neciam. lllud d'azltrex, davouer gue jig
'i ulla alia de re obfcura a nore te yu'en {ef jignore.
' firmare po'em, ve anima, Mai: quelle/bit diqaine,_jen
ve ignis lit animus, eum jureroiJ, i, dam une matire
ollure,je pourvci: par/er zny
jurarem ee divinum (Lid
enim, obfecro te, ttrrne rmati-vemerth Car enfin,
tibi, aut hoc nehulofb et je 'vow le demande, la m
caliginoo cwloxaut fata aut I/zz're vaz parorEe ntre
concreta videtur tanta vis quun q/mlage de partie:
memories? Si, quid t hoc, terre/72W, Quun Mm: dair.
non grqer
 on MAN. 5:
as it were, on our minds, and on that account calle
immte, had not the oul been poeed of the know-t
. ledge of things before its entrance into the body '*. _
Beides, if, as Plato every where maintains, nothing
has a real exience that has a commencement of
being, or that comes to a diolution 3 becauetrue
exience is peculiar to what is always the ame,
and uch are our ideas : in this cae the oul, having
no real exience after its union with the body,
could not have attained uch an extenive know
ledge ; and therefore mu have brought this valu
able acquiition along with it. Whence the wonder
ceaes, how it comes to be acquainted with- uch' a
diverity of things. The oul, indeed, does not per
ceive all its ideas immediately upOn entering o.
range and diordered an habitation 3, i-t takes ome
time to recollect and recover itelf, and then it re-*
gains them by reminicence. So that learning is
nothing but recollect'ron.

The nature and' origin of this power within us,

I uppoe, may- be inveigated. It is neither; the ef
fect of the heart, the blood, the brain, nor. ofa coni
coure o atoms. Whether the' oul conis of air"
or re, I cannot tell :', nor am I, ahamed,, as many'
are, to confes myelfignorant, whenI really. am o.
C 6' And
* This great man eemsto Have lo himdlfiin the viionary no:
tion of the pre-exience of' the human oul; which, with Plato, he'
endeavours to prove from its innate ideas; but we have remarked
before, that -Mr-. Locke has clearly proved,_ that there are no uch
ideas, and conequently, the pre-exience of the oulmu 'all of
coure. And here we cannot but admire, how imple, how natural',
how beautiful Mr. Locke's accdune of the origin of our knowledge.
Is, when et in contra with this wild notionrof thecPlatoni'J. 8.',
Ibovepage 441..
r \

ink-Ha. _ \
 1

52 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
non vides : at, quale it, grqcr et nibulcux? St' wan:
vides. Si, ne id quidem; m z vez ce yu'elle e, du
at, quantum it, profectb vi main; 'vous wqyez de guoi elle
des. Add igitur? utrum q/I capable. HE bien P di1'0n57
capacitatem aliquam in a won: qu'ilj a dam' notre ame
nimo putamus ee, qui) tan me g/Zce de rq'r-vaix, 01) [es
quam in aliquod vas ea, quae r/Jqu gue 'ma caniom 13 'tom
meminimus, inundantur? mimoz're, l- 'vc'nt tamme
Aburdum id quidem: qui dam' un wah? Prapqition
tnim undus, aut quae talis abizrde : tar pent-oneigu
animi gura intelligi pote? rer gy: Fame/bit um-farme
aut quae tanta ommno ca a? Ioger w' re/Zroir i pro
pacitas P LAn imprimi quai ond P Dlirom nour gue I'ah:
ceram ammum putamus, et Him-prime tomme la cirt, tt yue
memoriam ee gnatamm le ourvenir g la trace de ce
rerum in mente veigia? qui a it? imprimf dam' I'arte ?
Axpount verborum, quae led: de: pare/e: et de: idie:
rgrum iparum ee veigia? peumgnt-t/le: [a'r de: tra
(hue porrb tnm immena tn P Et full q/pate ne fau
magnitude, quze ila ram droz't ilpm, d'ai/Ieun, pour
xnulta pot engere? tent a'e [rate-1 drente: P
Qd illa vis, quae tan Qy'q/I-re ue tette autre
dem e, qua: inveigat oc faults', qui I e'tudie Ez diea
culta, quze inventio atque wrir a gu'z'l] a tle each', et
excogitatio dicirur ? Ex qui e nomme intelligence, q/l
hacne tibi terrcn mortali prit P Jugez-mou: gu'z'] m '
que naturi et caduc con t eutri gite du tarry/ire et
creta ea videmr? aut qui du corruptible dam la compa
primus, quod ummzrapi ition de cet Humme, qui [a
mtiae Pythagora: vium e, premiar impoiz un 'zom ii
omnibus rebus impouit no c/mgue (Loe ? Pyt/zagore
mina? aut qui dipatos-ho trauwait I' cela unehge in
mines congregavit, et ad p nie. Regardtz-vom comm
cietatem vicze convocavit? pin-i de liman, ou celui qui a,
aut qui onos vocis, qui in nmHE le: Hommes, Ft [cur
niti videbantur, paucis li a inhiride rui-vre enaa'E/E?
xerarum nptis terminavit ? On calm' qui dam un petit
aut qui errantium cllarur nambre de taractZ-res, a ren
turus, regreones, ini fermE tom' le: on: gite [a rvoix
tioncs notavit? Omnes forme, et doat [a dirveijitipa
magni: etiam uperiores, razn't inipmable? Ou tilui.
qui frugcs, quL veieum, gui a oberva commente meu
qui tecta, qui cultum vita2 fwnt In Planctu; et Flie/13.'
qu 1 MA
 On M A N.' * 53' \
And indeed, if it were allowablc to arm any thing,
where poitive evidence is wanting, I could wear,
that the oul is omething divine, whether it be made
up of reior of air. For I would, ak, is it poible

to imagine how o va a memory could grow, or

be anywie produced, either out of the earth, or in
this gros and cloudy atmophere? But though its
eence be above our reach, yet its qualities are di
coverable by us; or if this be denied, its capacity
is certainly conpicuous, What? Shall we uppoe
that the human' mind is like a common veel of ca
pacity, into which the various notices,-which we
conign to our memory, are poured, as it were, to
be preerved? This would be a glaring aburdity:
for what botto'm or gure can we conceive of the
oul; or how very large mu its capacity be? Shall'
we then imagine the oul to be like wax, and that
memory is nothing but the traces or ignatures oE
things upon it But what traces. do words, or even.
things themelves, leave behind them? And beides,
What an 'immene volume mu it be, that is capable
of Jeceiving the impreions of o many dierent:
objects P r ' .
What then is'that other power, or faculty, which
invei gates the ecrets of nature 5 and is called thought:
' or invention i' Can youimagine it to be the eect o
the happie temperament of an earthly, frail, and?
perihing matter? Can this be the origin of his mind,
who r impoed names on all things; which, by
Pythagoras, was eteemed' a work of the greate.
widom? or of his, who gathered the cattered indi
viduals of mankind, and united them* in oclety it
Can this be aid of him, who taught how to eX
pres,
 54 t THOUGHTS of' CICERO.
qui prdia contra feras in hnt muni; rEfragradeJ', tan
venerunt : quibus manfue ttationnaire: P Tous loi
facti et exculti, neceariis . eut de grand: homme : mai:
articiis ad elegantiora de plu: grand: eutore ceux gui
uximus. Nam e; auribus ert/lignith je naurrz'r de
oblectatio magna parta e, bled, : with', iji lv'tir,
invean et temperat varie : jba/item prcaution
tate et natm onorum: et uer congre. le: bite: ctrorer.
ara upeximus, tum ea, Par eux nom/"me: adoucir
qu unt inxa canis locis, et ti-vi/zz. On az de:
tum illa non re, ed vo art: ningjairtsura ceux qui
cabulo errantia. murum on llgance pour hzt On
converiones, omneque mo trouva, pour charmer la
-tus, qui animo vidit, is do rei le, la: rgle: de lhar
cuit milem animum fuum monie. On ima/ia le: toiles,
ejus ee, qui ea. fabricants tant (elle! gui ontixu, gue
eet in coelo. elle: qu'au appelle errant,
yuozyuelle: ne le himt par.
Qzu'cangue dfouvrir le: di
werye: rvolution: de: ares,
i] t "voir par l que h'z {j
prit tenait de celui qui le: a
rmez dam. le ciel.
_.<'\ vu- -_
Senqu autem, nterpre A 1egard de: ni, par qui
tes ac nuntii rerum, in ca In objet: extrieur; viennent
pite, tanquam in arce,_ mi la (arm-jmce de lurne;
rifch ad uus neceanos et leur ructurt rpond mer-"ae
facti, et collocari unt. Nam i leu/me! leur dzinatiorz,
oculi, tanquamlocum
res, altiiimumi peculate
obti et il: out leur ge dam [
tte, comme dans un lieu fbr
nent : ex quo plurima con nie'. Lereux, aini gag da
picientes funguntur uo mu fendue/lei, auupeut la place
ne'e. Et aures cum nnum Iq'plus fie-vie, do il; peu
percipere debean-t, qui na vent, en dicam/rant le; ajets,
tur in tubiime ertur,.rect& > faire leur charge. Un lieu
in altis corporum partibus Emiueut convenait aux o
collocar um. itemque rezlex, parceue/Ie: fou! de
mares, eo quod omnis odor ina'e: recevoir le hn, qui
ad {upera ferur, rede ur monte uulurel/ement. Le: na.
um unt: e: quod cibi et riue: devaient Etre dans [a
Potionisjudicium magnum iu'me/ituatioiz, pat/ceque la
earum e, non-ne caufa dear monte au : et il/cxfl- _
vicini [air
 On MAN. ' 55
pres, by the characters * of a few letters, the al
mo innitely dierent ounds of the voice? or of
that man who marked out the coures, progreions,
and order of the planets? All thee were men of an
excellent genius: but thoe were ill greater and
more benecial to mankind, who dicovered the arts
of agriculture, architecture, and making cloth; who
rened human life, and invented new methods of de
fence again wild beas: by uch men as thee, be
ing civilized and polihed, mankind let the mere
neceary' arts of life for thoe of tae and elegance.
For in order- to 'charm the ear, harmony, or 'the
duly tempered variety and pitch of ounds, was in; -
vented. Then followed aronomy, or the udy of
the ars, as well thoe called xed, becaue ken als
ways in theame ituation, as the planets or wan
dering ars, which are only uch in name, and not'
in fact. The man, therefore, who could'- fully com
prehend their revolutions and various motions, gav'e\
a full proof that his mind was of a imilar nature to
that of him who formed thee heavenly bodies.
. ,
As to the enes 1-, thoe-interpreters and- meen
gers of things, they are admirably contrived fOr all
the neceary occaions of life, and placed in the
head, as in a cale. Thus the eyes are poed as
centinels above all the re ;- that by oberving a' very
great number of objects, they may anwer the end
they were deigned for. Then, the ears, as being
intended
' The art of writing was invented in Phoenitia,,according to Lucan',
Ill. 220.
1- De Nat. Dear. 11.-56, 57, and 58.
 56 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
vicinitatem oris ecure unt. [air prZ-x de [a bauce, part'
jam guatus, qui entire gzz'dle: 'mue aident beaumup
eorum, quibus vlecimur, ge szuger du boil-e et du mqnger.
nera dcberet, habitat in ea Le god, gui dait you: faire
parte oris, qua eculentis et ot/'r la pra/it? de te gu
potulentis iter natura pate partie
mue prenam, 'e/'lie dam telle
de [a bour/Je, par pzi
fecit. Tactus autem toto
corpore atquabiliter fuus la nature z/orme pazge aw
e, ut omnes ictus, omne e/z'tle et an lignile. Paur 1?
que nimios et rigoris et zmct, i] e gimralement re.
< caioris appulus emirc po pa'm'u dam tout Ie corps, uin
guc you:impreon,
mus. Atque, ut in azdi au'nme m' jmzamm' rere-vair
Ztre at
ciis architecti avertunt ab
oculis et naribus domina raguez z/uroid, au du dead;
rum ea, q'uee prouentia ne ay: lentir. Et tomme un
ceario tetri ecnt aliquid arclzz'lecte ne mettra point/ba:
habitura: ic natura res Ie: yeux, m' hu: le nez du
miles procul amandavit A maitre, le: Egoit: d'une zem-
enbus. , on : de me'me la nature a E
Iaig'ze de no: m regu'il y,
a de emblable I; cela dam le
torp: bumm'n. '
(Luisyerb opiex, pretex Male ' gue] aulre ou-'un'er
paturam, qua nihil pote gite [a nature, dom' I'adre
ee callidius, tantam oler e ineomparaHe, pour-reft a
tiam perequi potuiet in weiri artiemmt, rmE me.
enibus? na: primim 0 in: 19 Ille a entoure' Inyeux
Culos membranis tenuiiimis de tum'que: rt mince: :
veivit et cpt: quas pri tranparent: au de-va'it, an
mm perlucidas eek, ut gue I 'an pui 'vair 2 traruer: :.
per eas cemi poet ; rmas fer-me: dam Ieur tizre, aini
autem, ut commerentur. tle fem'r le: yeux en flat.
Sed lubricos oculos fecit-et Elle IN a fail: glzm et.
mobiles, ut et declinarent, moLiIeJ, your Ieur donner I'
liquid noceret: et apectum, mgyen d'e-viter te gui pour-7
quo vellent, facile conver mit le: qwhr, et a'e porter.
terent. Acieque ipa, qua aziment [cure regard: or? il:
cernimus, quae pupuia vo weuIent. La pruneI/e, at) e
catur'z ita parva e, ut ea, rEunit te quifait [a force de
' qan nocere poht, facilE [a rvz'ion, e i petite, gu'elle
vita. (Palpebrzqug qua h die-ab: am peine Et te qui
unf tegmenta oculorum, eroit capable de [ui fair'
molliinm tactu, ne laede mal. Lr: paukm, guihitt
1an i
 on MAN. 57"
intended to perceive ound, which naturally acends,
were placed erect in the upper parts of the body.
The norils too have a imilar ituation, becaue all
ccnt likewie acends; but are with, good reaon
placed near ithe mouth, becaue by their means we,
judge of the good or bad qualities of what we eat
and drink. In the next place, our tate, being de
igned to give us a relih of the dierent kinds of
food, has its ituation in that part of the mouth
where nature has opened a way for the paage of
our meat and drink. But then the ene of feeling
is equally diued over the whole body, that neither
blows, nor the too near approach of heat or cold,
might ecape our notice. And, as in building, a
kilful ar'chitect removes from under the mater's
noe, and conceals out of his ight, all the ink: of
the houe deigned for the carrying o every thing
that is apt to give digu; o nature'has removed at
adiance from our enes the like parts in the hu
man body.
Now what artiiccr but nature, whoe penetration
and kill nothing can exceed, could have hown o
much deign and dexterity in forming the enes? In
the rt place, he has inveed the eyes with a co
vering of very delicate and thin lmembranes; and

thee he has formed tranparent, that objects might

be een through them, and likewie rm, to preerve
the eyes in their proper ituation. But then he has
made the eyes themelves lippery and moveable, that
they might turn away from every diagreeable object,
and eaily direct their view wherever they pleaed._
Add to this, that the point of the eye called the
pupil is o exceedingly mall, that it may with great
eae
58 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
rent acem, aptim acta: le: couverture: de: yeux, tmtl
et ad claudendas pupulas, une furfa folie et doute
ne quid inciderety et ad a pour ne point lex He er. Soit
periendas: idque providit, que la peur de yuelyue atti
ut idcntidem eri poi'et deut oblige le: fermer, hit
cum maxima c-zleritate. yuon veuille lex ouvrir, le:
Munitque unt palpcbr paupirwmtfales pour xiy
tanquam vaHo pilorum-z preiler, et lun ou lautre de
quibus, et apertis oculis, i ce: mau-vemem ne leur toute
quid incideret, repeileretur; quun ina'zt. Elle: ent,
et omno conniventibus, pour din/1- direjfortzfier dune
cum oulis ad cernendum palzzdt de poils, qui leur
non egeremus, ut qui, tan ert repeur ce gui qu'eu
quam invnluti, quicccrent. droit atlaquer leijeux, yuand
Latenc prterea militer, et il; hut ouvert; ; et le: en
'excels undique partibus Te/apiber, an yuilJ rejaq/enf
epiuntur. Primum enim pab/emezzt, quand Ie 07n<
uperiora, uperciliis ob meil lex ferme, et non: le:
ducta, udorem capite et rend' z'mtti/u. Nos yeux'zt,
fronte deuentem repel de plan, lavantage d'itre
lum. Gen deinde ab in cachez, et dfendu: par de:
feriore parte tutantur ub Eminences. Car d'un tte
jcctze, leviterque eminentcs. pour arrier la eeur qui
Naus ita locatus e, ut roule de [a tile et du front,
quai murus oculis intcr il: au! le haut de: hun-il; : et
jectus ee videatur. de lautre, peur je garantir
par le ben, il: ont le: jouer,
gui avancent un peu. Le
nez: e place entre le: deux,
comme un mur de/paratian.
Auditus autem emper Quant Iau'z'e, elle de
patet: ejus enim enu eti meure toujours ale-verte, parce
am dormientes egemus, que nous en arvzmx tozgourx
que, cum on us e acceptus, benin, mme en dorment. Si
etiam ei omno excitamur. quelgue h'z la frappe alors,
Flexuoum iter habet, ne nam enjemme: rveillez. El
quid intrare por, implex le a des conduits tortueux,
et directum pater-en Pro de peur que J'z'lr taient droit:
vium etiam, ut, i qua mi et um), quelque r/me ne xiy
nima beiola conaretur ir- glidt. La nature a eu
rumpere, in ordibus auri milne la priraution dy hr
um, tanquam in vico, in mer 'me humeur fui/ueuje',
hazxeceret. Extra autem an que de petites &im
eminent, tt/{voient
 On MAN. ' 59"
eae ecape whatever is hurtful. Then the eye-lids,
thoe coverings of the eyes, are of an exquiite oft
nes, le they hould injure the ight; and nicely *
formed for opening and ihutting the eyes, to prevent
any thing from falling into them ; now nature has
taken care that this might be done with incredible
quicknes every Other inant. They are likewie
fortied, as it were, with a paliade of hair; that the
eyes, when open, might thereby be ecured from any
thing falling into them; and in time of eep, when
there is no occaion to ue them, they might lie
wrapt up, as it were, in bed-cloaths. Beides all
this, they are commodiouiy ituated in a covert,
and are guarded on every ide with prominent parts.
For above them are placed the eye-brows; which
are covered with hair, and erve to defend them from
the weat decending from the head and face. 'The
cheeks on the other hand, riing into gentle hillocks,
guard them from beneath. And nally, the noe is
placed, as it were a wall, between the two.

As to the organ of hearing, it is always open,

that being a ene neceary to us even in leep; for
When it is impreed with the enation of ound,
we are eVen roued from leep. Its paage is wind.-. ,
ing, to prevent things from falling into it; which
Would happen if it was imple and raight. 'Nature
has alo provided a vicous matter, that if any inect
hould endeavour to get into the ear, they might be
caught and 'entangled in it, as it were with bird
lime. The outer part of the ear, called the auricle,
is prominent; as being formed for covering and
protecting
 60 THOUGHTS a CICERO.
eminent, qua: appellantur tirbeient de e'j jeter, ell-'s _7
aures, et tegendi causzi ac funt pre! corn'ne I: de la
tee, tutandique enus; et glu. Le: well/e: (par re mak
an entend [a partie qux'itle
ne adjcctaz voces laberentur
atque errarem, priuquam Lorde) ent eve aile: pour
mettre I'ozziie 13 convert, et
enus ab his pulus ci'et.
Sed durOS et quai corneo pour empeirlwr gue [es hm nt
los habent introitus, mul e dz'pent, et ne e perdent,
tique cum exibus, quod avant que de [a frapper.
his naturis relatus amplii E/le: on! I'entre'e dure tamen:
catur onus. (Luocirca et o'e Iu tame, et- hnt d'une
in dibus teudine reona gure inueue, parregue de:
tur, aut comu: et cx tor carp: de refte hrte ren-'Uoient
tuos locis et incluis ree lehn, et Ie rendent Phufart.
tnntur ampliorcs. Au wojom non: gue te qui
fair reihmeir le: bres, e
d'e'tai/Ie, on de come; et que
[a ruat'x retentit mirux dam
le: endrait: renermez, at? il
I y a pluieur: detain-1.
Similiter nares, quze em Les narinee, 5 mue du &e
Yer pmpter necearias uti oin continue] que nau; en a
'tates parent, contractiores vvom, nehntjamai; &earlier.
Laban: introitus, ne quid in Ele: an! I'entrie plan Etraite,
k eas, quod noceat, poiit per a'e puur gu'il ne e'y in e
vadere: humoremque em gus-lyue chae de nuiiUe ; et
per habent ad pulverem, il] a tate/'ours vne bumiditf,
mulcaque alia depellcnda qui ert [I ent/hither gu'i] nZy
non inutilem. Guatus ejourne de la pa/fire, an
preclare eptus e. Ore d'autre; carp: Etrangere. L'
enim continetur, et ad uum gazit ayant [a bout/ye pour
apte, et ad incolumitatis rliture, c'e pre'nment ce
cuodiam. gu'il Iuifalloit, et par rap
port (I I'uage gue now en
faihm, et par rapport I: a
propre con er-vation.
Omniqua enus' homi Tail; nasem, au ree,hnl
num multb amecellit eni bien plat exqui: gue (eux de
bus beiarum. Primum [a bite. Car no: jeux de'
enim ocuii in iis artibus, eouvrent te gui Iui Ecbappe,
quaru'm judicium e oculo dam le: art: dent il: ent le:
rum, in pictis, ctis, csela jugee, dam [a peinture, dam'
que formis, in corporum [a rulpturc, dam le gqa
enam meme,
 On MAN. 61
protecting the immediate organ, and that ounds
might not dipate and be lo before they reach it.
Its entrance conis of hard, and, as it were, horny
ubtances, with a great many muoities and wind
ings; becaue hereby the impreed hund is miich
increaed. Hence it is, that we ue hell or horn to
play on ringed-inruments; and experience hews,
that ounds returned from cloe and inuous places,
are greatly raugmented. /

I'n like manner the norils, which for neceary

purpoes and always open, have their apertures nar
row, that nothing hurtful may get through them;
and are always bedewed with moiure, orrepelling
du and many other things. The tae is admirably
well ecured; for being placed in the mouth, it is
nely ituated both for its own preervation, and' the'
ue it was deigned for.

In hort, all the enes of mankind are much u

perior to thoe o other animals *. For,v rt the
eyes, in thoe arts of which they are properly judges,
as painting, engraving, culpture, and the motion
and geture of bodies, dicern many things with
greater penetration. The human eyes judge like
i wie

* As the truth o this aertion, with regard to the external

organs of ene, may be july called in queion; this uperiority
o mankind mu be derived from another ource. To what then
hall we acribe it, if not to.the internal, 'the piritual, the divine
part of man? It is the oul gives him this pre-emincnce over the re
o the animal world. Hence it is he derives this nicety of tae,
this dicerning faculty, this internal fen a of beauty and harmony, as
Mr. Hutcheon, in his excellent treati e on beauty and virtue, chues
to call i. The works of this ingenious writer deerve to he read, not
only by iudents, but by all who lay claim to tae, and true delicacy
of entirnent.
 62 THOUGHTs'of CICERO.
etiam
multa motione,
cernunt atque geu
liubtilius. "time, dam tall: In mon-ve
ment du tarju. 11: cannoznt
Colorum etiam, et gura [a beame, lajzzz, [upro
rum venualem, akque or portiom de: ton/ear: et de:
dinem, et, uc ita dicam, guru. 23: di-je P il: dZ
decentiam Oculi judicant: ' mile-nt mine In vice: 't le:
atque etiam alia majora. wertzu; ier: e irri'E, on
Nam et virtuFes, et vitia tranquz'lle ; qumx ou tri/It' 3
ctcognocunt: iratum, prOpi
bra-ye, on lit/Je ; laam'i, on
tium: lmtantem, dolentem : timide. Le jugement de I'o
ortem, ignavem: audacem, rez'lle n'a/I par main: admira
timidumque cognocunt. ble, pour ce qui regarde [e
Arurium item e admirabile dram' et le: in rumem. EI/e
quoddam, articioumque diingne le: tom, le: meizrn,
judicium, quo judicatur et le: paqhl, le: divere: hrill
in vocis, in tibiarum, ner de moix, It: clairu, [ezhur
VOrumque camibus varietas dn, In damn, le: aigrex, If:
onorum,cc vocis
_tincti'0, intervalla, di
genera per &A-, [es lull/des, [escxiblm
le: fur/er; et i] 71'1 a que
mulxa: canorum, ucum: l'orei/le de I'bamme, gin en
have, aperum: gxave, a jugz. L'odarat, le god', If
cutum : exibile, dur'um: le tout/Mr out qu [cur ma
quae hominum olum auri niErezle juger. On a rnime
\busjudicantur. Nariumque 271me flux d'ari: que je ne.
item, et guandi pariter et rvoudrai, pour jou'ir de re:
tangendi magna judicia kin, et pour le: atter. Cat
um. Ad quos enus ca-_ 'vous a-wz 2 guel excE: an a
piendos et perrhendOS plu port! [a (ompqitian de: par
res etiam, quam vellem, zms, I'azhnncmmt de: rui
grtes repertz unt. Perpi amlex, routes le: a'iazlg:
cuum e enim, quo compo du torpx.
iziones' unguentorum, quo
ciboi-um conditiones, quo
corporum lenoeinia proce
erint. * ' '

aptas, quam Ilai: no: 71ai;1:, de ue/[e

que mulrarum artium mini cammaa'iti ne hut-elle par,
ras manus natura homini et de gite/[e uti/it day: Je:
dedlt ! Dgitorum enim art: P La: doigt: s'allmgent,
contmho aciiis, lfacilique on h/ient rm' [a meint/re
porrpctlp, \p,r0pccr molles dicuhei, tant [eurxjointures
cbmmluras et arms, nullo ' ont exible-. Ave: [cur
in ecaurr,
 On MAN. 63
wie of the beauty, the order, and if the'expreon
may be allowed, the comelines and decency of co
lours and gures. Beidts this, things of much
greater importance fall under their notice; they di
cern the virtues and imperfections of others; and
can diinguih the phonate from the mild and good
natured peron 5 the joyful from thoe oppreed with
grief; the man of true courage from the daardly
coward, and the bold and daring from thoe of a ti
morous dipoition *. Nor is the nicejudgment of
the ear les admirable; for by its means, we diin
guih the almo inmite variety of ounds, whether
- of the voice, or d muical inruments ;i perceive
their intervals and dierence; and remark their vari
ous kinds, as the high and low, the mooth and harh,
the grave and acute, 'the exible and i ound;
which can only be apprehended by the human ear.
are likewieenes
Ourother of melling,
poeed taing,
of_very acute and feeling,
dicernments : for l '
the gratiication and indulgence o which, more arts
have been invented than I Could wih. It is abun
dantly manie to what' an extravagant pitch the
Compoition of perfumes, the eaoning omeats, and
ozher rene-me-nts of enuality, have been carried. *_

As + to hands, with which nature has furnihed

mankind; how commodious, how ubervient are
they to many dierent arts l By reaon o their ne
articulations and joints, the ngers with the greate
* ' eae
' The art o phyiognomy is here pointed at; which judges of
the dipoition of the miud from the features and external lineaments
o the body. * a
t De Natura Deorum, 1_I.' 50. ,
 64 THOUGHTS of ClCERO.
in motu laborat. Itaque ad ature, je: main: uen! du
pingendum, ad ngendum, ine-ran. et 'I'll ci/eau; ele:
ad calpcndum, ad nervo jouent de la ljre, tle la hift:
tum eliciendos onos ac ti 'voi/12 pour I'agrEaHe. Peur
biarum, apta manus e, ad I: nirzire, el/et eulti-uent
motione digitorum. Atque let (ba/HPJ, bdtnt de:
haec obYcctationis : illa ne 'na/"hut, on' de: etqh, a'tt
ceiitatis ; cultus dico agro habit, travail/ent en rui
tum, extructioneque tccto 4vre, enfer. L 'erz't in'ventt,
rum, tegumenta corporum, In hm examt'nent, [e main
'cl texta, vel uta, omnem exErute. Telle'nent que i
que abricam aztis, et :tri. nous hmtne: legez, i nant
Ex quo intelligitur, ad in umme: wetur, et Zz can-ver',
Venta animo, percepta en i 'tout a-von: de: voi/lex, de:
bus, adhibitis opicum Wilt', de: babitatiam, de:
manibus omnia nos conc tmp/et, e'et' aux main: qut
cutos, ut tecti, ut vciti, ut 'ma le de-wnt.
alvi ee poiimus; urbes,
mums, domicilia, delubra
haberemus.
jam verb Operibus homi Par non-e travail, t'e-E
num, id e, manibus, cibi a'ire,,par no: mnine, nous/21
etiam varietas invenitur, et wan: multiplier et variet
copia. Nam et agri multa fruit',
no: aliment. Car &eaueoup de
on qui je coniemrnent
ferunt manu quazita, quae
vel atim conumantur, vel d'abartl, ou qui dai-vent
mandentur condita vetua garder, ne rviendroient point
ti. Et praeterea vecimur un: rit/ture. D'ailleur:,pour
beiis et terrenis, et aqua mangtrde: nnimaux terre/Iret,
tilibus, et volatilibus, par de: aquatiquet, et de: 'vola
tim capiendo, partim alen tile-t, nous en a-von: partie a
dd. Ecimus etiam do prendre, partie Zz nourrir.
mitu noro quadrupedum Paur no: rvoituret, non: (lamp
vectiones : quorum celeri tas tont de: quadrupidet, dent [a
atque vis nobis ipis aert force et [a miteehpple'ent I:
vim et celeritatem. Nos o not] e foiHe et A natre [en
nera quibudam beiis, nos teur. Nou: faia't: porter
juga imponimus: nos ele det (bar-get aux um, Iejoug
3 d'aulret. Noueatct/on: er
pbantorum acutimis Ten qiir 2: not uhget [a ugacitei
bus, nos agacitate canum
ad utilitatem noram abu' de I'ZZEp/mnt, et l'oa'orat du
timur: nos 6 ten-se caVer c/zieu. Ler,_/21m* quoi I'qn
rem ad ne pent tultt'wr le: campx,
nis ferrum elicimus,colendos
3 ' and
 On MAN.
eae move every way, and maybe cloed and open
65
ed at pleaure. So that by their aid, the hands are
formed for painting, carving, engraving, and playing
on muical inruments, whether of, the ringed or
wind kind. But thee are only the elegant arts';
thoe o neceary ue in life are, agriculture, archi
tecture, the art of making cloth, o preparing pro
Per habits for the body, and working in bras and
iron. Hence it appears, that as invention is the
peculiar property of the mind, and perception o the
enes; o all the accommodations of life are obtain
ed by the application of the hands of proper work
men: to this we are indebted for our houes, clothes,
and means of afety; ralo, that" we have cities,
walls, habitations, and temples, is owing to the
ame caue.

By human labour, or, what is the ame thing, the

application of the hands, plenty and variety of food'
is likewie procured : for it is to manual culturc, that
much of the fruits of the earth, whether uch as
erves for preent ue, or what is pickl'ed to be pre
erved for ome time, is owing. Land and water
animals, with fowl, make alo part of our food, but
then thcyunu either be taken, or nourihed and
brought up by us. We break' our-footed beas',
to anyver the purpoes of carriage; and by their
rength, and wiftnes, make up what is wanting in
ours. We put burdens on ome animals, and the
yoke on others. The exceeding acute enes of the A *
elephant, and the agacity of dogs, are by us turned
to our own advantage. We extract iron out of
the bowels Of the earth, becaue neceary for the
D purpoes
66 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
colendos agros neceariam; nour allay: le pre'm're dam [a
nos aeris, argenti, auri w emrailin de [a terre. Le:
nas, penitus abditus, inve meint: de cuivre, arger'zt,
'nimus et ad uum npras, et et d'or, guaique trEs-cacbiej,
ad ornatum decoras : arbo my: le: trau'vcm, et nou/e:
rum autem conectione, om trap/gan: I: no: behim', au 'i
niqu'e maxcri, et cult, et de: arm-main. Now a-'uom
lveri, partim ad calefaci de: ar/zres, on qui on! Eft'
endum corpus, igni adhibi plan/32, it dP em, 01' guiant
wtmu (Flux meimes, (t ma:
to, etnd mitigandum cibum
mimur, partim ad mdiicanj [a ral-Pomg mnt pour 'r't
dum, ut teftis epti frigera a'um, nous t/mujr, et cuire
caloreque pcllamus. Mag no: wiandu, guepaur bdlir, et
nos verb utus aert nd navi nous 'attire (2 I'abri du r/mud
gia facienda, quorum cur et ti'u hid'. C*e_* a' de
nbus 'uppeditantur omnes guoi conruii'ej de: wam/x,
undique ad vitam cppim: qui de 'outer part: nom- ap
quaque res violenumas Partent tame: le: commozlittz
nature. genujt, earum mode de [a rule. Nou: umme: le:
rationem nos oli habemus, hul: animanx, qui amenden:
maris atque ventorum, pmp la namz'gation, et qui par-II'
ter nauticarum rerum ci 'tow bzmzsttom ce gue [a 'm
entiam : plurimique mari ture ahit de ply: ruin/ent, [a
y
mis rebus fruimur, atque mer et le: THIZL Jirgi nous
utimur. Terrenorumitgm tirom' de [a mer uhe in nitE
commodorum omnis e in de: r/yoZ-J uti/u. Paur (til/t!
- homine dcminatus. Nos qut [a terre produir, nam- en
campis, nOs montibus frui umme: a/z/alument le: ma irre'l.
mur : nori unt amnes, Nourjou'zbm de: plaine-s, de:
notri lacus: n05 fruges c mmtagne: : le: ri-viZ'rer, Ic:
rimus, pos arbores: nos a lar: hnt a nous: t'e you:
quarum inductionibUs ter qui/emom le: Hetlx, qui plan
ns fmcunditatem damus : tom' le: arbre; : non: hrti/i
1105 umina arccmus, diri om- In ferre: en le: nrrqrmt
gimus, avertimusg noris par de: m'mux: man: arri
denique manibus m rerum tcm In' ewver, nous It: re
matura quai nlxeram natu drem, now le: disournam.
xam cccre conamur. En un mal, no: main: (r/yew .
de faire dam [a nature', pour
'aid/1' dire, 'me autrz nature.
 On MAN. 67
purpoes of agriculture; and however deeply con
cealed the veins of copper, ilver and gold may be,
-we nd them out, as being t, notronly for ue, but
likewie for ornament. Again, by felling trees,
whether thoe we plant, or uch as grow in the fo
re, we make them erve either for fuel to warm us
and dres our food; or for building houes to cover
and defend us from the everities of heat and cold.
Another great ue they erve for, is the building hips;
by the navigating of which, all the necearies of life
are imported from every part of the globe: for We
alone, by our knowledge of maritime aairs, are able .
to give laws to thoe mot violent productions of
nature, the ea and winds ; and in fact, we have the
enjoyment and ue of mot things the ea produces.
Man likewie is aholute lord of'all the conveniencies
the earth aord's. We enjoy the mountains and the
champain country ; the rivers and lakes 'are ours ;
it is we that ow all kinds of corn, and plaint trees ;
we add new fertility to lands, by overowing them
with water; the chaining up rivers, anddirecting or
altering their coures, is our work : in a word, by
the labour of our hands, we endeavour to introduce
another face of things, and another nature, as it
Were, into the world.
 68 THOUGHTS of CICERO.

Ill. - 111.
De CONSCIENTIA. Sur Ia__CONSCIENCE.

E A mihi concientia E prEcFre Ie_ tmoignage

pluris e, quam om de m: t'a'zcieme, feu:
nium ermo. le: ai/Z'aur: quon peut tenir
de moi.
.. f ,
Mihi quiuem laudabiliu Rien ne meparat/i [aim/e,
ra videntur omnia, qu fine que (e qui/e fait ux: oen
venditatione et ine populo tation, er fam lemaim: non
telle mnt: non quo fugi que la jeux du pulicient
endus t, (omnia enim bc qziler, an' In bel/e: action:
nefacta in luce e collocari demandent tre (animer:
volunt) ed tamen-nnllum mai} enn, le plus grand
theatrum virtuti concien 'bid/'re quil _y ai! pour [a
tii majus et}. 'ver-m, c'z la ravi/21eme.
3 1
Vis ad ecte facta vocan Il y a dam lhomme une
puzct'anre, qui forte au bien,
di, et' peccatis avocandi
non mod enior e, quam et dtmme du mal, non u
\ tas populorum et civita Iemen! antrieure la nail
tum, ed qualis illius, c hnte de: pen/e! et de: wille-1,
lum atque terras tuentis et mal: au z amiemze qgte te
regentis Dei. Neque enim Dieu, par qui le ciel et le:
,e'e mens divinaline ratione [ere ll-ent, et jby/t gou
pote, nec ratio divina non vernez. vCar [a rai/on /f
hanc vim in rectis pravi un at-riut {n/id a'E lin
que fanciendis habere: nec, tel/igmrc' divine; et texte
quia nuquam erat fcriptuzm rai/i171, qui e en Dieu, (12'
11: contra omnes hnlum termine mfcgairtment ce qui
ccpias in pome unus amlle et' mire ou vertu. lin/i,
Jer, tergoque pontem m quaiquil ne ft crit nulle
' lerfcindi jubcret, idcirco part, quil fez/lait, jeu! con
minus Coclitem ilium rem Ire toute une'armie, dfendre
tum tantam, fortitudinis la tte dun pont, pendant
lege quon
I
 On CONSCIENCE. 69

_ In.
On CONSCIENCE.
Preer * the teimony or' my concience to what,
'all mankind may ay of me. '

Whatever + is done without otentation, and with

out the people's being witnees o it, is, in my opi
nion, mo praie-worthy: not that the public eye
hould be entirely avoided, for good actions deire to
be.piaced in the light; but notwithanding this,
the greate theatre for virtue is concience.

That I powezr of the mind which incizcs to good

actions, and diuades from evil ones,-is not only
more ancient than the origin o nations, but is coe
val with that God who beholds and govrzrns both
heaven and earth: for it is impoible that the divine
mind hould exi without reaon; and divine reaon
mu necearily be poeed o a power to determine
what is virtuous, and 'what vitious. Nor, becaue
it was no where written, that one man hould main
tain the pas of a bridge again the enemy's whole
army, and that he hould order the bridge be
, D 3 . hind.
* Ad Attic. Xlli. 28. _ 1> Tucul. II. a6..
I De Legib. II. 4, '
7o THOUGHTS of CICERO.
lege atque imperio putabi guan le ferai! rompre far
mus: nec, i regnante Tan d'arrire, il n'tn e par main:
quinio nulla erat Rom lvrai u Horace. enfui/21m
fcripta lex de iupris, idcir 'me i bella action, pbil mit
co non contra illam legem la loi, gui mm: oblige d'tre
empiternam Sextus Tar [enrager/x. Ami/i, quoiyzza
quinius vim Lucreti, Tri du temps tle Ten-gain, la lai
cipicini li, attulit. Erar (onlrt I'adul/Ert ne fit filii
cnim ratio profecta rerum aure irrite, il np fen/hit
natura, et ad rc facien pax que le l: de ce roi, en
dum impellens, et delicto rviolent" Lucrece, n'ait pit/ni
avocuns': qu non tum dc contre la loi, qui e de tout'
nique incipit lex ee, cum iter/iila Car lIyomme munit
fcripta cil. ed tum, cum (l/or: une rai/i112, gui natu
orta e: orta autem mul ral/num! le parlait au Lia',
e cum mente divina. z! le dilata-noil du mal.
Rmn, gui a forte de lai,
non du jour quelle qfl- eft-rite;
mais du moment yir/le a
commenc. Or elle a (am
ment au m!!! inant que
l'itr/ligem divine.
terentii lie :._
m quidem' vera lax, 25211: r la virilit]:
reda ratio, nature congru loi? C' la droite rai/2m,
ensl diua in omnes, con imuaridle, ternelle, can
ans, empitema: qu vo-r rme la nature, et ri
cet ad oci um jubendo, ve panda: dam- tom le: hamina
tando fraude dcteneat: Ele leur commande le bien,
qu tamen neque probos elle leur deffmrlle mal : mail;
fruier jubet aut vetat, nec de manire que: commande
improbos jubendo aut ve ment et e! dik-'Men qui ne
tando mover. Huic legi s'adrgnt pas m vain
nec obrogari fas e, neque d'bazmc'teI-gem, refont mille
derogari ex hac aliquid impreion ar la- mtbam.
'licet,
pote.v neque
_Nec tota
ver abrogari On ne peut, m' laolir, ni
aut per en retramber, m' faire du
enatum, aut per populum Ioix' contraire: celle-l.
folvi hac lege poumds. Pan/bran nen peur Erre r/il
Neque e qurendus ex pen/3, m'par ItEnat, ni par
planator, aut interpres ejus le per/ple. Elle na Hat-'in
alius. Nec erit alia lex gue fille-mime pour je rm
Rom, alia Athenis; alia dra claire et intel/ig-ible.
nunc, Elle
 ',On'CONSCIEN\CE. -' 71
hind him to be cut down, are We' therefore to ima
gine, that the valiant Cocles * did not perform' this'
great exPloit agreezibly to the nature and dictates'iof
true bravery. Again, though in the reign of Tari
quin there was no writ'en law concerningodultery;
it does not therefore follow, that Sextus Tarcjuinius
did not oend again this eternal law, when he
committed a rape
ter: for even thenonheLucretia,
had theTricipitinus's daugh
light of reaon, de
duced from the nature of things, that incites to good
actions and diuades from evil; and which has the
force of a law, not from the time it*was written,
but from the r moment it began to exi. Now
its exiencemu: be equal to that of the divine
mind. - x

i nght 1- reaon, or that which is agreeable to na'

ture, invariable, eternal, and with which ail men,
kind are impreed, is in every repect a true law. It
expresly commands our duty, and trictly forbids a'sl
treachery: it is only on the virtuous, however, it has
this good eect; for on the vitious it makes no im
preion. Nothing can uperede 1 this law, nothing
retrench it, or make it void. It is neither in the
power of the enate nor people to dipene with it.v
It requires no comment, it Wants no interprcter._
D 4 This
' The detail of this auir may be feenin Livy, l. ii. c, Io. Hora
tius Cocles had the agnomen Cor/er given him, becaue he had only one
eye, the other being lo in the engagement. *
1' Fragm. lib. Ill. de Rep. *
I Obrogare ignies, to make a new law directly contraryp a ur
mer one; dgrogart, to repcaL ome claue or part of it only yknd ab
rogart, to repeal or make void the whole, without excepting any un.

L---_-- -
 73" THOUGHTS 'of GICERO.
nunc, alia pohac; ed et Ell: n'eyoint metre 5. Rome'
omnes gentes, et omni tem antre A? AZISEHE! ; auntre au
pore una lex, et empitcr jaurtl'lzui, et aim-e daw-tain.
LL'Izi-ve'elle, immual/c, alle
na, et
bit; immortalis
ctunuque contine
crit commu
angtra laide! le: natiom, et
nis quai magiier, et impe dam toil: le: temps. CJLj/Iv
rator omnium Deus. llle air-'i que Dieu ra Ere-'welle
legis hujus inventor, dicep ment Izz'z'c'ul, et l'i'zructe'ur,
tatcr, lator: cui qui ncn et le ouverain de tom le:
parebic, ipe e fugie't, ac Lommu. II a (Viit le plan
nat_uram hominis aperna tle telle Ioi, et c'e Zz lui
bitur: atque hoc ipo luet 'gu'appartmait _I: droit de
maximas posnas, etiam i I'examz'ncr, et tle [a publier.
czuer'a upphcia, quae pu Lyz'conyue ne J'y oumetlra
tamur, eugerit. point, emzimi de : propre:
z intirits, aulzliant ce que e:
condition d'bomme [Hiprq/ci-it,
il trau-utra en cela mEme [a
plu: aeuh punition, guana'
il E-Uiteroit (J'ai/[run 'out ce
yui e regarile'aczzme/izpplie-e.
W" 5
I" w X.

Itaque prxnas luunt, non ,

Au In paine: ordanncie:
tamjudiciis, (qum quondam par la juice, ne hut-'elles
nuquam cram, hodie mul pas ce gu'unci-'Emt a'az't I:
lifariam nulla um; ubi ux rca'outer. Autrqoi: [a
un: tamen, permpe fala juice n'Etait re'glie nal-'e
unt) quam concicntiz part : alle m: I'L pa: int-'me
' ut eos agitent inectentuf aujourd'lapz' m_ tom lieux :
que furZWc, non ardentibus et n'am le: lie-ax 01) all: I'qh
tzedis, icut in fabulis,*ed on la trampehu-venf. Alai:
* angoz'e cgncientiee, fraudi [a Traie punction d'mz de'
\ que crucxatu. 7'532', fez concience. IZ
z agifE, il F pour'de
non [w- de; furies a-vec du:
'arc/Je: m-a/cnlu, comme dam
le: tragLFdz'H; man par le'
reward', qui e l'gct. (in
crime.
-*-.
Nolite enim putare, quem Car ne croycz pen qm le:
admodum 'in fabulis azpe ambeaux all-'num de cer
numero videtis,v eos, qui wim, dom' I: tbiatrc q-e
' aliquid h/t-z-e/zt
 On' C O N S'Ci IctEN Ci E. 73
This law diers nothing at Rome from what it is
at Athens,nor is it any other at preent from what it
will. be hereafter; it is an eternal and immutable law,
that is univerally binding over all nations and at all
times. Hence it is, that God becomes, as it were,_
the common inructor and governor of mankind.
It was He. who compoed, examined, and proimulged
it. Whoever therefore acts contrary to this law,
oppoes his own intere, and purns at the true
dignity of man; and by this very means will be
ure to uer the greate of all punihments, though'
he hould ecape what commonly goes under that
name.

The * punihments they undergo are not o muche

thoe inicted by courts of juice, (which formerly
were not in being, nor are, at preent, in many

places; and even where eablihed, are frequently'

biaed and partial), as what they uer from con
cience. The uries purue and torment them, not
with their burning torches, as the poets feign, du,"
byhemore, and the tortures arimg from guilt

If would not have you credit what you ee o

often repreented in the drama, That thoe who have
been guilty of any impiety or wickednes, are'con
D 5 tinuallx
' De Leg'ibus, I. 14.
l
1 Pro S. Rocio Am. cap. 24;
 74 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
aliquid impie, celerntEque on-vent I'image a 'voi yeux,
commierint, agitari, et per fanl [e tour-went et Pt'oi
terreri furiarum tedis ardcn d'un ce'le'rar. Wiconque a
tibus: un. quemque raus, its: injue, parte en [ui-'nfimt
et u us 'error maximE vexat: [a princtctpczle caue cle a
uum quemque celus agi frajeur. I] ne Iui faut gue
tat, amentiquc acit: uaa im crime pour le tourmenter,
make cogitationes, conci pour Iui troubler I'eyrit.
entizeque animi ten-rent. Ha: du fond: de a concience il
un: impiis aiduze, dome ail atvoir fair mal, et 'voi
ticazquc uriaa. [21 ce qui [Upon-yarde. Vaich
Ierfuriee, qui J'empare'zt d'tm
culpable, et I'accompagnem'
mue et lour.
\_'_.'-. ,. ' W-'Zj'u 5'
36., ,
Wed i rhomines ab in w -.
Rz'en tranHeroit-z'l une
juria, pccna, non natura ar [Erat, qui e 5in de I'imp'c
cere deberet, quaznam ol nite', J'il e'toit rural' que l'orz
licitudo vexaret impios, ub dic't J'abenir du crime, non
lato uppliciorum metu .P parce gite [a nature [e defend,
quorum tamen nemo tam mai: parte qu'i/ e puni?
audax unquam uit, quin Jamaix cilirat, cependanl,
ut abnuerer 5. e commi mefut i e-ante, qu'i] ne
um ee facinus, aut jui pth Ie parti, 'an de nier, on
ui doloris cauam aliquam a'e palliero'z crime, en clyer
* ngerer, deenionemquc a cbant d e courvrir did drait
cinorifs i naturcejure aliquo naturel. Or, i le: impie:
quarrel-et. (dye i appel qmt rirlamer cette Ioiacrie,
lare audcnt impii, quo tan jugu'oz) n'ira dom' par pour
\ dem udio colpntur 5. bo dle I'attaebement et I: repect
n'is P de: LonnFIeJ-gem?
Bad i poena, i metus Que ce qui non: dot Heig
upplicii, non ipi turpitu ner du crime, ce hit [a
do, deterret ab injurioa craim'e a'u ixpplice, et 'ton
facinoroaque vita: nemo [a turpitude attacbee nice/1
e injuus; at incauti po airement an crime m7me, il
tius habcndi unt, improbi. 't'j czura dam' point a'e ce'IE
ratl; i] nty aura gue Je'
mal-adroin.
Tumautem qui non ipo ye d'un autre aft-27 note:
honeo movemur, ut boni faom le bien, non pour le
vil-I imus, ed utilitate ali bien, mai: parte qu'il en
qua atque fructu, callidi u rervienl du pry/7', ce n'e
_ mus, us
 On'CONSCIE'NCE. 75.
tinually purued and terried by the furies with their
burning torches : It is guilt, and the conernation
thence ariing, that torments every wicked man, di
turbs his re, and even drives him mad; his own
evil thoughts, and concious heart ll him with ter
ror. Thee are the conant, the dometic furies of
the wicked.

Was * it the fear of punihment, and not the na. i

ture of the thing itelf, that ought to rerain man
kind from wickednes; what, I would ak, could
give villains the lea uneaines, abracting from all
fears of this kind .F And yet none of them was eve:
o audaciouly impu'dent, but endeavoured to juify
what he had done by ome law of nature, denied the
fact, or ele pretended a ju orrow for it. Now if
the wicked have the confidence to appeal to thee
laws, with how profound repect ought good men
to treat them? - - "

If either punihment, or the fear of it, was what

deterred from a vicious coure of life, and not the
turpitude of the thing itelf; then none could be
guilty of injuice, the greatet oenders ought ra
ther to be called imprudent than wicked.
On the other hand, if we are determined to" the
practice of goodnes, not by its own intrinic excel
lence, but out of a view to ome private advantage,
we are cunning, and not good men. What will
D 6v nof.
' De Legihus, _I. 14.
76\ TH'OUGHTS of C-ICERO.
mus, npn boni. Nam quid plus l ce qui sappelle pro
faciet is homo in tenebris, bz'te', c'e indu/rie. Car
ui nihil timet nifi teem celui qui ne train! quun te'
etjudicem? quid in deerto moin et un juge, que fern-t
loco nactus, quem multo il dam' le: lex/seems, dam un
auro poliare pot, imbe lieu cart, ou il rencontrera
cillum atque olum? Noer un pqmt, eul et fam di
quidem hic natura juus ne, charg dor P Lhomme
vir ac bonus, etiam collo qui e conduit par de: prin
quetur, juvabit, in viam' tipes d'bomxeur, almrdera te
deducetz is vero, qui nihil paznf, laidera, le remettra
alterius caus acit, et me en im tloemin: mai: celui
qui ne connat que im intErii-'t
titur fuis commodis omnia,
videtis," credo, quid fit propre, 'vour wojez, je crois,
acturus. med fi negabit ce quil fera. Quand il me
fe illi vitam erepturum, et voudrait dire qu'il ne lui
aurum ablaturum, nunquam 'teroit, nifon or, m' la vie ;
ob eam caufam negabit, au moins ne direz-Li! par
quod id natur turpe judi que ce qui larrte, te ail
cet; ed quod mctuat, ne la
la noirceur de I'actitm
peur quelle : (41
'field/'acte
emanet, id e, ne malum
habeat. O rem dignam, quil ne la paye. o . enti
in qua non modo docti, ment qui ferait rougir, 'le-di
verum etiam agrees eru jan: pu: de; perhnne: clai
bcfcant ! - rer, mai: le: gem meme le:
t
plu: grqeegzz:
Satis eniinnn'obis (i mo Pour now, i non vum
(16 in philofophia aliquid un peu de philaabie, nous
proecimus) perfuafum effe hmme: bien sr; que leecret,
debet, _i omnes deos ho quand nam Iauriom, de nous
mineque celare pomus, ale/2er aux Dieux et aux
nihil tamen avar, nihil in- , bommes, ne peut aulorzer, m'
jue, nihil libidinos, ni avarice, ni irzjuire, ni, en
un mot, quelquepnion que (e
hil incontinenter ee faci hit. C'Lj/I (e xgctet que
enduin. Hinc ille Gyges
inducitur Platone: qui; Pluton raconte lawanture de
cum terra diceet mag GygJ, qui irait un [verger du
nis quibufdam imbribus, roi de Ljdie. Une grqie pluie
in illum hiatum defccndit, ajantfarmi dam la terre une
neumque equum (ut fe ouverture profonde, ngsy
runt fabul) animadvertit, deena'it: et 1, i l'on en
cujus in lateribus fores ef croit la fable, il trauma un
ent: . die-va]
WH- ,

On CONSCJENCE. 77
not that man do in the dark, who fears nothing but
a witnes and judge? or, hould he meet a ingle
man in a lonely and deert place, with a large um
of money about him, and altogether unable to de
end himelf from being-robbed, how would he be
have ? In uch a cae, the man whom w have re
preented to be hone from principle; and the nature
of the thing itelf, would convere with, alli, and
how him the way; but as to the man who does no
thing for the ake of another, and meaures every
thing by the advantage it brings him, it is obvious, I
uppoe, how uch aone would act. Now hould he.
deny that he would kill the man, or rob him of his
treaure, his reaon for this cannot be, that he appre
hends there is any natural turpitude in uch actions -,
but only becaue he is afraid of a dicovery, and the
bad conequences that would thence enue: a en
timent this, of which, I hall not ay that men of
learning, but even clowns themelves have reaon to
be ahamed l

litle:
We * mu be fully peruaded, if our progres in,
philo0phy be anywie coniderable, that weought \ _

not to be guilty of avarice, injuice, enuality, and

intemperance, even allowing that we could conceal
it both from gods and men. To this purpoe Plato
brings in the ory of Gyges, who having gone down
into a iure of the earth, occaioned by violent
rains, oberved, if we can give any credit to fables,
a brazen hore with doors in its ides : upon opening
thee, he dicovered the body of a. dead man of ex
' traordinary
9 Oc. m. 9.
 78 THOUGHTSof CICERO.
ent: quibus apertis, ho the-va] daran, dam- la
minis mortui vidit corpus anc: duquel tait une parte,
magnitudine inuitata, an quil ouvrit. Il y remarqua
nulumque aureum in digi un cadavre, dune prodigieujir
to: quem ut detraxit, ipe grandeur, et qui a'voit un
induit: (erat autem regius anneau dor au doigt. Il
paor) tum in concilium arme/2a lanneau, le mit,
paOrum e i-ecipit. vIbi et alla rejoindre le: autre:
cum palam ejus annuli ad ergem. Quand il tournait
palmam converterat, nul de hn co't 'la pierre de [et
lo videbatur, ipfe autem anneau, il devenait inviible,
omnia videbat: idem rur quoiquil ne lai/Et pat ae
fus videbatur, cum in lo bien rvaz'r le: nutre: .' et
cum annulum inverterat. quand il taurnait la pierre en
itaque hac opportunitate tie/yon, z'l redevmot zig/{612.
annuli uus, regin iuprum Prqtant dam de cette fati
intulit : eaque adjutrice re Iit, i] cvurba atvee la reine,
em dominum imeremit, et de concert avec elle, il tu
uulit quos obare arbitra le roi on matre; il tua ceux.
batur : ,nec in his eum qui quil crut en tat de kappa/n
quam facinoribus potuit vi /e: deim; tout tela m:
dere. Sic repente annuli que perhnne 2711512; rien 'uoir :
benecio rex exortus e de hrte quen peu de temps,
Lydi. Hunc igitur ipfum gran jim anneau, il pat
annulum i habeat apiens, wint la couronne de Lydia.
nihil plus ibi licere putet Or, i ctait un age qui
peccare, quam i non ha pqddt ce mime anneau, il
beter. Honeia enim bonis ne :en croirait pax plu: auta
viiris, non occuka quaerun rifi faire mal, que sil ne
Ia'uoit peint. Car/2m o/Jjet,
tur. t'eIimpum'tie
la wertu mime, a n'e"
fa: i
 On CONSCIENCE. 79
traordinary ize, with a gold ring on its nger:
this he pulled o, and having put it upon his own,
went to rejoin his companions; for he was one
of the king o Lydia's hepherds. By turning the
one o this ring towards the palm of his hand, he
became inviible to others, yet aw every thing di
tinctly himelf; and by turning the ring to its pro
per place, he became viible again. Wherefore em
bracing the opportunity which the ring aorded
him, he lay with the queen; by whoe aance he
killed the king his overeign, and dipatched all thoe
who he thought would oppoe him: nor in perpe
trating thee villainies could he be een by any one :
and thus, by thehelp of his ring, he in ahort time
- commenced king of Lydia. Now though this very
ring were in the poeion o a wie man, he would
think himelf no more authorized to commit a had
action, than if he was without it: for good men
conider only the intrinic excellence and beauty of
an action, and not whether it can be concealed.
 so THOUGHTS 0f_CICERO.
IV.
De PASSIONI'BUS.
ST Zenonis baac de
nitio, ut peturbatio
t, a'una h recta ratiam,
contra naturam, akimi rom
motia. Vidam brevids,
perturbationem ee appeti
nzm mebemeztiorem : ed ve
hementiorem cum volunt
ee. qui longis diceerit ette' e'galitf, 01) [a nature [a
. &naturzeconantia. Partes
autem perturbationum vo
lunt ex duobus Opinatis
bonis naci, 8: ex duobus
opinatis malis: ita ee
quatuor. Ex bonis, libidi
nem, 85 laztitiam: ut it
lattitia, przzendum bono
rum ; libido, futurorum.
Ex malis, metum, &augri
tudinem naci cenen-t: me
tum, futuris ;- aegritudinem, utur; [a joie, qui a pour
praeentibus. Quz enim
venientia metuuntur, eadem'
eciunt agritudinem in
tamin.
Sed omnes perturbatio-,
nes judicio conent eri, 85
opinione. Itaque eas de
niunt preus, ut intelli
gatur non modb qum vi
tie-ac, ed edam qum in contervz'am,
noira
IV.
Sur les PASSlONS.'
E N O N defnit tout'
paon, Unvmouvement
de l'amc, Oppoi 5. la droite
raion, et contraire 5. la na
ture. D'autrer, en main:
de man, Un appEtit trop
violent, c'g A-dire, qui t'
loigne trap nerre ame, de
'voudroz't tau'oum. Et comme
il) a dam [Copinian de: hom
mn, dtuxorte: de Him, et
a'eux i;er de uaux, le:
Sto'iriem diwi'lt le: paan:
en quatre genre: : deux, qui
"garden In Lia-m; dtux,
qui regard'th In maux. Par
upport aux Hem', [a Cupi
dite, er la Joie : [a cuidiu
te', qui a pour abjet Ie bien,
objet [e bien print. Pzzr
rapport aux maux, Ia Tri
tce, et [a Crainte: [a tri1
tgk, qui a pour onet let
maux
a pourpre-m;
olyiet le: [a crairztc,
maux qui
utun.
M'ai: I'opz'm'on Etant, h
Ion le: Sto'z'rz'em, re qui fait
foule: It: paom ; il: le: an!"
denie: d'zrm' manine emarc
plu: prcti, ain que nous
man jeu/mar
rombim.
 *. ..._ T

l 7

OnhePASSlONSn ; &*

w.
onmePASSIONs
E NO * denes paion to be, a commotion of
the oul, oppoite to right reaon, and contrary to
nature. Others, in fewer words, that it is an ex
tzve appetite, or uch as exceeds the bounds pre
cribed by nature. Now according to thee men 1-,
there are two kinds of good, and as many of evil,
whence arie o many paons 1. Thoe ariing from
good, are joy and deire; the former reulting from
a good in poeon, and the latter from that in ex
pectation. The paons uppoed to pring from
Evil, are orrow and fear : orrow regards preent evil,
and fear that which is to come 3 for whatever ex
cites fear, when in propect, naturally raies orrow,
when preent. X
All u the palions, according to the Stoics s, pring
from our judgment and opinion of things 5 and
hence they give a more precie, and determinate, de
iinition of them, in order to make it appear, not'
' only
* Tucul. IV. 6. 1- The Stoics.
_ I Virgil, iEneid Vl. 733, gives the ame diviion o the paion:
m aur words = -
Hinc metnunt, cupiuntgue 5 dolent gaudentque.
Hence their ar, dqirc, Joy and orrow ring.
il Tufcpl. IV. 7.
5 The Earl of Shrlhmy agrees with them, in this repect.
" Here therefore, ays he, arie! work and employment for us within .*
to regulate FANCY, and roct OPlNlON," &c. See ILIxt-el. 4. Chap. 1.
 82 THOUGHTS ofCICERo.
nora int poteiate. E. (omlvz'en alle: ant n'am-nii', '
igitur zegritudo, opinio re mai: combisn you: en jompre:
cens mali pracentis, in quo lex blatrn. Aini. ely: fur, .
demitti contrahique' animo (la Triee e I'opinior; qw
rectum ee videatur. Lazti I'o'n a d'un malprfituf, jugi
tia, opinio recens boni pra: tal, gu'i] 'miriie gus I'ame
entis, in quo eerri rectizm J'iaiatte, et e rerrt .' [a
ee videatur; Metus, opi joie, l'opz'iziorz que l'on a d'un,
nio impenden'tis mali, quod bien prex-t, jugi tal, yu'm
intolerabilc ee videatur. ne aw-oil Fire trap (barmi
Libido, opinio venturi bo de le pase/der.- la Crainxe,
ni, quod ir ex 'uu jam I'opim'an gus I'on a d'un mal,
pracens ee, atque adee. futur, yrziparait inizparla
He : Et [a Cupiditei-renfm
I'opinian yue I'o't a d'un bien
futur, qui imHe pro-methe
de grand: a-z'anmgw.
Sed quzejudicia,vquaque Pay/Time le: paom 'te ent
opiniones perturbationum foule: gu'apinian, 15: git: yu'
ee dixi, non in eis pertur e/[eJ produinthnt dom' au
bationes olm poiras eie I'ozt-vt-age de Papinz'a't. Et' r
dicunt, verm illa etiam, dam' I'apinion qui any? (ettt_
quae eciuntur perturbatio g/rt de mer/We iwiritxre, *
uibus. uc 'regrizudo quai n'am la trfiz'j [i act-mye
morum a'liquem doloris gmie; (e re'zrcici/i mvzt de
eciat ; metus, receum Fame, 'dam la rrainte ;' cer
quendam animi, et fugam; 'vi-vatitez ov'r-in, dam la
latitia, prouam hilarita jaie 3 ce: derx. am borne-I,
tem ; 7 libido, erenatam dam [a cupiditf. '
appetenuam.
Opinationem autem, du re', dam' foam' te:
ua_m in omnes denitiones a'cfniliom, Ie: Stal'ciem 'fen
uperiores inclumus, vo tendmt par opinion, qu'zm
lunt ee imbecillam aen oible acgni'eme'tt de I'Lj/2
onem. ' prit 53 gar/gus idct, dom' il a
He 'apm 'bia-'d

ngcirca molilis et ener .-"*..*'".

ye ne rue/i: dom- rien guy
v*ata putan_da e Peripateci
tle man et d'Em-rrvi dgzm- e
corum rano et omno, quz ntimmt de: Pe'rzatticfenx,
perturbari animos necee qui regard'th le: paant
ee dicunt; ed adhibent comme lzniziru .* pour-7112.
modum quendam, quem ul dih'zt-ib, gu'an lear pre
tra tra-V'
 On the PctASSIONS.- 83
only how exceedingly blameable they are in them-i

elves, but likewie how entirely ubjected to-our

will. Sorrow then is the opinion o a preent evil,
on account of 'which it eems ju that the mind'
hould be contracted,
the opinion as itgood,
of a preent were, for
andwhich
depreed 3 joy,
itb is rea

onable-vour pirits hould be elated ; fear, the opinion

of an impending evil, that. appears intolerable, 'and
deire, the opinion of afuture good, the preence and
fruition of which eems to promie great advantage.
I oberved abOVe, that the paions are owing to
our entiments and opinion of things z and to thee,
according to the Stoics, the eects of paon mu'
likewie be attributed 5 as, the biting anguih which
proceeds from grief z the retreat, as it were, and
ight of the oul, occaioned by ear; the exceive
vivacity ojoy 3 and the unbridled lu o deire.
Now the Opinion, which We have uppoed to be
included in all the, above deinitions, is by them
called a weak aent, or peruaon of the mind.

Certainly * then the reaoning of the Peripatetics,

who arm that our minds are necearily ubject to
paions, and yet precribe certain limits to them
which they ought not to exceed, mu be triing
' -' and
' Tucul. IV. 17. It is a famous queion inour chool: even at
preent, whether the paons he natural and erviceable to mankind."
But would men explain themelves, and dene what paionis, they
'will nd that the thing cannot o much as bear a queion. However,
he this as it will, thoe who have recoure to what Murtt has wrie,
on this ubject, in his Commentary on Ariotle': Etbiu, will at leat
be charmed with his eloquence, though they hould not be convinced
by his arguments. The reader may likewie conult the ingenious Mr.
Hurhan's treatie on the paions. '
34 THOUGHTs of ClCERO.
tra progredi non opporteat. tritve dejct &or'm, an de 11)
MOdUF) tU adhibs VitiOP dqqueI/N ilxne/exapprauwent
A" Vum nuuum Cx non point. Mai: preyirit-an de:
parere ratio_n_i? an atiO borne: an mal? On direz
Parum PVBUPU, UCC bonum vous, que de m;- par obe'ir A
Illud ee, quod aut cupias [a raien, te ne jbz't pa: 'm
dcntqr, aut adeptus ec- mal ? Or [a raihn m man:
tils te molenter? ncc por- dit-elle pas az, que tour
TO mfilum, quo But oppre- re: objetr, qui extitmt dam .
us JaceaS' aUl,_ He oppri- i wan-e ame, an de fazzgueux
"fare, 1718qu le cones? dzirx, on a'e main: frazyort)
eyque omn_1a_aut nimls tri- de jaie, zzca-zt pas de ram)
ua,_ auc m_mxs laeta errore them; et qu: ceux qui man:
en? Wl i error &Ultis waer/tent, all qui room' eipou
exuuetur die' U, Cm rCs wantent, nehnt pasde rm-ozi:
eadern mancat, alitcr fel maux; mai: que ce: diwr:
rant_ mveter_ata, alitcr re- excEI, on de tri, on de
Fentxa _: ap1ente_s ne attin- joie, hut Egalmmt l'zzt des
gar quldem ommno. prz'jugcz, qui was amu
glent P Pnijugez, dom' I'
temps a bit/1 [a force Iui iul,
d'arriter l'imprqon : car,
quoiqu'ilrz'arri-w nu] change
ment ret] dam [Tabjet ; repen
dant, a 'mcre que I' temps.
I'Elaign', I'impn'an J'qvi
Hit dam It: per/bane: le:
main: hn/Z-'eu at par coni
quenf, [1 I'Egard duhge, catte
impreion m: dult pas mc'ime
ta'me/zcer. _
_ pattens; _ __ '3st
Vx modum rgltur vmo Vouloir dent qu'on marque
quzprix, milirer facit, ut i de; borne: a) te qui e mal,
POe putet eum, qui e 6 c'e prEtendre qu'wz fou qui
Leucade przcipitaverit, u- e priripite du racller de Leu
tinere e, chm velit. Ut cade, pourrn,:'ille meat, e
enim id non pote : ic a- retem'r an milieu dea than.
nimus perturbatus et inci- Autant que ceIa q impoible,
ratus, nec cohibere e pote, aunt Fa-il qu'u/z ammc
nec, quo loco vult, inere emporti par quelque paon,
omnino. e retienm et s'arrite as) il
' wondra. \
-, . Qewque 33"
 On the'PASSIONS. 85
and ridiculous. I Would ak' any one who ets
bounds to vice, whether to act contrary to the dic
tates* of reaon, does not deerve that name P Now
does not reaon abundantly evince, that what you
cteagerly covet, or are proud to have acquired, is not
a ubantial good; that what you uccumb under
the weight of, or become, in a manner, upied
le it overtake you, is not a real evil; and laly,
that all exces, whether of joy or grief, is the ge
nuine eect of prejudice and/ error? If then this
wrong judgment of things is corrected by time, even
with regard to perons of mall dicernment; o that
notwithanding the object remains the ame, yet
their entiments concerning it are very dierent from
what they formerly were; it follows, that men of
prudence mu be wholly free from its inuence.

&J'

Mi

Whoever * therefore endeavours to et bounds to

vice, acts like one who hould imagine, that a per
on who had thrown himelf from the precipice of
Leuta: T, could op his career when he pleaed :
for as that is impoiblc to be eected, o neither can
the mind, when ruled with paion, rerain itelf,
or lop where it pleaes.

All

* Tucul. lV. 18. _,

1- Near to Lemax, a town of Epire, there was a very high rock,
the point of which hung over the ea. We learn from 'Ovid's heroic
rpiles, in the la vdre of Sapbcz's letter to Pbaan, that 'he leap of
Law-1: was the lu reource of unfortunate lovers, whence it was
called the Lo-un': leap.
86 THOUGHTS of ClCERO.
quue crecentia per Tout (e qui r per'lz'tieux
nicioanacentia.
oa, unt, eadem unt vi
ngritudo
dart: hn progrex, e mautvai:
in rommenant. Or [a rrz'
autem, czeteraeque pertur tg- et tame: le: autrt! pa
bationes, amplicatzc certe iom, lar/gu'elle: arri-vent 12
peierzeunt. Igitureniam un certain degri, hut pei
uceptae continubin magna lentie/Ier. Done, 22 [upremlre
a'E: lear nazimc', ele: 'te
pellis parte' verantur. Ete
nim ipa: e impellunt, ubi tun/ent rim. Gar, 'In ma
emcl A rationc diceum mmt qu'on a qui/le le'tticr
e : ipsque ibi imbecilli du [a ral/In', elle: e paing
'as indulget, in alniimque ele: J'arua'ztent d'el/er- mimex:
provehimr imprudens, nec la oin 2- lyumaine 'roame
du plazr' I: ne faint ref/ger :
reperit locum coniendi.
et izz/LvyM/emmt an e wait,
ij'o ai'ziparler, en pleine
mer, Iejouet de: ow.
(Luamobrem nihil inter Approu-"Uer de: paom mo
e, utriim moderatas per; tley-its, t'ej approuver 'me
turbationes approbent, an i'y'uice mar/Erie, mn' [d/25?
moderatam injuctitiam, mo motlErEe, 'me intempErame
deratam ignaviam, mode mode'rie. Car prcjcrire de:
ratam intemperantiam. Qgi borne: an wite, t'e en ad
enim vitiis modum apponit, mettre une partie. Et cture
is parcem ucipit vitiorum. yue rela eal e &Idmablez
Vod cdm ipum per e rienz n'e d'aitleur: plai
odinum ell, tum eo mo dangercuav. Car le vice m
leius, quia unt in lubrico, demande qu'k faire du (be
incitau'iqne emel proclive min ; ct pourpeu qu'on Pair/e,
labuntur, uiinerique nullo ilgli a-Uet ran! de rapidz'ti,
modo pounr. qu'il n'_y a ply: mojm de le
relenir.
ZZJ-ni &THIS-4
Maxime admonendus e, On dm't &icn faire ntir
quantus it ful-or amo_ris. am bammc amourmx, dam
Omnibus enim ex ammi quel abymc ile plunge. Car
perturbationibus e proectd de 'outer le: paan: telle-a'
nulla vehementior: ut, i e la plm orageue. annd
jam ipa illa accuare nolis,
'name nour mettriam (I part
llupra dico, e: cm-rupwlas. le: a'haucbu, le: intriguer,
et adulteria, incea deni-, le: adullbrn. Ie: inccei,
que, quorum omnium ac taute autre lurpitde recon
cuabihs e turpitudo; ed m-'e pau'r telle; et Zm: rau
Lt (brr
 On thePASSI'ONS. 37
All things that ct/are pernicious in their progres,
mul: be evil in their birth. Now grief, and every
other paion, i carried to an immoderate height, have
undoubtedly very michievous- conequences; and
therefore, from their very rie, 'mu be tainted with
a great part o the lurking'michie. For no ooner
is the govcrnment o reaon thrown o, than they
ruh forward o their own accord; weaknes takes a
pleaure to indulge itelf; and having, if the expre
ion may be allowed, imperceptibly launched out
into
lop.the main ocean, can nd no place where to
Hence, inact, there is no dierencebetween the
approving of moderate paiionsct, and the approba
tion o moderate injuice, moderate cowardice, or
moderate intemperanee: or he that precribes limits
to corrupt aections, admits them in part: a con
duct this, which beides its intrinic deormity, is '.
the more intolerable; becaue they are always in
a precarious ituation 5 vice being like heavy bodies,
which, once et a-going, fall down the precipice
with impetuous motion, o that it is impoible to
tep them.

To * cure,a man of love, he hould above all

things be made enible how great a madnes it is ;
ince of all the paons of the oul, it is unqueion
ably the mo outrageous : for hould we impute to it
neither debaucheries, intrigues, adulteries, or inces,
all whicltare crimes of the r magnitude z beides
thee, I ay, the exceive diorder of the mind in
love, is a detiormity of itelf. Not to ini then on.
the
' Tucul. lV. 35.
 88 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
ut hc omittas, perturbatio chr iri aux exe: o I'amour
ipa. mentis in amore fceda e [tarte d'un: c fer-cur, ny
a-t-zilpas, dam/e: gkt: le:
.pe'r e e. Nam ut illa
prteream, qu unt furo ply: ordinairH, et 71/0): re
ris. hc ipa per ec quam garde comme de; riem, une
habent levitatcm, qu vi agitation d't/rit, qui {[1
dentur ee mediocria? que/que (ho/ de pitojaHe et
de honteux?
injuri',
Sujju'cioner, inimiati, in Rebuts, foupons, dbats,
durit, trve, guerre nouvelle,
Bel/um, pax rut/24m. In Et puis nouvelle paix. Par
certa be: i [la/tale: ce prtrait delle,
Ratione teria fatet'e, 'tibi/o Voyez que l_a raifog apire
plus agat, \ roxt en vam
Quint: i de; operatn, ut (un: A xer de lamOur le ma
ratione irg/Zmim. nge incertain.
Qgiconque entrcprendroit
cetze pdnible cure,
Voudroit
poids et extravaguer
meure. v avec

Hc inconantia mutabili Paf/me lamour drangeL/i

tfque mentis, quem non fort I'xhrit, comment lui
ipa pravitate deterreat .P donne tan ente-fe dam- o"
E enim illud, quod in azur? Car enn, c'z une
omni perturbatione dicitur, paon, qui, tomme toute: le:
dcmonrandum, nullam e autru, mien! ab/Z-[ummt tle
e nii opinabilem, nii ju nom, de no: ides, de notre
dicio uceptam, nii volun ivo/anni Et la preuve que
tariam. Etenim natura lamour ne/t point une Ioi de
lis amor eet: et amarent Ia nature, t'e que, i relu
omnes, et femper amarent, tait, tom le: homme: aime
et idem amarent, nequc ali raient, il: aimeraient tou
um pudor, alium cogifatio, jour: s Ioojet de leur paon
alium fatietas dcterreret. ne wariaroit point, et lon
ne verrai! pal lun e gurir
par [a boute, lautre par [a
rexion, un autre par la
jan'ti.

An ille 'liber, cui Regarderai-je comme un

mulier imperat? cui leges homme lion', eeIui gu'unc'
imponit, prmcribit, juber, femme malri/e; gui elle
vetat tmjuye
 On the PASSIONS. 89
the abovelexcees of its madnes, what levity ap
pears in its ordinary, and mo innocent, eects?

The * quarrel', jealouier, and brow: of love,

Its truce, its war, or peace, uncertain prove :
A: earch for reaon in a fool, - ,
A: tryucb whimies to conne to rule.

Who then can help being artled at the natural

deformity of uch an inconant and ckle temper of
mind ? What we wanted to d'emonrate is, that all
the pnons are voluntary, and entirely dependent
upon opinion and judgment. For example, was the
paion of love_natural to mankind, they would al
ways be in love, and that too with the ame ob
ject + ; nor hould we nd love cured by hame in
one, reection in another, and atiety in a third.

w." w.
(Ya-76.

Shall I Ieeem the man free who is the lave

ofa woman, that impoes laws on him, commands,
forbids and regulates his conduct at pleaure; who
neither can refue what he reques, nor dares di--.
obey her orders 3' If he aks any thing, it mu be
given; does'he call, he mu anwer; when hut
out, he mu quietly be gone; in a word, if he
E - threatens
\

* Terent. Eunuch. Act. I. Sc. 1.- - . _' -

1' Plutarcb makes the dierence l'etv-'ccn love and friendhipto
coni in this, that i people o honour are once friends, they will
always be o; becaue the mutual eeem that gave rie to this relation,
and erves to upport it, can, in uch pcrons, receive no diminution.
But love, on the contrary, is the eect of principlesthat do not alway'
appear in the ame point of view, and whith depends entirely on opi
nion. Whence it is,_that love is reckoned a pawn; butfriendhip
ranked among the virtues. '
I Parad. V. 2.
 90 THOUGHTS of dICERo.
vetat quod videtur? qui impe/i du la-r; gui are
nihil im ranti negare po przztrit, ordonne, defend a
te, nihil recuare audet? gu'eI/e 'ueut, et fam qu'il
Pocit? dandum e: vo pa' 1a rgtr, lai rq'ier
cat P veniendum : ejicit ? en rien? Veal-ell: avoir?
abeundum: minatur? ex ilfaut donner. prelle-t-elle ?
timecendum. Ego verb i] faut courir. Elle cox
iftum non mod erVum, gdiz? il faut retirer.
ed nequjxmum ervum, Elle menace? ilfaut trem
etiam i in amplima fami Her. Pour moi, (et bumme
lia natus t, appellandum It-ildufang leplus zzth
pum. je lien: gue c'e, non 1m qf
c1a~ve mp/L'ment, mai: le
plu: 'vil de {nus le: e'Ia-vn.
tibi 335%.
qui natur dicuntur ira annd on a'it gu'ily a de:
cundi, aut miericordes, aut gem port: naturellement, ou
invdi, auttale quid; ii unt la tolre, ou la piti,
ejumodi conituti quaii au l'a/irait, ou Que/gut
mala valetudine animi, a autre paon, cela igm'ie
nabiles tamen: ut de So 7a: [a conitution de leur
crate dicitur. Cm multa ame, i j'a ain/i parler,
in conventu vitia collegiet nzf/I pa: bien faine: mai:
in eum Zopyrus, qui e Ixtmple de Sarra/e now
naturam cujufque ex forma promue quil: ne hut pa: in
perfpicere protebatur, de turalu. Zapjre, gui fa
rifus e cteris, qui illa dammit pour un babi/e phyic
in Socrate vitia non agno nomie, layant mantqu gle
ccrcnt: ab ipfo autem So ruant une namrEue (om
crate uble'latus, ciim illa pagnz'e, it le dinombremenl
de: faire: quil dtail-vrai! ea
fibi gna, ed rations, e lai : et chacun/2 prit rire ;i
dejecta dicerem Ergo, ut
X Optima. quis valetudine af rar on ne rvoyaif rim de tout
fectus pure videri ; at na cela dans Sacratt. [Iawua
.tur ad aliquem morbum l'honneur de Zapyre, m di
proclivior: c animus ali tlararzt que writalemtnt il
us ad alia vitia propenor. tait porti tom' c/e: ruit-u ;
mai: Quil Jen Elozctt guiri
avec le femur: de la rai/an.
ge/gaz peut/mat quon ait
dun; pour tel ou tel wire, on
a reperta/ant matre de fen
garantir: dl mme guon
(Luidnam peut,
 On the PAS'SIONS. 9:
threatens him, he mu o coure be lled with ter
ror. Such a man, let his birth and family be ever
o illurious, deerves, in my opinion, not __imply
the appellation of lave, but that o the mo ervile
of all aves. r

They * who are aid to be naturally inclined to '

anger, compaion, envy, and the like, are perons
who conitutionally, if the expreion may be allowed,
labour under a dieae of the oul; but not an incu
._rable one, as appears from what is related o Socrates.
Zopyrur, a phyiognomi, who profeed to know
every one's natural dipoition by appearance, havo
ing in a public company laid a great many vices to
his charge, was laughed at by thoe preent, becaue
they knew that Socrates was guilty of none of them :
Socrates, however, aved his credit, by declaring
he was naturally addicted 1- to all thee vices ; but
that, by the aid o reaon, he had ubdued them,
Wherefore, as a man in the highe health may ap
pear ickly, and be really more inclined by nature to
one dieae than another z in like manner, the mind

may be more addicted to one vice than another.

i E 2 An

- Tucul. lV. 37. '

't lnead oigna, able critics have propoed to read i'z/x'ra, or ome
term of the like import. Cicero, in his treatie concerning ate, chap.
,joins the following example to that of Sorrater. lt is related o
gripo, ays he, a philoopher o Meglmz, even by his own friend',
that he was naturally a drunkard, and incontinent. Now thiothey
write, not out of reproach, but rather in praie of him : or his cor
rupt nature Was o thoroughly ubdued and kept under by philoophy,
that none ever aw him over-taken with drink, or oberved the leat
trace of un lean deire in his behaviour.
*' 1
 92 THOUGHTSTf CICERO.
XCZNS.
Widnam ee caue pu
tem, cur, chm conemus
ex animo et corpore, cor
poris curandi tuendique
caus qumita it ars, eju
que miliras deorum immor
talium _inventioni conecra
ta: animi autcm medicina
nec tum deideram t, an
tequnm ocn
culta, inventa,
uam nec tam
coonimi
d
e ; nec ram' mulris grata et
_ probata, pluribus etiam u
pecta et invia? An qubd
corporis gravitatcm et do
lorem animo judicamus,
animi morbum corpore non
entimus? lta t, ut ani
mus de e ipe tum judicet,
cum id ipum,- quo judica
tur, zegrotet. -,
i Iliud animorum corpo
rnmque diimile, qubd ani
nii valentes morboltentari
non poihn_t;corpora pount:
ed corpdrum cunones
ine culpa accidere paant,
animorum non item. Alo
rum omnes morbi et per
turbationcs ex apernatione
rationis eveniunt. Itaque
in homiinibusolmexiiunt.
Nam
pent, quaiyue '15 awe: de:
dipoition: 21 termine: mala
diw, jou'z'r d'une bonne/ini
j'e cblrtbe d'm) ruith quae _
Firm/'me Etant compa 21 'me
ame et d'un carps, on J'l
appliym', pour i' gin' regarde
[a iwtei du (oerJct in'ucnttr
un art, dent l'uti/jxi it damn;
Iiru de 'a/tribucr aux dieux
immortal: .' et yue pour te
qui rrgarde le: maux de
I'aI/ze, 'ton Z'N/cment on J'q
'mai/u mix U' psi/ze d'aprw
dre le: guirir; mai: de
ui: gue I'art en a EtE deirou
Aert, il n'n [mt hi;" culti
z-c' 3 tt Ioin d'mmir autant
de part/am, il e fig/213., ,
et me'me Mieux Zz la plzyart
du mond . Peut-Etre (fl
'vital-il de ce 'lus l'ame,
gumzd [e a;er oq'e, en a
plein: tonnagimce ;. maz': qae
le carpx, guard Fame e ma
\ [at/e, niy 'wit n'am' Tellement
gue I'nme matin-"e, n'ajant de
Juge gu'e/[e-mime, ct ne you:
want/hire' alorsrnctiom,
f'. >
II _y a felte WHEN-me: li'
trc IN, maladie: He Fame at
telle: a'u corjn, gite le: um:
pha-ent arriverm; gn'ilj
ait a'e norrefaute, au-lieu gue
nour omme; tolyiaur: mupa
He: de: aut. Car In
paam, qui hirt [55 mala
die; de I'ame, 'te Aieiznent
gus de 'um-e 'imo/te (metre
la 'g/on .* et cela wra',
'e
 On thePASSIONS. 93

As * we coni of oul and body, to what caue

can it be owing, that the art of reoring, and pre
erving the health of the latteris cultivated with uch
care, and its uefulnes o much valued, as to he
attributed to the invention of the immortal Gods :l
whereas the art of curing the dieaes of the mind,
was neither o much ought after before its dicovery,
nor o carefully improved, when known 3 and is les.
acceptable to many, and by the greater part of the
world is upected and hated ? Is it becaue the.
mind judges of bodily pain and dieaes, while the
body remains entirely inen'ible of thoe of the
mind ; o that the mind paes no judgment con
cerning its own ate, till after the judging faculty
is diordered? . _ '

XSE
There 1- is this-dierence between our ouls and
bodies, that the latter may be eized with diempers
in their mo ourihing ate, but the former can
not. The dieaes of the body indeed, may happen
without any fault of ours, but not o of the mind ;
for every indipoition and diorder of this la, is oc-,
caioned by a diregard of reaon ; and therefore can
only take place in the human pecies :' becaue
brutes, howeVer they may have omething analogous,
are not ubject to paiions.

E 3 Let

* Tucul. HI. l. 1' Tucul.IV. 14'

r
 lv

94 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
Nam bei mile quiddam vrai, yue l'homme/2111] e
faciunt, ed in perturbati ujet. Car le: Mute: nen
ones non incidunt. ent point g/tptiles, quoi
quin ait gar/7112 njem
lante entre paion, n tl
quelle: font.
'E-"Zz'
e \J' . 953*:
Videamus, quanta in', Pour gurir no: maladie:
qu philofophia remedia fpirilurzl/az 'vqyon: de que/t
morbis animorum adhibe paant: remade: la pbilo o
amor. m enim qudam pbie nous ordonne de fair:
medicina crte: nec tam u/bge. Car il] m a rer
fuit hominum generi infen tainement; et la nature gui
a atque inimica natura, ut a tant rn'ede rba/h alu
corporibus tot res alutares, faire: au tarps, na point'
animis nullam invenerit. its zz cruelle, az enne
De quibus hoc etiam e mie de llmmme, pour que/in
mei-ita melis, qud corpo ante ?! pria/5e de tout
rum adjumenta adhibentur raw-I. Elle Ia mime dau
extrinccus, animorum alm tant plu: favori/h, que le:
inclua in his ipfis e. Sed mur: gui re ardent le carp',
quo major e in eis prf n! bar: de in' ; au-lieu que
tantia et divinior, eo ma tout te qui e nirgzire pour
jore indigent diligenti. le falur de lame, e/x ren
- Itaquc bene adbibita ratio fermi dam Iame mme.
cernit, quid Optimum t; Alaz': pL; elle e dun ordre
neglecta, makis implicatur fupirieur, lm _elle demande
erroribus. dattention. Prenez enfain,
je: lumire; bnt taxg'our: pu
re: : negligezla, mille et
mille erreur: lW/uent.

Reliquum e, ut tute rm n'arvez dam- plu: gaya

tibi imperes. annquam mou: commander clou:
hoc nefcio quo modo dica m'me. awaue que t'q/I
tut, quai duo mus, ut une maniere de par/er ingu
alter imperet, alter pareat: liere, et gui tppoe yu'm
non infcit tamen dicitur. ht't deux; lun pour cam
E enim animus in partes mander, lautre pour oe'ir.
tributus duas: quarum al la/5 elle nq/i fa: lm
tera rationis e particeps, ne/amen! : car notre urne/e
altera expers. Cm igitur divi/i en deux pal-tin, lune
prcipitur, ut nobifmetips ranna/ei lautre pri-vie
imperemws, hoc prcipitur, de rai/re. Ai'gi, lorfyuan
ut now
 On the PASSIONS._ ,95
\

Let* us now conider, what excdllent remedies'

philoophy has provided again the dieaes of our
minds : for certainly uch there are ; nor has nature
been o malevolent and unriendly to mankind, as- I
to produce-uch a variety of things conducive to the
health of the body, and nothing at all for that of'
the oul. No, in this repect he has been ill more
favourable ; for whatever contributes to. the health of
the oul is found within itelf, whereas the remedies _
for the body mu be prepared from Without. Now
the greater the excellence and dignity of human'ouls, '
the larger hare of attention they require. Hence
reaon, if d-uly improved, dicovers what is be 3 but
if neglected, is lo in a labyrinth. of errors.v

It + remains then, that you keep a-conant guard

over yourelf. Though I cannot ay but the pro
priety of the expreion may be queioned, as i we
were made up of two perons, the one to command,
the other to obey. The obervation, however, is en
tirely ju; for the mind is divided into two parts,v
the one endowed with reaon, and the other not.
When, therefore, We are commanded to keep a
guard over ourelves ; the meaning is,-that reaon'
hould rerain the blind propenities of o'ur nature.
The ouls of mo men' carry about with them ome'
alloy, omething naturally mean, languid and enerw
'are : and _did this conitute the whole of our na-z
E 4. ' ture,
v * Tucul..lV.. 17, 1: Tucul. Il. 20, ar.
96 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
ut ratio co'e'rceat temerita 'tom ordvmze de natu tom
miamer 'nouI-me'mex, t'e
tem. E in animispmnium
fer naturi molle quddam, nour dire que nom- faam
dem'um, humile, enerva prendre IL dziu la parti!
tum quodammodo et lan ratimable, fur cel/e qui ne
uidum, enile. Si nihil I't par. f'ozm: le: ame:
alud, nihil cct homine rt/zermmt, en gt, je ne
deformius. Sed prllocft li: 7140i de man, de [Jr/J
domina omnium et regina de Las, d'em'r-ve, de 1an
ratio, qu connixa per e gui/2011: et Jil ny await
et progrea longi ds; t per fa: (du da: llmmmz, rin:
ecta virlus. Haec ut im m rait plus liii/nux que
pere: illi pani animi, qu lhomme. Maij en nimia
obedire dcbet, id videndum trin/h: il 1] fron-w bien
e vixo. praia: [cite mam, (e!!!
reine (t/2114.2, la rai/iam qui,
par le: Eort: quc/le a d'elle
mine [e pou-voir dc faire, 12?
perfect/'own et aoz/ient [a
jam-imi warm. Or ilfaut,
pour Etra vmiment [worm/22.,
lui damier pleine auvrirzr
atte attire partie de laine!
dont le devoir e dobe'r.
 On ithe PASSI'QNS. 97

ture, man would be, the mo depicable creature in'

the world. But he has likewie reaon, thel mires,
the queen, of all his other powers; which, by he;
own natural force, ill makes advances in improve
ment, till he arrives ctat perfect *,virtue.' It is the
duty, therefore, of every man to be careful, that he
eectually governs that part ofthe oul, which ought'
to be under her direction. *
* Cicero, in numbcrles places, denes virtue to be, A conformir] to
right reaon. And in Tucul. lV. chap. 15. he ays expresly, Ipa
virtm bra-aure recta ratiq diti Part/I.

Es

in
98 THOUGHTS bf CICERO.

V. v.
De SAPIENTIA. Sur la SAGESSE.

UID e optabilius U' at-il de plu} zig/

fapienti ? quid pr rable que la agz?
entius? quid homini me a-t-il de meilleur, a"
lius ? quid homine dgnius? plu: utile aux 170mm, et
Hanc igitur qui expetunt, qui jait plu: digne deux?
Philo/0156i nominantur: nec On demie le nom de Philoo
quidquam aliud e philo a phes, ceux qui la ret/jer
pbia, i interpretari velis, chent : et ce mat de Philoo
quam ftudium fapienti. phie meat a'z're prEcieFment,
Sapientia autem e (ut amour de la agee. Or
veteribus Philofophis de Iahgq', alu/i ue le: an
nitum e) rerum divina cicm Plyilqoplve: lont d
rum et humanarum, caufa m'e, d la commzance du
rumque, quibus h res tim/ian fait divine-1, fiyit Im
continentur, fcientias cu maimr, et de ce gai coni
jus
haudftudium qui vituperar,
fane intelligo, quid-ct tu leur nature. Un immune
qui mpri/zroz't cette tude,
nam t, quod laudandum je ne mai: pas cc quil peut
putet. Nam ve oblec zimer. 'Car i eau: cher
x tatio quritur ammn, re tlyez lagrale et lamu
quifque curamm: quae fant; peut-art rien comparer
conferri cum eorum udiis une/bru d'ftudt, qui tend
poteftl qui emper aliquid mu: rendre gem de bien,
anquirunt, quod pectec et et beureux? Majx (J'ai/lean,
valeat ad bene beateque ou c la pbiquapbie de
vivendum ? ve ratio con maux mfeigner le: principi
ami, virtutifque quri dune probit/911512 et con
tur: aut hc ars e, aut ante, ou il ny apoint dart
nulla omnino, per quam pour cela. Or, de pritemlre
eas a'equamur. Nullam quil ny ait point dart pro
dicere maximarum rerum pre nous enigrter I'n
artem ee, cm minima riel, Hindi: quw-y a du cru
ru'm ine arte nulla t, ho pour Mut le ree; c'g un
minum dzaun
I
l,
 on W'IS'D O'M. - 99:

. A V,
-_ On WISDOM.
_ H'AT * is more deirable than widom E'i
' What more excellent in itelf, o ueful to
man, or better deerving his puruit ? Hence they
who are poeed with an earnet deire to acquire
it are called Philohpber: 3 for Philoopby, in the pre
cie meaning of the word, ignies the love of wi
dom. Now widom, as deined by the ancient ages',v
the knowledge f of things divine and human,
*with their ecient caues. Whoever depies this
udy, I know not what he can think worthy of' his
approbation : for whether an agreeable amuement,
or freedom from care, be the object of his deires 3
what is comparable to-thofe tudies, which are al
E 6 ways
* Oc. II. 7.;
1- By things divine and human is underood all things, withoti'
gxcepting any. Thus the perfect Sage is one who knows every thing.
There is a neceity for admitting this principle of the Stoics, with
the conequence' they drew from it; as that none but fool: could be
guilty-o vice; that thoe could not commit the lea mitake, who
aw clearly whence they went, and whither they were going; that
in uch a cae, they could oend neither in repect of morality or
policy; and o of the re. But, in fact, this age of the Stoic'
never exied except in idea. However, be this as it will, nothing but
an aholute impobility of attaining perfection in virtue, hould
hinder us from apiring to it. Let us here follow the prudent advice
of Horace, t \
Nor' pq: 04"qu guantum amender: Ljnmu,
Nor' tamen idcirro ummna: Iippu: immgi. -
What though you cannot hope for eagle's eyes,
Will you a lenient, rength'ning elve depie ?
' Francis" Her.
xoo THOUGHTS of CICERO.
minum e parum"conide diour: pea h', let un:
rate loquentium, atque in trreur rapittzle. Four ap
maximis rebus errantium'.
prendre don: [a i wertu, 'X
Si autem ell: aliqua dici gite/le autre Scale irait-on, "
plina virtutis, ubi ea quae gu'iz telle de la plain/bp/yie ?
retur, cum ab hoc dicendi
genere diceerif P
"a hued, ,
I a

Oculorum, inquit Plato, Quaiqut la vie/bit Ie/Z-m'

e in nobis enus acer [e pluxhbtil, rependanf, dit
rimus: guibus apientiam Plaint, I'a'uilne huroi 115
non cermmus. Axim illa tau-vrir [a hgq'. O i
ardentes amores excharet ell: Etait viible, de guel
ux, vxderetur! amour le: hammer s'e'zam
mer-cient pour dle I
l ki
Principio generi animan A taut'animal, de guelguz,
tium omni e i natur Auere yzfil hit, [a 'gature
tributum, ut e, vitam, d'abord Iui izyire de 'veil/er
ecrpuque tuea'ur, decli 1) cauer-ver on Eft-e, defuirr
netque ea, quae nocitura te qui pourroit [ui Etre ma
videzmtur, omnique, quae Hz, et de chamber Zz e pro
cursr de: ali'mem, une re
ink ad vivcndum necearia,
achrat,etparet,urpaum, iraite, [out ce qui Iizi ty?
'zftezire pour mettre h vie
'nt latibula, ut a-lia ejudem
generis. Commune item et/on carp: en sz'irett. Tour.
animantium omnium e It: animaux out emare (cla
conjunctionis apperizus, Lll' commun, gu'z'l: parten'
procrcandi caus, et cura a? eugendrer Ieur nd/able, .
quaedam eorum, quae pro et gu'ils pra-ment un certain
creata unt. Sel inter ho hin de ce qu'z'I: out mix an.
minem et belluam hoc worlde. Mai: entr: I'lum-'me
maximE intere, qubd hasc et ld bite, il y a ette dg
tamflm, quantm enu mo reme ei'nrie/[ef Qge [a
verur, ad id olum, quod bin), n'ajaut pour guide yue
ade, quodque przucns e, le ixth/tent, ne s'atfac/ze
yu'aux claue: prtjihntu, et
e acco-mmodat, paululm
qui ant demant i: jazx,
admodum entiens preteri um' Fire tour/aft," yuc lucttv
tum, aut futurum. Homo
autem (qubd rationis e iblemcut, ni du pn, m'
partlceps, per "quzlm con_ de I'a-veujr. 25: T/aomme,
equentia cernit, cauas re-_ an! contrair-a', e dom; d'wze
'um videt, earmque pro raien, qui Iui mantre Fen<
. greus, ' kairigmml:

,--u
 .
\
On WISD'OM. rot
Ways taken up in earching after the means of at
taining a good and happy life ? Or, is he deirous
of learning the principles of virtue and true courage ;
here, octi' no where, is to be found the art of ac-
qui-ring them? They who arm that there is no
art in things of the greatet' moment, while nothing
however mall and trilling is performed without
ome art, are guilty of the groe error, and mui:
be men of no conideration. Now if there be any
cience of virtue, .where hall it belearned, if not in
the chool of philoophy ?

Sight *, ays Plato, the acute of all our

enes, is too dull to preent us with a view of wi-o
dom. VVith what ardent deires after her would he
inflame us, could he become
To, _. viible i
Nature 1>, from the fit-Forigin of things, has en
dowed every pecies of animals with an_ininct of
elf-preervation, by which they not only avoid
What would be deructive-of their being, or any,
wie injurious to them ; but likewie make proviion
of the necearies of life, as food, aplace of retreat,
and the like. Another ininct, common to all aniz
mals, is the-deire of copulation for the propagation
of their kind, and the care they take of their o
pring. But between a man and a brute, there is
this dierence; that the latter, being directed en
tirely by ene, is wholly attached to the preent,
and very little enibleeither of what is pa, or of '
futurity. Man, on the contrary, comprehends the .
whole coure of his life, and prepares all things nen
i ' * ccary

' DeFinib. 11. 15. I Oc. r. 4..

P
roz THOUGHTS of CICERO;
greus, et quai anteceo rbai'mmt de: tba' ; par'
nes non ignorat, militu a' ell" hnt athiom'in;
dines comparat, et rebus gus/le: et' h'tt le: uitu; [a
przeenbus adjun itr atque rappart de: um' a-vec IN'
annectit futuras) acilE to cum-ex; et pan-vant d'un
tius vita: curum videt, ad oup d'auil, qui embra I'a
eamque degendam preepu ruem'r arvec le pre-nt, voi'
rat res neocarias. [out le tour: de a "vie, il'
prend tle lain/2: 'ne/Ev'n pour
ne 'nanan de rim.
In primique hominis e Un goit remarguable, an
propria veri inquiitio at qui e particulier (I I'homr
que inveigatio. Itaque me, t'q I: dgir de (an-
cdm umus neceariis ne noint I: tumi. ye 'um
'gotiis curique vacui, tum ajom du Ioiir, et l'q/rit
avemus aliquid vidcre, au Iibre, num' nommtom atte
dire, addicere: cognitio; enruie' d' moir, d'cntendre,
ne'emque rerum aut Occulta d'apprendre ue/ue thoe;
rum, aut admirabilium ad perladez gus pour 'vie/re
beare vivendum,neccariam benreax, i] 'tom import: de
ducimus. pZnEtn-r dam' ce gui et'
tacbz', on qui caue um'hrtt
d'admiratian.
,
gl'antus e innztus in Telle qfl'tnwz'e d'aprm
nobis COgnitionis amor et dre et de a'vair, awec Ia
cientiaz, ut nemo dubitare quelle- nour manam an manie,
pot, quin ad eas res ho gy'i/ e clair gye t'z 'm
minum natura nullo emo pencbant, qui, taute ulilite'
lumento invitata rapiatur. a part, g naturel a I'bammn
Videmne, ut pueri, ne Remarqyez-waw gue [a
verberibus quidem, a con trainte Ju (bitimmt ne pent
templandis rebus perqui mime quelgueoi: empEcbcr
rendique deterreantur? ut In t'am d'itr' curieux?
puli requirant, et aliquid You: 12.'
man: aurcz rebutez,
giueionmront il:
mare.
cire e gaudeant? ut aliis
narrare geiant? ut pomp, ye-[le joie pour eux d'a-zm'r
ludis, atque ejumodi pec eni't apri: ce gu'ils wou
taculis teneantur, ob eam Ioiertt, et gueIIe demangeazn
que rem vel amem et itim de [e racanter I: d'autre: ?
perferant? Widverb? qui Um? pomeuc cEre'mom'e, de:
mgenuis udiis atque arti jeux publia, 'out ce qui q/t'
bus delectantur, nonne vi pectacle, 12.' mebunte an
demus A paint
 On WISDOMW my
ceil'ary for his future ubi-ence: 'and this he is en-r
abled to do, as being partaker of reaon, by which he
ees-the caues -and conequences of thing-s, notes
their rie and progres, compares things of a like na
ture, and connects the future with the preent..

The deire o truth, and the power of invei

gating it, are, in a pecial manner, peCuliar to man.
Hence it is, that when freed-from the neceary em
ployments and cares of life, we are extremely dei
rous to ee, hear, or learn omething ;: and look
upon the knowledge of abrue things, or uch as
raie admiration *, to be a neceary ingredient of a
happy life.

So 1- deeply are mankind impreed with the love

of knowledge and learning, that by this very pro
penity of their nature, they would doubtles be en
gaged in the puruit of them, though there was no
advantage annexed to the attainment. Do wenot
ee, that even chaiements are not ucient to re
rain children from conidering and enquiring into
things 3 that though you beat them, they will per-
in making further enquiry 5 nay, how over-joyed
are
* It is evident, that the admiration here mentioned, is that ariing
from ignorance, which makes us deire or fear things with which we
would, he no wie aected, if we knew their true value. Horace has
the ame thought in the beginning of one o his epiles, which he
In' expreed almo in the ame terms:
Nil admirari prop: re: e mia, Numici,
Solaque, gure pqt face-re et ent/are beatum.
Not to admire, is o all means the be,
The only means, to make, and keep us ble. l
. Franm's Her.
-} De Finib. V. rS.
104.; THOUGHTS of CICERO.
demus eos nec valetudinis, point yn'i/J en [a-ith [at
nec rei familiaris habere faim et [a Mai: ne
rationem, omnique per tvzzye/u-nozu, jam- Ie: gem a'e
peti, ipsi cognirione et lettre: i elaarmez de lear:
cienti captos? et cum ender, gu'iix en ouHie/zt [ear
maximis curis et laboribus antE, et Ieur: propre: qf
compenare eam, quam ex jhirw? Paur rend/ree
dicendo capiant, volup Ava'u, il; ne [rote-bent Her:
tatem P' do In;an ;* et guelgue grand:
que himt lear: tra-value, il:
e eroient dEdommagez par I:
plaiir qu'il: goiz'tent en ae
gueirzmt de: Iumieres.
Mth quidem Homerus ye m'imagz'zze ue t'e &
hujumodi quiddam vidie peu re: ce qui a domzf lien (2
[a ction d'Homere, in' lect
vldetur in iis, quae de Si
renum cantibus nxerit. (bant de: Sirenee. Car i
Nequc enim vocum ua paroit gaze te n'e point par
vitare videncur, aut novitate [a doueeur tie [eur ruoix, ni
quadam et varietate can par [a non-wants', on par la
tandi revocare eos olitze, Thrie! tle Ieur: ebamur,
qui'prxter vehebantur, ed gu'elle: attiroient le: Voya
quia multa e cire prote geur; Zz [eur Zcucil; mai: que
bantur; ut homines ad ea e'etoit plutt e'z [eur z'anf
rum axa dicendi cupidirate de partager woe eux le:
adhaerecerent. Ita cnim rares' (anmmcen dent elles
invitant Ulyem: (nam avoiem, a le: en croire, I'q/l
veni, ut qumdam Homeri, prit orni. Iaiei, en e-t, le
c illum ipum locum.)j dicours gu'elle: iiemzent e?
Ulje: t'e un de: marceaux
guej'ai. traduit: d'Homere.

O deem Argolieum, gui'n pup ArrEEez-vous, Ulye, au

imectis, Ufzei, bruit de nos accords.
Aurz'l-u: nt mrw ptz: ag Pourriez-vous le premier,
naeere mntm, dEdaignant- ce riVagc,
Nam nemo be: zzngz/ezm e Au charme de nos voix
tranuectu: num/'a cmu, refue: votre hommage Z
ng'n pri: aditerit rvoeum Inrui: pa'r nos legons,
dale-'dine agnus ; riche de nos ,tr6ors 5
Fa . Le
 OnWISDOM. ct 105
are they with their littleacquirements of knowledge ; r
how delighted to communicate them to others ;_
and how charmed with the ight o any olemnity,
the publicthat
omuch,i games, andacCount
on this hows of the will
they like endure
nature iboth
in

hunger and thir? Beides, do we not obet'Ve, that

thoe who take pleaure in the liberal arts and ciences,
are regardles of their health and domeic aairs;
endure the greate hardhips, for the ake of acqui
ring their beloved knowledge z and think themelves
abundantly rccompenced for all their va labour
and application, by the intellectual joys that pring
from learning ? ' '
natural propenity in iview, had
It is probable that J-Iomer whenomething like this
he compoed his
ction o the Sircns a: for it was not o much the
melody of their voice, or the novelty and variety off
their notes, as their pretenions to an extraordinary
knowledge, which attracted and charmed thoe who
ailed that way z whoe deire of learning,. kept
them, as it were, xed to the rocks. This is their
invitation to Ulys; for among other paages of
Homer, I tranlated the very place that mentions it.
fTZou ornament of Greece ! Ulyes ay!
Wby from our tuneulhngs thus beg/le _away ?
None ever-fail'd along this heath before 5
But 'wit/2 our mzz/ic charm'd, made for the/bore.
- I/ben
* The Sirens were a kind of fabulous beings, with the face of a
woman, and the tail of a h, according to O-vid; but others have
dccked them with aplumage of various colours. They_ are uppoed
to_have been the three daughters of the river Acbelom, and were called
Partbenape, Li to', and Leueoia. Homer make: mention only o two
Sirens; but ot ers reckon ve. Virgil places them on rocks where.
veels are in danger of plitting.
106 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
PM ivai-iis a'vida fatiatu: Le voyageur les porte au
pectore muis, ein de a patrie.
Doz'ar ad patrias lap/34: Nous chantons ces travaux,
per-"await oral. ces illbres revers,
No: grave certamen 5:111} Par qui le er Priam vit fa.
[ladz'mgue tene'mu, gloire trie.
Gracia quam rqj dimitto Il n'e rien de cach pour
munan 'vent ; nous dans lunivers.
omniaque Ian': rerum 've
tigia terriJ.

Vidit Homerus, probari fa Homer: camp-rit quungranl

bulam non poe, canti bomme Jarr'mnt pour m
unculis tantus vir irretitus tendre de belle: woix, la fci
teneretur. Scientiam pol tion ntait pa: 'ere-vable.
licentur: quam non erat Mai: dz promettre la cience
mirum fapienti cupido un homme amoureux de [a
patri ee cariorem. ag, ily a-voit de quoi In"
faire oublier fa patrie.
fiigit WET
Ac veteres quidem phi Quelle fera la vie d:
lof0phi, in beatorum inu ages, dam ce: le: quon a
lis, ngunt, qualis futura imagine: [mur en faire [e
it vita apientium, quOs Zjour de: bienheureux, et or}
cur omni liberates, nul il ny a nulle jbrte de one-is,
lnm necearium vit cul m' de behim? Tout Ieur
tum aut paratum requiren tant/u, dient le: ancient
tes, nihil aliud ee acturos pbin/bpbex, il: I'emplaz'erant
putant,nii ut omne tem
a Etudirr la nature, et 43'
pus in qurendo ac di faire ou iic/aer de faire hut.
cendo, in naturcognitione afi- de mutuelle: ditou-mrtes.
confumam.
of

Ni multorum prcepts, Pour moi, par l'azur/nu}
multique literis mihi ab de pricepte: et de hm- li-vre:
adolefcentia uaiem, nihil guej'ai lu: de: ma ung/,
ee in vita magnopere ex je ne m'em': pa: mn'vainnr
petendum.. ni laudem at quil ny aruoit rien de rt
que honeatem: in ea au deired/e en- atte mit, i te
tem. pereqnenda omnes ny} lbmmeur et [a vertu;
crucmus corpons, omma et quilfalloit; plutt que dc
ericula mortis atque exilii nam en dpartir, harder le:
parvi q'e ducenda: nun tourment et le: dangers, la
' quam mort;
 On WISDOM. 107;
Whenar'd 'wit/J'Iearning, borne-ward they proceed ;
And ble' tbeirriends with knowledge, they much need.
Oay l the Trojan war 'we fully know I - '
Stay ! PVe'II inform you ( all things below
Homer was 'enible that if he had uered his hero
to have been detained by the Charms of muic only,
the ction could not have paed z but they promie
him knowledge, and it was no wonder that his deire
for widom hould get the better of that for his
native country. ct

Now * the antient philoophers repreent to us,

what the life of wie-men willv be in the iands 1- of
the bleed, by uppoing that they hall be freed
from all anxious care; and having no occaion to
make any kind of proviion for their ubiance,
hall pend their whole time in the delightful em
ployment of udying and earching into the know.
ledge of nature.

Had I I not been fully peruaded, as well from

the books I have read, as by the precepts I received
in my youth from many great men, that nothing in
human life is truly deirable but honour and virtue',
and that neither bodily torture, nor the mo formi
dable dangers, even thoe of death and banihment,
ought to have any weight with us, when put in
_ competition
* lbid. cap. 19.
't Nothing can come up to the decription Murtr gives of thee
iands 5 not a'l the colours of painter-s, orgures of poets, are able,
to add the 'lea improvement to it. For. Lect. V.. 1..
I Pro Arcbia, cap. 6. .
 'xos THOUGHTS of CICERO.
quam me pro alute veh-a mort et lexil jamair je
in tot ac tantas dimica naureix ri/Qui, quand {votre
tioncs, atque in hos pro [41111 Iordormoit, dart/air tant
igatorum hominum quoti dattaque: utenir, et Je
dianos impetus objeciem. me wir en bum, comm
Sed pleni omnes unt Iibri, ui: r/nfyuejom', la fureur
plen rapientium voces, der plu: grand; lratj.
plena exemplorum vetuas: Ala: tou le: Ii-vrea', tom le:
qu jacerent in tenebris a'i/Eours deragw, taule lan
omnia, niti literarum lumen riyuiii mu: met de: exemple;
accederet. multas devant e: jesz .' el tes ex
nobis imagines non folm. emples, lan n'as-wit paint
ad intuendum, verum etiam crit, oraz'e'zt e)1_/Zwe]i:_dam
ad lmitandum, orumo e: tnra. comit-en le:
rum virorum expreas ful-"claim, it Grecs, fait
crlptores et Grci et Lat'mi' Ltztim, num ontil: [a
reliqueruntf quas ego mihi dexcellent: portraits, mm
femper iji adminiranda pour le: expo/2r le/muni
republica pr0ponens, ani no: regard:, mai: four nous
mum, et mentem meam porter my: j coq/armer?
ips cogitatione hominum 72 Are-perdu: paint de raid.
excellentiam conformabam. M:- admirable: modeler; et
I. c'c de-I que je tirai: le
courage et la prudence, dont
z jaqmi: 6e/bin dam le manil
'ment Je: qairu.
retqufpam, Bid? On me a'ira : ani P en
illi ipli fummi viri, quorum grand: homme: erg-mimer,
virtutes literis prodit unt, lam le! merlu: font (Elre:
ine doftrin, quam_tu dam I'bipire, avaient-il:
laudibus eers, eruditi fu refte forte de'rudz'tz'wr, gue
erunt? Dicile e hoc de 'vous [nm/11:2: de louange: ?
omnibus cenrmare. Sed A lgard de twig, il 'ze-mit
tamen e certum, quid pa nifi de prononcer. Voici
repondeam. Ego multos Pourtant ce que jai de rer
homines excellenti animo min rpondre I-de/u. je
' ac virtute uie, et iine con-view 11/11] a eu plzgeur:
doctrina, natur ipfius ha homme: dun rare mrite,
bitu prop divino, per qui, graze 1m naturel/Jeu
feipbe et moderates, 'et reux, et pnhue (liq/in, nont
graves, extiti'e fateor. E rien eu emprunter de ltude
tiam illud adjungo, fpius pour. _ devenir (vertueux.
ad laudem atque virtutem j"ajolemi mme, quun beau
naturam . naturel
 On WISDOM. 109
competition with- the puruit of them; I had never,
uained o many and o great conflias in defence
of your afety, or have-expoed myelf'to continual
inults from the mo profligate of mankind. But all
the books, as _well as dicoures, of the ages, are \
full of uch preCepts -, and antiquity lays before us
innumerable examples to that purpoe, which would
have been all buried in darknes, had not the light of
learning been called to their aiance. How many
portraitures of great men have. been .dr::wn by the
Greek and Latin writers, 'and tranmitted down to
us, not olely to fea o_u__r eyes, but to erve as path
terns for our imitation? By keeping thee always in
view, during the whole of my adr'niniration of pub
lic aairs, Iendcavoured-to bring myelf, both in
Courage and prudence, to a conformity with the en
timents of uch illurious men *.
Should any one ak me, What? Were all thee
great men, whoeivirtuevs are celebrated' in hiory,
eminentlyv killed in the literature you 'o' highly
praie ? It is a dicult matter to make this appear OF
them all. My anwer, however, to the above que
tion, is this; that I confes there)have beenvmanY
men of the_greate courage and virtue, who, hythe
natural force of their almo divine genius, and
without the aance of learning, .have behaved
themelves with moderation and gravin : nay, I will
' ' add
'I Cicero peak's here of what 'he had done with regard to Ca'ilirc's
conpiracy,
the principalduring hls ownto c'onulhip.
conpirators death, was The. reolution
no lciis he to
dangerous took to put
himelf,
than neceary for-preerving the tate. He acted as well the part of
a politician, as conformed to the diciates of the mo rened virtue;
and happy h-d itbuen forthc Romans', had the like conduct of Brain
and Cau: been attended with 'the ame ucces. '
 no THOUGH-TS of CICERO.
naturam ne doctrina, quim nature] a flu: lment rin
ine natura valuie doctri am- 1itua'e, que ltude/an:
nam. At ue idem ego un beau naturel. Illai: dun
contendo, cum ad naturam autre tt, lot/quun homme
i eximiam atque illurem ac gui /i beurmfement n, joint
cei'erit ratio qudam con cela de banner Etuder, je
formatique doctrinaz : tum hutt'em que [a runion de mu
illud nefcio quid prclarum le: deux ce guifvrme or
ac ingular: {clerc exiere. dinairement [e mrite fup
Ex hoc e'e hunc numero, rieur, le mrite ingulier.
quem patres nori vide Voil par quell: route mar
tunt, divinum hominem, cbrent, et lincomparable
Africanum : ex hoc C. La: Africain, que no: pare: ant
lium, L. Furium, modera fui ; et m' L/im, un Furius,
timos homines et conti model/e: de ag, de pro
nemimOs: ex hoc fortif z't; et te mieux Coton,
iiinum vil-um, et illis tem [a valeur mime, et gui
poribus doctilmum, M. a-voit, four hn temps, tm
catonem illum fenem : qui profond fawoir. Auroim
proectb i nihil ad perci il: cultiq/E Io: lettre: a-Uec
piendam, colendmque vir tant d'ardeur, .r'il: awoimt
tutem literis adjuvarentur, jug que te tit- zm raw:
nunquam e ad earum ndi inutile pour argurir la wr
um eontulient. tu, et pour an heu rempl'ir
le: devoir; P
Add i non hic tantus 25mm! mme la lettre: ne
fructus oenderetur, et i ex produiroient juv a'e i grand:
his udiis delectatio ola fruitr, et 71} (ben/:0911:
peteretur: tamen, ut opi du plazir : au main: ne Ieur
nor, hanc animi remiio rgfura-t-onpalzje croix, di
nem, humanimam ac li tre ldmufement le plu: doux
beraliimam judicaretis. et le plu: honnte. Ton; In
Nam ctcr neque tempo autre: plair: neont m' de
rum unt, neque tatum tous le: temps, ni'de tom' le:
omnium, neque locorum. gu, ui de tom' le: lieux.
Hc udia adolecentiam Mai: le: lettre: font lali
alunt, enectutem oblectant, ment de la jeung', et [a
fecundas res ornant, ad joie de Ia mieille; (112!
veris perfugium ac ola mu: donnent de Idat dam
tium prbent, delectant 'Ia proe'riti, etut untre
domi, non im ediunt foris, Zmrn, une to'jolation dam
pemoctant no icum, pere adveq/ite"; dle: font In d
grinantuxj, ruicanmr. lire: du cabinet, fan: embar
_3 As: rar
 On WIS'DOM, m
add too, that nature excluive of learning is often - l
more prevalent, than learning without the aid of na
ture, to excite mankind to the puruit of virtue and
honour. But thisI eadily maintain, that where '
learning is uperadded to a-mind naturally endowed
with great talents, there reults from uch a combi
nation, I know not What urprizing excellence, and
peculiar beauty of character. Of this number was
that divine man Africanus *, who adorned the days
of our fathers; alo C. Lzliu: and M Furiur, the
perfect patterns of moderation and ccntinency ; with
thee likewie M. Cato 1- the elder is to be ranked, a
man of true bravery, and, for the times in which he
lived, well killed in every part of learning. Now
it is a thing pa all doubt, that thee great men
would never have applied themelves to the udy of
letters, had they found no aance from them, as
to the knowledge or practice of virtue.

But admitting that letters did not produce uch ad

vantage, and that pleaure was the only benet ari
ing from the tudy of them ; it will notwithanding _
be allowed, I uppoe, to be an amuement of the
noble kind, and everyway be uited to the nature
of man. Other relaxations are peculiar to certain
times, places, and ages of life; but the udy of
letters is the nourihment of our youth, and the joy
of our old age; they throw an additional lure on
properity, and are the reource and conolation of
adverity 5

* Africanus the econd, on of Paul-r: Emilim, is here meant.

He was adopted by the on o the r Scipio, to whom the urname
of Africanur had been given = we hall have occaion to peak of him
afterwards. -
1- See Cicero" dialogue on old age.
2

m THOUGHTS of CICERO.
mr afile-un; [a 'mit eIIe:
'Idus timth compagnzie ; aux

dmmps, et dam no: wgagex,

ele: nomiziwe'zt.
F- ezsj - -
Wax; unt ignur epula ye dervien'ze'zf It: plaiir:
lum, aut ludorum, au': de' [a table; Itsectaclex, [e
cortorum voluPtates cum comment dttmmes, mix en
his voluptatibus comparan- ' compariim arm-r le: dozzteurl
den? Atque hazc quidem u gus I'Etudq nous qre P Pot/r
dia'doctrinze. Am quidem In pa'an ir/Ye: et bien
prudentibus, et bene ini Ele-UEH, t'q un goz'it qui
tntls panter cum estate ere craft a-vec l'dge. Aiizi [e
cunt : et honeum illud Ave-r: de Salan, at) il dit yu'en
Solonis it, quod ait veri wiei/lnt il arend tau
cu1o quodam, cnecere e jaurx, lui fair ' bonne'r.
'multa in dies addicentem: Alum' plaiir, guia/te l'ej/l
quit voluptate animi nulla puta ne pent hrpzr ce
certf: pote ee major. luiJa.

In hoc genere'et naturali,

et honeo, duo vitia vi fair, en i li-vmnt Zz an
tanda unt: unum, ne in goiZt i naturel et i Iouch.
cognita, pro cognitis habea L'un, de croire yu'anizit (r
mus, hique tcmere aen qu'on ne zit point, et d'a
tiamug': quod vitium ef Aoir la tEmEritE tle fy opi
fugere qui volet (omnes niritrer. Pour garantir
aurem vellc dcbent) adhi de ce danger, ai'z/i gue non:
beb'u ad coniderandas res de-uam 2014.: le wort/air, i]
et tempus, et diligentiam. aut danner Zz I'examm de
Alterum 'e vitium, qubd tagut matiEre, et I'aztm
quidam nimis magnum tion, et le temps gu'cllz
ctudium, mukmque Ope demande. L'autre incon
ram in res obcuras atque Q/Znient U? de I'appliguer, et
diciles concrunt, ea a-vec trap d'ardcur, 12 de:
di'mque nOn necearias. t/aoi: or'vcurex, diriln, et
(lquus vitiis decliqatis, qui 'uant vpoint nEcezirex.
g'uod in rebus h'OnClS et &254'572 Ervits ce: deux Ecuei,
cognidbne digms _ operre an re rvmiment qimaH:
curazqne ponctur, 1d jure de s'attat/zer it guelgu:
'ice bonmite of digne tle
Iauda'bitur.
curiziti. -
Prcechre Heareux,
 On WISDOM. \ 113
adverity; they delight at home, and are no in
cumbrance to us when abroad; in hort, they arc
company to us at night, our fellow-travellcrs on a
journey, and attend us in our rural retirements.

What * then are the pleaures of a luxurious

table, of games, hows, and enuality, when com
pared with thoe reulting from the udy of letters?
A udy, that in men of' ene and good education,
till increaes in charms with their years: whence
that commendable aying o Salon, in a certain vere 1
o his, that in growing old he daily learned a great
deal. Now this pleaure of the mind is one of the
mo rened enjoyments, we are capable of.

In 1: this no les natural, 'than truly commendable,

dipoition o mind, there are two inconveniencies
to be avoided : one is [[, not to confound what we
are ignorant of, with thoe things we know; or
rahly build our opinibn on uch precarious princi
ples. Whoever is deirous to ecape this miake,
and certainly it is the duty of every man, will pare.
neither time, nor pains, in the udy of truth. Ano
ther error is, when people pend too much udy and
F labour

' De Senect. Cap. 14.

1- Plu'arc, in his life of Solan, has preerved this t'cre =
ana'a-xw 3' LIEI num: Bidarxiyi'Q.
Which may be rendered in Englih as follows,
Life': me Ipend in learning when) mew,
I Oc. l. 6.
[1 We hall here inert a hort extract of the peech of Ill. Do
guile-m, at the opening of the parliament o Parir in 1704, who was
then advocate-general, and is now chancellor of France; as bei
very pertinent to the ubject here treated of. " To think little, talk
** of every thing, doubt of nothing, ue only the external pains haf
t * I 6
 P

114. THOUGHTS ofCICERO.

'no

Przclare Plato: beatum, Heareux, dit (rit-bin

cui etiam in enectute con Platon, I'Zwmme gui pent,
tigerit, ut apientiam, ve ne fit-re gus n'am a 'viii/
riaque opmlones aiequl le, parrvem'r (i Etrczzgt,
poiit. A' 3 pt'z/erhinemmt.
 On WISDOM.' ng
labour upon ubjects, not only obcure and intricate,
but likewie unn'ecedry. Let us_ but keepct reeiof
thee inconveniencies 5 and whatever diligence and
appllcation we beow on things in themelves laud
able, and worthy our knowledge, merit the highet
commendation.

*It is an excellent aying of Plato, that happy

is the man, who, even in his old age, has the good
fortune to attain the poeon of widom, and en
timents agreeable to truth.

" the oul, and cultivate the urface, as it were, o the judgment; t'
V he happy in expreion, to have an agreeable fancy, an eay'
" and rened converation, and to be able to pleae without acquiringz
" eeem; to be born with the equivocal talent oa ready apprehenicn,
" and on that 'account to think oneelf above reection; to y from
" object to object without gaining the perfect knowledge of any;'
U to gather haily all the owers, and never allow the fruit time
W to arrive at maturity. All thee put together form a aint picture
4' of what the preent age has been pleaed to honour with the name
a of wit."
* De Finib. V. ax.
 116 THOUGHTS of CICERO.

VI. l
VI.
De HONESTATE. Sur la PROBITE'.

LIUD utile inter gaya/quavis dun ct au

dum, aliud hOneum trait ruoir lutile; et
videri olet. Fals; nam de lautre, Ibannfte. Oyl?
eadem utilitatis, qu h0 trompe : car luii/e ng/I
neatis, e regula. mi jamai: ou n'e pa: lhonnte.
hoc non perviderit, ab hoc Un homme qui doute de cette
nulla fraus aberit, nullum (vrit, nea-uroit tre quun
facinus. Sic enim cogitans, fripon, gu'un tEIErat. II
B iud guide: bomum, e dira, Voil lhonnte,
'vel-inn bu: expedit, res mais voici le bon: et du
natura copulatas andebit moment gue laudace et ler
errore divellerc: qui ons reur wont jufu fpar
cft fraudium, maleciorum, deux (Ire/21, que I'ardre dz
{celemm omnium. ltaque la nature a runi", la port:
vir bonus habeat hanc q oil-vere toute hrte
vim, ut', i digitis concre d'i'zjuitu et de crime:
puerit, potin locup_letiu_m Quand dan: un 120mm: de
teamenta nomen ejus 1r bien nauroit qua rlaguer de:
repel-e ; hac vi non utatur, doigt: pour je faire mur/yir
'ne i exploratum quidem fur dz: la/lantern tle: gem
habeat, id omnino nemi \ riches, Iitzfu du ttateur;
' nem
Homounquam i'ique, quem ft-il mime certain de nen
juus, iupicaturum.
trejamaisupfoml, i] nu
entimus virum bonum, ni rait pa: dun puni/ent.
hil cuiquam, quod in e Un homme jue, et. gui e -
transferat, detrahet. Hoe ce quon entend 'par homme
qui admiratur, is e, quid de bien, uefrendra rien
t vit bz'nus, necire fateapit-hrine. Tram/5r cela Eton
tur. A verb i quis volu-1 nant, ce rait abhlument
erit animi ui complicatam ignorer te gus ta/i gus pro
ncyicxzem evolvere, jam e 61'25. Qyiconyue 'voudra d
ipr dnteat, eum virum bo ruelapper lide ca'zfue gu'il
num ee', qui prot quibus m a dam Ie/prit, rverra par
pot 5 jn
 On ROB'ITY. * xr7
a

iVI.

On PROBIT Y,
ROFIT * and honey ometimes appear to '
interfere with one another. But the cae is'
otherwie; for the rule of both is the ame. . Who'
ever is not fully convinced of this, mu be an arrant
lmave and villain. By uch a train of thought he
will be led to ay, this indeed is equitalzle, but that
advantageous, whence from uch a fatal miake of
disjoinng things which in their own nature are ins
eparable, is the ource of all manner of treachery,
injuice and wickednes. A virtuous man, there'
' ore, though poeed of a ecreit to get his name
=inerted into the la willsof people of fortune, o
eaily as with a-knack of his ngers 1>, would never
put'it
could in practice,
never be in even though he certainly
the leaiu'pected. knew
A ju it
man,

or one who anwers to our notion of a good man,r

will take nothing from another to be applied to his
own ue. Whoever is urprized at this aertion,
tacitly confees that he is ignorant of what coni
tutes the character of a good man, But would any
hne take the pains to revolve this complicated idea in
F 3 his
i' Oc. Ill. 18 et 19. _
1' A proverbial
greate eae in theeitpreion, that
world,ct and ignifies,
which to do
entirely a thing
depends withthe
on our own
pleaure. .
.118 THOUGHTS pf CICERO.
pot ; noceat ncmini, nii i: propre: IumiErtx, qu:
Jacenus injurz. Quid l'lacnne'te umme ay? calm', qui
crgo? hic non noccat, qui uit 'out le &ien gu'il eul,
quodam quai veneno per tt qui m ail tle mal [I per.
ciat, ut veros heredes mo o'me, i te 'Fa dam [e m:
ear, in ec-rum locum ipe d'une [Egilime deie'zh. Or
uccedat? Non igituraciat ,rclui qui _aec je nhi:
(dixuit quis) quod utile it, ' quel/e drogue, trait dipa
quod expediar? Immb in roitre le nom de: erritaHe:
telligat, nihil nec expedire, IJErilim, pour te mettre I:
nec mile ee, quod t in [eur place, ne trait-il tle
juum. Hoc qui non didi mal 1) paa'me P
terit, bonus vir ee non M'aiJ, dira quelqu'un, 'Eg
poterit. ligtra t-on re gui et' mile et.
avantage-ux- P RlFe-ndan: '2
tela, yue rim d'i'yiue n'a/I
awantageux, m' utz'Ie. Point
de prabitZ 21 Wet-er de qui 'te
tient pa; cejjftfte.
W'] -*

I'.\"' 1
Tncidun't azpe cauaz, cm
Jepugnare utilitas honeati
videatur ; ut animadverten
dum t, repugnctne plane,
an pot cum ihoneate
conjungi. Ejus generis ha:
unt quzeiones: Si (ex
em'pli grati) vir bonus
Alexandria. Rhodum mag
num frumenti numerum
advexerit in Rhodiorum
in0pia et ame, ummque
annonae caritate: i idem
fciat, complures mercatores
Alexandri olvie, nav6 az 3 et mime il [a a 4117.:
que in curu, , rumento
onuas, petentes Rhodum,
viderit: dicturne t id
Rhodiis, an lentio uum
qum plurimo venditurus?
Sapientem et bonum vi
mm ngimus : de ejus de
liberatione et conultatione
' quazrimus,
Ily a bien de: 'an of: I'zdz'le
puret oppof a? I'lsormite, tt
il faut alar: examiner i
I'oppoition n'q gu'aparentl,
an 1 ele e rielle. [laid de:
m: a'e catte q/Ze'e.
On hppo, par exemple,
gue Iafamine Zta'tt iz Rbadef
et le HE parte? a 'me exfre'me
cherte', un Mart/arm] d'A/ex
andrie, bomme de bien, j
deibargue guanlx'ti de grain.
Pluieur: autrer, par-tis
d'A/exaudrie, _y en tandzzzj/Z'zt
en mer. dwertim-t-il let
Kind/en: ? ou, ne miznt not,
mendra-t-i] on HE an ply:
baut prix P
On It hppph wraime'zt
bomme de bien, et rEhIu (I
ye rim faire, i la probitq'
Pea-Age.
 On PlROBITY. "9
his own brea, he will nd that the good'man is
One, who does good to all he can, and hurts n'o'
body, unles r provokedlby ill uage *. 'What
hall we ay then? Is he not an injurious peron,
who, as it Were, by the power of ome drug, has
the addres to diinherit the true heirs, in order to
ucceed in their place? Shall a man then; ome may
object, forbear to purue what is protable and ad
vantageous ? I Would have uch aone know, that
nothing unjul: in itelf, can tend either to our agi
vantage or prot. He that has not learnt this leon,
can have no pretenron to the character of a good man.
a, .--.

There + are often caes, wherein profit eems to

clah with honey ;' but then we hould examine
whether this uppoition be real, or i both be con
ient together. i The following quetions may erve' *'
as inances of this: whether, for example, a man
of probity, who had brought a large quantity of
grain from Alexandriajj to Rhodas, at a time when
the Rbodian: laboured under great carcity, and an.
F 4. exceive
n'

* It would be an injutice to Cicero, to believe that he here ap

proves of reveng:. Nothing is more clearly eablihed in the
writings of the hrathen philoophers, than the pardon of injuries..
For a proof of this we need only look at Plain Criton and Gorgius.
And as for inances that their practice correpond-ed to their principles,
they are innumerable. All that Cicero would ay, is that the law of
nature allows us to repel an unju aggreor, provided that we keep in
the bounds precribed by the ame law: with this exception, it is
never allowable to oer an injury to any one, nor conequently to
return one injury for another. It is a piece of praie full o attery,
which Cz'nra gave to Caear, when he aid, Obli-m'ri nibil olas, ni
injuria', that is, you are wont to forget nothing but injuries.
1- Oc. lll. ra.
I Alexandria was a town built by Alexander the Great, on the bank:
of the Nilr. The diance from which to Rbader, a famous Jandin
the Mediterranean, is about an hundred and forty leagues.
 120 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
quzerimus, qui celaturns I'chge. Mai: dam' le clomb
RhodiOs non it, ] id turpe i ele I'e.v{ge, i] dilin-reizr
judicet; ed dubitet, an le jmrtz' gu'ilremz'ra.
turpc non it.
_ In hujumodicauis aliud i
Pour I'ardinaire, in' res
Diogeni Babylonio videri orte: de quqom, Diogine
iblcr, imagno et gravi Stoi tle Bully/one, Slo'zicien du pre
to: 'aliud Antipatro, di mier ordre, et Antipateron
qipulo ejus, homini acu a'z'iple, bomme de &canto/r)
tiimo. Amipatro, omnia d'g/prit, pen/ent dik-'rem
patcacienda, ut ne quid mmt. Antiater mtient
omnino, quod venditor no gite [e Wem/eur (loit nette
rit, empmr ignoretz' Dio ment a'Zt/arer t? l'acbetezzr
gcni, vcnditorcm, quatcnus taul te gu'ilaz't. *Au [071
jure civili conitutum t, traz'ri, larz Dz'ogEne, il n'q/I
dicere vitia oportere: cre tenu gu'iz ce qui q/f jargrrit
tera ine inidiis agere: et par le droit ti-vz'l, c'e-
quqnizim vendat, vellc qutp dire, gu'Zz de'rhzreri [a mar
opnme vendere. Advex1, clzauch' e pie-be par guelyw
expoui, vendo meum non endroit : aprE: qual', tout'
pluris, qum cmreri; or upercberie i part, il a"
tae etiam minoris, ciim yu'iz wendre, puz'gtze c'g/Im,
major e copia. Cui t mZtier, le jzlu: yu'il pha-nd
injuria? Ye 'your apparte du He', je [e
met: ate-untie, je ne'a': pas
plu: dye' que d'gtrer, at
peut-Etre [ehz'J-jc Main: en
core, yuaud la denrie e plat'
commune. A guiaiJ-je tart?
Exoritur Antipatri ratio Mais, reprend Antipater,
ex altera parte: Bid ais P n'Etn-vou: par onLgZ a'e rvous
> in, cm hominibusconulere [Wite-r anx &ghim d'autrui,
dcbeas, et ervire humane et de procure-r le bien ghsz
ocietati, eaque lege natus raI P You: Ere: nE pour cela ;
s, et ea habeas principia et (atte [ai gus [a 'Lature a
naturze, quibus pare-re, et imprimie dam' walre coeur,
quad equi debeas, ut utilitas 'Uam' dit gite 'votre inteire'tper
tua, communis utilitas it, hmze] doit tourncr Zz l'utiliti'
vicimque communis uti publigue, (prime I'utz'liti pub-x
litas, tua t: celabis hp quue iourne 2! 'Wire a-va'zz
mines, quid iis adt com tagepe'mnel. Pau-uez-Kvous
moditatis et copize P par co'z/Ve'yuenf celer I: ce:
Rhodiem, qui on: de: [Jam
Rcpondebit ' ' * ' m'e:
 On' P*ROBITY... ran.
exceive dearth of proviions 5 but who knew thata
great many merchants had ailed from Alexandria,
and had likeWie een everal hips laden with grain,
all bound for Rhodes ; whether, I ay, he would in
form the Rhodians of what he knew, or by keeping
ilence, ell his own at as high a price as he could ?
We put the cae that he is a wie and virtuous
man, who would conceal nothing from them, if he
thought uch a conduct inconient with virtue; but
being uncertain whether it be o or not, it is required
what. the reult of his deliberation on uch a con
juncture would be.
In queions of this nature, Diogenes * the Baby'
limian, a Stoic of the r'clas, is of dierent en

timents from thoe of his diciple Antiater, a man,

of very bright parts. This la thinks every thing
hould be dicovered, and not the leacircumance
concealed from the uyer that the eller knows.
Diogenes, on the other hand, is of opinion, that the
eller ought to declare the imperfections of his coma
modities, only o far as the civil law ordains ; and
to act in other repects without fraud z but as elling
is his buines, he may endeavour to'do it on the mo:
protable terms he can. I have, ays he, imported
my corn, et it to ale, and hereI ell it for no more
than others 3 nay, perhapsifor les, becaue there isv
greater plenty of the commodity. Where is the
iniuice of all this P - v _ ,
Antiater, on the contrary, makes anwer thus 2.'
What ? When it is your duty to conult the Wel
F 5 fare
* Several philoophers have bore this name. The mo famous
of whom is Diogenes the Cynic, a native of Siiropis. The peron
meant here was one of the 'three de'puties whom the Acnips ent to
Rome, in the con ulhip of Scipio and Marcellus, as we learn m'Cice-rd:
Luddlur, Ch ap- 45'
.122 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
me: au-&ien que vaux, le:
nurtc: et labondance
quil: hnt la veille da
vair?
Repondebit Diogenes A tela Diagjm. pourrai!
funaer c: Aliud e cela rpliquer : Entre celer une
re, aliud tacere. Neque ego roe, et la taire, il): a de
nunc te celo, tibi non la drence. 214e je ne
dico, qu natura deorum lai/ iri fur la nature de!
xt, quis t nis bonorum: Dieux, ou fur notre hu-'ue
qu tibi plus rodeent rain bien, dont il mous ferait
cognita, qum tntici mili plu: important dtre inrm't,
ta: : ed non quidquid tibi que da-vaz'r du bl ban
audire utile e, id mihi compte; L-ct l Avons 'It/er
dicere necec e. Imm quelque cbq/ .? Tout ce quil
verb (inquiet ille) necee man: imparteroit de fumoir,
e, i quidem meminii, je nehis pax oblige? de 'vour
ee inter homines natur lapprendre. Van: _y re:
conjunctam ocietatem. Me oblige', rpondra ntipater,
mini, inquietille: ed num i vau: hngez que le: hammer
ilia {ocietas talis e, ut nihil ne font tom quune rit,
fuum cujufque t? Wed i dont [a nature e/l lauteur.
ita e, ne vendendum qui 7} mge, reparlira Dio
dem quidquam e, ed do. gne : mai: le: a'roit: de ret
nandum. ' tebtiEtibnt-ilx que per/[mue
nait rien oi? Il faut
dam, i relu e/l, ne rien
ment/re, mai: tout donner.
lessiin
Vendat des vir bonus Un bannile-bamme wend
propter-aliqua vitia, qu une mai/an, dont lui/eu] il
1pe norlt, cteri ignorent: connat les dfauts. On la
peilentes ink, et habean craft/hine, elle {[1 empeyt'e:
tur alubres: ignoretur in on ignore que dan: toute: le:
omnibus eubiculis apparere tlmmre: il} rvient (Inr
ferpcntesz mal materiat, peni : le: matriaux nen rua
ruinof: ed 'hoc prter Ient rien, elle menace ruine,
dominum, nemo ciat. mai: peronne bar: le matre
Warm, i hoc emptoribus ne ait tela. Il garde le
venditor non dixerit, azde ilence, et vend plus (ber de
que vendiderit pluris mult, beaucoup, quil ne xen at
qum e venditurum puta tail. ye demande Jil a
rit, num id injn, an im - ble Jajuice, [aprobit ?
prob fecerit?
llle Oui,

_.___.J
 On PROBITY._ Leg;
fare of mankind, when you are born to promote the
intere of ociety, and, notwithanding the very
inncts of nature, the direction ofwhich- ought con
antly to be allowed, teach you that your private
advantage and that of the public hould mutually
promote each other: ought you then to conceal from.
thee men, what plentiful upplies of proviions are
coming P
Diogenes, perhaps, will anwer to this eect; that
there is a wide dierence between Concealing a thing,
and being ilent on it. Nor can I. be aid to conceal
any thing from you, tho' I don-'t inform you con
cerning the nature of the Gods, or what will bothe
endof good men 3 which it much more concerns you
to know, than the mall advantage * ariing from,
the wheat : but the truth' is, Iam not obliged to tell-i
you every thing, that it might be for your'prot to
hear. Yes truly, replies Antipater, you are certain-
ly obliged to do it r this you mu allow, would you
but reect that all mankind are by natureunited irri
one ociety. I acknowledge it, anwers Diogenes ;
but is the nature of this ociety uch, that no man:
can have any property of his own .P I this be the
cae, nothing ought to be old, but rather given by"
way of preent.

Again 1-, uppoe an hone man was to dipoe of

his houe, for ome inconveniencies known only tq
' F 61 himelf:
* A'll'the editions have U'ilitm, which, being generally received,
I would not take upon me to alter. But l am fully convinced that
Yilitas, a correction propoed in the Dauphin's Cicero, is what ought
to be read. Very little logic will how-the iunes, or rather the
neceity of this correction.
1; Oc. In. 13,
 124 THOUGHTS of CICERO;
Ille verb, inquit Antipa Oui, fam doute, ripen'
ten improb facit. Aud A/ztipater. Car, i c'e un
enim e aliud erranti (rime, et tm crime, que le:
viam non monrare, (quod drive-'view fiih-wm par de:
Athenis execranombus extra-ntiam [dih/ipsa, de ne
publicis fancitum e) i pas montrer le chemin 'm'
hoc non e, emptorem paant quau rWit qui figa
pati were, et per erro re; le vendeur qui [gie
rem in maximam fraudem tombs'- lacheteur d'un: un
incurrere? Plus etiam e, pige, ne-il par galement
quiim viam non monrare: coupable, et film coupak
nam e cientem in erro enters, {mi/que ee/ dein,
rem alterum inducere. et (me: pleine tonnaimce?
Diogenes contr: Num te Blair, reprend Dingne, tuera
emere cogit, qui ne horta a-t-on forti den/Jeter? om
Lus quidem e? Ille, quod ne rvaus y a par mme excite.
'non placebat, procripit: Une mai/5m gueje naime par,
- tu, quod placebata emii. je la rue-nd: g et warn, parte
cum i qui procribunt, gu'e/Ieh troa-ve 'Wire gin-5,
ivi/iam anam, be'n'qu aedi vous Iaruirez. x ye laf
camm, non exiimuntur ic/ae porte, Maifon ven
feellie, etiam illa nec dre, bonne et bien btie,
bona e, nec dicata ra quaique la' mafa ne az't ni
tione; multo mns, qui bonne ai bien hide, on ne
domum non laudarunt. Ubi dira pas que le wndeurit
enimjudicium emptoris e, un 'ipan; et plu: ne
ibi fraus venditoris qu po rai/2m, Jz'I na point fait
te ee? Sin autem dictum lloge de re uil fundat-ta
'non omne prandum e: Tent lacheteur e matre
quod diaum non e, id de juger, o ferait le fraude
praeandum putas? qua du vendeur P On n'e par
ver e ultius, quam ven tozg'our! garant de tout ce
diterem, ejus rei, quam quon dit: le jerai-je de te
vendat, vitia narrate? wisi gueje nai paint dit P Veut
hutem tam aburdum, quim on que le marebzmd dctriea
domini juam ita prco marcbandih? fig/il rait?
prdicet, Domum peilen plaifant denteudre un crieur
Nm wende P public dire par Perdre de
celui qui lemploie. Maifon
empee vendre '.

Prc'zztemmt V
 On PROB'ITY. 125.
himelf: every body thinks it is ound, though it be
really infected' by the plague: no body knows that"
all the rooms in the houe are infeed with erpents ;
the materials Worth- nothing, and the whole abrie
in a ruinous condition : this is known to none but
the maer himel.' Now hould this man,,withoue
acquainting his purchaers with the bad ate of'
the houe, ell it for much more than he expected ;\
I would gladly
conient know,and
with juice whether this or
honey, action
not?of his
be:a
He certainly acts a dihone part, anwers Anti
pater, for to uer the purchaer to fall into a miake,
'that will be of the highe prejudice to him; is not
this the very ame with not howing the right road to
one that has lo his way z a crime which the Athe
nian: punihed with. public execrations + i Nay, it
is more than not howing the way, it is a wilful and
deliberate deign to deceive our neighbour. Diogenes,
on the other hand, replies : Did he force you to buy,
who did not o much as advie you to it? He only ex
poed to ale what did not pleae him ; and you bought
what was agreeable to you. Now if thoe who po
up a bill to this eect, U A houe to beold, well built,
" and in good repair," hall not be eeemed guilty
of any fraud, though the condition of the houe be
quite the revere of this character 3 much les hould
thoe

1- It is not certainly known what the Athenian public cretratianl

were. But, in general, it is evident that they were certain edicts,
read, or xed up, in a public manner; the obervance of which was
enforced under the evere penalties. As to the preent queion, it
is a hame that men hould need 'to be put in mind of o plain a duty:
and this precaution of the Atbcnian magirates lets us ee, how ex
tenvc the humanity of this polite people was. .
1'26 THOUGHTS of CICBROV
War dijudicanda unt : Preentemznt die-Man; ran
non enim, ut qurcreremus, je n'ai propoe? [a dz'kulte'
expouimus, ed ut explica que pour la nfhudre. ye ne
remus. Non igitur videtur trowe don: le/eme innocent,
nec frumentarius ille Rho ni dam re Mart/Jaw! de He' i
dios, nec hic zdium ven 1 'Jgard de: Rboditm, ni dam'
ditor celare emptores debu It 'vendeur do catte 'naihn (I
ic. Neque, enim id e I'Zgard de I'atbetur .' et cela,
celare, quiquZd rcticeas: non qu'i] hit 'nal de ne pax
ed cdm, quod tu cias, id tolzjaur: diro tout ce qu'o'c
ignorare emolumenti tui ait : mai: unilente akct,
caus velis eos, quorum in qui tour-ne I: notre prot, a!
au prqijudice d'aufrui, wa/&
terit id cire.
(e qui e mal.

Ifs-F.
(Lhd i vituperandi unt, Puz'q'le non: &i/num 'Fit
qui'reticuerunt: quid de iis ilence actE, que aw-il
exiimandum e, quiora pen/er de ceux qui eroimt
tionis vanitatem adhibue r-vir' le mcnhngc 21 lean
run: P n: P

C. Canius, eques Ro Un (be-valfer Romaz'n, C;

manus, nec inacetus, et
atis literazus, cxm e Syra
cuas otiandi (ut ipe_dicene
olebat) non negotiandi
caus- comuliet, dictita
but, e hortulos aliqu05
velle emere, qub invitare
amicos, et ubi e oblectare
ine interpcllatoribus poet.
(lgodr -cdm percrcbuier,
Pythiu-s ei quidam, qui ar
gentariam faceret' Syracu
s, venales quidem e hor
tos non habere, ed licere
uti Canio, i vellet, ut uis L
et
Canius, qui a-voi' de I'ny'aue
ment, et I'tprit orni, alln
pqir quolque temps (I Sjra
tuk, of: on unique zzkzire,
dioit-il, a'efvoit Etre a'e ne
rien faine- Lh, il- par-lot
hu-vent d'atbeter un petft
jardin, 01) il pit, lain de:
impartuns, a-voir h: arm),
et e rejou'zir- a-wc. eux..- Sur
lo bruzit qui J'en Ffpandit, 'm
certain Pythiur, Banquier,
Iui'dit qu'i] await unjardin,_
qui n'itoz't pa; 21 wend/re,
mai: giant il le pnim't. d'oiv
&hement.
 On PROBITY. 1'27
thoe be cenured, who ay nothing in commendation
of it 3 becaue where the buyer is at liberty to judgev
for himelf, what room can there be for the eller to
impoe on him ? If we are not obliged to make good.
every thing we ay, how can you imagine we ought
to perform what we never aid P Can any thing be
more ridiculoua, than for a merchant to depreciate
his own commodities i' Or can any thing be imagined
more aburd, than for a public crier, by the owner's
command, to make proclamation to this eect, V dat,
" infected houe to ll P"
We come now to the deciion of thee caes : for
it was not our intention to narrate them, by waye.
propoed diculties ;. but in order to refolve them..
In a word then, it'is my opinion -[-, that the corn
merchant ought not to have concealed from the Rlza
dium, nor the eller of the houe fromhis purchaers,
what each of them knew. To- be merely ilent on
a thing, cannot indeed be called a wicked conceal
ment of it 5 for this only takes place, when for the
ake of private advantage you deignedly conceal
what you know from others, whoe intere it con
cerns, that they hould be informed of it.

But * if thoe are blameable, who are guilty of a

deigned concealment 5 what hall we think of them, .
who likewie ue fale commendations Z,
C. Caniur, a Roman knight, who wanted neither
wit nor learning, having gone to Syracue, not, as
he
1' Grotius, de jure belli et Paris, l. 2. c. 12. diers from the de
ciion of Ciczro concerning the corn-merchant. Indeed,- ays he, the
merchant would have done a very commendable thing, if he had til;
- cover:
3 Oc. HI. 14. p U * i
 12'8' THOUGHTS of CICERO;
et imul ad aran homi [Mr-ment. II invite: en mE'mr
nem in hortos invitavit in tempxhn bommz 13 _yhuper Ie
poerum diem. Cm ille [endemaim Cam'u: accepta
le/yius, a qutia (a at
promiet, tum Pythius,
qui eibt, ut argentarius, tiroit beautoap de torg/idirai
apud omnes ordines gratio tial', it qzmHer le: pi
us, picatores ad e convo c/aeur: pour [cur demander,
cavit, et ab his petivit, utgue le [ender/tain il: m Em- Zz
ante uos hortulos poridie pit/ner dwanthn jardin, e!
picarentur : dixitquepquid il lear ditailla e: ordrur
ces facere vellct. Ad coa Caniu: ne manyua pas au'
nam temLox-e venit Canius: rendez-wous. Repa: magni
opipare a Pythia appara gue. Wantiti de &argue-1,
tum convivium: cymba quiazaient un cctacle, et
rum ante oculos multitude. gui venoient oure: a? l'en-'Ui
Pro e quique, quod cepe pre-'lier Ieur picbe. La:
rat; acrebat: ante pedes ovz: tom/mien! en ta: mer
Pythii pices abjiciebantur. pied: de Pjtbius. HE, dit
Tum Canius, Weeo, in Canius, qu'e-ce gue ced .?
quit, quid e hoc, Pythi ? Tout repoz'm P Tant de bar
tantmne picium? tan gue: P Fault-il, reprmd Py
'mne cymbarum? Et ille, t/Jiur, gus cela ruau: Eto'me ?
Bid mirum, inquit? hoc Tout le poin de Symcui- e?
loco e, Syracuis quidquid ici. C'q/I [e 'zl endrait a;
e picium : hzec aquatio : il] aft de I'ebtu. Saw (e
hc villx ii carere non lien a', le: pie/mar:- ne hu
pount. Incenus Canius roient all aller. Voild guc
cupiditate, contendit A Py Canim' 'te tient play centre
thlo, ut venderet, Gravate Pea-vie d'acbcttr. D'abord
It &anguier e dzjind. A la
ille primb. Quid multa?
impetrat: emit homo cu in il tEde. Cam'us, plein tle
pidus et locuples, tanti, bn ide'e, et ne regardant pas
quanti Pythius voluit, et i l'argent, prend mal'h'z et'
emit inructos: nomina fa meubles, a'amle tout te gu'an
cit: negotium concit. In en 'vent await', fait hn bilp
vicar Canius poh-idie fami let. L'qaire e (on/ye.
liares uOs. Venit ipe I/ jzrz'e e: ami: pour [ejour
mature. Scalmum nullum ui-vant. II] arrive de bonne
videt. Bark ex proximo lum-e. II ne wait par le
vicino, num ferizg: quzedam mni/za're Latttau. Ilt'iig/'orme
picatorum eent, qubd eos du 'ved/In, I'i] n'y a paint ce
jour-'Zz ue/guy cite pour let
nullos viderct. Nullaz,
(quod Iciam) inquit ille': pie-bean. hame que 'e
ed 3.' " 5"
 On PROBITY. 139.
he himelf ued to expres it, on account of buines,
but for retirement, gave out that he wanted to buy '
ome gardens, where he might enjoy himelf and the
company of his friends, without being interrupted
by intruding viitants. When this came to be pub
lickly known, one Pytbius, a banker of that town,
told Cam'us that he had certain gardens, which he
did not indeed care dbolutely to dipoe of, but that
Camius was very welcome to ue them as if they were
his own : and at the ame time invited him to up
with him in the gardens next day : to which Cam'u:
having conented, Pythia: immediately endsfor the _
hermen; for by virtue of his buines he had e.
great deal to ay with' all ranks of people : on thee
he prevails to h next day before his gardens, and:
gives them proper inructions how to behave. At.
the time appointed, Cam'us comes to upper ; an ele
gant entertainment is provided by Pytl-iu: ; and a
multitude of hing-boats make a ne propect.__
Every one rives which hall be mo diligent in
bringing their draught, and throwing what h they
had caught at Pytbz'm's feet. Hey ! ays Canini',
what
of is theand
beats, meaning
all thisof h
this?ii whence uch
To which numbers
Pythia: re-_
- - ct . plies,_

covered all he knew 2 and in ome caes, one cannot, without breach
o charity, avoid doing o. But there is, no neceity, adds Grotiur, to,
lay dawn for a general maxim, as Cicero does, that ilence is always
blameahle, when for ome private advantage we conceal a thing from
thoe who are intereed t'o knnw it. This can only happen in certain.
'epectn and circumances, which are necearily connected with the'
thing in queion. The whole difference then between thee twa
(ahiis is, that Grotiur acribes to charity what Cicero attributcs to,
juice. As for my part, I willingly pardon Cicero, for having
almo confounded thee two virtues, with one. another.
130 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
ed hic picari nulli olent ; acbe, dit [e 'vaii'zf was?
itaque heri mirabar, quid ordinairement on ne ple/je
accidiet. Stomachari Ca point in', etje nearuai: bin'
nius. Sed quid aceret? Zz quoi attribuor ce qzte je
nondum enimAquilius,col moyois. Caniu: do s'tmporter.
lcga ex amiliaris meus, laiw qzlei romede
'non (al/ZZngB P Aquilim',
etman ami,
protulcrat \de dolo malo
formal-is: in quibus ipis 'fro-wit pa: encore pzzbliiu
cm ex eo queererctur, quid formula! mnine le dol, 02) il
ei'et dolm 'na/us, reponde expliquc trix-bien ce quo c'zyl
but: CzI/n t alludimulu quc dal, en [jamme qui afe
tum, allud actum. Hoc (if/Fair. C'q, dit-il, donner
quidem fane luculenter, ut Zz entend" qu'an ment un:
ab homine perico delinien chet, et enfaire une antre.
di. Ergb et Pythius, et Pjtbi'n, par con/Equent, et
omnes aliud agentes, aliud tou:.au1re.r qui on! de in
imulantes, perdi, impro &IaHL-s "dominu, hnt gan:
bi, malitioi unt. articieux,am i, et hut
probiti.

6
'Explica tque excute in
telligentiam tuam, ut vi
deas, quae it in e pecies,
forma, et notio viri boni.
Cadit ergo in virum bonum
mentiri emolumenti ui
Causa, criminari, przuriperc,
fallen-e? Nihil proe-(16 mi
ngs. E ergo ulla res tan
ti, aut' commodum ullum
tam expetendum, ut viri
boni et plendorem, et no
men amittas? Bid e,
quod afferre tantum utili
tas ia, quz dicitur, pot,
quantum auferre, i boni
viri nomen eripuerit, dem
juitiamque detraxerit?
(lgid
ex enim i:intere,
homine utrum
quis conf'crat
m I'a'nt
Reniriz on vlour-mine,
pourarvoir ce que thy] qu'im
loo'nnze de bien. Voyez, en
a'E-vtloppant catte idc'e, u
qu'elle won: preionte. Trou
ruerez-wam que I'bomme
bien pui montiri de
pour hn
intirit, calomnier, up-plan
ter, tr'o/nloer P Rien moinr.
acrement. Qr'e ce qui
pent tenir Iieu de I'bonne-ar, et
'you didammager duatrzito
que 'vomferez do 'Wire ripe
tation ? Paur one amor?
d'utilitE, won: allez don:
renoncer I: [a bonne i at 21
I'iquiti, c'e 2: dire, ar
d'ftre born/ne? La'importe,
on ezet, que 12: gure bo
'nnine 'vour coe, i dom

,_-_.--J
 ,On PROBITY._ 13:
plies, Does that urprie you i All the fih in Sy- *
racue are-caught here; it is from this place they
have all their water ; and as for thee ihermen, 'they
could not live without it. On this Cam'us, being
mighty deirous to make the purchae, begs of'Py
'bias to ell him the gardens. At rt he appears
very unwilling, but in hort, condecends to it,_
Canius, being fond of his bargain, and likewie a
man of ubance, buys them ready tted up, and
gives him his own price ; in hort, the writings are
drawn, and the whole aair concluded. He invites
his friends again next day; but coming rather be
fore the time, and eeing not o much as a ingle
boat, he aks one of his neighbours, whether it was
a holiday with the hermen, becaue none of,
them were to be een? None, that I know of, re
plies the other 2 for 'they never uedlto h here;
which made me the more urpried at what happened
yelerday. Caniur is vexed,. but what can he help
himelfe? For my friend, and colleague, Aquilius,
had not then publihed his formula: concerning fraud;
in which he makes anwer to one aking a deinition
of fraud, that it was to pretend one thing, and act
another. And, indeed, this is a very clear decrip
tion, and uch as might be expected from a. man of
his learning. Whence it follows, that Pytbius, and
all who do one thing and pretend another, ate with"
out honour, faith, or probity.

Revolve * and carefully examine your_under

tanding, in order to ee what notion, idea, or re
preentation of a good man you nd there. Is it
conient
i Oc. III. 20. '
m THOUGH'S of CICERO.
in belluam, an in hominis I'zmze il ny a plu: que
gura immanitatcm gerat fraa't de la bit: P
beUu?

Facle de damno e. .annd il ne Pelng que la

Bid P visa ejus in peri ptuniaire, il e Hi? de pren
culum veniet, utrum ali . dre on parti. 5145; t}?
quando necc'e t, aut oc payons que l'an i' troa-ve
dan: la niazili, on deairc
cupare, aut mori, quid a
ciet ? Pote hoc evenire, ut prir quely/un, au de prir
naufragio facto inveniat i-mmz. C'ej un cas qui
aliquem imbecillun1.tabul peut arrive', un dans xm
inhaerentem : aut victo ex naufrage, i now 'meum-an:
ercixu, fugiens reperiat ali 'me per-imm aii: dune
quem vulneratum, equo planche, quelle nait point la
inidentem: utrumne aut force de nam a'iuter; ou
illumxabul, aut hunc equo dans la droute dune arme,
deturbabit, ut i e poffit i en ayant nous rencontrait:
evadere? Si vo et juus un homme H, qui fait
ee, non {aciers (ben/al. Prendram-now la
planche lun, ou le cbm/al
l'autre, pour pourvoir mu
an/cr P A ne candttr gal
la juice, nous nen ferait:
nen. '
n. 30. a aes-k o' l

_ M. AttilictusiREgulus, ciim 1' se '

Rgulw, cant-[pour la
conul iterum in Africa ex conde fois. tant [a tile de
indiis captus ect, duce no: traupe: en Afrique, et
Xantippo Lacedmonimjua ayant t prix dans une em
mtus mi'us e ad cnatum, u-aae par Xantippe, La
uf,' nii redditi eent pomis tde'manz'en, gui commandait
I'armie ennemis, fut e'zrvojci
captivi nobiles quidam, re
diret ipe Carthagincm. Is au nat, pour demander
cm Romam veniet, utili quon rendit uelyue: pri/bn
tatis peciem videbat z. ed nier: dun grand nom; mai:
am, ut res declarat, al ara/et rment de retourner
fam judicavit : qu'a: erat ta lui-mme Carthage, Hi.
li_s. Manrc in patria, ee notenoz't rien. Arriru
domi um cum uxore, cum Rumen il trap-wit de 1utz'litf
liberis 5_ .
 iOn PROBI-TY. 133.
conient with the character of uch-a peron, to lie
for his own advantage; to calumniate, upplant,
and cheat? Certainly by no means. Is there any
thing then o valuable, or any proit o deirable, as'
to make amends for the los of honour and reputa
tion in a man of probity ? Can that which we call
profit, if it robs us of honour, juice, and the cha
racter of a good man, give us any thing o valuable.
in their ead i For where, pray, is the dierence'
whether one be actually transformed from a man into?
a brute ; or if under the external gure of a man, he
carry with him all the ferocity of the brute ?
a,
It is * an eay macth to reolve caes of prot
and los. But hould one's life be in danger, o that'
it was abolutely neceary, either to take the-ad
vantage of another, or to perih himelf: how ought'
he to behave i The uppoition is poible, as in a'
hipwreck, hould one nd a weak peron itting on
a plank 5 or in the rout of an army, hould he come
up with one of the wounded on horeback: would
this man, in order to ave himelf, turn the one o
the plank, or pull the other from his hore? Was
juice the rule of his conduct, he certainly would
do neither f.
-._,

M. 1; Attilius chain, ih his econd conulhip,

being urprized and taken prioner in Africa by Xan
tz us
* Fragm. lib. de Rep.III.
1- Some will think Cz'm-o very crupulous. But let us here re
member the fundamental maxim, the connen RULE, of all ma-.
rality, that forbids to do to others, what we would not have them do
lo us. Q'wd tibi err' mm wis, alteri ne freer-is. And ure this is
enough to upport icera's deciion; at lea, if pe0ple would not by'
groundles
Xerent fromubtilties, make juice
each other. < and charity to be eentially
i . dif -
I, QchI. 26, 8: 27.
 134 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
liberis; quam calamitatem a re'ur, mai: one orte
accepiet in bello, com d'uti/itc', dent i] reconnut le
munem ortume bellica: faux, comme l'E-vEne'nent [e
judicamem, tenere conu prou-ve. You'ir (le/21 patrie,
laris dignitatis gradum : ruth/re c/aez Iui a-veche/n
quis hzec neget ee utilia ? me, a-vec e: e'am, et ne
And cenes? Magnitudo regne-n'am a digrace que
animi et fortitudo negat. comme on regard'e le; lyaarell
Num locupletiores quazris de la gucrre, tenir le rang
auctores? Harum enim e ci'un czlqyen, qui a ere con
virtutum pr0prium,nihil ex el : pent-on dower qu'il nty
timecere, omnia humana ait la de I'uti/e? Ly'en
depicere; nihil, quod ho crojez-'vom F Mai: [a gran
mini acciderc pot, intole deur d'a'ne et le courage n'en
randum putare. Itaque con-viendront pan Aenez
quid ccit? In enatum ve 'vow Mieux I: ton/I'dter que
nit: mandam expouit: en ce: denx Term, dont [e pro
tentiam ne diceret, recua pre e de ne rien craina're,
vit: quamdid jurejurando et tle pe'uacler 13 I'lzernme
hoium teneretur, non ee que rien de atte'lr ne doit
e enatorem. Atque illud I'EHou'ir, que rien defdcbenx
etiam (6 iultum hominem, ne doit l'cajer P Rigulu:
dixerit quipiam, et repug queit-il dom' P II parut an
nantem utilitati uaz !) reddi nat, expoe' Ie motif dehn
eaptivos, negavit ee mile : voyage, et refte/a d'opiner,
illos enim adolecentes ee, on: pritexte qu'i] n'etait
et bonos duces, ejam con paint enateur, tant que on
fectum enectute. Cujus rment le tenoif entre le:
cdm valuiet auctoritas, main: de I'ennemz'. A [a
captivi retenti u'nt: ipe in pourtant (le grand on.
dira-t-on, d'etre alle; centre
Carthaginem rediit : neqne
hn intereit I) il cant-illa a'e ne
eum cantas pamaa rennmt,
nec uorum. Neque verb point rendre leJZpri/'onniere :
tum ignorabat, e ad cru que c'itoient de rawe: qei
delimum hoem, et ad en, et jeunee, ate-lien que
exquiita upplicia pro on dge le rendoit inntile. On
cici ; ed jusjurandum con e'en tint &an a-vi: : dehrtt
ervandum putabat. Itaque que le: prionnier: furent
tum; cdm vigilando ne gardez; et Iui, ine: que
cabatur erat in meliore cau le: douceur: ' de a partie,
a, qum i domi enex am uea tendn pour a
fami le bel/1111an [a dilitei
captivus, perjurus conula
tis remaniet. qu'il erojoit cle-voi' &hn r
Cm ment,
 .Un P'ROB'ITY. 135
itpus the Lacedemonian general, was ent to the
enate; after having r taken an oath to return to_
Carthage, unles Certain prioners of noble extract
were reored to the Cartbaginiam. On his arrival
at Rome, an appearance of advantage preented itelf
to his view; which, as appears from the event, he
judged entirely void of reality. The advantage was
this, to remain in his native country, to ay at home
with his wie and children, and, by regarding his
misfortune as the common chance of war, to retain
the rank of the conular dignity : and will any one
deny, that thee are protable? But what hall We'
ay, true fortitude and greatnes of oul deny it..
Now what greater authority would you require P For
it is the peculiar property of thee two virtues, to
fear nothing, to look down on all human enjoyments,
and to think nothing intolerable that can poiibly
beal a man. How then did he behave himelf? He.
came into the enate, laid before them his commi-
ion, but refued to give his entiments, as having no:
title to the character of a enator, while he conti
nued under' the acred obligation of an oath to the
enemy. And (though ome will certainly call him
fool, thus to oppoe his own intere I) declared that
it was not for the good of the ate to reore the.
prioners ; for that they Were excellent ocers, and
in the ower of their age : whereas he himelf was
worn out with years. In hort, his authority pre-.
vailed,. the prioners were detained, and he re-
turned to Carthage : neither the aection he bore his
native country, nor that of his family and friends,
being able to hinder him; and notwithtanding he
was enible, that he was going to put himelf into
the
 136 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
ment, il retain-na 2 Can'
thage, a;- i] n'igmrail par
gnme truaut? izm &al-nex
lax' rq'Z'r-voir de; hppliru
inatliix. P/u: btztreux dam
lein de; ply: cuqi/me dou
leurx, gu'i/ ne Faurait Pride
rule/ir dam/21 'na-(hin ame:
[a bente d'a'vair er'tri le:
barmeun du tmg/izlat, et par
a captiwiti, 't par o"
payure.
53.;"- _.
'*., Ham e.
Chm rex* rrhus populo Pyrrhus await entrerix Ia
Romano bellum ultro inm guerre mabntairement, et il
1iet, cmquc de imperio Zlait queion entre le purple
certamcn eet cum rcge Romain, et ce ral' bra-Us et
generoo ac potenFe; per paant, dehrvoir 2: qui de
uga ab eo venit m caxza meureroit I'empire. U'z tran
Fabricii, cique e pohm fyge, gaf gagna ecrettement
tus, i prtcmium ibi pro le camp de Fabricim, Iui
pouict, e, ut clam va: promit guy i l'o'z woulait le
ni'et, ic clam in Pyrth ricompenr, il repterait
cara rediturum, et eum awec le: mine; pricautiom'
vcncno necaturum. Hunc au camp de Pyrrbul, et I'e'x
pozi/bmzerok. Fabricius dan
Fabricius reducendum cu
mz ardre quilzctit remi: entrt
r'vit ad Pyrrhum: idque
factum ejus i enatu lauda le: mqim de Pyrrhus. Cane
tgun e. Atque i peciem actionful IouEe par le E'zat.
utilitatis, opinionemque A m' rayzidirtr [Saw-tain gut
quxrimus, magnum illud ce gui paroit mile, et pa
bellum perfuga_ unlls, et pour te] ; il 'zefallait gate ce
gravem adver_ar1um lmpe tramuge pour e dibarn"
rii huliet: ed magnum d'zmz t-eue guerre, et
ded'ecus et agitium, qui d 'un redoutab/e emzemi. Mai:
cum laudis certamcn fui [a glaire 'was await wi: It:
fet, eum non Virtute, ed arme: Zz [a main contra Pyr
[Colcrc hperatum. rbur. ye] approbre, uel/e
nairteur d'kn triumph-r, non
par [a realm', muic par w:
crime .'
ero,
2,"
 On PROBITYQ 137
the hands of the cruellel; of enemies, and to uer
the mot exquiite tortures : but to balance all this,
he was peruaded that the obligation of an oath ought
to be kept inviolable. Wherefore even then,lwhen
undergoing the mo tormenting * of all deaths, his
hard fate was more tolerable, than if hexhad grown
old in his own houe; covered with the hame of
having ullied his conular dignity by captivity and
perjury.

Although + king Pyrrhus had made war on the

Romans withotiit any provocation, and though the
dipute with this magnanimous and powerful king
was for no les a prize than empire itelf; yet when
a deerter from him, came into Fabricius's camp,
and promied, i he would give him a reWard, to
return ecretly into Pyrrhus's camp in the ame man
ner he had come, and dipatch the king by poion;
Fabricius ordered him to becarried back to Pyrrhus;
which action of his had 'the approbation of the enate.
But if we regard only what has the appearance of
* G advantage,
' In the original, it is 'vigilana'o necaaiur, which was very intel
ligible to thoe of Cicero's time, who knew in what manner Rrgular
had ended his days. M. Rollin's account of it, taken from his
hiory o the Carthaginiam, is as follows :
a They (the Carthaginians) kept him a long time hut up in a
'I dark dungeon, whence having r cut o his eye-lids, they
a dragged him, in order to be expoed to the brighte and hottc:
5' un-hine. They next hut him up in a kind of che, all beet
" with harp-pointed nails, that allowed him not one' moment's re
l" either day or night. 'At la, after having long tormented him
'5 with cruel watching, they dipatchcd him _by crucixion; which
V was an ordinary death among the Carthagizzium."
I quote M. Ral/in preferably to the ancieuts, from whom he has
taken this account, only to haVe an opportunity to recommend the
reading o his works. None have wrote for the benet o youth,
either with better intention, or with greater ucces. '
f Oc. III. az.
138 THOUGHTS of CICERO.

mfi p .._
Ware, quam vim ha Qze igniie ceite &te/arm
beat libra illa Critolai; qui de Critolaiir, 01) i] prten
cm in alteram lancem a'oit que i l'an a-voit mir,
animi bona imponat, in al dun tt, It: Him: de Iame ;
teram corpons, et externa g et de lautre, le: bien: du
tantum propendere illam (47er, matc- taux teux que la
boni lancem putet, ut ter fortune diribue; ce ail
ram et maria deprimat. lemporterait, guand mme
tm mettrait encore de teIui-(i,
et la terre et in mer: P
 On PROBITY. 139
advantage, and what commonly paes for uch z this
one deerter might have put an end to a very dange
rous war, and taken o a very formidable rival for
empire: But as the conte was for gloryritwould
have been a laing infamy and reproach to have got
the better of him, not by valour, but by vile tree;
chery.

Iwould 5? ak what can be the meaning of the

famous balance of Crito/aus; who is 'of opinion,
that if the goods of the mind be ca into one cale,
and thoe of the body, with all external advantages
into the other, nay though the whole earth 'and eas
were added to the latter, yet the former would pre
ponderate.

' Tucul. V. 17. Critolaus was a Peripatetic philoopher.

To the above account of probity from Cirere, 1 beg leave to ub
izin the following beautiful paage of Illuom'us; which, for its
excellence, may be called the GOLDER MAx1M. "A' 'rl ers-dart; mus
Fnz' Infra', 6 pair an'vQ- Gtx'zilu, 15 32 xax/lv 'utm- iAv 'ri wai'p:
alarxctv (an-a) iBozic, 73 He' rich-i EIZETHI, 76 32 it:pr (then Si quid
Pulclm' neris tum Iabore; abor guiden' abit, ed Pulrbrum mnmt : in
rurpe quid tarf: cum 'volupmtez 'us/upmr abir, at [in-p: mal/er. in
Englih) thus: N All-owing the performance of an honourabl: action
V to be attended with labour; the labour is oon over, but the
" honour immortal: whereas, hould even pleaure wait on the'
T commion of what is dihonourable; the pleaure is oon gone,
" but the dihonour eternal."

Gz
140 THOUGHTS of CICERO.

vn. Vll.
'De ELOCLUENTIA. Sur L'ELOQUENCE.

E QU E verb mihi RIEN dei beau, tlan

quidquam przeabi mar', gue de s'atiirer
lius vidctur, quim poe di Patin/tion de toute 'me a
cendo tenere homiuum coa mHEe ;7 qut de (hap-mer le:
tus, mcntes allicere, vo gpritx; que tle palm/air, an
l-untates impellere quo ve per-udden ou dmder (m
lit; unde autem velir, de me on went. Far-tout at? [I
duccre. Haec una res in pen/ple joli/'t de Zz Iil-extti,
omni libero populo, maxi dam un ter;th de paixprr'nri
mEque in pacatis, tranquil pale-ment, te at torg'our: 12
lique civitatibus, prsecipue Ie premier mErite, et re qui
emper oruit, empErque a-t-il,lap/m'
donne de crEdit.
en ekt, dei digne
dominata e. Quid enim
e aut tam admirabile, d'admiratian, qu'un bar/m',
quhm ex ininita multitudi qui, dam (t pradzgz'zux nam
ne hominum exierc unum, &rt d'lzammer, alt nd, 'm
preyique hul, waloir de: ta
qui id, quod omnibus na
tuer it datum, 'vel olus, Iem', gus [a nature accorde
vel cum paucis acere po (I ton: ? Rien atte-t-i/ i
t? aut tam jucnnduchg a'Z/irieummt I'q/rit et
iiapientibus ententiis, gra I'orcille, qu'un (II/bour; h
nitu, atque auditu, qum
gement paue', at noblemt'rt
vibque verbis ornata ora txrimi P ye] empire, quel
tio, et perpolita? aut tam aendant comparable E ce/ui
potens, tmque magni de l'elogueme, puz'gue om
cum, quim populi motus, alle Iz: caprice: du pulp/e,
judigum religioues, engts [a religion dujugcs, [a gra
gravltatem, umus orauonc vuitf du nal, tal/t plie?
converti P Quid tam porrb 23) a-t-iI de ply: ginreux,
regium, tam liberale, tam de plu: ra_ykz/, et qui mar-ue
municum, quim opem plu: m' grand teem', gar
ferre upplicibus, excitare d'aer I'imwrent, gue de
aictos, dare alutem, li re'tab/t'r I'opprimi, yue a'c
berarc periculis, retinere prote'ger le ible, gus a'e
homines can/&ram
 On ELOQUENCE. 141

vn.
On ELOQUENCE.v 'z

HERE * is nothing, I think, more truly

excellent, than for a man to be able to attract,
by his eloquence, the attention o awhole aem
bly; to charm their underandings ; and to direct,
or rerain, their inclinations at pleaure. i This
ingle art hath always, among free people, and epe
cially in"times of public peace and tranquillity, not
only met with the highe encouragement, but reigned
as it were paramount. Now is there any thing o
deerving out admiration, as that amid an innite
number of men, there hould be ound only one,
or at lea but few, who are able to exercie thoe
talents, which nature has beowed on all ? Or, can
any thing convey o meere a pleaure to our under
anding or ear, as a dicoure, which, to the wie
entiments, adds the lure and embellihment o ex
preion? What greatnes, what power, can com
pare with his; who, by a ingle peech, can direct
the caprices o the people, the conciences ojudgcs,
and even the majeic gravity of the enate? Be
ides, can any thing be more generous, more like a
king, or more truly denote a great oul, than to lend
aance to thoe who deire it, relieve the oppre
ed, communicate happines, protect from dangers,
G 3 and
" De Orat. I. 8.
142 THOUGHT s of CILCERO.
homines in civitate? (Did cener-ver [a raie (eux-ci,
autem tam necearium, et de fauwer lexil ceux;
qum tenere femper arma, la P a-til enn defi
quibus vel tectus ipe ee nicrzire, qua davoir {au
pos, vel provocare impro jaur: dc: arme: redoutab/c:
bos, vel te ulcicilacc'itus? aux whim-11, et qui nm
mettent (au-vert de: irg/ul
ter, 01: :1; tat de le: venger; P
- Age verb, ne femper o lai: pour Iar un pau
rum, ubellia, rora, cu part la: prod: et [ex af
rimque meditere, quid eefaim, la [lar-real: et le f
potein ocio,autjucundius, nal : furl [3le doux plagr,
aut magis proprium huma et qui tan-vienne mieux
nitatis, quam fumo face Ibomme, 711 dn-vaz'r, quand
tus, ac nulla in re radis? nom umme: matre: de 71461
Hoc enim uno przeamus guz: mamsns, um couver/21
vel maxjm fetis, qud col tz'on aimaHe et polie? Lu
loquimur inter n05, ct qud age qua mm: a-van: de la
exprimera dicendo lena parolz, et la facult de mm:
poum us. Qmmobrem quis commumucr airg/im: pmfiu,
hoc non jure mirerur, um L ce gm' nam dgingue le
mque 'in eo elaborandum plu: de: &Ver. Pouvoir dam'
ee arbitretur, ut, quo uno I'emparterhr les autre: bam
homines maxim beiis mer, m re quifail principa
rent, in hoc hominibus lement que Plantane lem
xps amecellat? porte in' la brute, _n*e-u
pas qua/qua [lug/2' de' mer-'veil
Imx, et gui min'te qua
a : dernicr: qortrour
y rfizr P
Ut verb jam ad illa um Void le u: beau trait
ma veniamus; qu vis alia enn, lbanmur de Palo
potuit aut diperos homi quem-e. 252/12 autre force
nes unum in locum con que cellel, put engager le:
gregare, aut fera, agre homme: dipe'ez, et froce:
tique vita ad hunc huma * quil: taient, / rm'r, et
mimx cultum, civilmque fe d/If? Car il} a ea
deducere? Nam fuit quod tm temp: 01), la maniere de:
dam tempus, cm in agris Mm, il: erroient dam le:
homines pam, beiarum tampngner, et e man-Wi
more, vagabantur, et ibi wem' de leur proie. Pre-'le
vitu
gabgnt;ferino
ncc vitam
ratione propa
animi faut/ dridoit par la force
corporelle, rien par la rai/5m.
- quid (Han
 On ELOQUENCE. 1'43
and preerve citizens from exile? What, on the
other hand, o nLCeary, as to have arms always
about us to annoy the malefactor, protect us from
being inulted, and avenge ourelves when we are
injured ?

But not to dwell on the forum *, the bar, the

rotrum, and the enate ; what is more agreeable to
human nature, or o delightful an amuement in our
recees from buines, as the graceful prightlines of
polite converation? In this conis our characte
riic preheminence over the re of the animal world,
that we convere together ; and, by language, are
able to expres our latent ideas. Wherefore, _to en
deavour to excel other men in that very thing whence
they derive their uperiority over brutes, who would
not be charmed with the thought, and think no
pains too much, in order to attain the dear accom
plihment ?
But let us come to the principal advantages of
eloquence. What power, but hers, could have col
lected the cattered individuals of mankind, or have
made them change their avage and wild manner of
living, for the polihed and civilized life of ociety ?
For + there was a time, when men, like o many
wild beas, wandered up and down in the elds, and
upported themelves with the ame food that thee
did : nor had reaon and contrivance any part in-their
actions, as being almo wholly performed by main
G 4. ' 'i rength

* Form', was the place where the Prztors diributed jutice;

Subzllia, the benchcs, or feats, where the judges at; Ror'a the
tribunals, 'whence they liarangued the people; and Curia, the place
'berectthe enate aembled.
1' De lnvent. I. a.
 144 . THOU'GHTs of CICERO. -
quidquam, ed p!eraque Alma' nal/e religion, na] ds
viribus corporis adminira woir. Point a't [air your le!
bant. Nondum divine: re mm'itzger. Un per: ne a
]igionis, non' humani ocii ruoit degue] enfam' il itoit
ratio colebatnr: ncmo pert." On ne kntoit jm: de
nuptias viderat legitimas: quel/t utilitE il z d'a-voir
non certos quiquam in (in print-'in d'e'quiti. An
pcxerat libcros: non jus 'iti/it'll de I'ignoraizcc et de
I'errtur, an eilm't tjrmmiji
mquabile quid utilitnds ha
beret, acccperat. Ita prop par d'a-veugle: jmom, it
ter errorem, atque inciti qui In furcu du ear-1, dun
am, crrcunc temeraria do gersue: cornpagnu, ow-nii
minatrix animi cupiditas, bicnt In mrjem na'e r'au
ud e explcndnm viribus T'il'. Qzelqu'rm, (lent In
corporis abutebatur, perni lmniere: Etaicnl upirietzru,
t'ioimis atellitibus. Quo ajant illa/it' alar: ce ue c'z
tcmpnre quidani, magnus I/llL' I'hamme, comprit gu'en
vitlicet vir ct apiens, I'inruimt, et nzelfant en
cognovit, quae materia eet, a-u-vre le: qualitez de on
et quanta ad maximas res ame, il j await tle yuoi en
Opportunitas animis ineet faire quely/(e (lu de grand.
huminum, i quis eam po Pour _y re'ur, il abtint gue
et eliccre, et prazcipiendo te: hammer Zpar: dam- le:
meliorem reddere: qui di champr, at) deruillage: [cur
eros homines in agris, et erIZ/oient de refrain, ra
m tectis ilveiribus abditos, mblqwt dam' 'm "time
ratione quadam eompulit lien: et II', travaillant (i
unum in locum, et congre [cur mettre cle-vant 12: yeu'x
gavit, et eos m unamquam l'utile et I'lmmite, d'abard
que rem inducens utilcm, il le: fron-'va pen humi: (I
atque honeam, primb tle: wiritez nou-veIIt: pour
propter inolentiam recla n'x : mai: gagnant [cur at
mantes, deinde propter ra tention de ply; en ux, il
tionem, atque orntionem Iturit enngatar [a mihn 3
Rudioiusaudientes, ex fetis et deauvagcs, tle aw-1055.'
ter immanibus, mites reddi ya'il: iioient, i] In rendit
ditAc inihi quidem videturi doux et bumaim.
et manuetos.
Un clmngemcnt et i
hoc nec tacita, nec inops prompt at i conidirae, lit,
dicendi apientia percere am douze, Pan-'wage tle l'ela
potuie, ut homines a con g.
gun/te aumnt 7111.' tle lah
E/ imj/ctqu'uneai: ilj>
i'uetudine ubitb converte
ret, et ad diveras vita: ra eat des Iri/w EtaHiL-n, Humil
tiones . \ on
 On ELOQUENCE. _' 145
rength of body. In thoe days, neither the udy
o divine religion, nor that of moral duties, was
cultivated: legal marriages were not heard of : none
could be ure which were their own children : nor
had they learned the many advantages reulting from
the law of equity. Whence the paons, by reaon
of ignorance and error, maintained a blind and ty
rannic way, abuing the powers of the body, thoe
dangerous partizans, for their own purpoes. In this .
period, ome great man ofuperior penetration di
covered, that the human mind was poeed of ta
lents ucient for executing the greate enterprize,
could any one nd a method to et them to work, or
improve them by inruction. In order to this, he,
by ome contrivance, conveened and brought man
kind together; who had been dipered in the elds,
or lurking in the wild recees of the fore. Upon
his endeavouring to make them enlble of whatever
was ueful or honourable, they at r proved re
fractory," as being unaccuomed to uch truths;
afterwards, moved by reaon and eloquence, they
heard with greater attention; till at la, from erce
and avage moners, he brought them to be gentle
and good-natured. * -

And,ct indeed, it appears evident to me, that

without the aid of eloquence, it was not in the power
of widom itelfto induce men to change, all of a
udden, their manner of life, for what was ju the
reverebutofthe
what it. powerful
Nay even when of
peruaion Cities were built,
cloducnce could i"
enforce the dictates of reaon, eablih the ober
G 5 - vance
'146 THOUGHTS ofCICERO'.
1i0nestraduceret. Age verb, an pu. i Feloqueme n'a-vo
apujci ce que la ragi/Zn pro
urhibus conitutis, ut dem
colcre, et juitiam retinere pahjt, rim/enter [a bonne oi
dicercnt, ct aliis pnrere tt la jzzirr, accoztumcr If:
fu voluntate conuccerent, barn/713.' Ez [a ubordination,
ac non modb labnrcs exci et le: dc'ter'nimr, nt diuu
picndos communis com
modi caus, ed etiaim vi
pa: male/neat Zz ne point
Zpargur lear: peiner, mai:
*tam amittcndam cxiiima hrriier ming [cur xvie pour
rent : qui tandem eri po It Him public? Aixrimmt
tuit, nii homines ca, quae il fallut [a twie de [a per
ratione invenient, elo mio'z, [Mter amemr teux
ouenti peruadere potui guie entoient Implmorts,
ent? Proixctb nemo, nii I? [ran-ver bon gu'unjngt d5<
gravi ac uavi commotus ridd: de Ieur: intire-"N, (ye
pratione, cm viribus plu met'th az'ni au ni-veau de:
rjmdm poet, ad jus volu Flux ad/er, e! Zz perdre tw
liontairemznt haditude a)
iet ine vi decenddre: nt
inter quos pnct excellere, il: Eloimt de e faire ju u'ce
cum iiz e pzxtmetur azquari, eux-iizimes; babitude tout
et ma voluntate 5. jucun a-az't rommode, et 1 an
dima conuetudine rece cienne, qu'elle pait pour Ioi
deret, quae praiertim jam de [a nature. r
naturze vim obtineret prop
ter vematcm.
., Z,
Oratorum .enera ee On ritemi qu'i] y a cli
dicunmr tanquam chSta dvm genre: d'arateurs, aini
him. Id ecus e: nam que de poi'tu: t'q ce qui
alterum e multiplex. Po'e' n'c point. Alla 'vritf il]
ma'tis enim tragici, comici, a dwpoFte: tragiques, fly er:
epici, melici etiam, uum a (le comiyuer, d'epigzzsx, de
quodvis e diverum 5 re Origin: : et tehnt autqnt de
]iquis. Itaque et in trage gem-e: dz'Erem. Dan: [a
dia comicum vitioum e, 1rag5die, le Zomigue ail zm
et in ccmcL-dia turpe tragi man-wan t' 31: [e tragigzw
cum: et in cmteris uus c n'en fait par 'm mail/'cur
cujuque certus onus, et n'am [a (amYdiL Airzi du
quazdnm intelligentibus nc antrcs rprce: de paie: : I:
(a vox. Oratcrum autem tun de c/'yawne margai,
: quis i'ta numerat plura et In (annoy/Ear: He s'y
geuera, ut alms grandcz, trot/pent paint. Man dam
an: gravest aut ecepiwos: Part uratoii'c, J'mgu'cn ds'qu
alios \ ' . gan:
 On ELOQUENCE. 147 Q

vance of good-Faith, maintainjuice, bring mankind

to pay a willing obedience to their magirates, and
peruade them that it was their duty to pare no la
bour, and'even to lay down their life, for the public
good? certainly no man o great power, if not
prevailed on by ome elegant and convincing peech,
would condecend to ubmit his aairs to the deter
mination o law, without being compelled to it;
Would put himelf on an equal ooting with thoe
over whom it was eay to keep up his uperiority;
or willineg recede from a cuom, of all others the
mo delightulLepecially, ute by reaon o it'
long continuance, it had acquired a force equal to
that of nature itelf.

It is *'= aid that orators, like poets, are o dierent

kinds. But the cae is otherwie; for of thee la
there are everal orts, diinct from each other,as the
Tragic, Comic, Epic, and Lyric. Whence in tra
gedy, the lea mixture o the comic is inuerable;
and it' is no les blameable to mix any thing tragic -
with comedy: and o in the re, each has its proper
tone, which is eaily diinguihed by people of tae.
But hould any peron thus enumerate dierent kinds
oforarors, as the ublime, the grave, and the'copious 5
the low, the ubtile, and the concie ; or imagine
others holding a middle rank between thee :' all this
he may arm of orators, but not o the art itel.
G 6 For
* Ibid. cap. 2.
+ Arz'ji'otle denes rhetoric, or the art o oratory, to be tin- aw/t]
a dij'cwering, on t-very occaion, whate-der is ProPer la peruade. It (On
hs ofour parts, I. Invention, callzd by the Greek: 'huge-m, is rho _
nding out,' or electing, uch arguments as are mo conducive to
prove

Lq'z
148 THOUGIITS of CICERO.
alios tenues, aut ubtiles, glue nux-ci ont de la '10
aut breves; alios eis inter lt, de la forte, de la
jectosz et tanquam medios Laudaum; qut ceux-l je
putet; de hominibus dicet ornem la mplicit,
aliquid, de re parum. In re lexaituele, a la prci/ion;
cnim, quod optimum it, et uergn il] en a gui
quriturz in homine dici tiennent tomme le milieu en
tur, q'od e. tre tu deux cararex; te
hnt l de: a'renrer qui
parlent, mm ur lart mme,
mai; zr (eux fui le culti
vem. On dit de! orateurs,
ce yuil: fant : mai: lgard
de l'elauente, il .ragit defa
weir et quelle dojt tre.
Wit-X . a. s
optimus e orator, qui Un orateur parfait, t'e
dicendo animos audiendum celui quifait inruire, plaire,
et docet, et delectat, et per et toucher. I/xruire, tela
movet. Docere, debitum didollgatian. Plaire, au
e: delectare, honorari tmoigne par-la de ltyz'ime
um: permovere, neceari lauditeur. Tout/2er, ce/i le
um. Haec ut alius melis, he a; ilfaut para/mir. ye
quam alius, concedendum le: un: rempliem mieux re:
e: verum id t, non ge tle-vain, et le: autre: main:
nere, ed gradu Ea i bien, cela dit ingalit de
gitur omnia in quo umma, mrite, mai: dam un milne
erit orator peritiimus : in genre. Aini lorateur e
quo media, mediocris: in pmfait, au mdiocre, au
quo minima, deterrimus. mua-vair, feltm quil remplit
Et appcllabuntur omnes, : devoir: parfaitement, m
oratores, ut pictures ap diocrement, ou mal. Tau:
pellantur etiam fnali. Nec on! le titre (Wort/Nun', calm/'e
generibus inter ee, ed le plu: mzye'rale peintre e
facultatibus dierent. Ita appele peintre. Ce ne/I
que nemo e orator, qui e point lart qui met de la dif
Demohenis imilem ce frente entre eux, ce/t le la
nolit; at Menander Ho lent. Au ny a-t-il point
meri nquit. Genus enim d'orateur, qui ne fuoth re
erat aliud. Id non e in jemlzler iz'D/io/Jcine : mai:
oratoribus; aut i e, ut Blnandre na point mou/u
alius gravitatem equens, reemler Homre. Il
ubtilitatcm fugiat : contr, travaillait (la/1: un autre
alius genre.
 On ELOQUENCE. 149
For with regard to the latter, we look for it in its
utmo perfection; but with repect to orators, we
declare what they really are. *

He * is the mo compleat orator, who inructs,

delights, and enibly touches the hearts of his audi
tory. To inruct is indipenible 5 to delight, dei
rable; and to touch, neceary. It mu be con
feed that ome perform thee better than others;
but then this inequality conis not in the kind,
but degree. Every orator, therefore, is reputed
good, bad, or indierent, in proportion as thee
qualications unite in him : yet all are called by the
name of orator, as painters, however bad, are till
called painters. It is by dierenttabilities, and not
by dierent arts, they are ditinguihed from one
another. None therefore can deerve the name of
orator, who has not the ambition to vie even with
Demgbener. Menander I, on the contrary, would
not apire to the perfection of Homer for this reaon,
becaue
prove the queion in hand, or work upon the auditory. 2. Dijz
tion, in Greek 'rifie or &manual-I, is the marhalling, or properly
dipong the everal parts of a dicoure ; by which means, the thinge
propoed are heard with greater attention, better undertood, and
longer remembered. Thee parts are commonly reckoned four, the
Exardium,_ the Narraim, the Canrmation, and the Perorazion or
concluion. 3. Elacution, called by the Greeks AZZK; or 'lip/anew, is
the uing uch terms and expreions as are uitable to the ubject to be
dicued; and diers nothing from propriety of diction. 4. Pra
nuntiatio", called in Greek 'T-'dxpwm is the regulating and adapting
the voice and geure agreeably to the matter. It is otherwie called
Action. See Vai Rbetarim.
* De opt. gen. orat. e'ap. 1.
1 Menander, the Albmiart, wrote nothing but comedies: at Which
he excelled. A
 150 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
-alius acutiorem e, quim genre. Voil ce oui n'e/I
ornatiorem, velit: etiam i point vrai de: orateun. Si
e in genere tolerabili: l'un, hu: prtexte quil
cert non e in optimo: (barbe mettre de [a forte
iquidem, quod omnes lau dans im tif/2014m, nglige [a
des habet, id e optimum. pria/ioni i lautre, [mur
tre plu: ferr, ne Jaime/Je
point aux orneme/u .' guoique
lun et lautre je faent
fupporter, on ne dira quau
um deux hit parfait; air
la perfection e I'amage
de foule: le: bonne: quu'litez.
I .. 5.
Ac mihi quidem fpenu Toute: le; foi: gite je 'm
mero in ummos homines, remet: tle-vant le: jeux [6'
ac ummis ingeniis prditos 714in a eu de grand: homme:
intuenti, qurendum ee et d'ej/ritJ-hpirieun, je me
vium e, quid effet, cur fair cette que/lion, do "vient
plures in omnibus rebus,, yuil] en a plu, gui ont
qum in dicendo admi ered/e' dam tom' le: auri-es
rabiles extitient. Nam arm, que dam (olui de loie
quocumque te animo, et quence. Parcourez les autre:
cogitatione converterxs, per genre: ou i] faut du mrite;
multos excellentes in quo (eux-mime: ou il m fant le
que genere videbis, non plu; et mou: n'en trouve
mediocrium artium, ed rez point o .zeaucoup 'le-gem
prope maximarum. Axis rit/aient par-ventu- je faire
enim e, qui, clarorum admirer. Qui, par exemf/e,
'hominum cientiam rerum ne mettra par au-du de
genarum vel utilitate, vel lorateur, Iegnml darme',
magnitudine mctiri yelit, jicui/i par l'utilite'et par la
non anteponat oratori im grandeur de; actioru, que l'on
pcratoremi mus autem egprcie le mrite :9 Rome (6
dubiret, quin belli duces penazmt, Rame jeu/e a pro
ex hac una civitate pr dzjt une itgmt d'illure:
antimos pene innumera guerrier}, land/J qu peine
.biles; in dicendo autem dierum-mur w: bien petit
excellentes vix paucos pro nombre de lum: orateun.
ferre pomus? jam verb Pour de: [John/1e: age: 'et
conlio ac {apienti qui capable: de gouverner, nous
regere ac gubernare rem m arva/u eu plu/[euro de notre
publicam poiient, much
let;sz .' nor/arag mu aim ire:
nulh, m
 On "ELOQUENCE I5I>
becaue'he employed himelf in a quite dierent kind
of poetry. But this takesv no place with repect to
1 orators; or allowing that one hould ue a rong
pathetic ile, free from obcurc ubtilities; another
delight more in argument and witticims, than purity
and beauty of exPreon : yet uch peculiarities,
though they may be found in an indierent orator,
cannot certainly enter the character of a compleat
one, in 'whom all good qualities mu unite.
s .'

Upon * a review of greate and mo able.

men, it has often indeed appeared a queion with
me, why fewer have diinguihed themelves for
eloquence, than in any other art. Turn your at
tention which way you pleae, you will nd many
who have excelled, not only in inferior arts, but in:
thoe too of the greate c_onequenc.. Now what
peron, if he eimates the abilitiesiof great men by
their extenive uefulnes, but would prefer the gene
ral to the orator? And yet who will call in'qiieion,
that in this one city we have had almo innumerable
inances of great and excellent generals; while
carce any can be mentioned that have excelled in_
oratory? There have been many in our days, and
more in the time of our fathers and anceors, who,
by their prudence and widom, were well qualied
to govern the ate ; whereas for many ages 1-, there
were none at all that could be-called great orators ;
and indeed, it would be.dicult to inance a toler
able one or every age.
Now
* De Orat. I. 2, 3, 4, 5. _ ,
1" Cim-c, in his book de dam's orator-Elms, chapz 15. goes mfarthu
back than Ccttgw, who was conul in the year ol Rome 550.

'---d-.',_
 152 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
nor, plures patrum me en art/aient encore plu: que
mon, atque etiam majo nom; mai: de: nate-un, le
rum exiterunt : cm boni premier qu'on ait pu e/imer,
perdiu nulli, vix autem ne/f venu que heu tard, et
ngulis tatibus nguli to peine cbaquer/e en a-t
lerabiles oratores inveni ilfourni un de/upportale.
rentur.
Ac, ne quis fort cum On me dira que le mii-ile
aliis udiis, qu recondi de l'orateur, et celui dun
tis in artibus, atque in gnral darme, ou d 7un dan
quadam varietate literarum je'nateur, nont point ajz
verentur, magis hanc di de rapport, et quil clau-
cendi rationem, quim cum droit mieux ici ne parler que
imperatoris laude, aut cum de: am, qui tiennent la
boni fenatoris prudentia littrature. Reqhrmom nom
comparandam purer; con y donc, et ruqyon: dan:
vertat animum ad ea ipa quelque autre genre que te
artium genera, circumfpi hit, eomien de 1mm: (fleure:
citque qui in iis oruerint, Jo'rent nom. Rien ne
quamque multiz c facil prouve mieux quel Point il
lim, quanta oratorum t, e wrai, que tous le: temp:
emperque fuerit paucitas, furent rile: en orateurx.
judicabit.
Neque enim te fugit lau Vou: a-vez que telle de:
datarum artium omnium iente: qui e regarde com
procreatricem quandam, et me la fourre et la mre 'tle
qnai parentem, cam, quam toute: le: autrei, re la
omm/quaii Grci vocant, Philoophie, aiu/i que lap
ab hominibus doctimis pellent le: Greu. Or il ne
judicari; in qua difficile e rait pa: azf de compter le:
enumerate, quot vm, quan lbilq/bpbei, qui ont brille"
t fcienti, quantque in par Itendue, par la tmn-igrip
fuis udiis varietate, et pa la profondeur de leur
copi fuerinta qui iion una fumoir; et qui, loin de
aliqua in re feparatim ela orner quelque ojet dtac/Ji,
borarent, cd omnia, qu ont emrq/e tout, ont rai/anni
cunque eent, vel fcientias fur tout. Quoique les ma
perveigatione, vel die thmatique: oth un ama:
rendi ratione comprehen de'tonnoimtes abraitz's, et
derent. mus ignorat, ii, qui demandent une grand
qui mathematici vocantur, pintmlion; tel a pom-tant
quanta in obfcuritate r'e iri le nombre de: [moi/e:
rum, et qum recondita- in matbimatiriem, quon dirait
artg, que
 On_ ELOQUENCE. 153
Now that none may think the comparion un
fair, between eloquence and the renown of a gene
ral, or the prudence of a good enator; and that
eloquence ought rather to be compared with thoe
udies which have ome connection with the ci
ences, and other branches of literature z let us take
a view of thee very ciences, and oberve what
great numbers of eminent men have ourihed in
each of them, and then we hall be able to judge
how inconiderable the number of orators has been
in former times, or is at preent.
You are not ignorant, that what the Greeks call -
philoophy, is eeemed by men of the greate learn
ing to be, as it were, the ource and parent of all
the liberal arts: yet it is a dicult matter to enu
merate, how many of its profeors have been
remarkable for their great learning, and the variety
and copiounes of their udies; and uch as have
not conned their reearches to one ingle branch of
knowledge,-but by an indefatigable application to
udy, and the ound deductions of reaon, have ex
tended their views to every thing. None, ure, is
ignorant, how abrue, intricate', ubtile, and per
plexing, the udy of mathematics is; and yet o
many have been eminent for their knowledge in this
cience, that it hould eem, no man ever heartily
applied himelf to attain it, who did not gain what
he propoed. Who ever et himelf eriouly to
udy muic, or thoe branches of literature called
grammar *, and did not acquire a thorough know
ledge
' By the word Grammnriun, the antients undertood a learned
Man 5 or one who was perfectly well killed in all thoe branches of
Ter-azure, that, among the Frcnr, go by the general name of Bullet.
rt-'1.
 \

\154. THOUGHTS of CICERO.

arte, et multiplici, ubtili gue pen/bane n'ait 'voqu fay
que verentur I' quo tamen pliqueriz ette cience, gu'il
in gencre ita' multi perfecti 'z'j ait riu. Qgelgu'un fe
homincs exiterunt,uc ncmo iI bien mi; dam' I'Ljrit
fer: uduie ei ciemiae ve d'apprendre la mszigue, ou
hementis videatur, quin, d'atguirir cettehrte d'irudi
quod voluerit, conecutus tion, qui tj/f Ie paring-e de:
t. (Dis muicis, quis huic grammairiem, yu'il n'ere/bit
udio literarum, quod pro 'UE'I'A A bout, quoigue [a
tehtur ii, qui gnammatici guantiti tle: c/Joe: gu7ilfaut
vncantur, penitus e dedidit, h-voir pour cela, hit pre/4:
quin omnem illarum artium iry'F'lie P
pmnE innitam vim, et ma
tcriam ciemi et cognitione
comprehenderin>
Vex-E: m'ihi hoc videor Ye u-oi: pon-wi'- a'ire a-vec
ee dicturus: cx omnibu's
'z/jrzctte', que [a pne'ie e calm'
iis, qui in harum artium de lous le: &eaux arte, od'zm
udiis liberaliimis mt, a le main: de e/aqf-d'awvres :
doctrinique verati, minL e! teendanl, 13 examiner ce
nam copiam poEtarum egre ue Rome et [a Grece ont
giarum exitie : atque in produit dam' (2 genre-I-mi
hoc ipo numero, in quo me 01) il e i rare d'exceller,
perrarb exoritur aliquis ex on werre: qu'il y a enter:
cellens, diligentcr, et ex Izien main: de bon: orateum',
noromm, et ex Grach gue de bon: pae'tu.
tum copia comparare voles,
multb tamen pauciores ora
tores, qum potz boni re
penentur.
Quod hoc etiam mirabi-_ Maz': 'ce qui augmente en
lius debet videri, quia cai core iti [a urpri/Z', t'q ue
terarum artium udia fere pour le: autre: cience: il
reconditis, atque abditis e faut (ben/ye" an lain, et
fontibus hauriuntur; dicendi treuhrprqfandiment : an Ileu
autem omnis ratio in medio gue I'arateur n'mzploie gue
'ota, communi quodam de: raihiz: et is: expreion,
qui appartiennent ct tout le
m uu, atque in hominum mande. Tellement gue (e
more et ermone veratur:
nt in casteris id maximE ex gu'an admire Inux dam le:
cellat, qUOd longime t autre; ciences, c'q ce qui
ab imperitorum intelligen a le main: Zz [a partie de:
Lia, enque disjunctum: ignoram, et le main: intel
m ljgictle :
 On ELOQUENCE, 155
ledge of the almo innite number of things,
whereof thee arts coni.
\

This," I think, I may truly arm; that there

have been fewer who have excelled in poetry, than
in any other cience within the whole compas of
liberal arts. But however canty the number of
good poets is, yet if you carefully reckon up thoe
that Greece and Rome have produced, you will vnd
v them far more numcr0us than the good orators.

-What makes thisappear ill more extraordinary

is, that the knowledge of the other ciences is
dCLlUCCd, for the mot part, from aizrue, and not
Commonly known, principles; whereas eloquence
lies open to the views of every body, and employs
only uch reaons and expreions as'are made ue
of in common life. In other arts, what is mo
raied above the comprehenion and underanding
of the ignorant, is eeemed mo excellent; but in'
oratory, it is a fault of the highe kind, to depart
from the uual forms of peech, or the received'
maxims of common ene *. '
Nowi

' Mr. Luke, Eay on Ham. Undnand. B. III. Chap. Io. ect.
34, paes a everejudgment on the whole art of oratory, as ounded.
on the very fault here condemned. Would we peak of things as
they are, ays he, we mu allow, that all the art of rhetoric, beides
order and clearnes, all the articial and figurative application: of
words eloquence hath invented, are for nothing ele but to ininuate
wrong ideas, move the paions, and thereby milead thexjudgment,
and o indeed are perfect cheats : and therefore however laudable, or
allowable oratory may render them in harangues and popular addrees,
they are certainly, in all dicoures that pretend to inform or inruct,
Wholly to be avoided z and where truth and knowledge are concerned,
Cannot but be thought a great fault, either of the language or peron;
that makes ue of them.
 \

156 THOUGHTS of CICERO.

Itigible : qu'en matiEre d'ela
in dicendo autem vitium
vel maximum t A vulgari quem-2, an contrair-e, le ply:
genere orakionis, atque 5. iizigm deffaut 42 de m par
conuetudine communis en parltr tom/16 le: metre, et
us abhorrerc. paurfairc entendre de tom.
*-'-.
Ac ne illud quidem vere 'On ne hin-oft, au ree,
dici pote, aut plures cad prioner que I'elagueme ait
teris artibus inervire, aut it! main: whirl/is; gu'elle
majore delectatibne;at hit main: attrayante d'elle
pe uberiore, an: premiis mime; qu'elle pruneth? de:
nd perdicendum ampliori re'tampenh: main: atteuI-JJ.
bus commoveri. Atque ut Car, amarlcr de [a GrZzt,
omittam Graciam, quae 0121'0'1 x't taujour: pigue' d'j
emper eloquentize rinceps exteller, m' d'A/bE'u-J, qui a
ee voluit, atque i las om it? le ber-tall de tom le:
niurn doctrinarum inven beaux arm', et I: gan' I'art
trices Athenas, in quibus de [a parale dai on origint
umma dicendi vis et in et a pt'fectian; jamai: no:
venta e, et perecta: in Ramaim, depui: qu'il: ont
hac ipa civitate proectb it? It: maftre: de I'uni-verx,
nulla unquam vehementis, n'am' montri plat d'ardeur
quim eloquentie udia vi pour autune orte d'Ztude,
uerunt. Nam poeaquam, guepour I'elozueme. Unepaix
mpeno ommum gentxum duraHe Ieur tyrant dEJ-Ior:
conituto, diuturnitas pacis procure; a'u Ioz'i", tom awe
otium conrmavit, ncmo de norjeune: gem- que I'amour
fere laudis cupidus adole de [a glaire conduioit, tour
cens non ibi ad dicendum nirent lear: rude: et [cum gfl
udio omni enitendum pu ort: tle re chi-112. Point de
tav_it. Ac primb (Inide mit/male d'a/zord .' nal exer
tenus rauonis ignan, qui tice paurh ormer : nal/&up
neque exercitationis ullam on gu'il] aft de: rEgle; : il:
vim, neque aliquod prae e liruraient Zz lear ginie.
ceptum artis ee arbitra Mai: enuile, Io'hu'il: m
zentup tantum_, quantum renl comm [e go't de; Greu,
mgemo, et cogltauone po entendu [tun oratturs, et
terant,conequebantur. Po pri: de: maitrer, [a paan de
autem, auditis oratoribus I'e/ogueme fat partie an zu
ercis, vcognitique eorum prime degri. Unehule d'a
literis, adhibitique docto fairer importantn, et dam
ribus, incredibili quodam tau: le: gem-es, urniient
npri homines dicendi u hm' a' l'otcaian deparler :
dlo agtaruntz Excitabat enbrte gu' I'eitua'e du (abi
eos w',
 On ELOQUENCE. 157
Now it cannot be aid, with any appearance of
truth, that more people apply themelves to the
cultivation of the other ciences, or that they are
encouraged in the puruit of them by more exalted
pleaures, greater hopes, or more ample rewards.
For not to mention Greece, which has always been
deirous to excel other nations 'in' point of elo
quence; or Athens, that parent of all learning,
where the art of oratory was r practied and
brought to perfection; certainly no udy ever
ourihed o much in this city, as that of eloquence.
For after an univeral empire was obtained, and
the continuance of peace had aorded leiure, every
youth, who was any wie ambitious of glory,
thought no pains too much, in order to acquire
the art of peaking. At r, indeed, being wholly
ignorant of method, unacquainted with the great
advantage of exercie, and not imagining there were
any rules belonging to this art ; the progres they
made in it, was entirely owing to the rength of
their own genius and reaon. But as oon as they
had heard the Greek orators, read their books, and
taken maers to inruct them, it is incredible with
what vehemence our countrymen thired after
eloquence. The importance, the variety, and
great number of caues aorded every man an
opportunity of adding freqUent practice, which
far exceeds all maers, to what he had learned
by udy. Beides, the greate-rewards, as public
favour, riches, and honour, were then, as well
as at preent, annexed to this profeion. And as
to genius, it is evident from many coniderations,
that
1
 158 THOUGHTS of CI'CERO.
eos magnitude, et varietas, mt, on joignait 1m 'qumt
multitudoque in omnige uzge, le mei/itur de tam
nere cauarum, ut ad eam le: matre:. Alom', comme
doctrinam, quam uo quif aujourdhui, r'ftoit la route
que udio conecutus eet, de la fa-wur, alex ric/aU,
adjungctur uus rcquens, de: bannean. ewen: (car
qui omnium magirorum Ie fait e [arcqu dailleun)
prcepta uperaret. Erzmtquil} a fou/bar: euplzu dy:
autem huic udio maxima, pth cbez lex Remains, que
qu nunc quoque um, d'au: le rtj/ie du monde. -
propoita prmia, vel ad
gratiam, vel ad opes, vel
ad dgnitatem. lngenia
ver (ut multis rebus po
fumus judicare) n'ororum
hominum multum cteris
hominibus omnium gen
tium priterunt.
Wibus de cauis, quis Peut-on, tela tant, na"
non jure minaturp ex omni tre pas urpri: dt trouver
memoria tatum, tempo dan: faute Iaaliyuit, et
rum, cthatum, tam exi que/que part que te ail, une
guum oratorum numerum i grande a'ztte durateur: .9
inveniri ? Sednimirum ma Sans doute, leur art (/1 Quel
jus e hoc quiddam qum que cbq/e de plu: grand, et
'homines opinamur, et plu demandeplu: de talem riant},
ribus ex artibus, iudiique qut lon m pen/2. Car erg/2,
conscium Axis enim ali dt re 714in a tant de beaux
ud in maxima dicentium * gnie: qui J'y appliquent, tant
multitudine, vfumm ma d'babich matre: gai leu
giftrorum cepi, praean igizent, tant (l'heureux et
limis hominum ingcpiis, de rit/Je: iljtu manier,
innit cauarum varietate, tant de ricompcnhs; et cg
ampliimis eloquentiae pro pend/mt i peu deuttEJ; gag
pomis prmiis, ee cauae tondure de 1, i 'fa yuz
putet, nii rei quandam in lart e dom dun! lomzarzia
credibilem magnitudinem, . diam/li P
ac dicultatem i \

E enim et cientia com Au iji-il 'zEaire pour

prehendenda i rerum pluri _y rhzi, que l'on ait un
marum, {me qua verborum graudfona: de rannaijbmer ;
volubilitas inanis, atque ir jan: quai ce m eroit gu'u'z
- ridenda e: et ipa oratio ux de parnleh main Et digne
con dt
3
 On ELOQUENCE. x59
that the Romans were much uperior in this repect
to all other nations.

All this beingrtaken into the account, is there

not great reaon to wonder, that the number ctof

orators have at all times and places of the world

been o very ew ? But in truth, the art of oratory
is more noble, and requires the knowledge of more
arts and ciences, than is commonly imagined.' For
what other reaon, but the greatnes and diculty of
the undertaking, can be aigned, why in uch va
numbers of udents, endowed with excellent na
tural parts, o few ucceed; though there be no
want of able maers, an innite variety of caues,
and the greate rewards annexed to the attain
ment ?

To form an orator then, beides an extenive

knowledge, without which the eaie ow of lan
guage will appear trilling and ridiculous; I ay,
beides this, the ile mu likewie be embellihed by
the jue arrangement, as well as choice of words ;
a perfect knowledge of all the aections *, which
nature has beowed on mankind, is alo neceary;
becaue the whole power of eloquence ought to be
exerted, in order to calm and roue the minds of
' the

' Aections are either public or private, benevolent or elh;

the former are excited by hewing, that the thing in queion has
_,. _, a manife tendency to promote the happines of others; and the
latter, by proving that an object or event would occaion the greate
'hare of pleaure to the individual. -The exciting truth: about
means, would be only thoe which pointed out ome means as more
certainly eectual than any other, or with'les pain or trouble to the
Agent. See Blanker/1 on the Paions, p. 114..
 l

160 THOUGHTS of CICERO.

conormanda non oldm de rz'e'e. Ilfaut an yle
electione, ed edam con qui frape autant par le
ructione verborum: et cboix yue par Part-ange
omnes animorum motus, ment de: man. Et comme
quoa hominum generi re 1'gwtiel conie, ianlo't 21
rum natura tribuit; penitus 'Emau-voir In paom, tantit
pernocendi; qubd omnis Zz le: talmer, il faut tan
vis rati6que dicendi in co noitre tom ce: rejzrtrecreti,
rum, qui audiunt, menti gue [a nature cacba dam
bus aut edandis, au: exci [e near bumain. J'az'gnez 12
tandis expromcnda e. Ac cela 'me termine grace, de
cedat eodem oportet lepos I'enjoueme'zt, un awir
quidam, acetiaeque, et d'lyomme bien ne', awec de [a
eruditio libero digna, cele wi-vatili 2 repartir, et t)
ritz'zque et brevitas, et re laurer de: traitex, piyuam,
pondendi, et laceendi, ub mai: m' et dih-an. On
tilivenuate, atque urba dait pqidzr I'antiguz'ti, et
nitate conjuncta. Tenenda await' en main [ex exemle:
praeterea e omnis an_ti yu'elle four-hit. On m doit
quitas, exemplormque vls_: pas ignarer le: Ioix, ni le
neque legum, aut juns Cl drait ti'uil. Parlerai-je de
vilis ciemia negligenda e. I'action, qui embra 'out Ez
Nam quid ego de actions [a ll, et-Ie: attitudes, it
ipa plura dicam? quze le: gee, et le: regardy, et
motu corporis, qtiae geu, [a maniEre tle gowvermr it
uae vultu, quce vocis con 'von P Jugeom de refte dif
?ormationc, ac varietate cult? par un art i-vole,
moderanda e: quze ola qui e telui de: tome'diem.
per e ipa quanta t, hi dent I'Etude um'que e a'e
trionum levis ars," et ce bien diclamer. y' ne ait
na declarat: in qua cum cambim [es Ham acteur: out
omnes in oris, et vocis, et in? rare: dam tom le: temps ?
motus. moderatione elabo Parlrrai-ja de [a mE/noirc,
rent, quis ignorat, quim qui q/I [e dEpEt uzzi-vl dy:
pauci int, uerintque, quos penie: et de: pan/ex?
animo zequo pectare po Lydguu tri/ar: quc Para
Iimus? Bid dicam de the teur amai', J'i/ manyue
auro rerum omnium me de me'moire pour le: con
morii P quae nii cuos in rwr, ihhm' perdu. .
ventis, cogitatique rEbus,
et verbis adhibeatur, intel
ligimus omnia, 'etiami
prie Puiquc
w- w

On ELQgU-E-NCE. - 16;
the auditory. To this mu be added, a certaip
graceulnes, an enlivening raillery,, a gentleman,
like learriing, and actready talent'ior repartee, anId
attacking an adverary in a delicate and polite
manner. One mu likewie be acquainted _witl,1
autiquity,_and have a great many examples to pro
duce: nor is the udy of laws and juriprudence to
be neglected. What occaion for me to enlarge oil
action- itelf, which mu xbe regulated by the motion
of the body, the geure, the countenance, VC'ith a
due command, * and uitable changes of voice *_P
The great diculty of this alone, plainly appears
from the frivolous art of comedians, and repreent- '

ations on the age 3 where, though every one rives

to regulate his countenance, voice, and ageures,
in a becoming manner; yet, who'is ignorant how
few there are, or have been, whom we can behold
with patience? Need I to mention memory, that
treaury of all knowledge; to whoe keeping if A
the inventions, reections, and expreions o the
orator, are not committed, they mu, however
excellent in themelves, be infallibly lo i'

H Wherefore,

t Hanch, in his Art o poetry, v. 101., eq. oberves what ur

rizing inuence this has on an auditory. -
With thoe who laugh, our ocial joy appears; i \

With thoe who mourn, we ympathize in tears;

Ifyou would have me weep, begin the rain,
Then I hall feel Your orrows 5 feel your pain.
. Francis" Her.

-'\->>.__..
 162 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
U

przclarima fuerint, in .
oratore peritura.
O_uamobrem mirari de Puique I'clogutm'e rim/it
namus, quae caua it elo. tant de talent, don! (bacun
quentium paucitatis: cdm h part cxige tant de hin,
ex illis rebus univers elo ne ther-(Low ply: d'ox) mien'
quentia. conet, quibus in gu'ilj a i pen de bon: ora
ngulis elaborate pennag Nun.
num e.

-'---i-nln
..'.
 On ELOQUENCE. v163
Wherefore, ince eloquence conis of all thee
accomplihments put together, the udy o each
wherea ingly, is a matter of the greate diculty;
let us ceae to wonder, why good orators are o
few in number.
154 THOUGHTS of CICEROQ

Vm. VIII.

De AMCITIA. Sur l'AMITIE'.

UA quidem (amid PRES [a aggz, je

regardc l'amitiei comme
tid) haud cio, an,
excuptiapienti, quidquam le [alm- ricbc rLf/kzlt que nour
melius homini t i diis fa'nt [ex Dieux immortal:
immortalibus daLum. Di D*autres prEerent Populeum,
vitias alii przeponunt, bo d'autres Infants', d'autre: [a
nam alii valetudinem, alii puz'mce, d'autre: le: ban
mm-s, it plzgieur: meime [a
porentiam, alii honorcs,
multi etia_m voluptates. tvolujii Ce derm'er e [e
Belluarum hoc quidem ex partag'e de: bratt: : et 17
tremum e; illa autem u I'Zgard du ree, ceh'zt thoe:
periora, caduca et incertzzz fragiler, z'nttrtainn, et qui
poita non tam ln nons dEE'ZdEt moim de notre
conliis, qum in fortuna: prudence, que de [a rtune,
temeritate. et dee: caprice-1.
Qgi autem in Virtute annt Zz teux qui camptent
ummum bonum ponunt, [a 'vertujwur [e bienzprime,
przeclare illi quiderp_: ed il: ent grande raien. Mai:
haac ipa virtus art-licmam et la wertu mime q/I ce qui fait
gignit, et connect: nec naitre I'amitie'; elle en A [e
ne virtute amicuia ee autien, et i] ne pent) a-wir
d'amitziiam warm.
ullopacto pote.
am vita:
virtutem ex conue A re mot de vertu, n'at
tudinc ermoniquei no tatbam in' que l'idie qu'il
ri interretemur: nec eam, primta communiment, et
ut quidam d_(3cti, veborum dam le Iangage rete: un:
non: reigler ur [a mag
magnicenua mena'pur:
viroque bonos eos, qm ha mcch de: ter-mer, que cer
benturl. numeremus, Pau tain: dacte: enzoient. Re
los, Catones, Gallos, Scigardom tomme d'bonnElesgem
piones, Philos. His com ceux qu'an reromzoitpour ielx,
munis vita. cdntenta e. It: Paulm, le: Catarix, le.
Eos autcm omittamus, qui Gallm, le; Sn'piam, le: P/yi
omnino [111.
 On FRIENDSHIP. .165

V; >VIH.
On F'RIENDSHIP.

* 'F we except Widom, I know not if the im

l mortal Gods have beowed o excellent a gift
.0n\ mankind, as friendhip. Some give the prer
ferenceito riches, ome to health, ome to power,
'others to honours, and not a few to pleaures. This
la, indeed, conitutes the happines' of brutes;
and even the former are frail and uncertain, depend
ing, not o much on 'our own p dence, as on the
caprice of fortune. ct
Thoe, on the other hand, w o place their chief
happines in virtue, act an excellent part: but then
this virtue begets and maintains friendhip; which
without it could by no means ubi.
We take virtue in the meaning put upon it in
icommon life, and our own language; nor, with

ome learned men *, do we meaure it by uperb

epithcts : We likewie lookupon thoe as good men:
who are commonly' eeemed uch 3 as the Paulus's,
the Cata's, the Gallus's, the Scipio's, the P/nilus's.
Greater models of virtue than thee are not required
in common life: whence We make no mention of.
characters, that are no where to be. found.
H 3 Now
* The Stoics. For the idea they give o their wie _man, ee
rage 99- ' ' '
\
166 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
cmnino nuquam reperi Iur. On n: demand: rim d:
untur. plu: dam I: commerce du monde.
i dig/i laim l ce: ugar, qui
ulfe fraud/ent nul/(part.
Tales igitur inter viros, Une amiti dom, li: arm'
amicitia tantas cpportuni~ de: gem qui remblm! aux
tates habet, quantas vix qua je nomme, dm/ien! une
quco dicere. Principio, ourceintarzhbled'agrimrm.
.cui pote ee 'vita mitulit, Ert lvi-vna que d: na'voir
ut ait Ennius, qui non in pa: ]: ner dan: lt hin
amici mutua benevolentia dun ami P Quel/e d'auteur
conquiefcarf qua dulciu3, romarab/e celle dawz'r
quim habere, qui cum awe: gui par/er de tout, au
omnia aude-as c loquii ut Iirtment qua-veci mfme P
tecum? Quis ee: tantus C! qui man: arrive dbeureux,
fructus in properis rebus, 'uausanraz't-il Egizlemmt,
nifi haberes, qui illis qu, fer/E7171: 11] Emir auq/i/I/t
ac tu ipe, gauderet? Ad que 'vous P Et dam un arri
Veras verb ferre difcile deutfdcbeux, ou Iron-ver da
eet ne eo, ui illas gra Ia mnfalatioryz, i (e n/I dam
vide etiam, quam tu, ferret. un arm, peur qui rua: peiues
font entore plus aval/mm:
que pour waw P
Denique cter res, qu Tour le: autre: aljetx de no:
expetuntur, opportun funt deirxhntprtque llarnez cba
ngul rebus fer: ngulis : tun leur utilit propre. Vou:
divitir ut utare : opes, ut aurez de: ricbes, c/t pour
colare: honores, ut lau en faire uage ; a'u crdit,
dere: vqluptates, ut gau pour tre condr; du ban
deas: valetudo, ut dolere neur:,pour tre/oui; duplazir,
pour le goter; de Iaantei,
careas, et muneribus fun
gare corporis. Amicitia pour ne painth'ziir, etpaur
rcs plurimas continetz quo rEier auxfatigue: du torpi.
qu te verteris, pr e : Mai: l'amiti e d'une wa;
nullo loco excluditur: nun ource i'ginie. Partaut ell:
quam intempeiva, nun J'qie wow. Partout elle a
quam moAlea e. I lfaque lieu. Jame: elle n impor
non aqua, non 1gm, ut ma/"4771m: onEreu/e. Au
aiunt, pluribus locis uti g-te unpraruerbe. Q5: lami
mur, quim amiciti. ti, pour lutilit, "ba de pair
amer szeu et l'eau.
Neque 'ego nunc de vul Ye ne dis pa; cela dune
gari, aut de mediocri, (qua: amiti foiH' et commune,
tamen gan'
 On FRIEND'SHIP. ' 167
Now the advantages ariing from friendhip
among men of this ca, are greater than I can well
expres. And r, who can have any relih for
life *, as Ennius exprees it, that cannot repoe
himelf on the mutual benevolence of a friend?
What pleaure o exquiite, as to have one you can
talk with as freely as with yourelf? Where would
be the boaed advantages of properity, had we not
a friend to hare it with us? And as for adverity,
it would be almo inupportable, without one to
eae us of the greater part of the grief attending
our misfortune.

In hort, every other object of man's deire, is

ueful only for ome particular purpoe; riches, to
be ued 5 power, to command repect; honours, to
be the ubject of applaue; pleaures, to be enjoyed z
health, to be free from pain, and in condition to
dicharge uch duties as depend on the body. But
as for friendhip, its advantages are innumerable;
which way oever you turn, it is preent; it is
admitted every where, is ncver uneaonable, never
troubleome. Whence, as the aying is, we can
no more be without friendhip, than without water
and re. ' -

I am not 'now peaking of common and ordinary

friendhip, though that too has its pleaure and ue ;
but of that which is real and perfect, uch as exied
H 4. between
l * The expreion of E'm'ur is, vita vita/it, which canndt be
rendered lit-rally in Franb, or Ering
 ,

me THOUGHTS'oF CI'CERO.
tamen ipe;" et dilectat. et 'qui pouriunit it? Iu'i par
p'rode) ed de vera et per d'aTvoir on prix, et-es a
jeda lcquor, qualis eorum, grEmem. Je par-[e d'u'ze
qui pnuci nominantur, uit. ince'v', d'une par-uit' ami/ie,
Nam et ecundns res, plen dent, 5- [a merite, 'on 'ze die
didiorcs facit amiciiia, et que bie'zpeu d'example-1. Cella
adveras partiens commu a' den'ze A [a prqpe'rili m'
'Ijicxilniqum leviores. Cm
non-vel Etlat. Dam Pad
que plurimas et maximas Aerite', earrime ele en par
commoditates amicitia con mge le paidx, e/la [a rend
tjneat, tum illa nimirufn plu: ligEre et pdrmi [es
przciat omnibus, qubd bo ban: cte: qu'e/[e nau: fre-v
na
ee'pcdcbilitari
produce: animds,
in poeruih,
ductt r/z'gue alorx, I'qeutiel b'q'
- qu'm 'wa mettmz) un ade
cadcre patitu'rl m'r favourable demant let.
._}'Fux, elle ne htzre pa: que
nerre couragehew/7155.
_Verum etiam amiwm Avoir zm arm', r't awoir
qui intue'tur, tanquam ex un aulrehimEZ/ze. szmi I'zm
crnplar aliquod intuetur ui. e abent, I'autre le remplure.
ngcirca et abentes ad St' Pan de
manque e rien.
rit/Je,Dun:
I'auh'e
Iu 'imzne
unr, et egenies abandant,
ct imbecilles v'ak'nt, et qu'od IrII/ie de I'un, il ree delrct!
dicilius dictu e, mortui Zz I'autre pour le ewurir.
vivunt: tantus eos honos Cclui qui mew-t le premitr,
memoria, dcderium pro re'mfl dam Ia ton/lame eime,
dbquitur amicorum. Ex quo den: [e ea-vean teun're, dam'
iliurum beat-3 mOrs videtur : lax continue-T: regret: de I'ah'tre.
horum vita laudahilis. Pour le man, c'e 'me daw,
teur; et pour Iehrtviruaizt,
un 'Hip-ire.

Saepizme mhi de ami Qzlarzdje pure ziz I'amitii,

citia cogitanti, maxime il te qui m'arrifue haw-ent, je
]ud coniderandum videri troutve qu'un point digne
olet: num propter imbe d'examen, c'c, i dle dot
__ cillitatem atque inopiam u nazme tz Iaiblr et
aux &eaim de l'bomme, qui
deiderata it amicitia; ut
dandis recipiendique meri font que cbatun, par un rom
tis, quod quique mins per merce chz'praque de ban: a'
e ipe poet, id acciperet ices, rivere/ye 2: e procure'
ab alio, vicimque red ce qa'il n'a point de im
deret? an ee: hoc quiQem fond: : ou i, ce: ban: tte:
propnum 'ilent
 On FRIENDSHIP. 169v

between thoe few great men mentioned above. For

it not only adds new Charms to properity, but, by
communicating and haring it, renders even adver
ity itelf-les intolerable. Now amongthe many
and great advantages of friendhip, I take this to be
the mo eential, that it gives us good hopes of
what is to come, and uers not our minds to be
dejected, much les to ink under aictions *.

Beides, he that takes a view of a friend, beholds,

'as it were, the perfect reemblance of himelf. lSo
that abence cannot eparate, want impoverih, ick
nes weaken, or, what-is ill more aonihingi, death

put an end to their life. So conant is the remem

brance, o incere the aection, and o elevated the
eteem which are entertained for the deceaed by their
urviving friends, that the death of the former eems
La happines, and the life of the latter a merit.

3..
_.-I

In my frequent meditations on friendhip, there

is one thing appears chieflcty to deerve conidera
tion; and that is, whether it be courted merely 'to
upply the weaknes and wants of mankind; that,
by a mutual exchange of good oces, every one
may receive from this friend, what is wanting, in
himelf; and make up, in his turn, the defects of
his friend ? or, allowing this to be, indeed, a pro
H 5 * perty;

' Cicero had experience of this, during his banihment, from

Atlirur: whence it is plain, that his deign here was to teify his
remembrance and gratitude, by dedicating a dialogue on friendhip
Whnn. < -
170 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
proprium amicitig ed an ntant regardez que cumule
tiquior, et pulchrior, et une hite de lamitie, elle a
magis natura ips pro une origine antrieure, plus
ecta alia caua i mle, et qui part de la na
ture mime .9
Amor enim (ex quo ami Parmi le: rai/an: qui peu
citia nominata) princeps 'vent faire unn veuille du
e ad benevoTentiam con Him lun lautre, la prin
jungendam. Nam utilita cipale e de (aimer ; et c/I
tes quidem etiam ab iis d'aimer, yw vient le 'not
percipiuntur fpe, qui i damiti. Si lon na que de:
mulatione amiciti colun quia dutilil, ay-vent, pour
fur, et obervantur causa j reiur, ilht de mont
temporis. In amicitia au rer aux bammeru: 'le mafgue
tem nihil ctum, nihil de lamiti, et dan: la [011'
mjulatum; et, quidquid in juncture ou il: peuvent nous
ea e, id e verum et vo er-vir. Mai: lamiti ne
luntarium. Qxapmpter connat ni feinte, ni digni/i
natura mihi videtur potis, ment. Tout y e fiinera
quim ab indigentia, orta tout part du cur. Ye laf
amicitia, et applicatione trz'bue donc [a nature,
magis animi cum quodam lit/utar quau en'n ; etje la
enu amandi, quam cogi vrai: leffet dune fecrette im
tatione, quantum illa res preion, quiefaitjentir dan:
utilitatis ee: habixura. lame, plat/Ft que dautant
relexinn/ur l'utilit, guipeut
nous en rew-m',
ngd, quidem quale t, Vous art/ex; dan: le: fam
etiam in beiis quibufdam une image de lette imprqon.
animadverti pote: qu Ca'r, durant quelque, temps,
ex e natos ita amant ad dle: aiment leur: petit:, et
quoddam tempus, et ab leur: pair: le: aiment. Ou
eis ita amantur, ut facile mail que te qui le: guide, au;
earum fenqu appareat. lefentiment. Il a manz'fee
(End in homine multb e encore mieux ans lhomme,
evidentius. Primm ex ea par la tendree de: pre: et
caritate. qu e inter na de; mre: pour leur: enfanx;
tos et parentes: qu diri 'endreuiruie dun parfait
mi, nii deteabili celere, retour, et quon uepeut tauer
non pote. Deinde, cum ni depart ni dautre ; main:
fimilis feriqu extitit amoris, que dy ctre-rtipar un crime
aliquem nacti umus, cuL abominable. Quand il je
jus cum moribus et natura trouve une jetybnne, dont le
_ r congruamus, cai-adire
, s
\
 On FRIENDSHIP. - 17-1
per-ty of friendhip, whether it has no other caue,
that is more antient, more rened, and nearer allied
to nature itelf? -
It is love (whence, in Latin, the word friend
hip is derived) that chiey conciliates benevolence,
Fav9urs, indeed, may be obtained even from thoe,
for'whom friendhip is only pretended; and who
are courted merely to erve a preent intere. But
in true friendhip, there can be no impoition, or
deceit : whatever makes a part of it, mu be incere,
and from the heart. On this account, therefore,
friendhip appears to me, to be derived rather from
nature, than the indigence of mankind; and to be
owing rather to the benevolent aections of our
mind, than to any conideration of the great utility
attending it.

As to the nature of this enation, we may ob

erve a reemblance of it even in ome beas ; which
love their ospring, and are beloved by them, with
o incere a regard, for ome time at lea, that it
manifeily appears to be the dictate of nature. This
ininct is ill more viible in man. As r, from
the rong aection, which ubis between children
and their parents; that cannot be diolved without
incurring the guilt of the mo odious o-all crimes *.
Again, when me meet with one whoe nature and
manners-tally exactlylwith our own, we are aected
H 6 with
l'i However general a truth this may be, there are particular excep
tion: to it, as in the cae ofbmbam's deigning to acrice his on
Ijimc; and that of Brutus, the r conul of Rome; who, when his
two ons had engaged in a conpiracy to reore the Tarquirr, ordered
them both to be beheaded. But then private ties of blood are o no
force to fuperede the divine command, in the former cae; nor to
cancel a crime againt the commune-calm, in the latter.
x72 THOUGHTS ofCICERO.
congrnamus, quod in eos rarare rapparee au ndh'e,
quai Iumen aliquod probi
un partil entimth mihi
tatis, et virtutis perpicere clnrre dam notre ami; et.
yidenmur. Nihil e enim tala, jure ce que la probit et
nmabiliusy Virtute: nihil, la vertu mu: par'oz'-nt &ril
quod magis a!1iciathomi Ier dam' cette fer/arme. Car
nes ad diligendum: quippe il ny a rien de plus affray
cm propter virtutem et ant, rien de plu: amiable
probitaiem eos etiam, quos que la vertu. Elle mou:
nunquam vidimus, quodam intre four de: gens mEme,
modo diligamus. e, que wm 'm wite: jamais.
qui C. Fabricii, M. Curii ufcul nom de Fabritim, au
non'cuzn caritate aliqua et de Curiui, mort! amant que
benevolentia memorisz u mu: fzam au mande, ne
i'urpet, quos nunquam vi imony-nom- par une at-te
derit? (Dis autem e, qui d'inclination pour eux P Peut
TarquiniumSupcrbum, 'qui on, au contraire, peu/rfan:
Sp. Caum, Sp. Mzelium barreur Tarquiu [e Su
non oderit? cum duobus erbe, un Caus, un
ducibus, de imperio in Ita AIE/tu: P Deux guerrier:
lia decertatum e, Pyrrho hut ruean en; Italie nous
et Annibale. Ab altero, dif/pater lempire. ye parle
l propter probimtem ejus, de Pyrrlm, et dAmzz'al.
non nimis alienos animos ujourdlyui nam ne rima/am
habemus: alterum propter plus gure de mal lun
crudelitatcm femper hc d'eux, qui avait de la Pro
civitas oderit. quod i bit: mai: l'autre, h
tanta vis probitatis e, ut cruaut lui azre la beige
cam vel in es, quos nun {terne/le de: Romaim. Si
quam vidimus, vel, quod dom' la wert/1 a tant dat
majus e, in hote etiam traits, que nom laimait;
diligamus '. quid mirum, i dam (eux que nom nen/am
animi hominum movean jamais fait, et, qui plus e,
tur, cum eorum, quibuf dans no: ennemi: mme: ; (j?
cum uu conjuncti ee po z'l rprenaut
impncton quelle[or/que
fur nous, fq
um; virtutem et bonitatem
perfpicdre videantur P nous la crayon: Pair dam
ceux amer qui naushmme:
porte de nous lier P

qumquam javoue
 'On FR'LEN D S-HI P. 173,
with a imilar enation "of benevolence towards
him 3 becaue in uch a 'one we eem to dicover the
bright euence, as it were, of virtue and goodnes.
For there is nothing more amiable 'than virtue, or a
tronger incitement to love : inomuch that on ac
count o their virtue and probity, we'in a manner n
love thoe whom we never aw. Who is there but
\ has a eculiarct repect and veneration for the memory
of C. Fabricius *, and M Curqu + 3 though he
never had any peronal knowledge of them? And
who, on the contrary, but detets Tarquin the Proud,
Sp. Caus I, and Sp. Meal/'us H ? There have been
two generals, Pyrrhus and Annibal, who contended
with us for empire in the heart of Italy: one of
thee, biy reaon of his generoity, was never greatly
the object of our averion; whereas the cruelty of
the other has rendered him obnoxious to the conant
abhorrence of this tate. Now if the power of vir
tue is o very great, that we love it even in thoe
whom we never aw; or, what is ill more, in one
who is our profeed enemy ; is it any wonder, that
the aections of mankind are rongly wrought on,
when

* We have mentioned Fabricius, and Pyrrbu: king of Eirc, already.

See page 1137. _
1- M. Curiu: Dmta'ur is equally famous for his frugality, valonr,
and victories. It is of him Juvenal peaks, in the well-known vere
again hypocrites, '
9\x_ci Curiosimulant, et Baccbanalia lviwunt. '
_At diance, they like Curius appear;
But are true Bacchanals, when you come near.
1 Sp. Cizus Viullimir, after having been three times conu', and
twice honoured with a triumph, was impeached for apiring to be
king: in conequence of which, he was thrown headlong fron the
Turpeian rock, in the year of Rome 270.
[i Sp. Maliur, accued likewie of apiring to be king, was killed
by StV-lms Abala, general of the hore, in the year of Rome 315.
174 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
Chxanquam conrmatur j"ai-voue que le: bon: o
amor et benecio accepte, ns, la morgue: dattacbe
et udio perfpeftol et con ment, l'aduite' i' mir,
fuetudine adjun ; quibus fbrtimt lamiti. Tout cela
rebus ad illum primum ino joint inclination, repre
tum animi et amoris adhibi mier mouvement du near; ilm
tis, admirabilis qudam ex rEu/le une tent/reiigrande,
ardecit benevolenti mag 'i alive, quellz tient du pro
nitudo : quam i qui putant dige. Vouloir Quellepartefur
de: motif} d'intn'l, rit m
ab imbecillitate procici,
ut t per quem quique a faire yin/ow they? de bien "vil,
equatur, quod dederet ; et ui donner une origine Mm
humilem fane relinquunt, ignoble. On pourrait con
et minim generoum, ut clurre de l, que main: un
ita dicam, ortum amiciti, homme croit avoir de rth
quam ex inopia atque indi hun-e en lui'mi'me, plu; il
gentia natam volunt. And trait propre lamitz'e': at
ita eet; ut quique mi c'e pourtant le contraire.
nimum in e ee arbitrare Car lhomme le plu: riche a'e
_tur, ita ad amicitiam ee: hn propre fandJ, et dont la
aptimus: quod long e age, dont la ratth g
cus e. Ut enim quique comme tm rtmpart, qui le
ibi plurimum condit, et garantit du zin ; t'g/I
ut quique maxim virtute lbomme I: plu: fen/{He aux
et fapienti c munitus e, charme: de lamiti, et le
ut nullo egear, uique om plu: exact m remplir le:
nia in fel ipfo ipplita judi tle-vain. Q52] &e/air; Scipion
cet: ita m amzcitns expe await 1'] do moi .9 dura.
tendis colendifque maxim Ye pourvoi: galement mepaf
excellit. Quid enim Afri fer de lui. Iai: moi, rem
canus indigens mei? Mini pli dadmiration pour/Z: wer
m herde. Ac ne ego qui tu, et lui, peatEl, un pen
dem illius. Sed ego admi priq/enu en ma favour, nom
ratione qudam virtutis ronfume: de l'inclinatz'on lun
ejus : ille viciliim opinione pour lautre. Lbaitude en
fortae nonnull, quam de rra [if namdr. Mair, quoi
meis moribus habebat, me gz cette liaim nom- ait
dilexit. Auxit benevolen beaucoup hr-vz', et dam:
tiam conuetudo. Sed quan mumup dotca tom; lide
quam utilitates mult ct yuel/e dz?! jamai: non; tre
magnae confecut um, non taile, n'j tait pendant en
funt tamen ab earum pe tre pour rim.
caue diligendi proe-at.
Ut On
 On FRIENDSHIP. 175
when virtue and goodnes are dicovered in thoe,
with whom a ocial intercoure may be enjoyed ?
True aection, however, is much conrmed by
good oces, by marks of eeem, and intimate
acquaintance 3 and1if thee concur with inclination,
that r movement of the heart, there reults, from
uch a conjunction, a height of benevolence not to
be expreed. Should any one imagine, that all this
is the eect of the natural weaknes of mankind,
in order to upply their mutual wants and indigence z
this would be to debae friendhip, and to agctn its
origin to a principle, which, I may venture to ay,
is far from being generous. If this was the cae,
he who is mo enible of his own imperfections,
would 'be be qualied for friendhip; but, in fact,
it is quite the revere: for in proportion as every man
is condent of his own ability, and has uch a ock
of virtue and widom, with every other neceary
qualication, within himelf, as to need no foreign
aance 3 o much keener will his deires be for
friendhip, and his care the greater in cultivating it. ,r'
Did Africanus * and in any need of me? By no
means. Nor, indeed, had Iany occaion for his
aid. However, being charmed with his virtues, I
loved him ; and he, on the other hand, had an a
fection for me, occaioncd, perhaps, by the good
opinion he had conceived of my manners. Our
mutual benevolence increaed as we became better
acquainted. Now though many, and great, advan I
tages reulted from our friendhip 54 yet certainly it 3 i
was no: the propect of them that gave rie to it. i
i
- - ' For
* Ltlz'u: ays this of Stipia A-icmr, who has been mentioned
above. See page In.
 176 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
Utenim beneici libera On e' oH/gemzt eighte-51
leque umus, non ut exi reux, non pour a>vair du re
gamus gratiam, (neque e taur mai: par-ce gu'an Ii-vre
nim benecium ceneramur) a on pent/aunt naturel. Un
'ed natur propeni ad libe
bienszit, et I'zzu'e m monk
ralitatem umus: ic amiu par enenble. Au dait an,
citiam, non pe mercedis tout intith 21 part, ne (ber
* adducti, ed qubd omnis cber dam I'nmitii que ce qui
'ejus fructus in ipo amore pra-bien' d'elle, I'awantagt
jne, expetendam puta d'aimer et d'ftre aime'. Ce
mus. Ab iis, qui pecudum n'e par airzi que raiimnent
rim ad voluptatem omni teux qui, tomme Ie: Mter,
reerunt, longe dientimus; rappartent 'out 21 [a wolui.
nec mirum: nihil enim al ye n'euui: pashrprix. De:
tum, nihil magnicum ac gem' onupez d'un objel i
divinum upicere pount, bax, et i mEprzaHe, ne
qui uas omnes cogitationes pea-'vent rim come-voir de
abjccerunt in rem tam hu grand, rim de noble et de
milem,timquecontemptam dimin. In' dom' nal/e men
Alamobrem hos quidem ab tion d'eux. L'amitz'i, elon
hoc ermone removeamus: now, e un ntiment gue [a
ipi autem intelligamus, na' natureorme dam no: man,
tur gigni enum diligendi en non: fazant ruaz'r dam'
et benevolentia: caritatem, -gut*[qu'un, I'image de [a wer
facta gnicatione probi tu. Attirez par cet/e image,
tatis: quam qui appetive de: coeur: J'approtbent, i
runt, applicam ee, et pro j'qh ai'zparler, il: J'atta
pis admovent, ut et uu (bent ricz'proguemmt, pour
ejus, quem diligere coepe god-'er In doureur: que [e m
ractEre de [Hurt prop-'et (it I'aa
run, fruantur, et mori
bus: sintque parcs in a ire. Tour/sex an 'yf/'te de
grei, Eri: d'u't Egtzle ten
more, et xquales; pro
peniorEque ad bene me a're, t't 21 qui marguera
rendum, quhm ad repo I: plu: de gE/ze'raiti. Unei
cendum. Atque hzecinter [unable &ma/mien fait gus
eos thoneacertatio. Sicet I'amitz'e' de-vimt 'trEx-utile,
, utilitates ex amicitia max hm que I'utilitfoit le n
ima: capientur: et exit ejus demmt de I'tzmitt'i. Ele a
ortus *a natura, qum ab dam [a nature une origina
imbecillitate, et gravior, et et*plu:'b0nufte, et plu: h
vverior. Nam i utilitas a Iide. Cizr, i deux meum'
n'Elaimt um) yue par I'zimE
micitias conglutinaret, ea-\
dem commutam diolverex;i rit, il: ctroimt de I'eitre,
\ Se guard
 ." On 'I F'R'I EN D SH I P'. .' 177
For as we doaa'cts oflkind'ntSs and generoity, not
with any propect to haft/e naeum, uch a conduct
hieing'inCOnent with the nature of a favour ; but
from our natural proPenity to benecence: in the
ame manner, friendhip, in my opinion, ought', not
to be cultivated for mercenary views ; but becaue
the cordial' aection whereon it isifou'nded, is,,of it
elf, advantage enough. We are. of quite dierent
entiments from thoe Who refer every thing to plea
ure*ct : and no wonder, for they whoe thoughts are
wholly taken up with o groveling and contempt
ible an- object,- can never have any tae for what is
fublime, excellent, and 'divin'e. 'Therefore let us
make no further mention of them. But as to our-,
elves, it is t we hould know, that the endearing
aections of love and benevolence 'naturally arie
from a dicovery of virtuen Thoe who are aected
in this way, draw near, aznd unite themelves, in
order to enjoy the'tompany and ocial virtues of the
peron beloved 5 they aim at. an equality of friend.
hip; and are more olicitous to do good Cces, the .
about a return. Whence arifes-a laudable emulation
between them. Thirs the advantages of friendhip
' will
* The Epicurean doctrine, which makes the happines of man
kind to coni in pleaure, has been greatly mitaken by antient and
modern philoophers = and the reaon is, becaue they have given the
name of happines, not to' the thing itelf, but to its ecient caue;
Hence as the fancy took them, they placed it in riches, knowledge,
honour, reputation, virtue, &fe- Ej-imrus, on the other hand, con
iders the formal caue of happines, or the ate of one who is actually
happy. He examines wherein the thing itelf conis; and nds it
to be in the enation of pleaure, or the entiment of a mind that is
pleaed, atised, and contented.. lt cannot be hence inferred, that
Epirurm made human happines to coni in good cheer, or enuality; for
thee are only ecient caues, and conequently foreign to his enquiry.
Mr. Boyle thinks uch a method of conidering happines the mo
exact and philoophical of all' others. See his man, Hi. Crin.
anicle EHC unus, Remark (H)
z78 THOUGHTS of CICEko.
Sed quia natura mutari non quem] I'intirit change. Mai'
pote, idcirco vers: amici [a nature nt pouwantjamai:
me cmpiterna: unt. change', It: wEritaHu am'
tirzbnt frame/lex.

:-= .
Vibudam, quos audio J'entend: a'ire gu'en GrEn
apiences habitos in Grae an regard: to'n'm' de: age-r,
cia, placuie opinor mira certain: amateurs de para
bilia. quazdam; ed nihil doxn, gem qui, atwc lour:
ei, quod illi non pere rvaine; itbtilittz, entre
quantur uis Argutiis: par premtent deprawver tom'- II:
tim ugiendas ee nimias man: dint,'9u'i1faut Eruitn'
amicicias, ne necee t u d'irrc trap amir, ain gu'un
num ollicitum ee pro eal n'ait point a I'embar
pluribus; atis upErque nr your pluieur: .' gilt
ee ibi uarum cuique re charm' a bien zz, et n'a
rum: alienis nimis impli gus trap de e: propre: af
cari moleum ee: com faire: .* gu'il e drbeux
modimum ee, qum d'entrer trap avant dam'
laximas habenas habere telle: d'autrui : gus [e Mieux
amicitiae; quas vel addu tdle tem'r le: rE'te: it I'a
cas, cdm velis, vel remit mitiE, pour Etre latg'aur:
tas. Caput enim ee ad maitru de le: allanger, on
heate vivendum, ecurita de le: accourcir, quand il:
tem; qu rui non pot 'was plain Car, dInt-ils,
animus, i tanquam partu I'g'ntiel pour 'ui'vre ben
riat unus pro pluribus. reux, c'ef [a Irangui/liti:
et il n'e pas poible d'tn
jou'i'r, i de: intirit: Etmu
ger: nous agitent am a.
Alios autem dicere aiunt On prEte a? d'autre: 'me
multb etiam inhumanis, opinion enure bien main:
(quem locum breviter per raz'imaHe, et don' j'ai di
rinxi paulo antE) przeidii jd tout/m'v 'm mot: 23'1'1
adjumentique causi, non fauteaire de l'amitii, non
benevolentiz, neque cari par un attatbament a'c tour,
tatis, amicitias ee expe mai: 'me Iiaihn mile. 23'
tendas. ltaque ut quique ai', main: on a de guaie
minimum rmiratis habeat, htenir paroi mine, pha: il
minimmquc virium, _it_a. faut ange' A faire de:
amlcx amis

__ _ __,_'-_.-J
 On FRIENDSHIP. 179
will be very coniderable; and its origin, deduced
from nature, not only more agreeable to truth, but
likewie more olid and durable, than that from the
indigence of mankind: for was intere the only
bond of friendhip, a change in the former could
not fail to diolve the latter. But ince nature
cannot be changed, true friendhip mu of cone
quence be-eremal.
Some * men, who in Greece are ranked, as I am
informed f, amOng the wiet ages, have taken up
very extraordinary notions on this ubject ; but then
there is nothing can ecape their ophiry. They
maintain, that too extenive friendhips ought not
to be entered into, le one man involve/himelf in
the diquietudes of a multitude; that-every one has
buines enough, and perhaps too much, of his own '5
that it is extremely troubleome to be/too deeply
intereed in the aairs of other people; and that it
is mo eligible to hold the reins of friendhip in
uch an unconned manner, as to have it always in
our power to reighten' or acken them, as we hall
ee occaion. For tranquillity, with thee men,
makes the principal ingredient of a'happy life; and
this the mind can never enjoy, while one peron is
in labour, if the expreion may be allowed, with the
concerns of many.
Others' are aid to arm, what is ill more un
warthy of a man, and has been ightly touched on
. above,
* De Amicitia, cap. 13. _
1- ln the time of LeIiur, whom'Cie-ero introduces peaking in this
place, the Grecian literature was not betome common at Rome; which
is the reaon that Cicero, to keep up the demrum of the dialogue, makes
Lelius ay, that he had only been informed concerning the opinion that.
prevailed among their philoophers. .
 t

180 THOUGHTS of CCERO.

amictias appetere maxm. amh. 23' par cette rai/m
Ex eo eri, ut muliercul lexmme: yimgeut plus que
magis amicitiarum prdia le: homme: ; le: pain/ru,
qurant, quiim viri; 'et plus que le! rie/Jee; ceux
inopes, quim opulemi; et qui la fortune e eanlraire,
calamiw, quim ii, qui plus que ceux qui elle rit.
putantur beati. .
o prclaram fapien o la belle philo/2210M
dam! Solem enim mun Oer aux hommes lamiti,
do tollere videntur, qui a qui e ce que la Dieux leur
micitiam e vita tollunt: ont d'amie, et de meilleur, et
qui diis immortalibus ni de plu: agreed/e, c'e/t [om
hil melius habcmus, nihil me i lon tait le jbleil
jucundius. l'uui-vers.
zeizzez lii/i
Non ergo erunt homi On 'e'en croira dam point
nes deliciis diuentes au ce: ricbe: voluptueux, loi]
diendi, i quando de ami quilJ 'ueulent razonner fur
citiz, quam nec uu, nec lamiti, dont il; uprouwi
ratione habent cognitam, rent jamais les douceurs, et
diputab'unt. Nam quis e, dont il: h'ontpm mme dia'e.
px deum dcm, atque ho Lip' e-ce, Ciel! qui mou
minum ! qui velit, ut neque droz't regorger de life-m, mais
diligat quemquam, nec ipe condition a'e uaz'mer per
ab ullo diligatur, circumflu h'mc, et de 'Nitre aim de
ere omnbuscopis, atque in pezmne P Te! e le n de:
omnium reru'm abundantia tjram. Pour eux, nul at
vivere i Haec aim-eft ty mcbement folide, qui mienne
rannorum vita ; ni qua ni du (ur, et qui joit l
mirum nulla dcs, nulla preuve. Toujaur: nouveaux
caritas, nulla flabilis bene foupom, nouvelle: inquitu
volenti poteft ee ducia : de: .' point damiti. Aime
omnia femper upecta, at roit-on de: gem gu'on craint,
que follicita: nullus locus ou dont on je percade guon
amiciti. mus enim aut e/I train! a On hu-ve le:
tum diligat, quem metuit; (le/Jar: aruet eux, tant Quil;
aut eum, quo e metui font en place. Quand il:
putat? coluntur tamen i [orne/H, comme il leur ar
mulatione duntaxat ad rive ordinairement, alors m
tempus. Qgd i forte (ut voit (amble/t peu ils avaient
t plerumque) ceciderint: damie.
mm intelligitur, quim
fuerint inopes amicorum.
med fair-gain;
 On FRIENDS'HIP.-" 18!
above, that friendhip ought robe contracted for
elf-defence and mutual aid, and not out o aection
and benevolence. 'Hence-it is, ay they, thatthe de7
res of friendhip in every 'manlare greater, in pro
portion as his ability and rength is les; alo, that
women court the aid of friendhip more than men'
the poor more than the rich, and the aicted more
than thoe who are eeemed happy.
i Exeellerrt widom 'i T-hey might as well take the
un out of the world, as deprive mankind ofdggd
hip; which is the be, the mo delightul gift of
heaven .

T''
r *..-"'-'

Should * men intoxiCated with pleaures, take

upon them to reaon about friendhip, 'which they
neither know from 'practice or thleory, they do not
merit'our attention 3 or who, in ctt'he namecto good;
nes l would chue to live in the greate auence
and pl'enty, on condition neithervto love, orxberbe
loved by, any one? 'This iszthe life of -a tyrant?
utterly inconient with delity, incere aection,
and all olid 'aurance of benevolenaezz-zinF-iwhich
every thing gives upicion, caues anxieg', and
banihesriendhip : "For who can love 'a man whom
he is afraid o, or one by whomgre imagheshime
dreaded? An hypocritic-al regard is only paid them
' for a time z but houldortme-rown 1on them, as
is oftenthe cae, itwill then appear, how'deh'tute
Of friends they twere. - , _ '
i ', - &72er
' De Amicitia, cap. x 5. '

Pap-r.
182 T-HOUGHTS of CICERO.__
(LuodTarquiniumdixie Targm'n, dam' h' exil,
ferunt tum exulantem e d'it gy: : wrai: et i:
intellexie, quoa dOs ami faux ami: Iui Eloimt conmu,
cos habuiet, quos inidos, clep'd: gu'i] nt pon-voi! mar
cum jam neutrie gratiam gucr du retaur, ni aux um',
teerre oet. Quanquam m' aux autrer. J'ai peinz
miror, 1115. uperbii et im 5 traire gu'i] pit en awair de
nrtunitate i' quemquam ruraix. Un Humme-i orgueil
Habcrc potuit. Atque ut Ieux, i e'rote, n'itaz't par
hujus, quem dixi, mares, d'un taractEr: (3 pauwoi'
veros amxcos parare non Fire at'sz ; tt [a pluart de
potuere : ic multorum opes teux qui hnt extrEmement
prapotcntium excludunt a puzzm, out nIa de commun
micitias deles. Non enim awec Im'. Car nanulement
oldm ipa fortuna caeca e, [a fortune e mue-ugly, mai:
ed eoa etiam plerumque pour l'ordinaire elle art-'eagle
ecit czecos, quos com i: fa-uortis. Pu/igne tom'
plexa e. Itaque eerun didaigneux, arrogam. Rim
tnr illi fere faidio et con an mond: n'e ply: i'zu
tumaci: neque quidquam ported/e gu'un m dam- [a
inpiente fertunato intole prdiriti. On 'wit mime
rabilius eri pote. Atque de: gem, qui Etoiem' dipa
hoc quidem videre licet, ra-uant d'un comment daax
eos, qui anteZ commodis et mile, Io'gu'ilt fant
fuerunt moribus, imperio, a* 'm po: ile-vi, change'
oteate, pro etis rebus tout d'zm oup, et miprir
Immutari, permque ab iis Ieur: undern amix, pour ?
veteres amicitias, indulgere Ii-vrtr a de nouwaux.
novis.
Bid autem ultius, szfy a-t-iI de moimng/Z
quim, cdm plurimum co que d'emplqyer le: ecular:
piis, facultatibus, opibus gu'an 'ire d'um grander
point, casten-a Palm-e, quae tune, 2 e procurer le: tqh:
parentur pecuma, equos, gu'on apaur de I'argent, che
famulos, veem egregiam, ruaux, waIttJ, uperh: ba
vaa pretioa: amicos non Litx, 'va/e: precieux; tt de
parate, optimam et pul nepaJ/anger 2 s'atguirir de:
eherrimam vita, ut ita di amiJ; qui int, pour airz/t'
cam, upellectilem? Ete par/er, [e meilleur et I:
mm caatera cm parant, cui ply: beau meubl: gu'zm pa
parent, neciunt, nec cujus a-vaz'r? Town no: azure:
causi laborent. Ejus enim argmitiom, nam- ne a-v'on:
e iorum quidque, _ qni (I qui dle: iron', car alle:
vmcxt hut
 On FRIENDSHlP. 183
Tarquin is reported to have aid, that it was only
in his exile he underood who were his faithful, and
who his treacherous, friends, when he could reward,
neither of them according to their merits: Though
Ihould be greatly urprized, ifa man of his haughty
and imperious temper could nd a real friend in the
world. And as a man of his character could not
make friends; o the power of many great men, is
an inuperable obacle to true friendhip : for fortune
is not only blind herelf, but for the mo part makes
thoe likewie o, to whom he is favourable. Hence
it is, they are commonly pued up with arrogance,
and elf-conceit: and, indeed, nothing can be more
inuerable than a fortunate fool. Inances alo
may be een of thoe, who formerly were of an
obliging and courteous behaviour, that on being
promoted_to power and authority, or better circum
ances, have depied their old friends, and courted
new ones.

Now what can be more unreaonable, than for

thoe who are poeed of all the auence 'of a
great fortune, to provide themelves with whatever
can be got for money, as hores, laves, ne cloaths,
and coly plate; but make no friends, who, if the
expreion may be allowed, are the be, the mo
plendid, furniture in life? "As to other things, they
are ignorant for whoe ake they take o much pains
to get them, ince they fall to the hare of whoever
is ronge; but the poeon of friendhip is la
ing and ure. Beides, allowing all the enjoyments
in the dipoal of fortune to be durable; yet life
' without
 \

184. THOUGHTS .df CICERO.

vincit yiribus : micitiarnm 'ctut vie/lings: a Eft: m jom
ua cqiqu-c . Wcmanep llabj 14
[zieu_,praier(le ux rt.'e Azz
guy Ia pqorz do:
lis et cert'a poeio: ut,
etiam i illa mancant, quae - 'amix ne pent 'tom Etre diim
funt quai. don. foi'tunee,. tie : at' ugar! mEme ton;- In
tamen visa incultapt de Pia-'t de,le mrudewur
erta ab amigis non pqt nerazlmt ent/'e no; maim, i!
'i'y aur'oi't pay aiJe guomlm
ee jocunda. ' "
rend" in ruie- agrEwHt, -i
wsma'yuigtzmis
ConituEndi" unt, qui A . ,. w, -
O'n dot pret/'ire de: Horns:
ntin amicit'ranes,etqua 13 I'amiiii, e't awair jzggu'
termini diligendi : Alejan al) dle dull: aller. Ye rammi:
us tres vidpqleqwngjagfer . I-deu trqix. apixiq'u, He. r
ri; quanum _nullar_n Rrobp. je u'qa'ypte point. ZLa pre
Unakn, ut bodem mpdo erga miEQ-e, Vinous hjam paw
&micum wecti imus, qhe 'iw ami: dam-In Jimitiam
srga'nomezipos'- Altecam. all my: wine: gan-e ,e'_
nt nora in amicos benevo tgard. La ande, Rue 'go
lemia, illoru'm e*rga os irg Lienvez'llame pour eux
benevolcntiaa pariter as ua t exactemem' praportiomzie
' I? will: Mk'xctlx out jayr man.
me:tu Npopdgt. er,
tiam, ut, quantl quique Et [a troz'iZ'mt, A may _
eipe facit, tanti at ab pen/inm- pour no: amz: comme
amicis. Harum trium en 111.pen/int eux-(ne/zzesur [en-r
tentiaxum nlli Prgrus ..a gtt. ux-gan je ce; ta'on
entior. Jntimemyzz'gfl de man gqt.
Nec enim illa rprima PrcmiBrement, 23; 'tour
p p' I 'I '
Vera' e,- ut, qucmadmo-L dtfvtom ztrtpaur
\ un arm dam.
dum jn e,q11,iqu.e,.c.in Liar. alzgmm. an WWWl'lgs,
amicumenim,
muita quae nora'i agone fgq'zd, alme/t' faqx.
itzapimagus.
'Cambien de t/Jqe: gyqn 'te
&ausi nunguam faccremus; ' feroit pa: qur in', et gu'pjsz
fgc'mws cause? amicowm'? fair Brim-gu
prcgari .ab 'indisao- Alp _l'qn mgpn, at paraitrq 42-
pile-are: tum acerbis m. qgant 'ziui 'en paure 'dep
aliqqem ' inthi, inectari- pliant ; 'miter duremgnt
'uc,_ Vehemem-ids: -quz gudgu'un, at le. [Mtr are/ec
in moliris rebus mon a trop de zleur 5 Am Hugh
tisghonce, ln,i1_migorq1n mit de le faire pear at' il.
utit honeimE. Multaz t beau de [a faire pour un
quoque' res um, _ip quibxs ami. I] y a d'ailled'r: bien
\ e r
de:
2 5
 'oh [FRIENDSHIR' 7135
without friends, to adorn it, can yield little ati
faction. ' *

(KJ'Z.
\
Pa e

One * point to be ettled, is, what limits, what

bounds ought to be precribed to friendhip and be
nevolence ? Concerning this, I know there are three
dierent
tion. Oneopinions,
is,- thatnone
we of whichlove
hould has our
my approba
friend as
ourelves :. another, that our benevolence to out
friends hould exactly correpond to theirs for us:
and the third, that we ought to eeem our friends
according to the value they et on themelves. To
none of the three can I thoroughly aent.

As to the r, that every man hould be aected

in the ame manner towards his friend as to himelf,
itis very remote from truth z for how many things
do we for them, which'we would never do for our
elves? Thus, to turn uppliant, and petition a
man of no worth; alo, to attack any one with
bitter expreions of reproach, and rail at him im
moderately; are what cannot be done with a good
grace, in our own cae; but with regard to our
friends, are highly commendable. There are like-'
wie many caes, wherein
Ii good men detract much
from

" De Amlcitia, cap. 16, 17.

186 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
de fuis commodis viri boni de: au ou le: baptizan-gens
multa dctlahunt, detrahi prfrait, et approuvent
que patiunlur, ut iis amici quon pu/"Ere leur: propre:
potis, quam ip, lruamur. intrim, ceux dun ami.
Ahcra fementia e, qu lau/air, en econd lieu,
definit amicitiam paribus gue la bienrz/eil/ance dune
ociis ac voluntatibus Hoc part, nie/ure prti/mem
quidem et nimis exigu et jir (elle qui e d2 lautre
exiliter ad calculos vocare part, te/l avoir [a petite
amicitiam, ut par it ratio de calm/er tau: le: ervice:
acceptomm ctdamrum. Di rendu: et Him, an que
vitior mihi, et afiluentior (eux-(i &ger/ent ceux-l. Pour
videtur ee vera amicitia : moi, je tz'em que [a vraie
nec obfcrvare rericte, ne (Initie/ plus riche, phu- g
plus redder, quam accepe nereufe; et nexamine parit
rit. Neque enim veren [a rigueur, de gas] cit '
dum e, ne quid excidat, t'ozrw le plu; au le mains.
aut ne quid in terram de J'ai/ta: 'It craignam fez
uat, aut ne plus quo. faire trop, nt' guilj az't
quid in amicidam conge guelgue (ho de ce que nota
ratur. fui/nul, gui fume terre.
Tertius verb ille nis de Quant [a trm'rze opi
terrimus, ut, quanti quif m'cu, Quilfaut/e [Mg/former
que e ipe faciat, tanti la manire dm! no: ami:
at ab amicis. Spe enim peu/eut deux-m meJ, ty} Heu
in quibufdam aut animus [a plu: mau-vai/. Car i
abjectior e, aut pes am ny} point rare de trou-ver
plicand fortume fractior. de: gem plu: humbles quil ne
faudrait, ou qui dteirext
Non e igitur amid, talem
ee in eum, qualis ille in trap az'mmt de riur. II
e e: ed potiiis eniti et neroit pa: dun ami de peu
ecere, ut amici jactantem je} tomme eux. Tac/20m, au
animum excitet, inducatque contrair-e, dolwnir quil:
in pem cogitatidnemque' rappellent leur courage, et
meliorem. far-jan: leur contevoir del-gf
prenne; plmateu/r.
Alius igitur finis ver Pour xer dam le: borne:
amicitiae coniluendus e, a'e [a 'UritaHe amiti, (ber
i priiis quid maxim re rbom' Fatigue autre rgle .'
prehendere Scipio folitus mai: apr: dunir parl d uzze
t, edixero. Negabat ul maxime, dant Scipio/1, Emit
lam vocem inimiciorem uwwainemmt Hqf, Al'on
amicitiae potuie reperiri, doit aimer, comme pou
z quam - vant

wm A
l
 On FRIENDSHIP. @187
from their own interes, or uer it to be done, in
order to promote the welfare of their friends.

The next poition denes friendhip by an equa

lity of good oces, and benevolent aections. But
thus to balance the kindnees on both ides, is to
make too mean, too particular an eimate of it.
True friendhip appears to me more noble and gene
rous z and is not over crupulous, le more favours
be returned, than have been received. For there is
no-occaion to fear, that any part of our good
oces hould be-lo, or fall to the ground; or
that more than what is reaonable be expended on
friendhip. "

But the third opinion, that the value which every

man ets on himelf, ought to be the andard of the
eeem paid him by his friends, is wor of all : for
it is a frequent cae to nd ome of too humble a.
pirit, whoe hopes of bettering their circumances '
are too Ianguid. It cannot, therefore, be the part
of a friend, to regulate his behaviour by the notions,
which a man of thistharacter has of himelf. He
ought rather to raie the drooping mind Of his
friend, and make him entertain more elevated pro
pects, and better thoughts of himelf.

We mu therefore nd ome other deinition of

friendhip : but let us r premie, what Scipio ued
highly to condemn; w ich was, that no tenet could
be more oppoite to true friendhip, than the enti
ments of him who armed, that a man ought to love,
a: Ize was rm he hould one dey bate. He could
I a _ not

188 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
quim ejus, qui dixiet, im
aware off-arten, uti ali
guanda el't aurm. Nec VC I'amitif: et il m: (rqyoit
rb e adduci poe, ut hoc, point que telle mdxime fir,
qucmadmodum putaretur,
i Blame ee dictum crede
ret, qui apiens habitup
ci'et unus i: eptem; ed'
iTnpuri cujudam, aut am
bitici, aut omnia ad uam
potentiam revocantis ee
cntcntiam. Quonam enim
modo quiquam amicus cc
p0terir, cui e putabit-ini
micum ee poe? Win duil I: hubailer jue ea-vent
ctiam necei'e erit cupere et
optare, ut qum zepime
petcet amicus, quo plhres
det ibi tanquam anas ad
mprehendendum: rurum
autem ecte? factis commo
dique amicorum necee wandra, ele port: un (cup
erit angi, dolere, invidere.
Ware hoc quidem przecep
num, cujucunque e, ad
tollendam amicitiam valet.
Illud- potihs przecipiendum
uit, ut eam diligentiam
adhiberemus in amicitiis
comparandls, ut nequando
amare 1ncxperemus_ _eum,
quem aliquando odlie po
femus. lenetiam. i m1
ns eli'ces in deligendo fu
iemus, ferendum id Scipio
potis, qu'me inimicitiarum ,
tempus cogitandum, puta
hat.
His igitur nibus uten
dum arbitror, ut cdm e
mendati mores amicorum
nt, tum it inter eos om
pium rerle, coniliorum,
volun.
.\.
vant ha'ir un jour. Rz'm,
dioit il, n'q/I he: oppq/E A
ramme on le craft, de Bim,
I'un de: pt ages: mais il
[a crqyozt gle gite/ue ame
(Offa/nium, n'e quelgue ambi
tieux, qui n'q/I occupi gus
de a fortune. Peat-a'z, en
ev, aimer guelyu'un, et
avoir tout Zz la fair dam
I'rltrit,
/Ja'z'ra gu'un
P On jourdam
enkra an ri[e
ile mette dam/but tart, qn
d'a-voir Iozgctaur: un prftexie
de romre arc-ec- Iui. Onhra
fdcbi gtfil e zandui/Z bien :
et jalaux, s'i] riut. ye
refte maximehz't de qui I'on_
mar-te] 2; I'amiticZ. Ilfalloit
pin/Ith nou: recommander
(i/re allenlz'f: &aire mz i
ban tlm'x, gu'il ne tombdt
point hr 'me per-inne (apa
Hc de mifz'ter unjour natre -
lmine. Band mEme nous
aurz'om ez: [e malbeur tle
num y tromper, encore 'caut
il mieux prena're patience,
a'zoit Scipion, gue tle/2' met
lre cle-vant It: yew: 'me
haine mche dam' l'avvenir.
Foin' dom enn,Ion mar',
le: ngIe: gu'il aut prey'
trire. ch'e'ztre de: ame),
bonner-gem, tout/bit rom
mun, et yu'ilscnt jzarr
)
lk
 On FRIENDSHIP. 189

not be peruaded that this was an apophthegm of

Biar, one of the even wiemen, as wascommonly
thought 3 but rather the maxim of ome debauchee,
a peron red with ambition,- or one who makes
every thing ubervient to his own intere. For how
can any man be a true friend, that uppoes it poi
ble he may become an enemy ? Beides, at this rate,
we mu wih that>0ur friend may fall into frequent
miakes, in order to give us the more opportunities
of reproving him; and, on the other hand, one mut.
be vexed and grievad at the virtuous behaviour of
his friends, and envy their good ucces. < This
maxim, therefore, whoever is its author, rikes at
the very root of friendhip. The following precept
ought rather to have been given, V that we ought
'5 to ue uch caution in contracting friendhips, as'
'5 never to allow our aection to ettle on one, who K
"5 afterwards may incur our hatred." But farther; _
hould we even prove unfortunate in our friendhips,
it is Scipia's opinion, that we ought to bear our
misfortune' with patience, rather than entertain a,
ingle thought of arupture.
The bounds then which, in my opinion, ought:
to be precribed, 'are thee; that among friends of
rened morals, all things hould be in common,
and their feverabdeires and intentions imparth
without recrvc; alo allowing that thev puruits of
our friends may happen to deviate a little from rict
juice *, yet, if their life or reputation be at ake,
_ I 3 , , they
* lt is evident from everal paages of Cicero, that all he mean:
here is only that an orator may undertake the defence of his friend,
though he be peruaded in his own brea that his friend is not alto- '
gather innocent. This he practied himelf in the aair of Milm'
, . T'
 19_o THOUGHTS of CICERO.
voluntatum, ne ulla ex I'u'z I: I'autre a'e form-I lear'
cc tione communitas: nt pen/Per, de foure: [cum inten
euam i qua ortuna acci tionJ, am rLJ/Z'r-ve. felte i
dcrit, ut mins juizeami par haard I'unaz't unfaux
corum voluntates adjuvan Pm, qui le mette en danger
dze int, in quibus eorum de per-Ire I'banm'ur on [a
aut caput agatur, aut ama, 'vie ; I'autre, pour I'en tirer,
declinandum it de via, mo J'Zmrt: un pen du droz't the
db ne umma turpitudo e Mi, 13 main: gue te net
quatur. E enim quatenus abohlment : dzmr [ni
amicitize dal-i venia pot. me'me. On went bien, mai:
jzggu'Zz un ctrtairzpoz'nt, nous
pardoner m fa-wur tle I'a
mmi.
1 azu
.-*
Sunt rmiJeE iabiles, et Paur now/cure tle: amis,
ilfaut ne 'J'attac/Jer yu'tiz de:
conantes cligendi ; cujus
generis e magna penuria: raractErn dicidez, et capa
etjudicare dicile e ane, Ht: de conan'ce. II] en a
nii expel-tum. Experien pen : et il n'z par mi de
dum autcm e in ipa ami Ic: tonnaitre, hm en awoir
citia. Ira praecumt amici fair l'Eprnwa. Maz': all'
tja judicium, tollitque ex Zprm-ve, il nt] a gun dam 1'
pericndi poteatem. tour: de Pamitie' gu'on pui
[a faire. Ai'zi [a [iazzrth
rm: avant yut d'arvoir p:
i: commit" 5 et Itparti prir,
il n'j a plu: d'examen.
Ei igitur prudentis, u Un bomme prudent ira
tinere, ut currum, e im bride m main, tomme guand
petum benevolentize: qub on 'one qzyer de: (be-vatur
ntamur quai equis tentatis, Avant gut de e Iirvrer, il
c amicitiis, aliqu parte therebera un pen I: connaitre
pcriclitatis moribus amico-v i: gem. Pour ditouwrir
rum. Widam zpein par lear iH', hy-vent [e ply'
va Fecunia perpiciuntur, mind intirit picuniairel
quim int leves: quid'am, t. Um' omme ply: tanidei
quos parva movere non po raHe en dimaguera d'autrer.
tuit, cognocuntur in mag Rye/Thin Eut-il az de no
na. Sin verb erunt aliqui blz pour prirer I'amitz'e'
reperti, qui pecuniam pra: I: I'argmt; [a prgif'irera-tu
ferre amicitize, ordidum il aux bonneurx, aux ma
exiimem: ubicosinvenie giraturu, an tom-mandemen
mus', d'um
 Onct FRIENDSHIP; izgx
they ought to be upported, though We hould rain
a point for their ervice, provided the bae di
honey ibe not the conequence : for friendhip itelf
will excue us only to a certain degree.

Men * of reolution, conancy, and a eady

temper, hould be choen for friends : but thoe of
this character are few in number; and it is a di
cult matter to form a truejudgment in this repect,
till experience has proved them. Friendhip, how
ever, mu be commenced, before this can be done;
for which reaon, all previous opportunities of try
ing them are impoible to be obtained.

It therefore becomes a prudent man, like an able

charioteer, to rerain the impetuoity of his benevo
lence 1- ; that friendhip, to ue the expreion, may
be proved in the ame way as hores of manege, by
putting the morals of our friends to the te in ome
particular point. Some will dicover their incon
ancy on account of a mall um of money; others,
who cannot be wrought on by a mall um, willi
I 4 how
To be convinced that he allows of no greater liberty to depart from
the path of juice, one needs only read his Oces, lib. ill. cap. 10
" A good man will neither be guilty of an oence again the ate,
" no' break his oath or promie, even to erve his friend, and though
" he were appointed his judge: For at the time he puts on the cha
" ractcr of a judge, he lays aide that of a friend. He owes, indeed,
f' o much to friendhip, as to wih his friend's caue was ju; and
" to allow him as much time as the laws permit, for pleading it."
' De Amicitia, cap. 21.
'r An alluion to a vere q_uoted. in his letters to Arrimr, XIIL
11.
 192, THOUGHTS of CICERO.
mus, qui honores, magira- d'sme qrmie ? annd i ne
tus, imperia, potcl'rates, trou-vera pour tout obacle
opes amicitiac non antepo- r) hn aggrandz-menl, qu'
nant? cum ex altcra parte le: drain de l'amitz'i; haf/I
propoita hzec nt, ex altera tcra-t-i1P- Cor 12 mipri: de
jus amicitix, non mullb [a grandeur pa e le: rm
illa malint? Imbccilla enim du arm' bunzain. Et largu'il
natura e ad contemncndam n'cn mite pour file-ver, gut
potentiam : quam eciam de herzier un ami, on i
ii neglect amiciti cone- per/Had? que le hed: par/e
culi unt, excuatum iri e im sxazh awe hi. A
nrbirrannu', qula non ine q/I-il [lien dcz'le gue a
magna caua it neglecta ianre amz'tiZ i: renranrrc
zlmlcllia. haun vere ami< avtr Fambi/iolz. I'aiI-on,
citirc dilcillime reperiun- en gkt, quelyu'un prcfrcr
tur in iis, qui in honoribus zLa pro/'re Eli-valtion, cell'
rEque publica verantur. tle/in and?
Ubi enim ium invenias,
qui honorem amici antepo
nat uo P *

Ell etiam quai quazdam On &rm-we glzelgmz': la

calamitas in- amicitiis di- dure mFrqtE d'm ruem'r 12
mittcndis nonnunquam ne- 'me ruptm-z. Ye par/e de:
cearia: jam enim A api- Iz'm'hn; ordinair, et mw
emium familiaritatibus ad de telle: guie rment enm
vulgares amicitias oratio du ages. Wregugfai: il
. nora delabitur. Erumpunt arri-ve yue I' probitE de no:
aepe vltia amicorum cm aim': i: dimmt, ou A? narrt
in ipos amitos, tum in 'Egard, ou-Zzl'igard de quel
alienos; quorum tamen ad guz azure, mai: de manine
amicos redundet infamiau gue la bontc en rcjaz'llz't ur
Tales igitur amicitiae unt now. Alom, en tzrz! pen)
remione uss eluendzc, et &peu de: woz'r, on 'vient 21
(ut Catonem diccre audivi) u'r (Patre ami: et illzut,
a'i'ttndzz magh, guizm n'i comme dzoit Cato", plud:
deircoudre, que dEChirer: 22
cindende : nii quzdam ad
' modum intolerabilis inju main: qu'i] ne J'agi e d'unz
ria exaxerir, ut neque rec nazrceur, gu: nous parte a
tum, neque honeum it, uneparation et t? un eclat,
neque eri pot, ut non gu'il nthit nz'jue, m' bon
atim alienatio disj'uncti6 ne'te, 'zi po'ble a'e dzZrcr.
quc acienda it.
Pleriquc U'xe
 On FRIENDSHIP.-\ 1935
how themelves for a greater. But admitting that'
ome hould be found, who think it bae to prefer
money to friendhip; yet where hall we meet-with
any, who do not prefer honours, magiracies,
power, dignity, and riches, to it; or, if all thee he
propoed on the one hand, and the duties of friend
hip on the other, that do not readily give the pre
ference to the former ? For our nature is too weak -
to rei the temptation of power; and men think
themelves very excuable, though they acquire it
even at the expence of friendhip; becaue i-t is not
without great caue they do o. Whence i-t is- next.
to impoble to nd true friendhip among the' '
votaries of ambition, and miniers of tate. For
ivhere is the man to be found, that takes more con
cem for the preferment of his friend, than that of
himelf Z
" '1 i 1.'
jot 703.,

There * is likewie a eme] neceity ometimesi

for dropping friendhip; for I am now peaking of
that in ordinary life, and not uch as takes place
among wie men. Our friends are frequently guilty
of oences both again ourelves and other-s, t'hc
fcandal whereof chiey lights on us. Such as thee,
therefore, mut be dropped, by neglecting all friendly
intercoure; and rather by little and little, as I have
heard Care ay, than abruptly: unles ome very
heinous crime be committed, o that it is neither'
right, honourable, or even poible, for us to defer.
one moment to break with the guilty peron.
T" I 5 Mo"
. ' _ I
* De Ancitia, cap. 24,
194. THOUGHTS of CICERO.
x ex. \.'
'* 'in K

Plerique pervcrse ne di Une injxice, pour ne a:

cam impudenter, amicum dire 'me impadmce bien cam
habere talem volunt, quales mnne parent' le: boon/m, t'e
ip ee non po'unt: quz de 'vall/air ye: le: bonne:
que ipi non tribuunt ami qualitez, dent il: hut de
cis, hzc ab iis deiderant.
pailr-vih, e trou-vmt dam'
Pa' e autem, primdm ip len" aim' ; et gu'ant ait your
im ee virum bonum, tum lax de: Egardt, don! il:
alterum imilem ui quae di/e'nt. La raihn meat
rerc. ln talibus ea, quam gus nau: cammencians par
ecttre bannectltJ-gem, et qu'e't
jamdudum tractamus, a
bilitas amicitize cbnirmari
iuite now there/n'am qui non'
pote : cdm homines bene reiZ-mHe. Teuta Iiai/b", pour
volenti conjuncti, primhm Etre derable, itppoe gu'tm a
triomplyei de: paom, g'i
cupiditatibus iis, quibus
cateri erviunt, imperabunt: comment/ent an ree de: born
deinde aquitatc juitiiqne me; : yn'on aime Ia droitur'
gaudebunt, omniiquc alter et [a juice: glc'on e di
pro altero ucipiet : neque pq/E 2; tout entreprendre I'mz
quidquam unquam nii ho pour I'autre: yu'an m' i'
neium et rectum alter ab demande jamai: rie't gue de
altero poulabitz neque marme (2 I'bomzeur et 2; [a
olixm colent inter e, ac pra/Site: gu'on a I'u'z pour
diligent, fed eriam vere Paatre, non eals-ment de [a
bumur. Nam maximum tie/French mail du reect.
ornamentum amicitiee tollit, Car depend/Je du rg/ect,
qui ex ea tollit verecundi l'amitie? per'd le plu: &eau de
am. Itaque in iis pernici : orncmem. Air, de troira
nus e error,- qui exii gu'on pu' entre ami: peer'
mant, libidinum peccato dre foule or/e de liberiez,
rmque omnium paterc in t'e/I um' pernicieue erreur.
amicitialicentiam. Virtu L'amitie nou: e elamzfe par
tum amicitia adjutrix A na [a nature, 'um pourfacvoriezr
ture. data e, non vitiorum le Wite, mai: pour aider In
comes. -
.
v. '
\ _-verlu.

Una e inIicitia in rebus Rien an morn/e n'e r'

humanis, de cujus utilitate ta'mu gine'mlement pour uti
omnes uno ore conentiunt. Ie, gue l'amitii. Pluieunx
Wanquam 5. multis ipa miprim [a rvertu ele-Infra',
Yums contemmtur, et ven et ne [a regarde'zt gue cam
dimtio m

--_4-'_-*J
 gnnl

On FRIENDSHIP. 195

Mo * ctpe0ple are fold-nreaonable, not to ay

hameles, as to deire their friends hould be, what.
they themelves cannot attain to; and expect inore'
from them than they are willing to give in return;
Injuice, however, one hould r be a good man,
himelf, and then cultivate friendhip with thoe of
his own character. Among uch as thee, the friend
hip we have been recommending may be eablihed
on a olid bais 3 becaue men united by benevolenCe,
will not only triumph over thoe paons which en'
lave the re of mankind, but likewie/take a plea
ure injuice and equity, and readily do all kind!
of good oces for one another: nor will they ever'
require any thing, but what'is ju and honourable ;
and beides love and eeem, will have a mutual
reverence for each other. To deprive friendhip of'
this reverence, is to rob it of its grea-tet ornament 5,
and for any to uppoe, that all manner. of licen
tiounes and oences are allowable among friends,
is a pernicious error. Friendhip was given by!
nature, not t0- favour vice, but do be an aid to
virtue.

Friendhip 1- is the only thing in the world, conv

terning the uefulnes of which all mankind are
agreed. Even virtue itelf is depied', by many,
and called a ort of vanity andct'oentation. Many,
who are content with little, and pleaed-with fru
gality in meat and dres, look down. on riches with:
. I 6 contempt.
' De Amicitia, cap-21.' 12, livid. cap-713..
 196 'THOUGHTs of CICER-O.
dtatio qudam atque o me une hrie d'oentatim.
tenmtio ee dicitur multi Plu/12'101, (Mien: de peu, et
divitias depiciunt, quos gui ne tonno'zt ni barme
parvo contentos tenuis vlc th"e,_ m' luxe, ne font nul
tus cnllufque dclectat: ho (a: de: riche/Ex. Pour une
nores verol quorum cupi lime/e,
infinit d'autrel,
rien de i vain,
rien deque
ditate quidam inflamman
tur, quim multi ita con ce: mime: bonnelm, qui ana
temnunt, ut nihil inanius, tant dappel: pour certaine:
nihil levius ee exiiment: gem. Ai'yi de tout le ree :
itemque ctera, qu qui ce gui vit/Jante le: ans, q?
bufdam admirabilia viden nant aux jeux de: antrei.
tur, permulti um, qui pro MaLt/izr lamiti, il ny a
nihilo putent. De amici ynnne voix : et ceux qui
tia omnes ad unum idem gaud/cretth le: qaire: pull
emiunt: ct ii, qui ad rem ligueurl et ceux gui/e firm-ent
publicam {c contulerunt: par got Ilude, et (eux
et ii, qui rerum cognitione gui bornant leur: airn
doctrinique delectantur: et partirulilvrett et ceux, enn,
ii, qui uum negotium ge que le plazir otage unique
runt otioi; poftremo ii, ment ; lous, lm- exeegtian,
qui e totos tradidemnt train/en! gree de rvi-vre fant
voluptatibus, ne amicitia l'on
amis,veut
Atenir
ne pas
de I'lmnnvfl
vivre,
vitam ee nullam emiunt,
mod velint aliqua ex boznmepar nue/que endroit.
parte liberaliter vivere.
Serpit enim nefcio quo A tout ge, dam tonte
modo per omnium vitam condition, Iamiti/fait. je
amicitia. nec ullam tatis ne jlzi: comment, une route
dcgend rationem patitur dam ton: le: azure, et ne
effe expertem fui. fli-lin jbq'e point guan e pa;
etiam quis e afperitate delle. Un homme ibi]
e, et immanitate natures, q-z fureur/7e, az dna
congi-ellus ut hominum u turi pour fuir tout commerte
giat atque oderit, qualem muer le: aim-e: hammer, et
fuiffe Athenis Timonem pour le: har, tam'nefazhit,
nefcio quem accepimusz ce quon dit, un certain
tamen is pati non poir, ut crimen dthne. ; encore ne
non anquirat aliquem, apud feraitinn: enfonpau'uair de
quem evoniat virus acerbi ne par there/ne' Quelqu'un,
tatis fu. dan: le hin de qui le poion
de a mau-vaie humeur/51?!
# iram/er Ele rpandre.
Atque hoc maxime judi. On nliroit mieux cette
' caretur, vrit,
 --on FRIENDS'HIP. it;
cont'mpt. And as to honours, which are' o earn
ely deired by ome, there are others, and they
not a few, who have o low an opinion of them
as to think nothing o, inignicant and empty..
Thus it is likewie in other caes : what raies the
'admiration of ome, is by rctnany others reckoned
good for nothing. But all the world, to a man,
are of the ame entiments about friendhip: ate
men and philoophers, the men of buines, and
thoe who are entirely devoted to pleaures, are all
agreed that there is no living without friendhip,
at lea in uch a way, as is not altogether unbes
coming a gentleman. '

Friendhip inmuates itelf, I know not how,

among, all ranks of men ; nor is there any condition
of life free from its inuence :. nay, could we up
poe a man'of o urly and avage a dipoition, as
to hate and avoid human ociety, like a certain 'fel
low of Athens called Tibian z yet even one of'this
complexion cannot live at eae, till he has found
a peron on whom he may vent his pleen and ill
humour. '

Of this we would be more fully convinced',

ould- ome God, if the uppoition may be allowed,
trannort us from the ociety of mankind; and
placing us in a deart, there upply us with all the
necearies of life in great abundance; but make
it impoible for us to he the face of a man. Who
could be o hard-hearted, as to be able to endure
' this
 s

198 THOUGHTS of CICERO.

catenus quid tale po'et white', I'iI tui! pq'He quam
contingere, ut aliquis nos DIEU, en nam dirohmt la
deus ex hac hominum fre farin o'er-Lommex, non: tran
quentia teneretl et in oli paruit dam un dig/iwty o i!
tudine upiam collocaret, noururniroz't abondamment
atque ibi {uppedifzms om tout a: qui pent atter It:
nium rerum, quis natura fam mai: a: manire gu'ft
dederat, abundantiam et ny et pour nous aucun
copiam, hominis, omnino moyen, maure q/imnn de
adfpicendi poteatem cri 'vair performe. Qge] ge le
peret. Qnis tam e'et fer cur dairain, gui pt [L
reus, qui eam vitam ferre prix lcthpparter [a rule, et
poet, cuique non auferret dam' atte q'ezz/'e olitude,
fructum voluptatum omni trou-ver du gat aux j-[azm
um folitudo guan loi t'iroit ?
Verum ergo illud e, Arcbytax de Tarente (en:
quod Tarentino Archyta, main! il ne emHe gus t'e
ut Opinor, dici olitum, lui) tait dom' ienndf
nom-os enes commemorare dire 'me rbqh gus-je tien: de
audivi, ab aliis fenibus au m: pinn qui la tenditur de:
ditum: Si qui: in talum qf lean, Be i quelquun mit
tendt, naturmqt mutmi, mont au ciel, do il d
et pulc/Jritua'irzem fia/eram couvriroit Ia' beaut des
per/pexisz inua-vem illam ares et la ructure de luni
admirationem ei fare; quae vers; cette ve, quoique
j'itundz'ma fut, i ali
i merveilleue et ravif;
quam cui narraret, babu ame, deviendgoit inpide
it. Sic natura folitarium pqur luikparce quil nau
nihil amat, {emprque ad roit pas a qui raconter ce
aliquod tanquam adminicu quil voit. Tant il e ami,
lum annititur: quod in ami que Ie dig-aut pour Iaolz'tude
ciimo quoque dulcximum mu: g naturel. On e
e. parti (lure/Her Iozgiozzr:
ue-lyue firta d'appui. Or
l'ami Je plu: tendre, e Pap'
Pui le plus agrale.
ab a;

cujus aures veritati Regardom comme un ma

clauf unt, ut. ab amico
verum audire nequeat, hu
jus falus deperanda e.
Scitum e enim illud Ca
tonis: Multb melas de gui
&tz/Zam
]ade incurable, lhomme gue'
[a vrit n dim- la'
bour/Je de on ami. On a
bien plus dobligation, di
pit Gazon, des ennemis
- dura
 On FRIENDSHIP. 199
this way o life, and whoe pleaures of every kind -
would not be rendered inipid by uch a olitude ?
Nothing therefore is more true, than the aying
of, I think, Archytas of Term-tum, as] have heard
it told by our fathers 3', who had it from theirs;
that could a man aend into heaven, and there abmz
theructure of the univera, and the beauty of the/lar: ;
yet, he has nofriend to relate it to, that which other
wie would have been mo delightful, will prove in
ipid to him. Hence it appears, that nature has an.
invincible averion to olitude, and always leans,
as it were, again ome prop ; which. upport
yields _us mo pleaure, when proceeding from our
bet friends. 1
i K'- U

* a.
,*'-'.,_.-'-._

The 1- cae of that man is certainly deperate,

whoe ears are hut again' truth; o that he cannot
endure to hear it even from the mouth of his friend.
For it is wiely remarked by Cato; that ome met:
are more behelden to their inveterate enemies, than to
uch friends ai alway' appehr complaiant. The-forme"
frequently tell the truth, but the latter never. It is,
certainly a great aburdity in thoe, who being put.
in mind of their duty, give themelves no trouble
about what they ought chiey to lay to heart; and
are vexed, where there is no ucient caue. They
are not grieved at the commion of a- fault, but at
being

* Between Amby/a: and Lelr'u:,, who peaks here, there was about
the pace of two centuries; for Arrhym: was cotemporary with Plato.
See D' Send-lull, chap- 12.. But as we have already oberved, it is
'o keep up the deem-um of the dialogue, that Cicero does not make
Lelim peak with more exactnes, which would dicover too much.
howledge,
1' De Amidda, cap. 27',
'Loo THOUGHTS of CICERO.
Iznilam arerba: inimico: 'ne dure et mordans. qu'i ces'
"tri, gudm to: amitax, qui ones d'amis, qui paroient
a'u/(tl mideantnr; illa: rue la douceur mme: ceux 15
rum zz' a't'ttre, be: 'um nous dient ouvent la v6
guam. Atque illud abur me, ceux ci ne la dient
dum e, qubd ii, qui mo jamais. On e teendant i
ncntur, eam moleiam, pea rai/anaL/e, gu'on ne e
qunm debent capere, non ail Pa: 'me paine a'e ce qui
capiunt: cam capiunt, qui dt-vroit cbagrintr, et qu'on
dcbent vacate. Peccae e tbagri'ze a'r: te qui ne de
enim e non an untur, ob ruroit pax fire um: peine. All
[icu d'itre fdcei d'a-voir
jurgarimoleiE erunt: quod
contri oportebat, delicto tart, et (lyaran d'Ztre re
dolere, correction: gaudere. prix, on m- e reproclze point
I'un, et on ne pent hurir
Pautre.
U: igitur et monere, et Puz'gue Ie: Z-Ui: rc'a'pro
moneri, proprium e verze gun/inn un dctmir e-ntitI-i
amicitizc: et alterum libere de I'amitiE, ilfaut dom' It:
facere, non apere; alte donner Iibiement, it ans
rum Patienter accipere, non aigreur ; It: - rece'uoir art-'ce
mpugnanter : ic haben oumi'an, et hm repug
dum e, nullam in amici name. Par [a ms'me raien,
t_iis pcem ee majorem, il n'y a rim de ipernicieux
qusz adulationem, blandi dam I'amitii, que [a at
tiam, aentationem. (Lum terie, It: man/'Prey dame
'is enim multis nominibus reuer, In tomlaanre outrie;
e hoc vitium notandum, Ye me ir: de plzzieur: ex
levium hominum atque fal preions, your Mieux peindre
Iacium, ad voluptatem lo te: lyamme: rione: et arti
quentium omnia, nihilv ad rieux, qui n'ou-vre'zt It
veritatem. Cdm autem &our/je gue pour plaire, et
omnium rerum imulatio aux dipem de [a miriti.
e vitioa, (tollit enim ju_ Tour deiguiment e un mal,
dicium veri, idque adulte puigu'i/ altEre [e rvrai, et
rat) tum amicidize repugnat 'ma empEr/ze de [e dicernerz
maximez delet cnim veri Alai: hr-taut il ne J'ai/je
4 tatem, ine qua nomen a paint arvec I'amitiz? : car il
micitiaa valere non potc. exclut [a rvEritE, um' qual'
I'amz'n'i n'q/I rim.
Nam cum amicitia vis Te] Lj le pain-'air de Fami
t in eo, ut unus quaiani 11'5', yue de phgimr: ame:
mus avex plunbus: qm (He n'en fair, your airg/i
xd 3 dire,
 On FRIENDSHIP._' 201
being reproved for it: whereas they ought to be
orry on account of the fault, and well pleaed with
the admonition. , r _
Wherefore, as it is a peculiar property of true
friendhip, both to give and take advice * ; and as
the one ought to be done with freedom, not ill
nature; the other received patiently, and not with
reluctance: o it hould be laid down for a maxim;
that nothing can happen in friendhip o 'pernicious
as attery, and a complaiant, cajoling, behaviour,
For though everal names are neceary to expres
the vice of thoe triing deceivers, whoe whole _
converation is in order to pleae, and not to be
ubervient'to truth : yetias diimulation is, in every
eae, faulty, becaue-incorrupts and hinders us from
dicerning truth; o it is in a ingular manner re-ctv
pugnant to friendhip: for it deroys truth, with
out which the bare
name of friendhip will ignify'
1ittle. '

Now, ince the power of friendhip conits in

forming, as it were, everal 'minds into' one, howi_
can
* It is an'eay matter to lay down a beautiful theory of friendhip,
et forth its uefulnes, and precribe rules to thoe who enter into it.
The decription charms our fancy, and lls us with a kind of'cnthu
aic warmth. All pay homage to the inchanting idea of friendhip,
acknowledge its uefulnes, and are ravihed with the thoughts of its
rened pleaures. But where is the thing itelf to be found? Is
there uch a thing as perfect friendhip in the world? Or, allowing
there is, how few are qualied. to act the part of a true friend?
What delicacy is neceary to form uch a character ? Nothing is more
dicult, than to comply with the precept here mentioned, of giving
and taking advice. However, as this mu be allowed to be an
eential part of friendhip, I hall ubjoin the Spectator-'s advice con
'erning it, as the mo proper that can be followed. '
" The mot dicult province in friendhip is the letting a man
f' ee his faults and errors, which hould, if poible, be o contrived,
f' that he may perceive our advice is given him not o much to
(a Plea

"-*--_T-_____-.
202 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
id eri poterit, 5 ne in uno d'il-e, uunt ait. Or cela
quidem quoque unus ani k pela-i1, [cf/quil J a dam
mus erit, idemque emper; lun de: pritemlu: mm}, mu
ed varius, commutabilis, une ame imple, et tuag'our:
multiplex? qua enim po la mme; mai: un: ame
te ee tam exibile, tamdon/lie, et qui fe di-vne
devium, quim animus ejus, U'Jaque inant P ye/[aun
qui ad alterius non mod plq', gue alle dune ame
fenum ac voluntatem, ed guie pli: et e replie comme
etiam vultum atque nutum elle ment, pour rmyarmzr,
convenitur P lie difam' pa: feu/amen: aux
rvolontcz de guelyu'u'z, mais
Negat gu? nego. Aft ? lair quon lui wait, et
aia. Parema impzrafui ad mindreigne guilfuit ?
cgvmet mi/u',
omnia qZ'ntari, On dit non, je dis non : on
dit oui,
Jamais je je
ne lecontee,
dis: et'i
ut ait idem Tercntius : ed
ille ub Gnathonis perona: toujours japplaudis.
quod amici genus adhibere,
omnio levitatis e. Maki TErem-e fait parler an
autem Gnathonum miles, Gnat/yayz, u: para/ire. Il y
cm int loco, fortun fa a bie/1 de limprudence ?
m uperiores: horum e lier avec de telle: gem:
aentatio molea, cm ad mai: le camctEre de ces
vantatem accet aufteri Gnatbam' ntant pointe rare
tas. Sccemi autem blan dam le: pe'amzes dun tout
dus amicus vero, et in autre rang, il e craindre
ternofci tam pote, adhibi ue la dtterie, (compagnie
ti diligenti, qum omnia de la rputation, de Inr
fucata, et mulata nceris lune, et du crdit, ne trow-w
atun veris. faire couter. y' tum?
dra jourtant j re arder de
prh, dzinguera e atteur
daac-uec Imm', comme an dif
urne [a faux et le fardE,
dauec I: fumi et le naturel.
 \On FRIENDSHIP. 203
can this be done, where every particular peron has'
not always one and the ame mind; but is ckle,
inconant, and various * ? For can anything be o
wavering and unnaturally pliant, as the'mind of one
who conforrns not only to the entiments and de
ires, but even the lea look and nod, of another?

Does be qrm a thing, or it deny ?

I do the ame : andill, you're right, I cry.

As Terence + has it : but this he puts into the mouth

of Gnatbo, a Pa-raite ; which kind of friends it
would be the height of imprudence to have any con
nexion with. There are many, however, not unlike
G'mtbo in manners, though they be much uperior
to him in birth, fortune, and reputation. The
attering complaiance of uch men is the more
troubleome, as their vanity is upported' by the
authority due to their rank. But the cajoling friend
may, with a little attention, be as eaily diin
guihed from a true one, as things counterfeited andq
painted, from thoe that are true and natural.,
" pleae ourelves as for his own advantage. The reproached
" therefore of a friend hould always be rictlyju, and not too fre
" quent. The violent deire of pleaing in the peron reproved, may
' otherwie change into a depair of doing it, while he nds himelf
" cenured for faults he is not concious of. A mind that is oftened
" and humanized by friendhip, cannot hear frequent reproachez;
" either it mu quite ink under the oppreion, or abate coniderably
'4 of the value and eeem it had for him who beow: them."
* Martial has given us a ne decription of a friend of this tamp.
in the following epigrarn :
Dtilis, fat-ilk, jucundur, aterbu: t: him,
Ntt tecum a inn 'vie/ere3 'm- mr re.
+ Eunuch, Actll. Sc. 2.. ' _ z
204 THOUGHTS of CICERO.

IX. IX.
De SE'NECTUTE. Sur la VIELLESSE.

(lUIB U S . nihil opis O UR ctux qui n'ant

e in ipis ad bene point de rurte dam
beate'que vivendum, iis eux-memex, tout Age q dzf
omnia gravis e aztas : qui iciiea par. Mair, lot:
autem omnia bona A ejp gu'on tire de on propre/'aan
i petunt, iis nihil pote ioufealiciti, an ne iron-va
malum videri, quod natu rim 'defddymx dam I' or
rse necetas aerat. ng drn de la nature. Appli
in genere in primis e e yuom cela in-tout a Ia
nectus: quam ut adipi wieillei. Tout I: 'made/bu
cantur omnes optant, ean lzaite I] par-venir : et guand
dem accuant adepti: tanta any q/I arri-vi, tout le mond:
e inconantia ulritize, s'en plaint. Tant il) a d'in
conance et d'iiyiuite dam
atque perveritas. Obre
pere axunt eam cmus quam le: bonne: qui ne raihmtent
putaent. Primm, quis par. La wieill, di ent
coegit eos alum putare? iIJ, q menue 2: cux hurde
qui enim citiixs adolecentiae ment, et bien y: 'vita
enectus, qum pueritia: qu'il: m 5) atz'erxdaient'.v
adolecentia obrepit? De Mail, J'il: out malhpputi,
inde, qui minds gravis ee: a qui [e fault? Car la
iis enectus, i octingenteb wieill J'q alle plu: mile
mum annum agerent, quam gle apt-3: Iajeung', gus [a
octogeimum? przeterita e jeun aprEJ Pea/ame; P Blai
him zetas, quamvis longa, a'e pins, [cur/Eroit-elle main:
cdm euxiet, null c0u one'reuh au bout de bait can',
olatione permuleere pae: am, gu'e/[e ne I'tj/I aa bout
ultam enectutem. de patre-wings? Tour [e
paE, guelgue long gu'ilt,
ne pourroit, Ztant [la e; ton
hler ame IIe tuici l, 't
I'adaucin
Airz/zi 'na hge (be' ue
Aocirca i apientiam
meam admirari oletis,(qua-. ne &lin'd-ell' a l'idcie qut
utinam 'you
 On OLD AGE. 205
\

IX.

'On OLD AGE.

V E RY * age of life is 'a burthen to thoe

who have no und of happines within them
clves: but they who derive all their felicity from
this ource, cannot pobly think any thing grievous, '
that proceeds from the ated order of nature. In
which clas old age may, in a pecial manner, be
ranked: the attainment whereof is the univeral
wih of mankind; who make, it no les the ubject
of complaint, when obtained. So great is the muta
bility of their folly and perverenes. It has olen
upon us, ay they, ooner than we could have
imagined. But then who obliged them to make a.
fale computation ? For what faer, pray, does old
age creep upon youth, than youth upon inancy?
Again, what les burthenome would old age be,
hould they live to eight hundred years, than it is
at eighty P For the pa part of lie, however long
that may be, can aord no atisfaction to comfort
an old age ridiculous in itelf. -
Now T if it be true that you are charmed with
my widom (and I wih it may be anwerable
A yourto_

* De Senectute, cap. 2.
'r He who peaks here, and through the whole of this article, i'
Cat' the Elder 5 whoe life is written by Plurarrb.
106 THOUGHTS of CICELRO._
'utinam digna eet opinione rvom en wex, et aumxom
veir, n0r6que cogno gue I'o'z me da'me I) rete
mine !) in hoc umus a age qui man: caut, dim
pientes, qubd naturam op T'aux, de I'admiralion, nt
timam ducem, tanquam (a'e yu'e'z te gue je his
deum, cquimur, eique pa pa: a pas Ie meilleur de ton:
tmus: A qua non verii le: guide-1, [a nature. ye
mile e, cixm castera: par [Hide-71, tomme A un Dieu.
tes aetatis bene decripta: Pmgu'elle ai bien arrangi
nt, extremum actum, tan In tum-e: par-lier, don! [a
quam ab inerti poEta, ee 'vie bumai'ze e campahe, il
neglectum. Sed tamen ne 't'e par 'vrai-imlllable gu'
cee uit ee aliquid ex (Ile az't nEglige', comme fe
tremum, et, tanquam in roit un poite ignorant, [e
arborum baccis terraeque derm'tr acte de [12 piece.
frugibus, maturitate tem Mai: enin,. ton-me ller-uiu,
peiv, quai vietum et a) m: certain point de matu
caducum: quod ferendum riti, le ilrznt, et ne n'
e molliter api-enti. (igid enjzmt prequeu: I: I'arbre,
enim e aliud, gigamum ily a nicezirement your nous
modo bellare cum diis, nii guelgue (lea de emblable;
nature rcpugnare? et t'ej 'm ecttat yue I'bomme
age preml an gri. Fouloir
J'appoer (i [a nature, ne
rait-ce par, d [a manil-re de:
giantx, die/arer la gun-r:
'Ran a
aux Dieux P
. Was:
Etemm chm contemplor Pour mai, guand j'exa
animo, reperio quatuor
tauas, cur iienectus miera mine par ac? [a viei/le spa
rait aftayuer notre &art/Jew',
videatur : unam, qubd avo je wi: gue rela rid-lit it
cet i rebus gerendis : alte qualm-points, doat I: premier
fam, qubd corpus faciat e, &Ne/le nail: rend inca
inrmius': tertiam, qudd pable: d'agir : le econd,
privet omnibus fere volup Qg'elle qailit [e mrp: : I'
tatibus ': quartam, qubd trome, ye/[e 'tom- priirv'
hand procu-l abt A mone preun de tout plmir : Je
Earum, placet, cauarum guatriZme, Qu'elle n'e par
quanta, qumque it jua bien Eloigne'e tle la mort. Ya]
ctom, J'il tuou: plait, ce gy'
unaqueeque, videa-mus.
c/mtmze de ce: rayan a a"
force et deolidiri.
'Arcbus Us
 WEET

On OLD A-G E. 207'

your- good opinion, and the urname I bear l) it
cons in this, that I have followed nature, the
be of guides ; and obeyed her precepts, as I would
thoe of a *God : nor tis it probable, that after
having acted the former parts of my life as I ought,
nature hould, like a bad poet,-quite neglect the
la act of 'the piece. In a word, like the fruits of
the earth arrived at full maturity, it is neceary there
hould and
were, be adrops
la down
periodofofitelf;
life, that wither-s,
which as it
aiwie man

ought to bear with patience: for what ele is it to

Wage war with the Gods, after the manner of the'
giants *, i it be not-to rei nature?

-par-19),
_.-1=-_,n*._

Upon 1? erious examination, then, I nd four

caues why oldage appears mihrable. The firt is,
that it diqual-ies us for buines; the econd, that it
enfeebles our bodies; the third, that it deprives us
of all pleaure; and the fourth, that it borders upon
death. Let us examine then, if you pleae, what
juice and weight there is in each of them.
' Does
' The giant: are feigned by the poets to have been men of a mon
tons ize. Tywn, the chief of them, according to He/Iod, was the
[on of Tartanu and Terra : But Homer will have him to be' the on of
juna alone. His ature was 'o prodigious, that he reached the ea
with one hand, the we with the other, and the ars with his htad.
By this fable, the poets repreent the winds : for as they blow from
2 l parts of heaven 5 o in a orm, they agitate and drive the cloud:
with extreme violence; which gave rie to the fable of the giant'
making wa upon heaven.
+ De Swear-te, cap. 5'
 208 THOUGHTS of CICEROJ
Hip-i. bisi
A rebus gerendis enec Un vieillard n'e ply:
tus abrahit? Axibusf an rapui/z dagir? Et d'un:
iis, qu in juventute ge-d quelle: occaion: ? Dam cel
runtur et viribus? Nullne le: at) ilfaudrait la vigueur
igitur res funt enilcs, qu de Iajeum P Mai: ny en
vel infirmis corporibus, ani a-t-il donc paint, o ce hit
mo tamen adminirentur? az que I'Arit ag, quel
que/bille que hit le carp: ?
Vi in re gerenda ver Prtendre que la vieille e
fari enectutem neganty ny} barme rien, ce/I tammz
miles funt iis qui guberna qui dirait que le pilote e
torem in navigando agere inutile dan: un ruazEau,hu:
nihil dicant, cm alii ma lire/texte que le: un: montent
los candant, alii per foros au haut de: main, le: autre:
curent, alii feminam ex pompent aumd de cale, le:
hauriantz ille autem cla autre: manam-'urth a et
vum tenens edeat in puppi la; landi: que le pilote, qui
quietus. Non faciat ea, tient le gauwrlzail, q tran
qu juvcnes. At ver quillement aJ/ur [a pauppe.
multo majora et meliora a- - Un vieillard nefaz't par le:
cit. Non viribus, aut ve mime: (bae-1, que (le jeune:
locitatibus, aut celeritate gem : mai: il enfait, et de
corporum res magnse ge bien plus important, et de
runtur; ed conilio, aucto bien meilleure:. Ce qui de'
ritate, fentential quibus non cide la grande; airer, te
mod non orbari, ed etiam ule/i par la/br. la eui/ng
augeri feneaus olet. Nii lagilit du rarpr; ce/I [a
fortego vobis, qui et miles, prudence, lautorit, un :1721":
et tribunus, et legatus, et uua/ert a propar. Or cette
confulverlatus um in vario _ e/re de mrite, [oin tle ye?
gepere bellorum, ceare rir, augmente pour lordi
nunc videor, cm bella non naire avec lge. j"ai lang
gem. At fenatuil qu unt temp; fait le mtier de:
gerenda, prfcribo, et quo armer, en qualit dealdat,
modo. de iribun, de lieutenant, de
con/241. ty'ourdbui, parce
que je ne mult par larme,
me voyezmou: inutile? ye
ne marche par en [er/brute :_
mais lefe'nat apprend de ma;
en quel: lieux il doit porter
la guerre, et comment.
(ma Van!
 On'bLD AGE. m

Does 'V old age render us unt for buines ? For

what buines pray? Is it uch as requires the
rength and vigour of youth? Are there then no'
occupations proper for old age, that may be ma
naged by the rational part of man, even though the'
body be weakly ?

To arm that old age is incapable of buines, is

the ame as to maintain that a pilot is of no ue in
navigation; becaue, whil ome mount the hrowds',
others run on the deck, or work at the pump, he
its quietly at the helm. An old man, indeed, can
not perform uch actions as requires youth; but he
does what is much greater, as well as better. It is
neither by rength, wiftnes, ofagility of body,
that aairs of great importance are tranacted z but
by prudence, authority, and good advice; which,"
far from being lo, are even much improved, for
the mo part, by age. Unles, perhaps, you think
that I, who have acted the part of a oldier, a tri
bune, a lieutenant-general, and a conul, am now
become wholly ueles, becaue I can no longer bear
a part in all manner of warlike exPeditions, as for
merly. But then I inform the enate what is t to
be done, and after what manner.

* De Senectute, cap. 6.

K Would
 210 THOUGHTS: of CICERO.
Wed legere, aut audi Van: Iroy-verez dam le:
re voletis extemp, maximas lazoire: e'trangeres guy le:
republicas ab adolecenti pl/u gun-de; re'publigue: out
Etei renwerg/Fu par dejeum
bus labefactas, 5. enibus
gem ; hutenue: et reimlzliu
uantatas et reitutas re
perietis. par de: ruieillara'x. On de
mands, dam 'me tome'die de
, Ceda, qui dle/Pram rempuba Neruiu: :
limm inn/am amzii: Comment vous &tas-vous i
ram citb ? th preicipitez. .
Du faire de votre puiance?
Sic enim percontanti, ut e
in szi poEta: ludo, re Parmi [er caue: qu'on en
' pondentur et alia, et haec allfgue, [a prina'PaIe. e
in primis: telle-si:
En nommant aux emplois,
Pra-umiebant orZztore: now', dejeunes Eventez,
ulni, adcleenluli.
Sans ccrvelle-el ans. con
noiance
Temeritas e videlicet o Atz (i-il bien 'urai gu' Ia
vrentis actatis ; prudentia, ezzr de 31'de la,lEmiriti
eneicentis. domine, et [a prudence', lad;
gu'n eizr le declin.
At memoria minuitur: Mui: [a mEmoire/I: per'd?
Credq, nii eam exerceas, Oui, guand elle nFa quai:
eilE [to/me, ou qu'an nEg/ige de
aut i is natuer tardior.
l'exerter.
Nec verb quemquam e. ye n'em'endis jamai: a'i're
ngzm wieillard ezZt aubhiei
num audjvi oblitum, quo
'loco theaurum obruiiiet. dam quel-endroit il aruoit
Omnia, quzc curant, me car/15 o" trefcr._ Tone o
ntinerunt: vadinionia confaire qui le tour/Je, 'me a
jatula: qui ibi, quibus enatian donnfe on rete',
ipi dcbcam. reux gui Ini dai-vetit, reux I;
qui lui-mime il' dait, il me
l'aqu'era point.
Parlerazi-je de: jurian
Qd juriconulti? quid
pbntices? quid augures ? ultn, dex onlifex, tle: au
qud pilrohphi enes 9 qum gurex, tle: plyihopbex, qui
multa meminerum P- Ma paze'zt lain Ieur carriere?
nent ingenia enibus, mcdb ye] ama: de tonnoz'anee:
permaneat udium et ' in il: toniranjq/gu' [ain
duria r Four-w
s _,
 On OLD AGE. au
Would you but conult the accounts let' us of
foreign tranactions, you will nd that the greate
ates have been ruined by young men; but up
ported and reored by the old. Thus, in a play of
the poet Next/fur, it is aid, .

Sudden thefall ofyour once mightyate !

Unfold, I pray, the cazge qf its direfate 59

The anwer to which is chiey what follows ;.

Its counZ-Ilars 'were men qf m repute';

Or unedg'driplings, that 'were-foon to boot;

For rahnes is the true characteriic of youth, as'

prudence is of old age.

But metnory decays. This may indeed be the

cae, if it is neglected, or naturally a bad one.

I * never heard,_however, of an old man, that

forgot where he had hid his treaure. They eaily
remember all that nearly concerns them, as obliga
tions entered into, their own debtors, or thoe to
whom they themelves are indebted.

What hall we ay of lawyers, pries, augurs,

andphiloophers, who, though advanced in years,
have remembered a va multiplicity of things ? Old
men never loe their abilities, if diligence and appli
cationto udy be*not wanting: nor peak I this of
men of- fame and renown only, but likewie of thoe
who livei in a. private K
and2 undiurbed retirement.
Sap/Jack:

i De Scncctute, capi 7.
 2! z THOUGHTS of CICERO.
duria: nec ea folm in Pour'u Quon ne di/coflzz'nue
claris et honoratis viris, ed par de Jappliguer, l'ezrit n:
in vita etiam privata et Laz' point a-vec lge.
quieta. Sophocles ad um lau: le voyez dans la vie
mam cneutem tragdias prive}, au-&icn que dan:
ee'n, quod propter udi le: grande: places. Tamia
um, cm rem familiarcm Sopboc/e, qui dam um ex
negligere Nideretur, liis trme vieil/{[23 tampohit en
in judicium vocatus e: ut, core du trageau. Ora-ape'
quemadmodum nora more de i: vem, ilparoz'il ng
mal rem gercntibus patri liger/: naires domq/Ziguerl
bus bonis interdici olct; et I dqu, lm te qui ft
c illum, quai deipicntem, pra/igne thtz not" lgard
re familiari removerent de: pire: di'pattum, e: m
judiccs. Tum fenex dici fam demanderent guil t
tur eam ubulam, quam in interdit, comme m fac/utut
manibus habebat, et proxi re guilfai/bit. ' Alom, dii
m criphrat, Oedipum on, te ben vieillard tant
Coloneum recitae judici alii richer j: juge: fon
bus, quzelfque, num illud Oedipe Colone, guil rami!
carmen depientis videre fzulemmt d'achever, i] [zar
tur. ng recitato, fen demanda i cctoit l lou
tentiis judicum e liberatus. rvrage dun imbe'ri/le : eti:
juges, apri: a-uoir entemlu
la pike, le n'anerth all
nu.
Poum nominare ex agro jai pour amis, et pour
Sabina ruicos Romanes rani/in: la mmfaghe, du
vicinos et' familiares mcos, vieillard: gui ne permettrai
quibusabcntibus,nunquam ent par quil e t rim d:
fer ulla in agro majora cmgdim/e rbzz eux, tomme
topera fiuntj non erendis, dt mer, de moinntr, de
non percipiendis, non con hrrtr le: grains, m: quil:
dends infructibus. jnt pr/en. A 1a rui
quam illis minsVan
hoc
rit, cela n'e par ien Etan
mirum. Nemo enim e nant: rar il ny aperjbmw
tam putet
non enex,poe
quivivere.
e annumSedi d'zz decrcpz't, pour ne pas
e atter gu'o'z pourra bien
iidem elaborant in eis, qu qu'er encore une annie. lai:
ciunt nihil omnino ad e le mzrfveil/eux e, gu'un
perunere. fuifillard donne de: pained',
dant il q} xir de ne p4: re
cueillir le fruit .' et camme
Szrz't dit
 On OLD' AGEL \ zr=3
Sap-back: continued to write plays to an extreme old
age; and becaue he eemed, for the ake of udy,
to throw o all regards for his domeic aairs, he
was fued at law by his ons; that, according to
our own uage of removing from the management
of an eate uch fathers as are unt for dicharg
ing that tru to advantage, the judges might
rerain him in the ame manner, as being turned a
dotard. On which the old man' is aid to have read
to his judges the play of Oedz'pus Calamus ii, which
happened to be in his hand, and had been but lately
finihedi 'This done, he aked his judges if that
poem could be the work of one thatv had lo hiis
enes; whereupon they unanimouy opped any
'farther proecution again him.

I T could name old country gentlemen 1 in the

Sabine territories, who are my friends and neigh
bours, and our own fellow-citizens, that were ne
ver abent from their farms when any work of con
equence was to be done, as owing, reaping, and
gathering the corn into barns. This, hmever, is
no-wie urprizing in them: for there are none o
old, but think they may live a year. Nay, thee
very men take a great deal of pains about what
K 3 * they
* iOnIipus Coloneur, or more clearly, Ora'z'piu retired' to a bill. There
are two tragedies, written by &phor/er, called Oedipm; to diiinguih
which, the title of this one, here mentioned, eomprehends the place
where the cene is laid. * 7
1- De Scncctute, cap. 8. \
I ln the Frm/th, it is in the country. in general: but the original
has it, in tlze country i tbrSabines. It was here that Cato, though
born at Tu'ulum, ued to reide and pas his time, before he wem
to erve in the army, on ome lands and poeons, which his aith',
according to Plutarrb of Amyot, had left himt
214. THOUGHTS 'of CICERO.
Seri! &bar-'13 ue alleri dit Cecilim, dam Ie: Sj/u'
eat/o pry/int, pbictn,

nt aitStatius noer in Syn Il s'occupe 5. planter pour

-ephebis. Nec verb dubi le Ecle prochain.
1et agricola, qualm-is enexl Allez qu' a'emander, Pour
quzzrcnti, cui erat, re qui plantez-rvom? 11 'vow
pondcre: Diis immortali-' nomlra, Ptmr In Dieux
'bus, qui 'me non accipere immcrte/r, qui ont 'vote/11, e'
modb hzec i majoxibus vo yue je praite du tra-'nail de
lucrum, ed ctiam poeris (cur qui 'n'am prirea'e, et
prodcre. que (eux qui me hi-urant,
prqitent du mien.
e.
Nec nunc quidem vires A I'fgard de: farre: tar
deidcro adolecentis, (is porellex, hr gnat' parte lee
enim erat locus alter de vi mnd reprot/Je gu'onfait 3 [a
tiis enectutis) non plus, 'vicillg' : pref/Zntement je
quim adolecens tauri, deire 'out au pea d'itre
aut elcphanti deiderabam. ort tomme unjzune bomme
(And e, eo decet uti : et gueje deirozi: patre/bis d'elrc
quidquid agas, agere pro fort camme un taureau, on
viribus. (ar/'me 'm ZZprant. II s'agit
vei'erztplqyer te que tuous awez
deform', et defaire ioxg'aars
de 'voire mieux ce gue 'was
palm/ex.
_ Et i ia ipa deectio vi II e paurta'at .'erdi gy'
rium adolccenkie vitiis e r'e t) Iajetnu, tntoreplw
.citur aepius, qum enec on-vent qu' [a wieille,
tutis. Libidinoa etenim, qu'on doit imputer le dipiril
et intemperans adolecentia ement de e: in-cer.
emtum corpus tradit e
jeum qui e Ii-vre tz Une
es
nectuti. paam, et am me are, ne
(my/met a) [a mid/le gu'ua
carp: u/Z.
Arbitror te audirc, Sci Vom- arvtz alt: doute,
pio, hopes tuus avims Ma-_ Seijkion, te que fair amor:
nih qua: faciat hedie, atgjaui'd'bui I'lmctte de w:
nonaginta annos natus: aft-ax, Mainiz, qui e
cum ingreus iter pedibus dama qudtre- wingb dixiime
r, in equum omnino non anne'e. Apied, d (be-ved, il
-i?:cnderc; cim equo, ex ay? izzfatigabk. Toujour: [a
. equo til'
 'On 'OLD AGE. 215
they very well\know can never be of any ervicefto
themelves.

Iis trees be plants, tI/efuture age tor-Ur.

As our countryman Statius has it, in'his Synepbei if.
Now hould any one ak an old armer for whom he
plants, he will make no cruple to anwer, For the
immortal Gods, whoe pleaure it is that I hould
not only receive thee from my anceors, but like
Wie perpetuate them to poerity.
Helen;
At 1- preent, indeed, -I no more deire the
hength of "a young man, for that is the econd ob
jection vto'old age, 'than I deired that of a bull or
clephant, when young. Whatever ability a man
poees, vhe ought to make a good ue of it, and in
allihis actions eXerthimelf accordingly.
'The want of bodily trength, however, is more
frequently owing -to the vices o youth, than to
'old age-itelf. 'For intemperance and debauchery in
the former, renders the'body 'exhaued and feeble
bifore the latter arrives. *
'You 3; have heard, Scipio, I dare ay, how Ma
iriia, 'the dear friend of your ancetors ll, 'paes
K 4. his
* Synepbebi, or, the young Campanian, was a Greek comedy of
Menander, tranlated, or rather imitated in Latin by Csriliur, who is
called Statius in the original. Statiu: is the name of a lave, and was
a kind of nick-name givan him, on account of his former lavery.
1' De Scnectute, cap. 9.
I Ibid. cap. lo.
u We hall ee afterwards, in Scipio's dream, how intimate a
friendhip ubied between Mami 21, King of Numidia, and the
family of the Scipio's. At the beginning o the econd punic war,
hehad joined the Carthaginiam 5 but one of his nephews being made
prioner,
 \

216 THOUGHTS' of CICERO.

equo non decendere: nullo_ lite nue, gite/gus pluie, 't
imbre, nullo frigore addu gar/que fraid gu'il te.
ci, ut capite Operto it: Point (bargi Je chair, m
ummam in eo ee corporis d'bumeurs. Rtmjalz'znt tum'
iccitatem: itaque exequi i: demoim, faziant foule: i
omnia regis ocia et mu mctia'z: de roi. Ai/gi I'ex
nera. Pote igitur exerci crcin et [a temprame ent
tatio, et temperantia etiam _ capable: de (on er-z-er aux
enectuti conervarc aliquid mieil/ard: quely-'ce (bae dt
priini roboris. leur pra-mien' ruigueur.
Nunquam um aenus ye n'ai jamai: gain' te
veteri illi laudatdque pro wicax proverb, qui ei
verbio, qdod moner, ma commun, 23: pour Etre long
ture eri cnem, did velis ttmpr 'vie-lax, il funt 'ftre
ee enex. Ego verb me de &omn- chm'e; Paur met',
minds di) cnem ee mal ply/fit gue de I'Etre a-vant
terms, j'aime mz'eux I'eitre
lem, qum ee enem antE,
qum eem. main; long-tempI.
Rcidz'oim-nou: contra [a
, Retiicndum cnectutie, wz's-'I/'zz/. ye I'attmtian
ejzque vitiadiligenti cem
pengnda unt. Pugnan rztz'aubis'e de natre part, t'am
'dum, tanquam contra mor e'ze If: tart: qu'el/e plat
bum, ic contra enectutem. awair." Traitam-Ia canne
Habenda ratio valetudinis : 'me maladie, centre Iaguel/e
uzcndum exercitationibus ilfaut latter. Prenamhi't
modicis: ranom cibi et de none/2171th faihm un
potionis adhibendum, ut exerrice maerE: &ii-vom- et
reiciantur vires non oppri maizgcon: pour riparer no:
mnnmr. Nec verb corpori form halt-mew, Ft non
oli ubveniendum e, ed gu'i; le: outrer. Il/Iai: pain'
menti atque animo multb Way'om aux hhin: de l'q/rz't,
magis. Nam hee: qucque, autaizt et ply: gu'Fz flux du
nii tanquam lumini oleum (al/155. C'q/z' une lamp: at)
inilles, cxtinguuntur e il aut remeltre de l'buile,
am guoi [a vuieille l'ci'ttient.
nectute Nam qqos air
Czecilius, camiw: ulto: Car re; ots vieillards de
ner: hos ignicat cre comedie, ai'zi gue par/e
dulos, oblivioos, diolutos: Citilizu, t'e-wdire, uihnt
quze vitia un: non enec (hin/ex, aublieux, nigh-"gent,
tutis, ed inertis, ignava, (i rz'ej/I point Jeur dge
omniculoae enecturis. qui le: rend: telx, c'ej/I Ieur
pan, c't gu'ilx 712/21'U6t
rienairc, c'ej/I qu'i/J ne'zt
que glarmirs
Taint:
 On OLD AGE. 217
hi's time; who is now ninety years o age: if he
begins a journey on oot, he can by no means be
prevailed on to make ue of a hore; and i he ets
out on horeback, he never alights: rain and cold,
however tempeuous, cannot hinder him from
going bare-headed : his body is abolutely srm and.
free from humours: in a word,,he dicharges all
the duties and buines incumbcnt on a kinrr, Hence
we ee that exercie and temperance may tranmit
omething of our former vigour to old age.
I could never approve of the old proverb, o
much in repute, that advies, if we would live to
be old to begin early to be o. As for my part, I
had rather my old age hould be the horter; than
to act the old man, before I really was o.
We * ought to hold out again old age with
courage, and compenate, by our diligence, for its
inconveniencies. We hould ruggle with old age,
as with a dieae. The preervation of health de
mands our utmo attention. In order to which,
we hould ue moderate exercie, and take o much
meat and drink as is neceary to refreh and recruit,
and not to oppres, our rength. Nor is the body
alone to he cared for, much more concern ought to
be taken about our mind, and rational part. For
even thee will be 'extinguihed by old age, unles,
like a lamp, you eed them with new oil. As to
K 5 thoe
prioner, and et at liberty by Scipio the elder without any ranom, he
uas o enibly touched with this generoity, that he declared himelf
Wholly for the Romans. He was far from being ueles to them, and
for a reward of his ervices, they not only conrmed him in th own
kingdom, but gave him ome other lands, which'thcy had taken rom
the Carbaginians
, ' De Senectute, cap. 11,

Li""'L-I-L -.
_'!8 THOUGHTS of' CICERO.
Ut adalecentcm, in quo J'aime yue Iejeune Latum
fenilc aliquid; ic enem, tt'nme un pea du qxieillard, et
in quo e &dolecentis ali qu: [t Aieiilartl tiemze unpeu
quid, probo; quod qui e du jeune barme. Olerwm
quitur, corporc enex ee telle rEgIe, et nerre carp:
potent, ammo nunquum pour-m bien wicz'llir; muia'
erit. uotrt e/rit, non.
n'X-x
Sequitur tertia vitupera On reprcr/ae, en traiiime
tio enectutis, quod eam Iz'eu, u [a wiei/I, de n'ftre
carere dicunt voluptatibus. plul propre 12gater le plaiir.
O pxzeclarum munus aetatis, Que nou: Iuiomme: dam re
i quidem id aufert nobis, de-vabler, d'arvair Eearti de
quod e in adolecentia vi nou: dangereux
plu: ce que [a jeune
1 i a de
tiocimum !
Accipite enim, optimi __72une.r gem, Emuer re
adolecenres, Veteretn ora ue di/Zzz't un de: grand: bum
tionem Archyta: Tarentin'i, me: gu'ilj ait eu, Are/tha:
magni in primis, et przclari de Tarente. J'ai entendu
viri: quae mihi tradita e, raconter m dtour: I: Ta
cnm eem adolecens Ta-_ rentt mEme, at) j'foi: dam'
renti cum Maximo. majeum? arose Falu'm. La
Nullam capitaliorem pe wlapte', a'i air-il, e/I [e plu:
Iem, qum corporis volup terrible iau du gem-e bu
tatem, hominibus dicebat main, puigue t'e/f [aaz'de
5. natma datam': cujus vo la walupti, qui aIIume le:
luptads avida: libidines te 1513.: Via/eate: paam. Pour
mere et erenate ad pori la atiaz're 07: Habit a
undumincirarcnrur. Hinc patrie, of' rcn-vere le: nimb
patriaz proditinnes, him: Iiguer, on a deeret: entre
rerumpublicarum Everom titm awe: I'e'memi, on e
nes, him: cumh hoibus parte 21 ton; le: crimex, i:
clandeina colloquia. naci: rous In aent-21: pqbleh
mullam denique celus, nul On ne (ommitraz't m' aduItE
iIum malum facinus ee, "ex, m' num: barreur: tie
ad quod ucipiendum non ' lette epe'ee, ans le: amor-re:
libidovoluptatisimpelleret: du plazir. Et ramme le
upra verb, et adulteria, et pin: rit/Je pu/ent gue I'be'n/'le
iomne tak agitium nullis
air reu, ou de [a nature, m
aliis iliecebris excitari, nii de quelgue Dieu, c'e [a raien,
volupmtis. Cmque ho au [a raien n'n-t-ellepoin!
mini ve naeum, five quis de plu: morlelle ennemie ue
deus nihil memc praznbi la molt-ple. Of' [a 'valupti
. * lius , damim,
 /

On U L D AEG-'B 219
'fhoe Whom-'Carilz'us'ealls/4old m'm'c ad/s, he means
'uc'h as'v'vere credulo'us, "forgetful, and indolent ;.
which are not properly the vices_o old age, but
'rather the 'eects of lanines, inactivity, and lug
gih'n'es. . \
As I apprOVe o a yOuth that. has omethingb'
=the old man-in him 5 o I arn no les pleaed with
an old man, that 'has omething o th'e youth. He
that follows this rule, may be 'old in- body, but caiv
never be 'o inmind. '
Iztih'il
Next it follows the third objection to old age,
wis. that it has no relih for pleaures, Excellent
advantage o age, mce it frees us from What is
mo blameable in youth.
For attend, ye be o you-ths, to what zrcbytar'
o Tars-nium has aid on this ubject, who was one'
of the greate and mo renowued men that ever
lived. I had it related to me when a young man at.
Tarmtum with Fabius Maximus 17. senual'
pleaure, aid he, is the mo pernicious endow
ment that nature has beowed on mankind; for inl
order to gratify it, we give a looe to our mo in
ordinate Paions, which carry all before them,
Hence proceed treaons again our country, 'the
ubVeron o ates, and clandeine conferences
'With the public 'enemyxz in hort, there is no.
' K 6. _ crime
* De Sent-ute, cap. 12. .
f Can, in this dialogue on old-age, Chap. 5. tells. on what occaionr
and character, he was at Farmmm with Falxim the Great, who was
urnamed the Tempmi'er. .
I This is a atirical touch on what likewie happened at the iege
oTarcmum, where Fabiur had the addres to carrylon an-intriguecf
Illlantry, in order to erve hitownpurgoesx
220 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
lius dediet; huic divino dami/Ie, il n'j a ply: de rete
muneri ac dono nith ee nue, et [a wem: neejaurmz
tam inimicum, qu'm vo point 01) [a 'valuti rigne.
luptatem. Nec enim libi Pour [e minor tomrena're,
dine dominante temperan gurez-wau: guelgu'un, dihit
tize locum ee; ncque om drcbar, dam I'arrZ': du
nino in voluptatis regno plaz'ir le ply: 'vz'f gue- In
virtutem poe coniere. jZ/u puint gain-r. Tent
Quod qub magis intelligi gus durtra re tun/part, a
poet; ngere animo ali hriment l'trit a'e cet Imm
quem jubebat, tam imita mz-IZz nehuroitfaire aucune
rum Voluptate corpors, anction.Rim don: n'ei
quanta percipi poet maxi afile/fable, rien dei nuiibk
ma: nemini cenebac ore yue Ia molute, puzgue l'gf
dubium, quin tamdiu, dum fet qu'e/I: produit, Ia'gu'elle
ita gaudcrer, nihil cogita a le ply: deforre et de durie,
tione conequi poet. Bo r'q d'Ettindre [tambeau de
circa'nihi] ee ram detea I'ame.
bile, tmque peierum,
qum volugtatem: i qui
dem ea, cum major ee:
atque longior, omne animi
lumen extingueret.

Bene Sophocles, cdm ex On demandoit i Sap/sad',

eo quidamjam aecto aetate ui eme defjahr Ie ratour a'e
quaereret, uteretrne rebus Z'dge, I'i] a'vait (more quel
venereis: Dz'i melz'ara, in gu: tommerte a-vec Vinus.
quit. Libenter 'verb iinc, Qge les Dieux m'en pre
tanyuam 13 domirzo agre/71' ac ervent, dit iIagement. j'ai
furioh frougi. as ravi de me tirer de l,
comme d'entre les mains
d'un maiue brutal et u
rieux.

anrta Ray'
 On OLD AGE. 221'
crime o heinous, no villany o bae, which the
lut of pleaure will not make pe0ple commit: as
for rapes, adulteries, and uch like bae actions, it is
to the ininuating blandihments of pleaure they are
entirely owing. Again, though reaon be the mo
excellent gift that nature, or rather ome God, has
beowed on man ; yet nothing is uch anencmy to
this divine preent, this bleing of the Gods, as plea
where For
ure: lut there
bears can
an be no room for
unc0ntrouled temperance,
way; nor is it i
poible for virtue to have any reidence, where plea
ure reigns. And in order to make this ill better
' underood, he bid us gure to ourelves a man un
der the inuence of as exquiite pleaure as the ima
gination can pobly conceive: there are none, he
thinks, but will allow, that while this tranport las,
uch a man could not do one ingle action with
judgment, reaon, or reection. Wherefore nothing
is o deteable and hurtful, as pleaure; becaue,
hould it prevail in any high degree, or coniderable
length of time, it would quite extinguih every park
ofintellectual light in the oul *.
It 1- Was admirably well anwered by Sap/Jac/er,
when aked if he had any cemmerce with women
now
* Pleaure, no les than our ideas, may be diinguihed into that
which is apprehended bymeans of our bodily enes, and that which
proceeds from reexion. The former comprehends whatever is pleaing
to animal nature; the latter, whatever is agreeable to right reaon.
The one is limited to the correpondence between external objects and
out organs of enation, the other unbounded as the univere. They
dier alo in degree ; for on comparing the pleaures of the Palate and
mell, or evan thoe ariing from a ne propect or concert of muu,
with that we eel from the reexion of having dicharged the duties of
an aectionate parent, of a grateful child, of a incere friend, of a
< generoul
+ De Sencctute, cap. 14.
' I
v-.i.__;a

'222 THUGHTS of'CICiERO;

s
o .I ' ? .'
Warm reat caua, qu Ree un guatr'me/iji de'
maxim angere atque olli plainte (Mire Ia mitil/e,
citam habere noram ta Quelle ny? pu: loigne 'de
tem videtur, appropinqua la mort. Voil principale
tia mortis, qu cert e ment ce gui eau/e la mm
nectute non poteft long wai humeur dun ru'eia-d.
ubee. O mieru'm eriem, O! quil y? digne de piti,
se-
qui mortem contemnendam davoir tqnt fvc'u-,fam avoir
effe in tam longa tate non appr': me'prifer la mart.
viderit!
Qanquam quis e tam ye] e I'in/Znh, qui ti
'ultus, uamvis t adole enne pour ir, ft il [a
-cens, cu t exploramn, e fleur de lge, Quil wiqu
mm
ad vefperum ee victurum? jufuau fair? jeune
Quin etiam tas illa mult homme a mim: plus de rtj/yw
'plures, qum noftra, mortis a tourir gite nbu. 'Ce vm
caus habet. Facilis in ge la le: maladie: hin? plw
morbos incidunt adolefcen commune', plu: aigus, plu!
tes gravis grotant. tri baguer. Au wait-m 7 m
is curantur. Itaque pauci de gem fvie/'r. On mt
veniunt ad enecturem :quod trou-venir bien mieux, glu
ni iea accident, melifxs et relu t autreumzt. Car I"
prudentius viveretur. Mens cu/en: et Ia prudente nap
enim, et ratio, et conli partiennent guaux viei
um, in fenibus e. lardr.
At pent adolece'ns, Mai: It vieillard ne peut
' did e victurum: quod pe e/jrer de rui-vre long-temp,
rare idem fenex non pote. au lieu que Iejelme bamme
ln-pienter perat. Bid Jen atte. Ce llement
enim ultius, qum incerta quil :enatte. Quel/e illu
pro certis habere, fala pro ion main: rainnabie, que de
eris? Senex ne quod pe compter in' l'incertain, et
ret quidem habet. de prendre [e faux pour IL
At\e
eo meliore conditiones quam tvrai P Un wieillard efam
adolefcentia cm id, quod affrente: daccord. Mais
ille fperat, hic jam cone _[iz candifian e [a plus arvum
cutus e. Ille vult did ageu/e, en cela m'mz' quil
vivere : hic did vixit. Le-de a'ja ce que lautre m
fait que/prer. Cdui-qi mur
a'vi'vre alg-temp
long-temps fvcu. : i lantre
Brave Que/211:
 On O L D AG 223
now in his old days : Heavenrbid, ays he. No, 1- .
have 'with pleaure made my ecape from all deires qf
ibir kind, as from a awage andfurious tyrant.

There * remains a 'ohrth objection, that renders

our advanced ate of life full of anxicty and concern,
en'z. the approach of death; which cannot, in the
nature of things, be far removed from old-age.
How wretched is the old man, who, in the whole
coure of his long life, has not learned that death is.
to be depied l
Beides, who is there, though in the very ower
ofhis youth, o infatuate, as to promie himelf one
ingle day's exience? And, indeed, this age is
much more ubject to mortal accidents, than ours.
Youngmen fall into diempers more eaily, are
icker under them, and cured with greater diculty.
Hence few arrive at old age; which is one reaon,
why mankind live not better and more prudently :.
for good ene, underanding, and prudence are
only to be found in old men.
Ay, but a youth may hope to live for a con
iderable time, which an old man cannot. Such
hopes are folly : for what is more inconl'tent with'
reaon, than to hold incertainties for certain, and
falehoods for truth ? An old man, indeed, has no
thing to hope for. But eyenin this repect, he has
. the
generous patriot, in hort, of one who has acted as he ought both te'
wards God and man; what a diparity hall we nd between them 9
How low and grmrcling the one? How exalted and rational the other P
Bcidea, enual pleaure is eeting and momenta-ryz but that of re
uion, durable and laing as our exience. Now though old men.
loe, in a great meaure, the pleaures of the former ; yet they enjoy
thoe of the latter in a uperior 'degree to the young. So that; bz
remembring this diinction, the jjection vanihes of coure.
'P De Senectute, cap. 19. "'

*"-'-.._._.__
 224 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
Breve tempus tats, fatis axe/que pu quon 'vi-ve,
e longum ad bene ho cle/1 az pour bien 'ui'ure.
neque vvcndum. Sin Si votre rarriire c plu;
proceeris longis, non Inngw, imi/ez alors le [a
v ma is dolendum e, qum boureur, que ne sattrze
' agr coke dolcnt, prterit pa: de rugir que laimable
verni temporis uavitate, rintem : ait d"aru, our
atem autumnmque ve faire [are Ver; ef
nie. Ver enm, tanquam lautomne. L: printrmpr,
adolecentiam gnicat, image de la jeune, daim:
oienditque fruflus futuros : I'q/prame de: fruits, dont
reliqua tempora dcmcten [a rcolte e a'e ini'e
dis fructibus, et percipien d'autre: hiom'. Avoir de
dis accommodata um. bonne: actions, et un grand
Fructus autem enectutis e nombre de 60mm action:
(ut aape dixi) anti: part0 reper dam/0n g/rit, cq,
rum bonorum memoria et comme je lai a'it hu-vent, le
eo 1a. 'uit 'e/Eer (3 If: ruiei/lg:
. .><. v .
f n'
9|? n
Nec tamen omnes po Tour [er bummer, il e
funt ee Scipiones, aut rurai, ne huraient tre de:
Maximi, ut urbium ex Scipiam, on de: Fazu: : a
pugnaxiones, ut pedcres fvoir le mmoire remplie de
navalfve pugnas, ut bella wille: prix, de combat: in'
e gea, in triumphos re ferre et in' mer, de-vz'ctoireJ,
de triompbel. Mai: de:
cordentur. E etiam quiet,
et pur et eleganter a jeun paz tranquil/amen,
tatis placid-3 ac lenis e innotement, m bonnite bam
nectus: qualem accepimus me, nd-de au]; une douce et
Platonis, qui uno erecto paf/i5]: vieil/e- e. Te/Ieet
gemo anno fcribens mor ell/e d: Platan, mort dam fa
tuus e. Qxalem Iocratis, guatre-wiugtunime arme,
qui eum librum, qui Pana la ame a la main. Telle
thenacus incribitur, quare t celled l/aqmte, qui, [ac/3
to, et nonagemo anno quil r n Panatbena'iyul;
cripie dicitur, vixlque await, dit-on, quatre-vingt
quinquennium poe: cu guaiorze am', et vtu! en
jus magier, Leontiznus core ring am' au n'a/. Gar
Gorgias, centum, et feptcm gias, qui await t/672 matre,
complevit annosz neque un rue'th cent/cpt am' accomplir,
quam in uo Radio, atque -et il Etudia, il travail/a
opere ceavit. , cum ex jzzju'au &out. &rely-'un Iui
eo qureretun cur tamdiu ayant demand comment i111:
vellet
 ._On OLD AGE.7 225
the adVantag'e of a young man; as having already
obtained, what the other only hopes to arrive at."
The latter wihes to live long, the former hath
actually done o.
However hort the duration of life, 'tis abuhdantly
long, if pent agreeably to the dictates of virtue and
honour. But hould it be pun out longer, there is
no more reaon to be grieved on that account, than
the hubandmen have, when after the weet eaon
of pring is pa, they ee the ummer and autumn
advance. For the pring is a kind of emblem of
youth, and expoes to our view the buds of the
future fruit, for the reaping and ill-gathering of
which, the other eaons are accommo_dated_. Now
the fruit of old age, as I haVe often oberved, is the
remembrance of our many brave and virtuous actions
in the former part of life. i

All * men, howover, cannot be Scipia's, or Max

imus's, to have their memories lled with ieges of
Cities taken, with land and ea engagements, with
Wars they had happily nihed, or triumphs they .
had been honoured with. But if life is pent in an
eay, innocent, and genteel manner, old age will
not fail to be calm and erene. Such was that of
Plato, who though he lived to be eighty-one years
old, yet continued his tudies to the la. Such
alo was that of Iorrates, who is aid to have wri
the treatie called Panatbenaicon f; in the ninety
fourth year of his age, and to have lived ve years
afterwards. His erCeptor Leontimu Gargias lived
no
' De Senectute, cap. 5.
1- This is the title of a long dicoure in praie of the Abraham.
me THOUG'HTS beICERO.
vellet ee in vita: lvi/yd ? digaiwz't point de [a wi',
baea, inquit, gud ima/em C'e, dit-il, que je nai
ntctulem. Prclarum re point me plaindre de la
ponum, et docto homine vieillee. Riparzh bien dign:
dignum. Sua enim vitia dun/21mm! bar/'me : car In
inpientes, et uam culpam ux, au iontraire, rendent
in enectutem concrunt: la 'viei/lg- refpon/abit dt
quod non faciebat Ennius, leur: propre: dfaut]: in
jtzite dant 'Elmiu: ut ex
Sicntforti: equum paria gai empt, mm: ou le wait par
apezpremo telle tamaraihn, quil Jap
Vitit ol'jmia, num finita pligut a Iui-mfctmt .'
cv'zctu' pif/Sil.
I
Te! quun Courer fameux,
Equi fortis, et victoris c qui, jeune et plein dar
neftuti comparat uam. deur,
De IElide vingt fois 'tem
porta. tout lhonneur,
Par les ans accabl, ans
i perdre fa noble'e,
fAbandonne au repos une
VKOMx
 On 'O L'D AG E. 227
no les than an hundred and even; and yet never
gave over his iudy and occupation. Being aked,
what pleaure he could take in life, at thoe years;
I liar/e no reaon, ays he, to complain a old age.
An anwer truly excellent, and worthy of a learned
man : for it is ignorant ools alone, who throw the
blame of their otvn vices, and bad conduct, on old
age. Enm'u: acted in another manner, who com
pares his own old age, to that of a 'Victorious
race-hore.

I: 'be bramnd, who qft ib' olymic prize bar won,

Rg/is from the glorious toil, 'wi/mfeeble age came: an.
 228 THOUGHTS of CIC'E'RO.

X. X.
De MORTE. Sur la MO RT.

1 IHIL in malis du IE-N de ce qui a ite'

camus, quod it vel a'ctermini, all par le:
a diis immortallbus, vel 5. Dieux immorteIJ', on par
naturaparenteomniumCOn noie (oillmlle ere [a i/IZ

itumm.' Non enim te ture, me dot Ft'rc tempte'

mere
criegui nec
umusfortuitb ati et
t ed proectb' pour un mal. Cat' c'zzz (e
uit quiazdam vis_, quad ge nkpa: le baard, ce 'Apas
un: ran/i' awe-ugly, qui '1014.
a (reiez: mai: non: tle-vow
neri conuletet humane:
nec id gigneret, aut aleret, I'Etre certainement Zz quelqvc
quod, cm exanclaviet puizme, qui wail/e hr Ie
omnes labores, tum- incide genre bumain. E/Ie ne J'e
ret in mortis malum em par damn; [t oin de 'tout
pitemum. Pox-tum potids produire, a de conrm/er no:
paratum nobis et perfugiumjoyn', pour num pre'cipiter,
putemus: qub utinam velis apt-3: nous a-uoiraz't e'prou
pas ervehi liceat? Sin 'ver toute: le: mie're: de te
reanubus ventis rejicie mantle, dam une mrtli-vie
mur, tamen eodem paulb d'un mal Eternel. Regardam:
tardius reeramur necee pludt [a man' came m:
e. Wed autem omnibus ay/e, camme un port qui nam
necee e, id-ne mierum attend. Pldt il Dieu gite
ee uni pote P. nauxyum, meer I: plaine:
waile: Aai: le: went: au
rant beau num' retarder, il
faudm nicgzirement gle:
nous arri-viam, guaigu'zmpeu
ply: tard. Or, re qui 1/5
pour tom ane nErz'te'; trait
ilpaur mal:le 'm mal P

Mulieres A:
 On 229

X.

-On DEATH.

E * eteem nothing to be an evil, that

is the appointment of the immortal
Gods, or of, nature the common parent of all
things. __ For we were not created and formed
by chance, or at random: no, there certainly was
ome powerful being, that took care o the interets
o mankind, and w'ould never have given them ex
ience, or furnihed them with the means o life,
if, after having ruggled with the various misfor
tunes attending it, they were at la to be wallow-ed
up by, that wor of evils, Werlaing death f. Let
us rather account it a haven, or place of refuge,
prepared for us; and oh that we could y thither
with full pread fails l But hould we be detained by
contrary winds, it is abolutely certain, however,
that we hall arrive at it, only omewhat later.
Now how can that be a hardhip to any one peron,
which all mu necearily undergo?
In
* Tucul. l. 49.
'f According to the idea which the natural reaon of the Pagans
formed of a upreme Being, they looked upon his character to be
made up of innite goodnes alone. But religion teaches us, that the
goodnes of God is ineparable from his juice; and as there are
eternal rewards for good men, o there are eternal punihments for
the wicked. Whence the certainty of a future ate, is proved
lo a demonration; becaue necearily connected with the exience
of a good and ju God, who will rewaxd the virtuous, and punih
the wicked. See page 37.
 230 THOU'GHTS of CICERO.
Pa, 4

Mulieres in India, cdm Auz Indn, [a pluralite'

e cujuvis earum vir mor dufemme: e regne. Quaml
tuus, in- certamcn judici un bamme e mart, i: wa
I'quue veniunt, uam plu ve: reident ale-vant Ie
ximdm ille dilexenr. Plures fuge, paur faire a'e'cia'er la
enim ingulis olent ee quellt a Ete' [e plat tendrement
nuptx. (Am e' victrix, thirt: et all: gui rempart:
ea lieta. proequemibus uis, [a wictaire, court d'un air
uni cum viro in rogum imo. gai, hi-uie de i: parcm,
ponitur': illa victa, mcnia placerur I: &Et/yard: ux
dicedit. Nunquam natu Epo'x, lar/dis ue I'autre e
ram mos vinceret: e enim retire, mad/it de trie.
oa emper invicta. J'amai: toilumc n'eit fair
brawer Ia mor, i [a man
ifait centre [a nature: car
llL nature q tolg'our: an
du de tout.
"-' -""v'f
Win FH'NZ
' Pellantur ia: ineptia: Paul-'on damn" dam' re
pen: aniles, ante tempus prugE. ridicule,. qu'jl e
mori mjerum eiiu Q_u_0d bien trie tlehaurir awapt [e
tandem tempns? Natures t'mp: ?_ Et a"P De
Teut-anarlsr quel temps
celui gue
ne? At ea quidem dedit
uuram- vicar, tanquamrpe [a nature a xi ? MaiJ ell:
cnniae, null prwitmi die. 'tom damn la "vie, camme on
[Wite
(Did e igitur, quodzque le do I'argerzt-, amxer
term: du remlomemmt.
rare, i repetit, cum vult?
(A enim cenditione acce Paurguai trow-ver Etmng:
peras. gu'zlle la. reprnme, guard il
lui plait? Van: me I'awz
reyue ju'lz cet/e condition.
Iidem, i puer pdrvus oc Qg'tm petit erant- mare,
cidet, zeqno animo ferendum on J'en conhle. 23'1'] an
puxant: iverb m cums, ne 'man an au berceau, an nJy
querendum quidem. Arguiz ange ulement pas. C'q/I
ab hoc acerbiiua exegit nae pourtam, d'eux gue Ia nature
tupa, quod dederat. Non a-txigE. I: pin: durement a
dum gu'averat; inquiunt, dtttz. Maix, dit an, il:
vitzuavitatem .: _hi,c autum n'am/aim' pas weare guile' In
j amfpecabanmagpa. quibus, domeur: de [a Wit; au lien
frui cuzpexar. Arid quidem gue trl autw,.1:ris dam m:
- " ipum Age
 On D- E A T H; 2 31
In *'India, wherea plUrality of wives isallowed,
when a. huband happens_tQ die, they all make their
appearance in a courtzof-j uice, and have a hot di
pute, which of- them was mo beloved by the de
ceaed. She that gets the better, is ecorted thence
by her'friends, and joyfully mounts the funeral pile,
robe-placedbeide her huband : whereas he that is
ca, departs quite overwhelmed with grief. No
cuom ure could, thus brave nature, which always
maintains its uperiority,
*-. r
- 71',
Hence-1- then with thee womanih complaints,
that-itxis. a great misfortune to die before our time. I
would ak what time? Is it that o nature? But he, '
indeed, h'as lent us life, as we do a um of money,
only no certain day is xed for the payment. What
reaon then to complain, if he demands it at plea
ure; ince it.was on this condition you received it?
Such men-as thee, think the death of a young
'boy ought to- be born with patience; but hould
an infant in the cradle happen to die, there is not
the lea ground of complaint. And yet, in this
la cae, nature exacts her loan more rigorouy
than in the other. Ay, but ay they, the latter had
not as yet tated the weetnes-go life 3 whereas the
other had entertained very great expectations, and
had even begun to enjoy them. In other matters,
however, _ it , is! thought much- preferable to-receive;
a part,- rather-th-an-noneu at all; and why not o
with regard to life ?r Though it isatrue- enough
obervation .

*-T\rcul. V, 27. 't lbisz 39.

232 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
ipfum in cteris rebus me ge plu: avanc/eprnmmoit
lius putatur, aliquam par une fortune riante, et defjav
lem, quim nullam, attin commencez? enjaur. Do
gere; cur in vita ecus? vient guil nen e donc pas
qumquam non mal ait de la vie comme de: autre:
Callimachus, multo piu: lieu, dam' on aime mienx
meomm Priamum, nuam awir une partie, que de
'roi/um. manquer le tout P Priam,
dit Cal/imayue, et ce/ une
age rexion, Priam a plus
{auvent pleur que Troie.
Eorum autem, qui exact On loue [a definit de ceux
tate moriumur, fortuna guiPar meurent de (via/14.
Que/1e rai/en .9 I] me
laudatur. Cut? Nam, re
or, nullis, i vita longior [mle au contraire, que i
daretur, pofiiit ee jucun le: vieillard: avoient plu: de
dior. Nihil e enim pro temj: vivre, Ha eux dont
fectb homini prudenti dul [a mie/mit la plu: agraHe.
cius : quam, ut ctera au Car de iam le: avantage;
fcrat, aert certe enectus. dent lhomme peu! i atter,
la prudence e certainement
le plusztrfaifant ; et aand
iljerait vrai que la 'vieiI
14 nam prime a/blumenl
de fou: lu ancrer, du main:
nam procure-belle celui l.
Am ver tas longo e? Mai: quappeI/e-tan 'vier
Aut quid omnino homini long-rem): .9 HE yliy a-t-il
longum? Nonne modo pue pour nous gu'tmpuz' appeler
r0s, modo adoleccntes, in durable P Il ny a guunpa:
euru, tergo inequens, de lenfance la jeune;
nec opinantes aecuta e et notre mur/e e peine
feneftqu Sed quia ultra cammence, que la wieille
nihil habemus, hoc longum mm: atteint, aer ue '10qu
ducimus. omnia ia, pe peniam'. Comme la 'vie-il
rinde ut cuique data unt, lg- e notre bar/m non:
pro rata parte aut longa aut ape/on: cela un grand ge.
brevia dicuntur. Apud Van: n'ite: in? (vivre peu,
Hypanim uvium, qui ab ou Leauroup, que relativement
Europa: parte in Pomum ce yw fai-veut ceux-ci, en
iiinum Arioteles ait bcio ceux-la. ri/Iole dit quefur
las quadam nafci1a qu u ler'bo'rn': du FIeu-"ue anna/tia
num diem vivant. Ex his qui far/'63 du cite' de I'Europt
igiturl > dan:
 On DEATH; 233
obervation of Callimnckus, that Priam Wept much
oftener than Troilus

On the other hand, the'good fortune of thoe

who die of old age, is highly celebrated. For what
reaon ? It is my opinion, indeed, that was the life
of old men protracted longer, it would be the mo
agreeable of all others : for certainly there is nothing '
yields a man moreatisaction than prudence; and '
though old age deprives us oother comforts, yet it
is ure to bring this one along with it.

But what age deerves to be called long? Or is

there any thing at all, which concerns man, that'
merits to'be called o? Are we not hurricd on from'
inancy to youth, and from youth to old age, which,
puruing inviibly, overtakes us in the middle of our '
career, and before we are aware? But becaue we
have nothing beyond, we account it long. All thee
ages of life, in every individual, are aid to be either
long or hort, Only in regard to their iated and
of the length.
uual Ariotle tells us, thatpart
on the banks
river Hymzir 1-, which vonithe of Europe
'alls into the Black-ea, there are found certain in
ects, which live but the pace of one day. Such of
L ' the-e.

'' Priam having lived to be an old man, and uered uch anum
ber of misfortunes, mut certainly have had many more occaions to
weep than Troih: his on, who was lain by Achilles in the ower '
of his age. .
'f A river of antient Sarmatia, now called the Bag; _which run
ning through the ea-part of Palana', falls into the Pan/a: Euxims,
or Blaclhea, to the north of the Nei or.
 234 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
ligitur, hor octava'i qu dam le Pont-Etwin, ilrme
mortua e, provet tate de certaine; petite: 5515.', qui
mortua e: qu verb oc ne eld-vent guy leraee dun
cidente ole, dccrepit: eo jour. Celle 711i meurt
magis, i etiam olitiali deux heure; apr: mia'i,
die. confer noftram lon meurt {lien dgie ;" U' celle
giimam tatem cum aster qui 'va ju/quau toue/1er du
nitate: in eadem prope leil, meurt dere'pite, ir
, modum brevitate, qua illae taut ungrundjaur dEt. Si
bciolaz, repexiemur. mou: comparez a-vec lter
r nit la mie de lhomme la plu:
longue, fvau: trouverez que
ce: petite; bite: y tiennent
prue autant d'e plate que
nous.
s. "4
: . a.
Non deer;et apiean Qyoiqu toute beare mille
mors, qua: propter incertos arc-idem nay; menacent de la
caus quotidie imminet, mort, U que, mme ans
propter brevitatem vit areiu'ent, elle ne ujamais
nunquam long pote abef Eire bien loigne, an? [a &rif
e, quo mins in omne tvet (le nofjuurs; ceperman!
tempus reipublic fuilque elle nemprr/e par lefezge de
conulat,
8: l poeritatem porter je: tuile: le plu: loin
ipam, cujus"enum habi guil peut dans lavenir, 55
turusnon it, ad e putet de regarder lafa/mir camme
pertinere. Ware licet eri iiant lui, en tant que la
am mortalem ee animum patrie {3 Iefuu y int int
judicamem, quam nz. Tout mortel guil fe
rerna moliri,
non gloria cctupidirate,
croit, il trawuillepour leter
fenfurus non t, ed virrutis, nite'. Et lemotif qui lani
quam necearib gloria, me, ce nus/1 pat la gloire,
etiam i tu id non agas, car il hz't quapre": fa mort
mnequamr. elle ne le touchera point:
mais ee la vertu, dont la
gloire e toujours une hire
nZunire, am gue lon J! ait
mime per/i?
s ..
Sed profezxoimors tum
A lheure (le fa mort, ce/I
aquizno animo oppetitury une rg-urce bien confolante,
cum fuis e laudibus vim que le jou'L'enir dune belle
accideiis conolari poteft 'vie. En gu/qua temps que
Nemo I meure
 On DEATH. , 235
thee therefore as die at the eighth hour *, arrive to
aconiderable age; but thoe which die at unet,
live to be decrepid 5 and the more o, if it happens
to be one of the longe days in ummer. Now our
longelife if compared with eternity, will be found
to dier almo nothing from the nort duration of
thee infects. _ .

Though 1- death, by reaon of many unforceen

accidents, daily hangs over us; and cannot, coni
dering thecthortnes of human life, be far remote 5'

yet it never deters a wie man from conulting the

futUre welare of his country and family, and, in
tereing himelf for poerixy, Of whom he hall
have no knowledge. Wherefore hould one even \
believe the oul'to be mortal, he may mind things of
eternal conequence, and that not from a deire of
glory,v{here0f he can havev no ene; but from ae
principle of virtue, which is necearily attendEd by
realoglory, notwithanding he hould have no uch
vrew.

But I certainly we uer death with greate re

gnation, when we can olace our dying minutes'
L 2. with

' The eighth hour of the Roman: anwered nearly to our two
Oiclock in the afternoon: for they divided the day, mix. from uni
riing to unet, into t'Welve hours; which though' always equal
among themelves, yet varied in length according to the dierent
eaons. of the year; and therefore could not correpond exactly to
our hours, except at the two equinoxes. Their night was divided
after the ame manner. ' * '
1- Tucul. I. 38. _ ** 1 Tufcpl. I. 45.
 216 TIIOUGHTS of CICERO.
Nemo parum di: vixit, qui 'Heare un [Jamme qui a loth
vimuis perfecta: perfccto jourefait tout le [lien gu'ila
unctus e munere. py, 'il n'a point [z plaindre
de n'a-Z'oir pas 'Ue'eu tgz.
s

In animi cognitione du A main: que d'tre' (Pune

bttare in
_plan& nonphyicis
poumus, nii
plumbei era ignorance en plygque,
on ne jath doze/e" gue 'Fame
umus, quin nihil itanimus ne hit 'me hManee Ne:
admixtum, nihilconcrctum, imple, qui' n'aa'met point de
nihil co_pulatum, nihil co me'lange, paint de tomqition.
agmentmum, nihil duplex. 11 hit de 12 gue I'ame a
Aodcm ita it, cent? nec ina'iw'ib/e, Upar con/Egth
ecerni, ncc dividi, nec immcr'e/le. Car [a mot
dicerni, necdiirahi pcte: n'e attire (Loe gu'uneh a
nec intcrire igitur. Eenim mtion, gu'une deuxion de:
interims quai diceus, 8: partiee, qui aupararvant e
ecretio, ac dirempms ea toient IiEe: ea/idle.
rum partium,' quze ante in
teritum junction aliqui
tenebantur.
Pe'neilre tle ce: pri/zezPex,
His & talibus rationibus
_adductus Socrates, nec pa Socrate, an point d'Etrejuge'
tronumquazivitadjudicium a) wort, ne daigmz, m' faire
capitis, ned judicibus up plaider a aye, m' e mon
plex pit: adhibnitque 11: Irer devant le: age: en pa
beram contumacmm , a ture tle hppliant. II ren
magnitudine animi ductam, er-va une noble erte, 93;"
non 21 uperbia; 8: upremo ruenoit, non tri-argued, mal:
vitae die de hoc ipo multa de grant/e'er d'ame. Lejaur
dieruit; Se paucis and: me'me dez mort, il diourut
'diqbus, cdm mue 'poct long-temps in' [e zg'et gut
ed_uci 6 buodia, noluit: nour trailom. Peu tle-ours
8: cm pent), in manu jam aapara'vant, main-e de e'e
mortified-um illud teneret ruader tle a pryen, i] ne
poculum, locutus ita e, ut I'arueit point Van/11. Et dam
non ad mortem trudi, ve ]e temp: gu'on al/az't len' ap
rism in cmlum videretur porler-ie &read/age marzel, jl
Mundqu . far/a,arracbe
l'on non en [abgmme
vie, 2:mai:
qui
; .
en Humme gui manie auxz'el.

Dew:

A
 ' On DEATH. 237
reflections of elf-approbation. No man hath
lived too horta time, who has fully dicharged the
duties of an exalted virtue.

_'..e ,.v
3- i'.
As * to the knowledge of the oul, if we be not
perfectly ignorant of natural philoophy, we cannot
entertain a doubt, that it is abolutely imple, free
from all "mixture, and nowie compounded, joined,
or made up of' dierent parts. Since this then is e
he cae, urely it can neither be eparated nor di
vided, and conequently mu be immortal. 'For
death is, as it were, the eparation, diviion, and
diunion of thoe parts, that formerly were ome
how united. -*

Induced by thee, and the like reaons, Sacrum

neither deired an advocate toxplead'his caue, nor
turned upplicant to his judges: but howed a free
and generous boldnes, that proceeded from "tri'ie
greatnes of oul, and not from pride. On the day
of his death, he held a long dicoure on this very
ubject. Though he might have been eaily recued
fromprion ome days before this happened, he re
fued to comply. Nay when he was jut going .
to lay hold of the deadly cup, he talked in uch a
manner, as if he was 'not about to uer a violent
death, but to acend into heaven.

L3 Fot
a lbid. 29.
 238 THOUGHTSofC1CERO.- *
Ita gnim cenebat, itziique
Deux ther/rim, &t-il.
dieruit,-duas ee vias, du-_ J'qrml aux nmtr, lah-'eller
licique curus animorum hrtent do: corps. Cellar qui
e corpcre excedentium. dominie; et among/in par le:
Nam qui e humanis vitiis pasm bumtzittu, - ont &e
contaminavient, 8: e totos I'Zl'otb', ou de: 'vices per
libidinibus dedii'ent, quibus ormel: U dameiquei, at: de:
caecati vel domeicis vitiis injuize: irriparables, pren
atque agitiis e inquina m'nt 'm ebemin tout oppq/F (i
vienr, vel in republica vio ral-72' gui mrze auefjaur de:
landa fraudcs inexpiabiles Dieux. Pater telle: qui out,
concepient, iis devium (m rbntraire, cozzhr-vi Itur
quoddam iter ee, ecluum innocence U lnrrpuri; qui
31 concilio deorum. Qui imt awvin, tant gie/le:
autem e integros cadque am' pra, de [a contagian du
ervavient, quiblque u im; U Fat', dam de: carp:
ict minima cum corpori bumaim, on' imiti [a wilde:
bus contagio, eque ab his Dieux; le rbc/xin a'u del,
emper cvocaenr, eiEnt d'm) eI/uhnt wayes, [cur e
quq in corporibus vhumanis ou'uert. >_
vitam imitati deoxum: his
ad ill-os, 31 qui-bus eent
profecti, reditum facilem
patere. - Q I" U
if; .-"*-..* .
Neque
ihzc nuper aentior
dierereiis, qui
empe Ye piri
l'ame ne crai:aiuet
nuI/mmzt yue
le rows,
runt,'cum corporibus imul ai/gi quc I'eaigrztnt de: plyi
animOS inteyire, atque omi Iaoplm' inodernet, qui rum
nia morte dcleri. Plus [ent yu [a morl hit un ani
apud me antiquorum aucto antme'zt tqtal. je di Ere
ritas valev, vel nororum bien plm- me entiinmt de no:
majorum, qui mOrtuis tam parts', qui Etaz'l oeluz' de Pan
religioa ctjura tribuerunt; tzigmitE: Mr il: n'auraient
quod non ecient proectb, far i religieucmmt pry/air
i nih ad eos pertinerc ar e gztidoz't ux morn, t'i/s
bitrarcntur: vel ebrum, qui twain? rru que [es mor: ne
in hac terraGrzciam
uerunt, mag fi'nt plm' in/ible: [i rim.
nizmque (quae Et le entimmt, pour ley-ye]
nunc quidem deleta e; je me die/are, fut au celui
tum orebat) initutis & de te: iz-va'u hammei, gui
prceceptis_ uis crudierunt: 'Spandw azure-fair dam na:
vel cjus, qui Apollinis ora tantreiei, mmanre'rwzt lear
culo doctrine
 On DEATH. 239
For thus he thought, and conantly maintained,
that there are two dierent ways, and two oppo
ite coures, taken by oule at their_dearture from
the body, Such as have polluted themelves with
the common vices of mankind, devoted their whole
powers to the gratiication of their lus, and ained
their characters with private crimes, or been guilty
of irreparable injuice again the ate, follow a
lay-path, directly oppoite to that which leads to the
- manions of the Gods. But they, on the contrary,
who have preerictred their innocence and purity en
tire, kept themelves as free as poible from the con
tagion of bodies, acted always as diinct from them,
and though united to human bodies, have imitated
the life of the Gods; thee, I ay, have an eay rc
turn to the immortal beings, from whom 'they
came. ' - , r
'
I * can, by no means, aent to thoe 1-, who
have lately attempted to prove that the oul perihes
with the body, and that the whole of man is aborbed
by death; The authority of the antients, and ofour
own anceors, is of more weight with me; who
have ordained 'acred rites to be performed for the,
dead;" which certainly they would'never have done,
had they believed that the dead are no wie intere
L 4.. _ ed

* De Amicitia, cap. -4.

1- The Epitureans. Cicero, in his dialogue on friendhip, makes
Leliur peak m this manner, in regard of whom Epimrm was Cnly
a modern. Leliu: was born about thirty or orty years after the
death of Epicurru. >
240 THOUGHTS of CICEROL
culo apientimus e judi doctrine il [a grande Crete,
catus;" qui non mm hoc, algjourd'ui deferte, mais
tum illud, ut in plerique, alors arimle. Ce fut
ed idem dicebat emper, lui de [et tlvenien, guelam
animos hominum ee divi (le d 'd/aller: reconnut pour le
nos ; iiquc, cum a corpore pha/age de: bammex. Az
exceent, reditum in c imertain pregzteitr tout [e
lum pntcre, optim6que 8: rtj/ie : mais cet gard, hu
juizmo cuique expedi zmant toujours qui 710: mm:
ummum. sfont dune nature divine;
gu'auorilr du carp: elle: re
tournent me de] ; if yw ux
elles cm iii innocenteJ, pins
alle; y arrivent rapidcmmt.
And'
a".
. eau-f.
Tom plyilohpbarum tuiim Toutela vie des philoo
ut ait idem, commentait}; phes, dxait encore Sec-rate,
martir e. Nam quid aliud e une continuelle mdita
agimus, cum voluptate, tion de la mort. Car enn,
id e, corpore, cm re guy fai/burman en nous 5
amiliari, qu e miniia loignant de: 'vm'ujtez/nfu
fc famula corporis, cum alley, de tout emploiL public,
republica, cum negotio de foule hrte demarrm, et
omni evocamus animum? mme du hin de no: qaire:
Qgid, inqu-am, tum agimus, domez'guu, qui am pour ab
nii animum ad eipum_ad jet lentretien de notre carp: P
vocamus, ecum ee cogi SZzzefazm-nom, n'is-je, au
mus, maximeque corpore tre (Zig/e, gue rappeler mire
abducimus.F Secemere au- e/Prz't lui-mme, que la
tem corpore animum, nec ner 22 Etre luimme, et
quidquam aliud e quim ue iji/pigner- de h': carpe,
emori diccre.. x tout amant que relu/e peut .3
Or, dEiac/qcr/'crit du corx,
rz'r-a; pas apprendre
mourir ?
(Dare hoc commenta Penhm-y n'am, frigii/i
mur, mihi crede, disjunga ment, crojez-moi, parazzs
mxque nos corporibus, id nous ailg/i de no: er, ar
e, conuccamus mori. tczrtumom-mm ez mourir.
Hoc 8c, dum erimus in ter Pm' ce mbz'e'z, et noire fuit
ris, erit illi vit clei Iieueira dij/1 dune ruz'e arlqu
xmile: &, cum illuc ex his et mur en ne: mieux ];
winculis Me:
 *\On DEATH. . 241
ed in them, ' I likewie prefer the opinion of thoe,
who formerly taught tlieir'doctrines in that part of
our own country called the Greater Greece *, which
'though now deroyed, was then a ourihing ate:
or the entiments of him +, Who was declared the
wiet of men by the oracle of Apollo. However
undetermined . he might tie-in other matters, yet he
never failed to aert, ' that our ouls are of a divme
nature; and that, on leaving the body, they return
to heaven, and have a paage thither, o much the
more expeditious as they themelves have been good
and upright. '

The I 'whole [i of philohp/Jm, ays Socrates, is

one continued meditation on dear/1. For what ele do
we, when we call o our attention from enual
pleaure, and all domeic concerns, thoe ervants
of the body; when we detach our mind from public
buines, and every_kind o embarament? What is
this, I ay, but to call the 0ul home, to make it
keep company with itelf, and draw it o from the
body as far as poible? Now to abh'act the oul
from the body, is nothing ele, but to learn to
die.
We ought therefore, take my word upon it, k
riouy to conider this, that by diuniting ourelves _
L 5 from -

' They called that Fat Of Italy the Greater Great, which now
makes the kingdom of Nay/ex, It was in it that Pyrbagmx, 'he
r who aumed the name of Pbifuopbcr, taught his doctrine in
the reign of Targuin the Proud.
T. Sacrum. , I Tucul. I- 31- '

'We-m.
242 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
vinculis emii ercmur, mi poz A prendre name qr,
ns tardabitur curus am guandno: [bairm &i/nant.
morum.
"."-"'_.l-*
mx.
Unum t melius (Fai [i-are, an mourir, [quel
were, an mori) dii immorta 'vant le Mieux? Le: Dieux
les ciunc: hominem qui immortal! I: at-vent, maixje
dem circ arbitror nemi troi: gu'auam bon-me 'e le
nem oul.

. Bil?
 On DEATH. 243
from bodies, we may render death familiar to us.
By which means, we hall lead a heavenly life, even
while on earth; and when the oul is freed from
thee fetters, her ight will be the more peedy.
Way?
.- 'w ' -.

Whether* it be better to live or die, is only

known to the immortal Godsi for-no man, I verily
believe, has any certain knowledge of the matter.
0

' Tucul. I. 41.

m THOUGIITS of CICERO;

' XI. XI.

SOMNIUM SCIPIONIS. SQNGE de SCIPlON.

UM in' Aricam ve U AND j'arri-vai m

nii'cm, M. Manilio y 'ique, ou, comme cum
conuli ad quartam legio Ig/amez, je fut charg par
nem tribunns (ut citis) 1; (on/u] Muni/in: de rom
militum; nihil mihi po
itips fuit, quam ut Mamil
mander la quatrime lgion;
ma premire atlentianfut de
am convenirem, regem a 'viitbr le roi Mqimh, prime
mil norjuis de cauis qui pour de jue: rai/on:
amicimum. tait li dune troite amiti
avec mafamille.

Ad quem ut ven, com aoru'e c: vieillard, il

plexus me fenex collacry me tend les Arm, il marro/
mavit, aliquantque po a'e i: [arme]; et un mo
upexi': in clum: 36, ment aprks, ayant Ira/ les
grates, inquit, tibi ago, Jeux au ciel: Souwerain Sa
umme ol,\ vobique reliqui lei], dit-i1, et autre: Dieux
clites, 'quod ante quam :E/tet, je raotu rend: grace:
ex hac vit migro, conpi tout, de ce quavant que de
cio in meo regne, ac his quitter la vie, je meis dan:
tectis P. Cornelium Scipio mon royaume, et dam a
palait, Pu/iut Corniziz'zu
nem, cujus ego nomine ip
fo recreor : ita nunquam ex Sripian, dont le nom/Eu! me
:mimo meo diceditjllius ra-vit de joie: tant l'ide de
optimi, atque invictilmi l'lyonnite-bcmme, et de lin
'm memona. "uintz'ble guerrier, qui a rm
du ce nom i glorieux, {71
pour jamait pr/euh mon
offrit.

Deinde ye
 \

Or, SCIPIO's DREAM. 245

- "' XI.
sermon. DREAM. ,_
O * ooner was I arrived in Africa, in quality
N of tribune + of the fourth legion, as you
know, to M. Manilius the conul, than, above all
things, I was olicitous to wait upon king Ma
inz'z "5 who, for very good reaons, was mot
eadily attached to our family.
When lcame into his preence, the good old
pfince embraced me with uch tendernes as drew
tears from his eyes 5 and after a hort paue, looking
up to heaven, Sovereign Sun, ays he, and all' ye
other heavenly powers, I thank you, that before de-.
'parting this life, Ihere behold in my own king'
dom, and under: this roof, P. Cornelius Scipio, Whoe
very name inpires me with freh vigour; o deeply
rooted in my mind is the memory of' ithat be,
mo invincible, of men! '
and

After

* Fragm. lib. vil de rep. cap. 1. It is Scipio that peaks; but as

the whole dicoure concerns another Scipio, it is abolutcly neceary
lo diinguih them well from one another. They both had the
urname of Africanur. He that peaks here was the (on of Paulus
Emilius, and has been mentioned already.
_ 'r Triounc, an ocer in the Roman army, who commanded a di
mion of a legion ; and not unlike our Colone, and the French Ilgre
le camp. There were x of them in every legion.
[I Mgnia, king Of Numidia, of whom we have poken already.
See page 215.

"lah _
 246 THOUGHTS of CICERO;
Deinde ego illum de fuo
regne: ille me de nora rc
publica perconmtus e :
multique verbis ultr ctr notre rpuligue,
que habitis, ille nobis con
fuxpptus et dies. Pb autem
regio apparatu accepti, er
monem in multam ncctem
produximus, cm fenex ni
hil nii de Africano loque
retur, omniaque lejus non
acta olum, ed etiam dicta
meminiet. Deinde, ut
cubitum diccmus, me et
de vin, et qui ad multam
noctem vigilaem, arctior,
quam olebat, omnus com
plexus e.
Hic mihi (credo equidem
ex hoc, quod eramus lo
cuti: t enim fer, ut co
itationes, {ermonl'que no
1 r'pariant aliquid in fomno
tale, quale de Homero cri
bit Ennius, de que videli
cet fpiim vigilans ole crat [e voir en dorment.
bat cogitare, et, loqui) Afri
canus e oendit ea forma,
qu mihi cx imagine ejus,
nim ex ipa, erat notior.
l agam ut agnov, equidem
cohorrui. Sed ille, ades,
inquit, animo, et omiue
timorem, Scipio, et qu
dicam. trade memorias;
Vidfne
72 le mi: e'zm'te jar le:
aaire: a't n rqyaume; il
me yugiamm fur aile: de
airz/i :
paf/4 le ree de lajaurne
non: entretenir. Sur leoir,
1a table fut fzrrve avet une.
magmfcenu rqyalz, et mm:
pou/Mme: [a converation bi
en avant dan: la nuit. Tous
e: ii/(our: roulaientfur 1'Af
ritai/z : il en hruoit foule:
In actions, toute: le: parole:
remarqualer. Ezzn nou:
ell/time: mm: rzpofzr ; et tam
mejtaisfatigu du chemin,
et davoir rvei/[Z i tard, je
dormz'splxu promdmmt qu';
Iardinairh
v
Qgelquzfoz': te qui nam a
fort atcupez de jaiur, mu:
rerviem pendant le amme,
et oeaganne de: nger/em
HaHe: celui dEmiiur, qui,
tout pleine dHomre, {if/an:
cg? par/ant a'e ce pai-lu
Pour: moi, de mme, tout
pleine de ce que m'a-voit dit
Mainzz, je tra: rvoir If
rimin. Il mapparut n:
kzrmeyueje Inimrmazzit,
non polir lavoir wii, mai:
paron nirait. A n af
ptjefnfmnai. Mai: In' :
Stijzion, me dit-il rqcrez
mous, ne crazgnez point, tt
retenez im ce qne "una: alltz.
entendre.
, Voyez
 Or, SCIPIO'S' DREAM. 247
After this I enquired of him concerning the af
fairs of his kingdom: he, on the other hand, que
tioned me about the ate of our republic; and in
this kind of' converation we paed away the day.
Towards evening, being entertained in a manner
worthy the magnicence of a king, we carried on
our dicoure for a coniderable part of the night: all
which time the good old king poke of nothing but
Africanus *, whoe actions, and even remarkable
ayings, he remembered diinctly. At la, when we
retired to bed, Ifell into a more profound leep than
uual, both on account of my journey, and becaue
I had at up a great part of the night.

Here I had the following dream, occaioned, as I

Verin believe, by our preceding converation 5 for it
commonly happens that the thoughts and dicoure,
which employ us in the day time, produce in our
leep a omewhat imilar_eect to that which Ennius
writes happened to him about Homer; of whom,
in his waking hours, he ued frequently to think
and peaki Africanur, Ithought, appeared to me
in a hape, with which I was better acquainted from
his picture, than any peronal knowledge of
i him.

** I ay Africanur by way of diinction, that the Scipio here

meant may not be confounded with another of that name, whom
.I hall mention by and by. This Africanus, after a great many other
exploits, carried the war into Africa; where proving Victorious
again Adruba] and Anm'bal, he obligEdCartbage to demand peace, _
on which account he was urnamed Africanus. He was the r of
the Romans, that was honoured with a urname derivad from his
conques. But afterWards a great many other generals had their
pride attered with the like titles, without having either the virtues,
or ucces, of Scipio. " In imitation of him, ays Li-uj, thoe who
" were by no means comparable to him for victories, tranmitted
i' titles of renown, and honourable urnames, to their family."
1..
' 248 T'HOUGHTS'OFCICERO;
Vid6ne illam urbem,
quze parere populo Romapc')
'coacta per me, renovat pri
tina bella, nec pote q'uie
cerc? (oendebat autcm
Carthaginem de excelo, et
pleno ellarum, illuri, et
ciaro quodam loeo) ad quaip
m oppugnandam nunc venis
pene miles. Hanc hoc bl
_cnnio con ul evertes, critquc
icognomdn ic tibi per te
* artum, quod babes adhuc oldat, man: [a wenez atta
anobis hereditarium. ger. la-vant gvu'il hit dear
Vojez 'wax eelte' Milk
(e'e'toit Carthage; i] me
la) mantroit du 'Haut de: tieux,
oze je me troyoi: awec Iui,
dam me end/'oit tout hmz de
hillante: eitei/erj rvayez-'uam
cette wille, qui fox-tie par
moi (I obEz'r all-peuple Ra
maiu, reieite no: guerre:
a7menne:., et ne pent wivre
dam [e ripe; ? Azg'ourd'bui, (I
pei/zehrti du rang deime
am, wan: [a detruz'rez Ethnt '
car/it: et (e ilrnom-'d'if
rimin, guijagu'ctprefmt ne
'vom- apparttent gue (omme
'zwe portion de man bErnge,
Avam'l'aurez merite ale-r: par
Waux-mE/He. '

Cdm autem Chrthagihem Are: [a ruine de Car

deleveris, triumphum' ege' thage', wouz rete-vrez le:
tis, cenorque fueris, et 0 ummer; du triumphe: were:
bieris legatus Egyptum, irez eeneur : 'vous z'rez par
Fordre de [a ripublzique, rui
Syriam, Aam, Grrcciam,
'delinge iterum cqnui a'b
im- I'Egyple, [a Syrie, I'Ajfe,
_-ens', bellumque maXLmunji 'la GrE-re: "you erez um:
concies, Numantiam ex rande foz': e'Iu conul, am
roam eitre preenle': et par
cindes.
[e deruction de Numam'e,
* 'vow termine-red: m gnarr-e
de; plutangmtet.

Sed chm eris curru Capi
tolium invectus, oendes
rempublicam perturbatain
Conlus
Maix' age retain' a'e refte
\ .-.
expedztzan, apre: que 'vous
aarez in? conduct/in" zm c/mr
m:
 Or, SCIPIO's DREAM." -249
him *. When I perceived it was he, Iconfes I_ -
trembled with conernation : but he addreed me,
aying, Take codrage, my Scipio, he not afraid, and
carefully remember what I hall ay to you.
Do f you ee that city, (painting to Carthage from
a bright and glorious place of the rmament, that _
was all udded with tars) which though brought
under the Roman yoke by me, is now renewing the
former wars, and cannot live in peace? It is to at
tack it you are this dTay arrived', in a cation not much
uperior to that of a private oldier. Before two years,
however, are elaped, you hall be conul, and come
plete its overthrow; whence you hall obtain, by your
own merit, the urname o Africanus, which as yet
belongs to you no otherwie than as derived om me.
After the-deruction of Carthage, you hall receive
the honour of a triumph, be advanCed to the cenor
hip, and in quality of legate, viit Egypt, Syria,
Jia and Greece: you hall be elected a econd time
conul, in your abence I; andby utterly deroying
Eumzmtia, put an end to a mo dangerous wan.
But on entering the capitol i-n your triumphal car,
you
1

* Though vthe original eems to ay, let for [va-ving fern biml ,
than for [na-ving een bia picture; yet this mu not be taken in a
rict ene, for Sigoniu: aures us that the young Scipio Africanus,
the peron who peaks in this place, ,was born the ame year; and
what is more, the ame day, that the other died.
1- Cap. 2.
I In the text it is, &y-rim iitrum conul abent. But the authority
O Valerius Maximus, Vlll. 15. does not permit the word abent to
he tak'en literally. It does not mean that Stizia was abent from Rome
the day on which the conuls 'were to be electedz but as he did not *
appear in the Cdmpu: Mzrliur, dreed it a white robe, according to
the cuom of thoe ihar ood candidates for the conulhip; it was
the ame thing as if he had been really abent.
250 THOUGHTS of CICERO;
coniliis nepotis mei. Hic au capitale, vaut trauwrez
t_u, Africane, oendas 0 Ia rpulzlique agite par lu
portcbit patri, lumen pratique: de mon petit-171;:
anjmi, ingcn, conlique tt c'z alon, Sn'zt'an, quil
tut. I faudra montrer votre [za
lris te que man: art/ez de
courage, defprit, a'e pru
deare

Sed ejus temporis anci ye 'voi: la: deinie: de te

pitem video quafi fatorum Mm); l, intertainer, pour
viam. Nam cm mas tua ain/i dire, de la route quel
fcptenos oics folis anfrac In prendront. Gar, quand
tus, reditfquc convenait, mu: comput-ez par rum/aum
duque hi numeri, quorum bait foi: ight rqrv/uticn: du
uterque plenus, alter altera ole-il; et que Plana-e fata/e
lde cau'd, habetur, circuitu aura iri marguic par le Mr:
naturali fummam tibi a taur: de cu deux 'lamb-er,
talem conecerint: in te dant (Imam, mai: far di
unum, atque in tuum no mer/E: raiom, q/I regard
men, e tota couverte: ci comme w' 'muche pmfail;
vitas: tc enatus, te omnes dur: mu:ferez I'unique a
boni, te ocii, te Latiniin jet, lunique g/irame ae
tuebuntur: tu eris unus, in Rome; c'ehr won: que le
quo nitatur civitatis alus; Znat, que tom le: 6m: ro
ac ne multa, dictator rem maizu, que no: alliez, que
publicam conituas opor tout: Ita/ie tournera u
retl i impias propinquorum regard; mou: rez lappui
manus eugeris. de Rome may: ul: enn,
revtu du pouruairuprime de
a'iuteur, vous rtah'rtz
l'art/r2 dam I'etat, pour'vu
que tuam puiiez icbapper
aux farricide: main: de was
frat/1n.

._,~<-
 Or, SCIPIO's DREAM. 251'
you hall nd the republic all in a erment through
the intrigues of my grandon *. It is on this occa
ion, my dear Africanus, that you mu how your
country the greatnes of your underanding, capa
city, and prudence.

The deiny, however, of that time, appears un

certain, as it were, which way it hall take: for
when your age hall have accomplihed eight times
even revolutions of the un, and your fatal hours
hall be marked out by the natural product of thee
two numbers 1, each whereof is eeemed a perfect
one, but for dierent reaons X; then hall the
whole city have recoure to you alone, and place
their hopes in youraupicious name ; on you the e
nate, all good citizens, the allies, and peopleof
_ Latium, hall ca their eyes; ,on you the preerva
tion of the ate hall entirely depend; in a Word,
i you ecape the impious machinations of your rela
tions,
der andyou mu, in inqualityof
tranquillity dictator, eablih ori
the commonwealth.

Here

* Wbm'ur Grarrbru, who being tribune, excitcd the people to re

volt again the cnate. His mother, the illuh'inuI Cornelia, Was
a daughter of the elder Scipio; and Was the Ornament of her age
for wit, and the glory of her ex for virtue.
1> Fity-ix years. He actually died at this age; and not without
the upicion of having been poioned by his wie,v who was the iter
of TiLcriur Gracrbu.

I What, pray, can thee reaon' be? If they are thoe mentioned
by Marrobiur, in his commentary on Scipia's dream, they deerve
only to be conidered as the rhimeras of a wild imagination; and
being of no manner of ue to us, do not merit to be explained.
252 THOUGHTS of CICERO;
Hic cum exclamaet L
Jius, ingemui'ntque cte
ri vehementius :1 leniter ar
ridens Scipio, quzeo, in
quit, ne me omno exci
mis, et parum rebus: au
dite catel-a.
In' Lilia: ayant marque
hn inguieitutlt par un cri, et
le rq/te de [a (ompagniejgar
deprqmdxupir: : famous
en prie, lew- dit Scipibn awe:
un hurire gracieux, m ma
rveillez pas : ilence; cou
tez le rtf/ze.

Sed qub is, Africane, Pour animer votre zle,

ahcrior ad tutandum rem njota IAfrimn, yez bin:
publicami c habcto: om pedide quil y'tz d'an: [e
nibus, qui patriam coner tie, pour tau: taux qui ml
varint, adjuverint, auxerinr, rent travail/ [a (on/Erra
gertum ee in coelo deni lion, la dfezgfa, et l'ag
tum locum, ubi beati vo grandi emant de [a parie,
. , \ . .
empitemo -uantur. Nith _un Izeu maryue, ou 'Is rm
e enim illi principi Deo, rurom beureux jama.
guomnem htinc miindum Car, de tout ce qui fait
reglt, quod quidem 'm ter in' la ferre, rien n'e ply:
ris t, accept-us, quim agreable ce Dieulpr'mz,
concilia, ctfque :homi par gui lunivers e tendait,
"num, jurg: ociati,,.quaz -ci guy ce quon appel/e de: Git-[165,
vitats ~appellantur: harum c'z ire, de: amies,
cres, et conervatores de: farie'tez dhomme: runi:
hinc pxofeti,.- huc rever-i hin I'autaritiw'n: Ioix. Din'
tuntur. ' ' garum aux. gui le: gan-ver
nent, qui le: (oberve-ent; et
il: retournent ici.

Hc ego, eti eram per A ce: mal:, quoigue trou

tcrritus, non ram' metu
mal-tis quam inidiarum
meis, quvi tamen, vive
rtne ipfe et Paulus pater,
ct alii, quos n0s exdnctos
arbitraremur.
HE, main! par lappribzqan
de la mort, qua par lide de
rem perdie doztjtoi: me'
nac, je ne laz'zi pa: de lui
demander Jil tait dom bin'
rural' que lui, Paula: mon
pre, et In azure: quorz
trqyoit morts, fzzmt rui
r11am ?

Immo verb, inquita ii Oui fam dautez- reprit

kunt, qui ex corporum IAfrimz'n: et- ceux-l u]!
vincuhs, font
\

- 4.
 Or, SCIPIO's DKREAM. 253
Here LaeIius *' wept bitterly, and the re of the
company gave vent to their orrow by deep groans;
on which Scipio, with a'gentle mile, ays, " Pray,
" gentlemen, do not wake me out of my dream,
" have patience 1, and hear the ret."
Now 1' in order to encourage you, my dear
Africanus, to defend the ate with the greater cheat
tiulnes, be aured, that for all thoe who have any
wie conduced to the preervation, defence, or in
largement of their native country, there is a certain
place in heaven, where they hall enjoy an eternity
of happines : for nothing on earth is more agreeable
to God, the upreme governor of the univere, than
the aemblies and ocieties of men ,united together
by laws, which are called States: itis from heaven
their governors and defenders came, and thither
they return. -
Though at thee words I was extremely troubled,
not o much
my own for fearyetofI death,
relations; as at the perdy
recollected-myelf of
enough
torenquire, whether he himelf, my father Paulus,
and others,
life. whom we looked upon as dead, really
enjoyed i 7 .

'Yes truly, replied he,'they alone enjoy life, who ,

have
' Ltllls, whoe intimate connection with Scipio is o well known
from the dialogue on Friendhip, was one of the interlocutors in the
nialogue on a Common-wealth, of which Sriids dream is the concluion.'
As to the other interlocutors, their names may be een in the epitles
toAm'nls, lV. lb.
'f It is plain that in the' words, et par-um "but, there is omething
either altered, *or omitted. Concerning which the eritics have pro
poed dierent conjectures, none of which has all the evidence that
could be wihed.
ICAP-ks- 'ct i
 254 THOUGHTS of CICERO;
vinculis, tanquam 6 carccre, imt wivam, qui dilirurez cle;
cvolaverunt: vera verb, lien: du carpr, J'znbntau
quze dici'tur vita, mOrs e. was, tamme d'une prihn.
Qxin 'tu apicias ad te veni Alai: (e gus room art/m
entem Paulum patrcm. man: appeI/ez wiwre, r'e Eire
mart. Regard-ex, wail-I: que
_ai-. _ Pan/m' Patre pin-e mient A
mal/1.
(Laem nt vidi, equidem Je [e mir. A I'inzznt
vim lacrymarum proudi. me: [ar-mea coulirent en aban
Ille autem me complexus, dante. [Hail lui, en m'zm
atque oculans, ere prth bramt,
Ne et meime HaJant:
ew-ex paint, cliz't-il.
bebat. Atque ego ut prx
mflm, etu repreo, loqui Pour mar', a'E: que Me: ple-um
poe empi: quazo, inquam, me Iazrent [a liberti tle
pater anctime, atque pp par-ler; O mon-re, m'e'cri
time, quoniam hzec e vxta, aije 1 Your, dam Ia/Zzinleti,
(utAricanum audigdicerF) don! It: rvertu: hut l'oly'et tle
quid moror in tems, qum ma miniratz'au! Puzhula
huc ad vos venire propero? WErz'laHt L'z'e 'Ye/I qut dam
(es Iieux, tommeje I'apprcm
a'e I'A'frirain; yue hirje
dom ply: long-tempx hr [a
ter-re? Pauryuoi ne pas me
After de 'vow rejoindi-'e ?
Non e its, inquit iHe: A maim, me 'Spondit-il,
nii enim Deus is, cujus hoc que- te Dieu, dam [e temple
templum e omne e tout ce gue 'vous a'e't'onwrzz
quo_d in', n'ait 'Iui-me'me &riE le:
conpicis, iis te corpons
cuodiis lheraverit, huc ti-, c/yai/ze: qui 'vom- [ient (Ft warre
corpx, "your ne auricz eitre
bi aditus patere non pote.
Homines emm hnt hac lege admi; en re: Iiezm. Car le:
generati, qui tuerenturil bomme; out repl I'Etre I: une
lum globum, que_m m hoc condition, gui e de travail
templo medlum vzdes, quae Icr 3 [a canrwation du glabe,
,terra dicitur: hique anZz gus voi/a? an milieu de te
mus datus e ex illis em temple, et gue I'on appelle [a
piternis ignibus, quae dera, ierrc. Ils out u'ze ame,
et el-las vocatis : quaz glo portion de resfeux ire-melt,
boaz, et rotundas, divinis gus 'vow hammez Etoiln,
animate: mentibus, circulos Arer, qui ent de: carp:
uos, orbcizque conciunt biriques, animez par de:
celeritate, mirabili. mare intelligence: di-yinu,
cident
[a
e:
 or; SCIPIO's DREAM. 255
have ecaped from the body, as from a prion 3 but
as to what you call life, it 'is no more than a tate of
death. Nay ee, here comes your father Paului
towards you. _ ,
As oon as I oberved him, my eyes bur out with
a flood of tears: but he took me into.his arms,
embraced me, and bid me not to weep. No ooner -
were my rt tranp'orts ubided, and I had regain
ed theliberty of peech, than I addreed my father
thus, Thou be and mo venerable of parents, ince
this, as I am informed by Africanus, is the only ub
antial life, why do I linger on earth, and not ra
ther hae to come hither where you are ?
That, replied he, is impoible: for unles the
God, whoe temple is all that va expane you be
hold, hall free you from the fetters of the body, '
you can have no admiion into this plaeeu LMankind
have received their being on this very condition, that
they hould labour for the preervation of that glohe,
which is ituate, as you ee, in the middle of this
temple T, and is called earth. They are likewie en
dowed with a oul, which is a portion of the eter
nal res, that you call ars and conellation: ; and
thee being round pherical bodies, animated by di
vine intelligences, perform their revolutions with
amazing rapidity. It is therefore your duty, my
Publius, and that of all who have any veneration for t
the Gods, to preerve the union of your oul and
body 5

* Paulus Emilim, urnamed Macedonicus, as having overcome

Pereus king of Macedon, and reduced his kingdom into the form o
&Ram-an province. '
1' Viz. Of the world. We have already remarlnied that Cirtr'
follows the Proemaic yem of the world. See page 15.
256 THOUGHTS of CICEROzI
et tibiPubli, et piis om la rvolution fe fait a-vec
zmepradzctgiezzh rapidi/i Vou:
nibus rctinendus e animus
in cuitodia corporisz nec dont, mon l:, et rm ceux
injuu ejus, quo ille e qui ont de la religion, man:
vobis datus, ex hominum (le-vex emg/ainment retenir
vita migrandum e, ne mu votre ante dam le carp: o
nus humanum agnatum elle &i-'1 [hoe ; et fam lor
Dco deugie videamini. dre exprE: de celui qui rvom
Sed c, Scipio, ut avus hic la donne, ne point fortir de
celle rwie morte/le ; pal-(e
mus, u: ego, qui te genui,
juitiam cole, et pietatem : u'auiremenf 'vous paroirriez
qu, m't magna in pa a'voir voulu/hou lemploi,
reutibus, et propinqus, tum dont la volont divine man: a
in patria maxima e. Ea charg. Aire/ ce que raotu
vita, via ell in clum, et in avez faire pr/entament,
hunc ctum corum, 'qui t'e dimiler, et IAfrirain
jam Vixerunt, et corpore rwm'e aeul, et moi votre
laxatj, illum incolunt lo Pre: de cultiver notre
cum, quem vides. exemple la juice daimer
vos paen, et rua: amir, mai:
quatre patrie plu: Que toui le
ree. Voil par o lon ar
. ri-ve au ciel, et dan: cette (1/;
nd/Je de gem, qui, aprs
avoir rvieuzr la terre, main
tenant dgagez de leur carp,
habitenl le lieu gum/om 'vqyiz.
Erat autem is plendi Il m parlait de (e terr/e
dimo candore inter am rillanl, que Em iila-tanta
mas circulus elucens, quem Ham/azur- fait remaruer
vos, m Grzecis accepiis, entre toutes le: ronellatiom,
orbem lateum nuncupatis. ' et gue vous appelez le Cercle
de Lait, comme le: Grea
mou: lont apprio.
Erant quo omnia mihi Promenant de la me: jeux
contemplanti prclara ca: hr le ree lde' lunivers, je
tera, et mirabilia videban ny dtazwroi: que du beau,
tur. Erant autem eel du mer-veilleux._ tvqyoi:
lee, ,quas nunquam ex hoc de: toile: qui nont jamai:
loco vidimusz et me mag t upper-ue: diti : et foute:
nitudines omnium, quas ee ait (elle: la, fait les autre:
nunquam upicati umus: fatma: imt connues, je le:
ex quibus erat illa minima, wqyoi: dune grandeur que
x i . quae jamai:
 or, SCIPIO's DREAM. 257
body; nor without the expres command ohim
who_ gave you a oul, hould the lea thought be.
entertained of quitting human life, le y.oueem to

deert the po agned you by God himelf. Follow

the examples of your grandfather here, and of me
your father, in payinga rict regard to juice and
piety; the inuence of which towards parents and
relations is great indeed, but that to our country
greate of all. Such a lie as this is the true'way'
to heaven, and to the company of thoe, who after"
having lived-on earth, and been diunitcd from body,
inhabit the place you now behold.

Now * it was that hinng circle or zone, whoe

remarkable brightnes diinguihes it among the
conellations;
call the milky orband
t. which, after the Greeks, i you

From which, as I took a view o the univere,

every thing appeared beautiful and admirable; for
there, not only thoe ars were to be een, that are
never viible from this globeI; but all of them of
uch magnitude as we could not have imagined.
The lea of all the ars was that removed farthe
from the heavens, and ituated neare the earth;
M which
' Here Stijia begins to peak, and it is not known what became
of his father afterwards. , *
1- Hence its appellation, among us, of the milk] way; which is a
va collection of ars, that by their nearncs and arrangement, trace
a kind of road in the heavens. See the dierent opinions o the
nnticnts on this ubject,_in a work acribed to Plutarcb, dey/air.
philo. in. 1. .
I There are at-s o remote, that it is impoble to dicern them
with the ejc. As a proof hereof we need 'only mention the modern
invention of telecopcs, by the aance of which a great many tars
have been dicovered, that were not known to the anticnu.
 '258 THOUGHTS of CICERO;
qu ultima clo, citima jamai: nous na'vzm: imaginie.
ten-is, luce lucebat alieni La moindre, qui tait la plu!
Stellarum autem globi ter loigne du riel, et la plus
ne magnitudinem facile protbe de [a terre, ne l-rilloit
."'':
--'-.
2-73? ? vinccbam. jam ipa terra qua dune lumire demprunt.
ita mihi parva via e, ut A Igard de: autre: glabeJ,
me imperii nori, quo qua il: zrrpaient de beaucoup
punctum ejus auingimus, en grandeur le glob de la
pmtcret. terre. Mai: pour eeIui-ri,
il me parat bien i peril, que
notre empire, dmt [tendue
nen orcupe que comme an
I . point, met piliE.
quam cm magis intue it continua?! regarder
'rer. xement la terre. 714/71:
Qgfo inquit Africa
- nus, quouque humidexa quand, me ditrlAfrimz'n,
tua mens erit? nnne ad aurez-rua: Zq/jrrit cal/ ur
fpicis, qu in templa vene cet gljet P {Quoi l le: temple:
xis? Novem tibi orbibus, jitlerer, o mou: wairi, ne
vel potiiis globis, connexa mritent pa: wan-e atten
unt omnia: quorum unus tion? Voyez comme [e taut
e cleis, extimus, qui e rompe/ de nag cercle: ou
reliquas omnes complecti flu/161 de neufglaex, I'un de;
tur, ummus ipe Deus, ar que]: {[2 ce glade cE/Lyie, qui,
.cens, et continens cteroslzplace nu-deu de tam [es au
in quo inxi unt illi, qui tre: les emarra: tour, et le:
voivntur, ellarum curus hutient (le lous cotez. A ce
fempiterni : cui ubjecti funt luil rst altar/1:511 toi
eptem, qui verantur retro, le: xer, qui de toute Eterni
contrario motu, atque c t fe mea-veut dam [emf/)1:
lum, ex quibus unum glo em- gue ce premier riel. Plu:
bum podet illa, quam in 5a: imt ept autre: gloes,
terris Saturniam nominant. qui ont un mon-'venient de r
Deinde e hominum generi trogradutian. Un de te;
-prpperus et alutaris ille globe: e ee/uz' que le: babi
fulgor; qui. dicilur Jovis. tan: de la terre appellant 'Sa
Tum rutilus, horribilique turne.. Un autre nomm ju
terris, quem Martem dici jz'tr, d'on! le: inuences/ont
tis. Deinde ubter mediam fen/amble: etfa/utaz're: aux
fere regionem o] obtinet, bommm. .Prs an emit' 1:
dux, et princeps, et mode u e't'incelant et terril/1e,
ratdr luminum reliquorum, gue ruazu appelez Man.
mens mundi, et temperatiop Fig/ya: nu milieu de gram!
tam tj/ace,
 Or, SCIPlO's DREAM. ' 259
which hone with _a borrowed light. Now the
globes of the ars far urpaed * the magnitude of
our earth 3 which at that diance appeared o exceeda
ing mall, that I could not but be eniny aected
on eeing our whole empire 'no larger, than i we
only touched the earth, as it were, in a ingle point.
As 1- I continued to oberve the earth with ill
greater attention, How long, I pray, ays Africanus,
will your mind be xed on that object? Why don't
you rather take a view of the'magniicent temples
whither you are arrived P The univere is compoed
o nine circles, or rather pheres I, the uppermo
of which is this celeial one, that comprehends all
the re, and where the upreme God reides, who
bounds and contains the whole. In. it are xed
thoe ars, that revolve with never-varying coures.
Below this are even other pheres,,which move
backwards, or with a contrary motion to that of the
heavens: one o thee is taken up by the globc,
which the inhabitants of the earth call Saturn. Next
to that is thear of Jupiter, o benign and alutary
to mankind. The third in order is that ery and
terrible planet, called Mars. Below this again,
almo in the middle region, is the un, that leader,
M 2 governor,

* One cannot preciely determine what the magnitude of a ar is.

To judge o it by the help of optics, its exact diance from the earth
mu be known. The learned M. Huygens, in his Comntlzrcrcs, pre
tends that a cannon-ball would be about 7o,ooo years in reaching the
xed ars ; and he uppoes that the aid ball, moving always with
the ame velocity, paes over about 100 athoms in a econd of time.
Whence it will move 36o,ooo fathom: in an hour; o that the
whole diance of the xed ars, actording to the above uppoition,
w111l- lace: zzo,752,ooo,ooo,ooo athoms, or a5o,854.,545,454-} miles.
ap.
1.'1'he be commentary to explain this paage, i' to have an
Him-Um- phere xq lopk at.
3
260 THOUGHTS of CICERO;
tantmagnitudine,utcuncta qpact, (vous mojez Ieolei,
ufi luce illum-et, et com qui e Ie conducteur et le >
pleat. Hunc ut comitcs r/Je de: autrc: plankta, Pin
concquuntur, alter V'cne trI/igente et [a anIe du
ds, alter Mercurii curus: I'uni-Uer:, et dont [a gran
in inm6que orbe luna, ra 'deur
rajan:q/iil telle,
EclaireizquaeiI vde' i:
remit
diis olis accena, conver
titur.
vhil e, [nri autem jam
nii monale ni tout. A a hift, et umme
et ca pour I'accampagner, oul e'
ducum, przetek animos ge nu: et Afar-cure. Four a'th
neri hominum, muner; de' ti [a lum', don! Ie globt
n'a de lumiEre gite te yu'zi]
orum datos. Supra lunam
untlazterna omnia. Nam m regait zlu aleil. All-da
ea, qua: e media, et nona ou: il n'j a pim- rz'en, qui ne
tellus, nequc movetur et ait tarruplible et morel .' i
inma e, et in eam erun te n'c [es ame: bumzzi/zer,
tur omnia. uo nutu pon pre'hnt de: Dieux. Audqu
dera de [a [une tout q Eternal.
PZZmnt I: [a terre, qui clc
muruiEme globe, et qui ac
cnpe Ie irem'rt, alle n'a point
de maw/emth 3 dle eplacie
au IiEu [e plu: bar; et t'e
at) tudent natureHcmez-t lour
le: carp: mtrtzinez par Im
ppz'dx. _ _
Y'Etazi: d'EIomz-smcnt
Qxx dun intuerer u
pens, ut me recepi, Wih? I' [a T'ZZE d'un te] Ectat/e.
hic inquam, quis ef, (1111 ye;th je me x: un pen re
comple: aures meas -tantu-s, mi: .' x-Iaz'x, dirje 12 I'Ai
et tam dulcis onus? Hic mizz, quel t (a hn i ida
'cct, inquit ille, ' qui inter laizt, et iwgrciallt, dent
'vaI-lis conjunctus imparibus, j'ai I'orcz'e remjxlz'e? C't,
ed tamen pro rata portione a'z't-z'l, I'barmam'e qui ta/'Alle
diinctis, imyulu, et x_notu du mou-vemsnt de: p/JEMJ;
ipoium orbium concxzur: et qui compoe? d'interl-zJaZ/e:
qui acuta cut_n gravxbgs inEgaux, maz': pour-tun! di
temperans, vanos xquabx inguez .1'u72 tle l'autr: hi
liter concentus ecit. Nec ruam' a'c; jue: proportt'am',
enim ilentio tanti motus rm' rigu-'I'Ercment' par le
incitari paant, et natura mZ-[ange de hm aigu: a-vet
[a graruu, drem concern.
ert, ut extrema ex alters.
parte graviter, ex altera II 'fa pax poible en elf,
autcm gilt

F
 Or, SCIPIO's DREAM. 26t
governor, and prince of the other luminaries, that
mind and temperament of the world, whoe bulk is
o valy great, that he lls and enlightens all things
with his rays; Then follow Venus and Mercury,
that attend, as it were, on the un. Laly, the
moon,which hines only by the reected rays of the
un, moves in the lowe phere of all ; below which,
if We except that gift of the Gods, human ouls,
every thing is mortal, and tends to diiolution ; but:v
above it all is eternal .*. For the earth, which is the
ninth globe, and occupies the center, is.immovc
able, and to it all heavy bodies naturally tend, as
being the lowe place in the univere.
After T recovering myelf from the amazementr
occaioned by uch a wonderful propect, I thus
bepoke Africanus. What, pray, is this ound,
that rikes my ears in o loud and agreeable a
manner ? To which he replied, It is that produced
by the impule and motion ofthe pheres 3 and being
formed by unequal intervals 1, (but uch, however,
as are divided according to thejue' proportion)
* ' M 3 > it
* It may be concluded from this paage, that Ciczra was not for a
plurality of peoplcd worlds 5 for i all things above the moon be ree
i'om corruption, there can be no generation, and conequently n)
animals. As to the moon herelf, everal of the antients believed he
was inhabited like the earth. See Ad- ll. 39.
+ Cap. 5.
I I am indebted, ays the Ablve' d' Oliver, or this and the follow
ing remark, to M. Buretrt; whom I have conulted on this ubject,
as being better acquainted with the muic o the antients, than any
other of our learned men.
'*' Cicero, agreeably to the imaginary yem of Pytbagoras, com
" pan-es in this place the motions o the even planets, and the orb
5' of the xed ars, which makes up the numbcr o eight, to the
" vibratory motions of eight rings, which compoed the ancient
U inrument called octmbard, that was formed ef two eparate
'4 Tenacbardr, or of eight irings in all, which,iin the Diatonic
" yem of muic, gave the following eight ounds'ot' cur muic, mi,,
'i i:
 262 THOUGHTs of CICERO;
autem acute onent. (barn que de i grand: mou-vmtem
ob cauam ummus ille'cmli falfaj/inf fam ruit : et ce/I
clliferi curus, cujus con ror'ormment aux Ioix natu
vcron c concitatior, acuto, rel/ex, que de! deux extra/rex
et excitato movetur ono: afl/b termine Iajm/age (Ye
l.-'-_.
gravimo autem hic luna tom' cer interval/2.', Pan' fait
ris, atque inmus. Nam entendre le on grave, et
term, noua, immobilis ma l'autre le on aigu: Par
nens, imi ede emper h atte rai/2m, l'ore de: Nails:
ret, comglexa medium mun xe], comme le plu: lev, et
di locum. llli autem octo dont le ino-venient e/I le plu!
curus, in quibus eadem vis rapide, doit rendre un in'
e duorum, feptcm eciunt trs-aigu ; pendant qize lore
diinctos intervallis fonds:
a'e [a t'itne, (art/me [e plu; La:
qui numerus rerum omnium de tourna/x oui meuvent,
fen)- nodus e. - doit rendre un bn dei plu:
gra-ven car pour la terre,
nont le gigotfait le nezwime,
elle demeure inned-ib, et
totg'our: xe au ux La: lieu,
gui e/f le cum-e de lanime.
dire/ le: rvolution: de a:
buit #55, Jeux dq/guellu
ont mme puznn, produenl
.fep1 dgremfom' .- et il ny
a prq/que rien n'ont le nomre
ptnaire 'te/bit le 'la-nd.
med docti homines net- On a imite cette Lar
vis imitati, atque cantbus, monie rE/ee, hil arva de:
aperuere ibi reditum in inrumem,it art/tc la ruon ;
hunc locum: icut alii, qui et le: grand; muiciem jefont
prfcantibus ingeniis in vi par [ ou-vert am chemin pour
ta humani divina udia revenir in' ; de mme gus
colucrunt. tam- ce: zH/'mer gnies, gui
pendant [2 cour: de une vie
marie/le on! ultimi le: fci
ence:
iszeell-wi'th
i cette harmonie ' ne
Hc onitu opplet au
Ares hominum oburduzrunt: sentend point ur In terre;
met: e ullus hebetior enus cs quun i grand' &ruit a
in vobis 3 icut ubi Nilus ad rendu la bomme: burd'x.
illa, qu catadupa nomi d/z' le in: de loue e le
' nantur, prcipitat ex 'n play/(bible et le plu: obtu: de
imis toui
 Or, SCIPIO'S DREAM. 26;
,it produces, by duly tempering, acute with grave
ounds, various concerts of muic. For it is impo
ible that motions o great hould be performed
without any noie; and it is agreeable to naturer
that the extremes on the one ide hould produce'
harp, and on the other at, ounds; For which
reaon the phere of the fixed ars being highe,
and carried with a more rapid velocity, moves with
a hrill and acute ound : whereas that of the moon
being lowe, moves with a very at one. As to'
the earth, which makes the ninth phere, it remains
immoveably xed in the middle or lowe part of the
world, Now the revolutions of thee eight orbs,
every two of whichihave the ame force *, give
even diinct ounds ; which number is the meaurev
of almo all things in the world. ' . '
This celeial harmony has been imitated bys
learned muicians 1-, both on ringed inru
ments and with the voice; whereby they have
opened themelves a way to return hither: as have: -
likewie many others, who have employed their
ublime genius, [while on earth, in culti-vating the
divine ciences. *
M 4. By
' fa, ol, Ia,i, nt, re. mi; o that the moon, as being the lowe of
5' the planets, correponds to m', the greate of the eight ounds;
" [i/Ierazry, tofa z Venus, tool; the Sun, to la ; ers, tox'; Jupilrr,
" to u; Saturn, to re; and the,orb o the xed ars, as being the
'4 highe of all, to mi, which is the acutci ound, and makes an
V octave with the grave. Thee eight ounds, then, are eparated
a by eight intervals, according to certain proportions; o that from
" mi to fa, is an hemitonez from mi lool, a third minor; from m'
V to la, a fourth; from m' to i', a fth; from mi to nt, a ixth
" minor; and from mi to re, a eventhminor; which together with
a the octave make even cononances in all."
'* " Cicero ays, i/Ii auiem oo Unus, in quimx eaztm wis r ducrttm,
'4 &c'. On which we remark, that the two wards, cure/'1 mix, may
" le takm in two dierent enes, either for the revolutions of two
* 5' m*s,,
1.: Ariu-lie, Linen, Orpbmr, &e.
 264 THOUGHTS of CICERO;
imis montbus, ea gens, tom [cl/221:. Il e arii-vE de
qu illum iocum accolit, inime an' paulo/e yui habita
propter magnitudinem o auprs de: cataractzz: du Nil,
nitus, cnu audiendi carer. d'ftrt tnrdi par lfou
Hic verb tamus e totius 'vantabje mit yue fair (e
mundi incitatiim ccn'vcr feu-ve m i prcipitant du
one onitus, ut cum aures lm! de: maiztagnex. Et quant
hominum capere nnn po (e prodigieux/7271; iue tou
n: icut intueri olem ad tJ' le: pbe'rn ell/haiic r
vecum nequits, c-jque ment en e 'tak-vant ame: lant
radii-a acies veira, enliu'que de rapidii, lvos oreille: m
vincitur. hin' non plu: capable: tle le
rote-voir, que rua: yeux de
jouit/tir lclat du h/eil, i
tuous le regardezixement.
Hc ego admiransp re > Tout en mont/[mm de ru
fcrcbam tamen oculos ad mer-veiller, je ne lai/81': par
terram idemidem. Tum dejeter taujaun de tempt en
Africanus, entio, inquit, temps le: jeux fur la terre.
te edem etiam nunc ho 70: regardx, me dit lAi
minum ac domum contem min, (bombant encore, a
plariz qu i tibi parva guejc wail, libeh-tation de:
(ut e) ita videtur, hc c month. Mai: quai? puif
leiia emper pectato: illa ou'elle vous parat i petite,
humana contemnito. Tu comme ectimement elle l'e,
_enim quam celebritatem n'ayez pour elle que du m
ermonis hominum, aut prir, et ne regardez jamais
quam expetendam gloriam ou It del. ch'g-ce alber
conequi potes? Vides ha tout, ou: (m: renomme,
bitari in terra, raris et an-_ quc cette gloire, dont la/135
guis in locis: et in ipis ran-re pourrait mon: lou'ir P
quafi maculis, ubi habita Vou; voyez: yue la ferre tj
lur, vaas olitudines in pellit/ie na/z: un bien petit
s terjectas: h6que, qui in nomr: dondroztr, gui hm'
colunt terram, non mod timam de peu dtenaue, et
interruptos ita ee, ut nihil ifort couch par de wae:
inter ipos ab aliis ad alios olitua'u, Quil: mu: par-aif
manare poiit: ed partim nt fiti comme de: tarba
_0bliquos, partim averOs, ripandues de loin loin ur
partim etiam adveros ate ruotre globe. fel/b e [a
Yobis: quibus expectare ituation de leur: (limer: 17a
gloriam certh nullam po bitam', 1uil: neimt point
teis. cemis autem ean partie de tammerccr Mem
dem Me 5
 Or, SCIP'IO'S DREAM'; 265
By the upiying noie of this ound, the ears o
mankind. have been rendered deaf; and, indeed,
hearing is the dulle o all the human enes. Thus
the people who live near the cataracts o the Nile,
are by the exceve roar which that river makes
in precipitating itelf rOm thoe valy high moun
tains, entirely'deprived of the ene o hearing. Now
o inconceivablyigreat is the ound produced by the

1VPid motion of the whole univere, that the human

ear is no'more capable of receiving it, than the eye
is able to look teadfaly and directly on the un,
.whoe beams eaily dazzle the ronge ight.
While * I was buied in admiring this cene of
wonders,_1 could' not help caing my eyes every
Nl 5 _ now *
'4 ars, the inequality of which is o mall, that they may well
'4 enough correpond to the vihrations o two ring: of the octachord
a runed unions; or for the revolutions o two tars, one of which
" is twice as rapid as the other, whereby it reembles the vibrations
o the two extream ringis of the octachord, or thee markedvmi,
that are at the interval of an cctave from each other. It is in this
'F la ene that the Latin phrae, eadem wi: e duarum, aught to
1' be taken; and thus it is in the edition o Grzz-uiux, agreeable to
'I what is ound in everal manucripts. In this cae, all the prin
t' cipal cononances are taken into the comparion ;'whcreas if Mercurii'
V cT Venerir be added to the laden' wis e duar'um, as may be een in
'1 ome editions, upported likewie by the authority of orhe manu
K cripts, we mu give it the r ene, by cauing the octave to
" make way for the union, which is not a cononance. In fact, if
'Ana this was the cae, the phere o the xed ars would not be an
octave to that of the moon, but only a eventh to it; becaue,
U ay ome interpreters, Mercury and Vena: being almo unions on
o,.. account of the inconiderablenes of the inequality of their revo
u lution-3 they mu-both of them he only about a hemitone from
" the moonj and conequently the yem o the ars wouldxanwer,
aq not to an Octachord, but to an heptachord, or an inrument With
't even. rings, compoed of x cononances, or intervals, and
a '\ wholly' deitute of the octave, which nevartheles is one o the
a principal conunances, and the complement, as it were, of the
't o. vharmonic yem. This has made ome people conjecture, that
I' the words Mercurii 'et Vineris, may he only a glos, which, though
a at r. only written in the-margin, might afterward' have creph
.tt into the text.'.* -
3 Cap, 6.
 266 THOUG-HTS of CICERO;
dcm ter-ram, quai quibu He ; le: un: Etant 2 I'igara'
dam redimilam, et circum de: autrcx, placez oblique
d.1t1m cingulis: E quibus mcnl, ou 'nfme appeaen; dia
duos max'gme inter e di mEtra/ement : et- (eux-a',
*Vcros, et cocli verticibus an dame, ne pcuruent rim
ipis ex uu'aque parte ub pour warre glcire. Remar
mich, obriguie pruin vi yuzz au re: zonex, qui par
dcs, medium autem illum, tagcnt le globe terrere. '
et maximum,' olis ardore Vou: en evqyez deux, qui/but
torreri. Duo un! habita le: pins E/oignier I'mze de
biles: quorum auralis ille, I'autrt, et priri/Z-imtnt hy:
in quo qui iniunt, advera le: delix pE/es, aEgZ-e: 'le
vobis urgent veigia, nihil gla: 2' dy imar. An
ad verum genus: hic au milicu e [a lzz: 'grandn
tcm alter ubjectus aquiloni,
querp incolitis, cerne, _qui21m er/Ee par-I'ardmr du oleix'.
II nfy eiz a d'lyabittzble: gus
tenu: v05 parte contlngat. deux : P/Iurale, qui q oc
Omnis enim terra, quaz tzzpepar run: until-Bath's, a-vec
Ig/iyuc/s tvates n'a-vez nullz
colitur Favobis, angua ver
ticibus, lateribuslatior, par communication: et [a p
rs qliazdam inula e, cir tmtrionale, yui q elle at)
cumua illo ma'ri, quod Tour Ete: ituez. Or juth
AtlanticumzquodMagnum, combien e mime [a Portion
quodx Oceanum appellatis gui roam en re-vicnt. Car, d
m tell-na: qLZl tamen tanto pry/nine tout ce gue contient
nomme, quam it parvus, ram-e zane, qui a guelyue
vides. -Ex his ipis cultis,. largeur at: milieu, mai: qui -
norique tdrris, num aut e ort errEe aux deux ex
tuum aut cujuquam no tremitez ; [Bl m'fzzit qu'um
-irm nomen, vel Cauca t' fice r/e pain' He, uztaureie
um hunc, q ucm cernis, i de catte [We-r gue rvau: appe
trancendere potuit, vel il [ez I'Atlantigue, [a grand;
Ium Gangem trannare? Afar, I'Ocian : et don, mal
Qgis in rcliquis Orientis, gri re: titrez; pan/peux, vous
aut dbeunris olis ulcimis, rvqyez quel/e e [a pelz'te.
aut aquilonis, aurive par l'otre renommie, au telle de
tibus tuum nomen' audiet? quel-ue autre Romain, a-t
'quibus nmpumtis, cernis elle jm'mt': pu, de te: pay:
i proectb,
iis vehaquanzis
gloria eindilatari
angu gue 'vour tomwZ, par an
tle-12 du Cauca' on du Gangt,
velit. man/agne et cu'w que man:
qwez ld ine: [cryeux P fZgi,
dal/31: ree de I'Oriem, et
Ipi mar
 Or, SCIPIo'-s DREAM. 257
now and then upon the earth.. On vwhich, ays
Africanus, I perceive you are ill taken up in con
templating the' eat and reidence of mankind : now
'i it appears to you o mall as in fact it really is,
depie its vanities, and x your attention for ever
on thee heavenly objects. Is it poble you hould
attain any human applaue, or glory, that is worth
the contending For ?* The earth, you ee, is 'peopled
but in a very few places, and thoe too of mall
extent; o that they appear like o many pots, as it
Were, cattered through va uncultivated dearts :.
its inhabitants are not only o remote from each
other, as to cut o all mutual correpondenCez but
their ituation being either oblique, on contrary
parts of the globe, or perhaps diametrically oppoite
to yours, all expectations of univeral ame mutv
fall to the ground. You may likewie oberve that
the ame globe o the earth is girt and urrounded,
as it Were, with certain zones; whereof thoe two
- which aremo remote from each other, and lie
under the oppoite poles of heaven, are congealed
with fro; but that one in the middle, which is'
by far t'he large, is corched with the intene heat.
of the un. The. other two only are habitable at: ,
one towardsthe outh, the inhabitants of which are
yourAntipodes, with whom you have no connexion :
the other towards the .north is that you inhabit,
whereof a very mall part, as youimay ee, falls to
'M 6 your
_ * Virgil,-Georg. I. 233; Ovid, Metam. I. 49; Pliny, If. 69;
m a word, all the ancients were peruaded that only two of the ve"
lOnCS were inhabited, or even hahitnbler Their ignorance in this
repect would ceae to occaion our urprize, did we but reect that
eyen at this day, and notwithanding the great helps we draw from
commerce
that and naviga'tion,
are inhabited. we are
Dilicoveries far from
othis knowing
ort are all the
the work of countries
time-and
chance, and not ofhuman wit.. See Remark, page 25.
\
i.".. THOUG-HTS rof CICERO;
aux extrfmitez de I'onia'mt,
duptentria/z, du Mix/i, eu
tmdra par/er de Scz'pion?
Town' ce: partic: de la ter"
n'imm' dam: a? (ampler pour
rim par rapport eiz man,
(amprenez 2 guai e ria'uit
I'q/pdce, que 'votre ambitian
propac a'e remilir.
Ipi autem, qui de vobis Maj: a'e pha: teux gin'
loquuntur, quim did lo parleront de coeur, (omlzien
quentur?
cupiat prolesWin etiam, i a'e temp: en parlerant-ili?
illafuturorum
sznd mEmz [a giniratiaa
hominum deinceps laudes ui-vante aurait en-'uz'e de
uniucujuque norm i traninntre 2 um' gEnEratian
patribus accepms poieris z-[m ZIoignEe, le! [age] gu'clle
prodere, tamen propter elu azzm emena'uaire tie now:
il n'a/I par pqble gue 'patre
viones, exuiione'que ter
rarum, quas accidere tem glairehit, je m: a'z': pa: Her
pore certo necee e, non nc/le, mal: t/t ple/gus dure'e,
modb non arm-nary, ed ne I; caue do: inundation; et de:
diumrnam quidem gloriam incandiu, que le caur: de [a
nature dazit 'zeceireme/zt
aequi poumus.
/IZETIEY. '
Bid autem Intere, ab leurs,
ye may: imports d'ail
d'aq/oir uil num par-wi"
iis, qui poe nacentur,
ermonem fore de 'te, cizm le: bomme; qui mousuivront,
ab iis nullus fuerit, qui ame puz'yue ceux qui 'vous ont
naticarte
ct ink? qui nec pauciores,
meliores uerunt pride Z, don! [e nombre n't
pas moirm're, et Ham' le me
rite termine'th a Etiupi
,viri.
rieur, n'cnt paint far/e' de
'vous ?
Cdm precertim aud eos Ajoulm: ue ton: ceux qui
jpos, 5 quibus audiri no aw-nt jamaz: rvam ton
men norum pote, nenio naz'ire, 'zeauroie'ztaire qui
nnius anni memoriam con 'Wire me'moire wiweulement
equi pot : homines enim I'eare d'zme arme'e. On
populajiter annum tantum apprl/E en terms: populaim'
modb olis, id e, unius 'me mmEe, te que leolei1, gui
'ari reditu metiuntu'r: cilm 'z'e gu'un (re/Eul, met de
antem ad idem, unde emel for;sz &faire/ba man. Mm'J
proecta unt, cunct: ara I'asze Ivrmimmt camp/ele,
rediexinr, '
_ Or, SCIQPIO'S DREAM. 26;

your hare. For the whole extent o what you

poes is but a mall iland, narrow at both ends
and wide towards the middle, which is urrounded
by the ea, ,_ called on earth the Atlantic, the Great
ea, and the \Ocean. You cannot but remark how
exceeding mall it is, notwithanding its pompous
titles. Now 1 would ak i be poble for your,
fame, or that of any other Roman, to be carried
from thee known and cultivated parts of the earth,
over mount Caucau: * yonder, or cros the Gangzr T ?
Who in the remote places of the ea and we, _
or thoe of the north and outh, hall hear your
name o much as mentioned 2 And i thee are let
out o the account,._ you ee within what 'canty
bounds your ambition would exert itel
Now 1 as to thoe very perons who hall peak
of you, how long, pray, will they do it? Beides,_
allowing that the ucceeding, generations of men
were deirous to tranmit down'- to poerit-y't-he ne
things they have heard their fathers tell- of us; yet
by reaon of inundations and conagrations, which
mu 'unavoidably happen' at certain periods, it is
impoible our reputation hould be o any coni
derable, much les of an eternal duration.
Again, what great matter is it, to have your
praie celebrated by thoe who come after you;
when they that p'receded,' whoe number was not
perhaps les, and merit certainly greater, were not
o much as acquainted with your name ?
And the more o, that not one of thoe who hall
hear of us, is able to retain inhis memory the tran
actions
* Ca'caus, a mountain of Coltbis, towards the mouth o the riVer
Plaix.
1 Ganges, a river of the Ea-India. 1 Cap. 7.
 r
\

270 THOUGHT'S of CICERO;

redicrint, eandeque totius e/I telle or) ge'nEraIemen! Yea/r
cuin decriptionem, longis le: are: revenu: an '212sz
intcrvallis rctulcrint, tum paint d'uZ il: [with parih.
illc vch: vertens annus ap ra/nEne'zt aprZ: un long in
chari potc: in quo vix teirrvnI/e de temps le "time
dicere audeo, qulm multa plan du del tout entz'er. 7:
ecula haminum tencnmur. n'oe prryue dire tambz'en
Namque, ut oIim dciccre your (elzz i] hut de ce gus
o] hominibus, exiinguiquc 'vom- apelez ifclex. am
vius e, cm Romuli ani fw's, Imyae I'ame de Romu
mus hrec ipain tcmpla p: prfmitra dam ce: Iieux, il
netravit: ita quandoque exi _y eutur la ferre une &lip/i
dem ' parte ol, - eodquue de eleil. Band ton: le:
tempore iterum defecerit, aires, tolde? le: planZ-Ie: e
tum ignis omnibus ad idcm retrau'vant dam [a mfme pa
principium, ellique revo ititm, i] arrz'vera yue I:
catis, expletum annum ba, ola] au m imepainf, au meime
beto. Hujus quidem anni temps r'e'zlz'p/era law' de nau
nondum viceimam partcm weau, alor: won: aurez 'me
cito ee converam. an/zee romp/ent. Or hee/am
gue pre-"leman vous 'fen
a-vezpax enrere [a Wing'tieime
partie de rE-vaIue.
ngci-rca i reditum in Perdez-wour dom' I'ele'
hunc
in quri) locum deperaveris,
omnia'unt magnis, rance de revem'r dam' ce:
temples, l'wxigz/e objet de:
et prxantibus viris: quanti graizde: ame; P ye 'your
tnndcm e ia hominum rf/Ie-t-ileJ-Iarr, et qu'ej/I-ce
gloria, quae pertinere vix gite refte gloire but/mine,
ad unius anni partem exi dent d paine [a (luree Embra
guam pote? quelyue pelile partie d'zme
arm-'Je ?
igitur alth pectarc i vo Ya: regard: au contrair-e,
les, atque hanc edem,-et _ was ruamx i' portent-ils (I
Peternam domuin contucri : ter/e (le/Heare terne/le P ch
nsque te ermonibus vulgi If: ll-our; du mulgaire m
dcderis, nec in precmiis hu fzut point d'imrejan hr
manis pcm 'poueris rerum man: : izefoizdez paint warre
tuarum: uis tc oportet il Wah-tir de: re'romperg/e: ter
lccebris ipa virtus Uahat ad rere: : ilayt gue la ver-m
vernm decus. _ qud de te' el/e me'me man: attire par/e:
alii, loquantur, ip vide propre: [bar/ne: an wErita
ant: ed loquentur tamen. He banner. O" par/en! (e
Scrmo 'vous
 Or, SCIPIO'S DREAM. 271
actions of one year. The bulk of mankind, in;
deed, meaure their year by the return of the un,
which is only one ar; but the true and compleat i

year is when all the ars hall have returned to the

place, whence they et out, and after long periods
hall have again.exhibited the ame apect of the
whole heavens; and, indeedl carcely dare attempt
to enumerate the va multitude o' ages contained in.- r
it. For as the un was ecliped, and eemed to be
extinguihed, at the time when the 'oul of Romulus
penetrated into thee eternal manions; o when all
the conellations and ars hall revert to their pri
mary poition, and the un hall at therame point,
and time, he again ecliped, the grand year hall
then be compleated.
twentieth Benot
* vpart of it is aured, however, that thei
yet elaped.

'Now had you no hopes of returning to this place,

where great and good men enjoy all that their ouls
could wih 5 what, pray, would be the ignication
o all human glory, which can hardly endure for a
mall portion of one year + P _
Wherefore i you deire to entertainexalted ex
pectations, and to keep in view this eternal place of
reidence; let not the dicoure of the vulgar make
any impreion upon you, nor place your utmo
i ' hopes

* By uppoing the'date of this dream to be in the year o the con

ulhip of Manilius, and that Romulus, according to If', Peray, died in
the zsth year of Rome, there are 568 years between them; and ince
this pace of time does not make the twuntieth part oa grand year,
it juies what is reported of Cirer'a in theldialogue de Caui: rarr. Ei/aq.
cap. 16. that according to him this grand year is not compleated till
12854. years.
1- How agre eable are the entiments of this great philoopher to the
doctrines o chriiianity l The apotle Perrr tells us, that all (be glgry
of man is a: tbeo-wer ofgras; and St. Paul deres the Colzanr loe'
, - ' their
 a

272 'THOUGHTS of CICERO;

Se'mo autcm omnis ille, et won: dam I: mantle: &s
anguus cmgztur iis regio I'ahire de: quires, de wi'
num, 'quas VldCS; nec un comment il! en doi-'uent par'
quam de ullo pcx'ennis uit; ler. IIai: Bin Ieur: di
et obl'uitur hominum inte taim, quel: qu'il: aint, m
ritu; et leivione pocri panr Am le: hule: drain:
tatis exinguitur. de: rEgion: qae rvous waye-'37.
Et d'ailleurr, mdle re'uta
tion dura/zle. A meure qu'
le: ummes mean-nt, le: num:
qui [cur aim-"ent connus, i
pen/ent, ct hnt Ere-int: par
I'oulz/i de [a poeiriti.
(gie cdm dixiet, ego Pour mal', In' disje alorr,
verb inquam, 6 Africane, quaiqt/e clep'd: man aance
i quidem bene meritis de mare/um' hr me: trace-I, et
patria quai limes ad coe]\i zr alle: de man pErc, je
aditum patet, quanqpam a n'aje pa: diginEnE: repen
pueritia veigiis ingr_cus dam', puique l'mtrfe du [is]
patriis, et tun, decon ve e advere 2 rew: qui an!
iro non deui: nunc tamen; l/ic'n r-ui Ieur patrie, di
vrmai: [a rwil'e d'uneigrand?
tanto. p'rzemio propoto,
enitar muhb vigilantihs. re'mmpene me fcm redoub/er
me: qorn.
Et' ille, tu verb enitere, Out', rcrit il, I'Lunar I'
_et ic habcto, non ee te a'ewczz: et tem'z pour rer
mortalem, ed corpus hoc. Iain, que 'Wire any: e tout
Nec enim tu is es, quem ce qu'ilj a de marle] en man.
fonna ia declarat: ed Taxdjc dis vous, je 'fen
mens cujuque,. is e quzi tcm pa: teeigure qui you:
que: nun ea gura, quae tomb' ou: If: km'. Tout
digito demonrari pote. Isamme e ce qu'ie, not'
Deum te igitur cjto ee : par im (or-15.', mai: par jZm
iquidem Deus e, qui vi cyprit. Apprenez, te/a itmzt,
gct, qui entit, qui rnemi que won; Sir-s un Dieu : parte
. mit, qui provide-t, quxxtam qu'e'ctiruemml- t'q Fire un
regit, et moderatur, et mo Dieu, que de jmdtr en in'
vetid corpus, cui prxpo [a rvz'e, et IteHiment; que
tus e, qum hunc niun d'itre (aict/e de mimoire, et
dum ille princepszDeus; et de privajance ; quc d'a-vair
vut mundum ex quadam in' [e corps, (I [a ronduile
parte morralem ipe Deus a'uquel an e pv-qu/Z, 'out
eternus, ic fragilc corpus autant d'empz're, qu'en a I:
animus cmpitemus mover. ouverain Dieuhr Paul-den.
Nam Ju
 Or, SCIPIO*s- DREAM; 273
hopes in human rewards : virtue alone, by her own
proper charms, ought to allure you to true honour.
What others hall talk of you, for talk they will,
is their concern. All dicoure, however, of this
nature is conned within the narrow limits of the
countries you nowvbehold; with regard to every
man they are but a hort duration, decreae in pro
portion as the preent generation die, and are quite
forgotten by poerity.
After T thee words, I thus addreed Africanus.
Though from my infancy I have cloely followed
my father's, and your illutrious example, and never
degenerated from it; yet vince all thoe who have
deerved well of their country, have free admiion
into heaven, I hall redouble my eorts, now that
I have the propect of o ample a reward.
Do o, replied he, and be aured that nothing of
you, except the body, is mortal. For it is not this
external form, or gure, that falls under the notice
of our enes, which coniitutes your being; it is the
oul, and not the body, that makes the real man.
p Know then, that you are a God, if he can be aid to
poes divinity, who has life, intelligence, memory,
and foreight in himelf; and who rules, governs, *
and moves thex body allotted him, as the4upreme
God does the univere: andas God, who is eternal,
gives
'Mr action on things above, not on thing' on tlze earth. This is an
ambition more than heroic. To apire after eternal happines, puri
cs the oul from every low paion, and exalts it to a pitch above the
herd of mankind: and yet we ee an'heathen animated with this
divine amb'ition. A thought which hould make worldlingsubluh,
who aume to themelves the acred title o Chriians!
r Cup, 3. \
7 '
274 THOUGHTS of*CI_CERO;
llx/ matre de gouermr rr
mer fragile, et de 1e mau
ruoir a rmire gr, que I'e a
Dieu ternel de gouverner et
n'a mou-voir Iuuiwen, qui,_
termi/u gara't, nq pax
moim eorruplz'/e Que mm
carp.

Nam quod femper mo Un tre gui meut teu

vctur, aeternum e: quod jour: exi/ftra tozgjourr. Mais
autem motum aert alicui, celui qui donne le Mouvement
qudquc ipum agitatur ali un autre, et qui Ie reoit
unde; quando nem habet lui-mime dun autre; rg:
mots, vivendi nem ha ne'rekiremcnt dexi/Ier, ln
beat necec e. Solum quil per'd n mouvement.
igitur, quod ee mover, 11n_y a dom' que lutre m
quia nunquam deeritur par fa pro/2re vertu, qui ne
e;" nunquam ne moveri perdejamais/bn mouvement,
quidem definit : quin etiam parce quil ne : manque ja
catel-is, qu moventur, hic mai: luimme. Et de
fons, hoc principium e plzu i] e pour toute: le!
movendi. '. autre: (ho/: qui ont du
mouvement, [a urre et I!
principe du mon-(lament qud
le: ont.

Princpo autem nulla e Or qui dit principe, dit

ongo. Nam cx principio ce guiw'a point dorigine.
onuntur emnja: ipfum mx Car te/t' du principe que
tem nulla ex re alia naci 1 tout wimt, et [e prim-ipe
pote: nec enim id ee: m mzroit venir de nulle
principium, quod gignere autre [/Jo'. II neferoz't pax
tur aliunde. And i nun primipzl sil menait dail
quam oritur, ne occidit leurx. Et nayant poitit
qqidem lmquam. Nam dorigine, i] naura par con
principium exiinctum, ned qumt paint dein. Caril
igz'um ab) alio rennfcctur, nepurroit, tant dtruit, ni
nec ex e aliud crenbit,\ tre ini-milne repraduit par
quidem nccee ell princi m: autre principe, ni en pra
pio onnomma. duire 1m autre, pmyu'un
pincibe 'te/2117de rien dan
i ita terieur.
i/g
 OrLSCIPIO's DREAM. 275
gives motionito the world, which is in part mor

tal *; o the immortal oul moves the body, that is _

ubject to corruption. \
For whatever is always in motion, is eternal;
but that which communicates motion to another,
and is itelimpelled by omexexternal agent, mu
necearily ceae to live, when the motion ceaes.
That therefore alone, which moves itelf, can ne
ver ceae to move, becaue it is never deerted by
itelff. Beides,
and principle of alluch a motion
others mu be the-ourcei
whatever.

Now a principle has no origin. For from it all'

things are derived; yet is it elf derived from no
thing, otherwie it would be no principle. And i
it has no beginning, it conequently mu have no
end; becaue being once extinct, it could neither
be reproduced by another, or o itelf give birth to
any thing, ince all things mu necearily pring
from ome principle i
Hence
' All the antients believed the univera incorruptible, as to its
matter; that is, they were peruaded that the matter o which it is
compoed could not be annihilated. But the greater part of them,'
and epecially the Stoics, were o opinion, that it was corruptible
and perihable, with regard to itsorrn.
T All the natural arguments, adduced to prove the immortality
of the oul, may be reduced to the two following heads, wiz.
1. The nature of the oul itelf, its deires, paiionsene of moral'
good and evil, increae in knowledge and perfection;v principle of'
elf motion, &Ft. z. The nature of God, as a wie, ju, and good
creator and governor of the world.
Cicero, we nd, draws the mo of his arguments from the or
mer of thee topics; which, to men of a philoophical turn, will
appear perfectly concluive, becaue nature, or rather the God o
nature, does nothing in vain. But arguments drawn from the
latter head, are not only better adapted to convince men unac
qlminted with abract reaoning, but equally certain and conclu
live with the former; Shall not 'be judge yf all the earth do right, is
- a
 276 THOUGHTS of CICERO;
Ira t, -ut moras princi liii/i le rimipe du man
ium ex eo it, quod ipfum vement e dam Irre mii
a e movetur: id autem par fa propre merlu. Prin
nec nafci potc, nec mox-iz cipe gai He j'aurai! 'tre,_ ni
vel concidat omne cal-am, praduit, ni dtruit. Autre
omnique natura conat ment il faut que le riel et la
necec e, ncc'vim ullam terre himt boult've'ez, et
mmc'rcamr, qu ut prim quil: tombent dans 141; ter
impula, movcguur. nel rew, ux; pourvoir ja
mak recouvrer une forte,
ymi, comme auparavant, le:
fr? mou-voir.
cam pateat igitur Mter Il e donc vident, gtze ce
num id ee, quod e ipfo qui je ment par a propre
moveatur, quis e, qui vertu, exi/fera tezg'ours. Et
liane naturam animis ee peut-on nier que lafacult de
e
tributam neget i lnanimum femowvair ain , ne fait un
e enim omne, quod pulu attriut de lame? Car [eut
agitatur quod te qui
externe: m gus par une
autem animal e, id motu rang/ trangre, efi inanime'.
cietur intexiore, et fus. Mai: ce qui e anima e
Nam hc e natura rom par/a propre merlu, par
pria anim, atque vis. & on actionv intrieure. Telle
e una ex omnibus, qu e la nature de Fame, telle
ee maveat: neque nata v eza prapriete. Dom lame
tant de tout re qui exze, la
e certea et terna e.
feu/e (ha/ gui/e mea-w lou
'ours elle-mme; concluons de
l quelle ne/I point ne'e, et
1 quae/le ne mourra jamais.
Hanc tu exerce in Opti Oecupez la dignement. Rien
mis rebus. Sunt autem op de mieux, que de travailler
tim cur, de alute pa au falut de la patrie. Un:
tri: quibus agitatus, et ame, ue cupi-tn- de him
exercitatus animus, veloci auront atcupeFe, revient dun
s in hanc edem, et domum walplu: rapide dam ce lieu,
uam pervolabit. x . a', qui e hn mrita/e e<
your.

quue ocys aciet, I/ou: lui donnerez meure

jam tum, cm erit incluus plu: dagilit i, pendait!
in corpore, eminebit oras, qu'elle e/l reqrme dans le
et ea, qu extr erunt con carp, wm faire: que hu
templans, ruent
 Or,SCIPIO's DREAM. 277
Hence it is, that theprinciple of motion is in that
Being, which moves by an intrinfic power of its
own; and can neither have a beginning or end,
otherwie the wholect'heavens would go to wreck,

and all nature be' at a and, without a poibility of

recovering any power, whereby he might be et in
motion, as at fir.
Since * then it is manifet, that whatever moves
of itelfis eternal; who can deny that the human
oul is endOWCd with this power? For' whatever
being is et in motion by' external impule, is inani
mate, or without a oul. But an animated being is
moved by a proper intrinic motion of its own; and
this power is natural and peculiar to the oul.
Then, ince it alone, of all other beings, moves it
elf, we may fairly conclude that it never had a
beginning, and that it will continue forever.

Let it then have full employment in matters of

the highe" importance; and uch are all eorts in
defence of our country. The oul that exercies and
exerts itelf in actions of this kind, will have a more
peedy ight to this bleed abode, its true home.
This it will do with till greater wiftnes, if even
while hut up in the body, it free and abract itelf
i ' 'as

aqueion which all mankind will refolve in the armative. And_

therefore arguments drawn from the manic and conant prope
rity of the wicked, and the frequent unhappines of good men in
this life, mu convince every candid and thinking peron, that there
'is a future tate wherein all will be et right, and God's attributes
of widom, jutice, and goodnes fully vindicated. Had the virtuous
no hope of a future tate, they 'would be of all men ma mier-able; but
as this is abolutely inconent with the character of God, the
certainty of uch a tate is clear to a demonration, A
't Cap. 9. - _
. 278 THOUGHTS of ClCERO;
templa-ns, qum maximE went alle en ort: par [a
e A corpore abrahet. tanttmlatian de: aijet: ce'
Iej/IH, et gu'el/u air le main:
gu'ilepeut de rommtrce awe
Iejm'.
Namquc eorum animi, A I'eigard de a: ame: r
tzvilemmt Ii-vreie: an plaiir,
\ qui e corporis voluptati
busquai
e dediderunt,
minirosearmque
przebue et yuz', pour n'icoz/tsr gue [a
'voix tle: paom, dih-vex de
tunt,impulii1quelibidinum [a wolui, iaurmi ruioli
voluptatibus obedientium, toutn le: Ioix, et divines,
deorum et : hominum
violaverunt corporibusjura
e- et bumainex; [cur paring',
Io'gu'ellnortiro'tt du carp,
lapi circum ten-am ipam ra d'errer autaur de [a
volutantur: nec hunc in ferre, et de n'obtim'r qu'a
locum, nii multis exagita 'prEI une jbum'fion de pluz'tur:
ti eculis, revertuntur. iEcIes, Ieur retour en m
litllx.
llle dicet: ego omno Aprx ce: pare/ar, I'Ari
olutus um. tain dz'arut: et mar, je me
rtiwillai.
 Or, SCIPIO's DREAM. 279
as much as poble from the body, in order to con
template eternal objects.
For the ouls of thoe who have devoted them
elves to, and become, the lavcs of, enual plea
v ures; and by blindly folloWing the impule of uch
Paions as are ubervient to' enuality, have violatedi
all laws divine and human; uch ouls as thee, I
ay, are toed to and fro about the earth; nor do
they return to this place, tillafcer they have been
tormented in that manner for many ages.

On this he withdrew, and I awoke from leep;

 Q

280 THOUGHTS of ClCEROl'

XH. XII.
-
PENSE'ES vaRS'Es.
' COGITATlONES VARUE.
U OD i tales nos na A' n'auroit eu hin, m'
tura genuiet, ut cam de pricetn, ni d'fmde,
ipam intueri et perpicere,
i P/Jamme izait a-vec [a
edmque optima duce cur fatuItE de bien ruair la na
um vitze concere poe ture elle-mime, et quel c/Je
. mus: haud crat fane, qubd min cet excellent guide 'vau
.quiquam rationem ac do draif namdire tem'r. .Mai'
ctrinam requireret. Nunc ell: m' num' donne ue de ai
parvulos nobis dedit igni He: Iueurr, qui bien-lit ruien
culos, quos celeriter malis ne'zt I: Etre ifart alltur-tiu
moribus opinionibque de par [a corruption de man's,
pravatis c reinguimus, ut et par a'e faz: idea, qui
nuquam nature lumen ap Ieambezzu de [a nature ne
pareat. 'Sunt enim ingeniis paroit ux. Ca/nonce'de
noris emina innata virtu werne, a-vec leguelle: nau:
_tum: qua: adolecere li naims, zroiezzt pour 'was
cerct, ipa ans ad beatam .rena're la ruie hew-eye, i
vitam natura perducerer. nous [eur [aibm la [time
Nunc autem, mul atque de craitre et de fructi wr.
editi in lucem et ucepti rlaiJ 2? peine rej/fram-mm,
umus, in omni continub gue e'e pour: ne rit/1 wir,
pravita'te et in umma opi pour ne rien entendre, jui ne
nionum perveritate ver ail perm'cieux. Van: a'iriez
amur: ut pene cum lacte yue now heen: I'errear awe:
nutricis errorem uxie vi le Iait de [a naurrfce. Rein:
dcamur. Chmverb paren enlre le: main: de'zza: par-am,
tibus redditi, defmum ma et' Ii-vrez enuite Zz a'e: mai
giris traditi umus, tum treJ, nour TECE'UMIF tant a'e
ita variis imbuimur errori maurvm'h: 1771er tom, yu'en
bus, ut vanitati veritas, et in [aforee du prejuge" I'm
opinioni conrmataa natura parte/ar le: primipe: de la
ipa cedat, Accedunt cti nature, at [e menimge hr
am poems: qul clm mag [a White. j'aignez d ce/1
nam pecicm doctrine, fa le: pains: on e laz' pra'
pumm wem'r
 _0N LlISCELLANEOUS SUB]ECTS. 28:

xn.
MISCELLANEOUS THOUdHTs.
A D * nature formed us in uch a manner, as.
to be able,
clomprehend at r
herelf; and,ght,
undertoher
dicover and fully
infallible con

duct, to regulate the whole aairs of life, there would

have been no need of reaon and inruction. But-in
fact, he has only-endowed us with faint glimmering
parks; which by our immorality and depraved opi
nions are o extinguihed, that the light of nature,
no where appears. The eeds of virtue, it is true,
are blended with our very conitution; and were
they uered to grow up to maturity, nature could
not fail to lead us to happines. But as the cae now
. ands, from our very r appearance in the world,
weare contantly engaged in all inanner of wicked
nes, and entertain the mo grosly aburd notions
that can be imagined; o that we may be aid to uck
in- error with our nure's milk. 'When brought
home to 'our parents, and placed under the care .of
preceptors, then it is we imbibe uch a variety ofer
roneous entiments, that truth gives place to falhood,
and nature herelf yields to conrmed prejudice. To *
thee the poets may be added 3 who carryinga great
hew
ct of 'learning and widom,
N are liened to,udied,
read,

'F Tucul. Ill'- I.

282 THOUGHTS of CICERO.
picntizque pra: e tulerunt, 'venir d'une [mate Ljime pour
[eur a-vorir, an [U Etoufe, on
audiuntur, leguntur, edif
cuntur, et inharecunt pe le: lit, on [es aprtnd par
nitus in mentibus. Chm arm', et [tun legem 'je J'tm
verb accedit eodem quai Hient paint. yoz'gzzezzy en
maximus quidam magi care [a principal:- Ezole, qui
ter, populus, atque omnis e [e monds: t'e bien II; '
undique ad vitia conenti gue nau: at/JE-'UUZI de nam
ens multitudo, tum plant? gziter l'Lj/rit, et que non:
inicimur ppinionum pravi pardon: abalument de evile la
tate, 5. naturque decici nature, parmi relic multitu
mus. de d'laommn, qui tou.c,_ d'zm.
tommun accord, i' portent an
mal.

'

Ceferi: tcimen ea. Que le: grand: hient

made/le pom- le public.
In'
'Toctut
Quod e, tenemus omnia.
Ut enim cupiditatibus prin z'ra &ing/i cela e. Paur
cipum et vitiis inci olcr i'zcter [a wille ent'z'E-re, i]
tota civitas: ic emendari ut yue lear: pacm et
et corrigi continentii. Vir [um-s mite: Eclatient : commc
magnus, L. Lucullus, fere au, pour y mettre [a ri
batur quim commodime forme, c'e az gu'i/s i
repondie, cum eet ob tontitnnent. On reprocbait
I: Lurullul, bomme du pre-
jecta magnicenria villze
Tuculanze, duo e habere J'Iier rang, d'avaz'r z mag
vicinns: uperiorcm, equi myuement &dti Zz Tuulum,
tem Romanum; ineriorem, et [zI-dtu il it une re'
l-ibcrtinum: quorum cm onh gu'on trourL-ail fart
belle : y'i] a-'uozit pour twi
ecnt magnicm villaz, con
cedi ibi Oportere, quod iis, im, /m lamzt, un (be-valier
qui inferioris ordinis aent, Ramai'z, et plu: bar, IeiI:
liceret. Non vides, Lu d'un qiancbi, [e/quel: itani
culle, 5. te id ipum hatum, hperbement [ogez tout le:
deux', on aurvoz't bien Ini
ut illi cuperem, quibUS id, pair ce qui n'itazit pas de'
i tu non faceres, non lice
ret. Axis enim fen-et ios, fendu k de: gem de moimlre
chm videret 'eorum vi'llas condition. Mais, LucuIIus,
gnis *ct* tabulis refertzxs, 'ne -vo]ez-rvou: [Joy- gue c'e
r * pamm Wall

_ v_ Nape-4
 ON MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.

tudied, and imprinted, as it were, on our minds.

Now if we add to all this the populace, which tho'
a multitude univerally agreed in eve-ry thing that is.
wrong, are notwithtanding the greatet of all other'
directors of opinion; when this, Iay, is taken in
to the account, no wonder if we loe ight of nature,
and are quite bewildcred in the mot pernicious
errors.
'- Be a pattern to other;V:', Land then all will go Well;
for as a whole city is infected by the licentious pa
formedandbyvices
ions theirof moderation;
great men; oL. itLaw/lar,
is likewie re
a man
of the r rank, being rallied for the magnicence
of his e'at at Tul'zglum,_ is aid to have made the
following extremely uitable anwer; that he had
two neighbours, the greater of whom wasonly. a.
Roman knight T, and the other the on of- one who
had been once a lave: and as each of them had
magnicent villas, it could not be thought an extra
vagance in him, what was lawful for thoe of ineq'
rior rank. Alas! Lucullur, you are not enible, that
it was
for you gave rieuch
youriexample, to an
their ambition;
action in themwere it not
would be;

looked on as criminal. Who could bear that people

of this ort hould have their villas crowded with
N 2 * atucs
'i De Legib. ill. 13, 147. it is to Africa: Cicero addrees himcl,
There were three' orders, or ranks, of people among the Ro-ct
him: 5 the Pan-icia", which comprehended the Nobles 5 the Eguerian,
that conied only of Knights; and the Plebeian,_or that o the
Commons.
To be a knight, it was neceary they hould have a certain
revenue, that their poverty might not digrace the order; and when,
they fell hort of the aid revenue, they were expunged out of the '
li of knights, and thru down among the Plebeians. Ten thouand .
crowns is computed to have been the revenue required. '
284. THOUGHTS of CICEROr
partim publicis, partim exi mous qui [cur en awcz ait
am acris et religios? quxs naizrc I'ia'ie, dont,_/i '00er
non frangeret eorum libidi exemple ne le: autarihit pax,
nes, nii illi ipi, qui cas an leurra'it un crime ? Ier
raiI-an tranquillement, gaf
frangere deberent, eildem
tenerentur? Nec enim tan de; gem de telle/Ev'n ez'z'-ut
tum mali e peccare prin de: mai/bns de rampagne rem
cipes, (quanquam e mag pL-'es de atue: et de ta
num hoc per e ipum ma bleaux, qui appartimnenf,
]um) quantum illud, qubd ou Zz de: monumem public-5, au
permulti imitatores princi I' de: temple: P ye] huIE
pum exiunt. manent rantre un te] de'ora're,
i reux gui de-Uraient I'arri'
ter, n'j tombaieut pa: eux
mine: ._?_ Car, gue le: grand:
a'eazrtent de [a rigle, r't
un mal, qui, tout conidera
He gu'i] e par [ui-meme,
I'z ininimmt pIuJ, en ce
gu'il; out quantiti d'i'm'ta
Nun.
Nam licet videre, i velis Rappelez-wau: [a mimaire
replicare memOriam tem de: tem: paz, et 'vous
porum, qualccunque um 'uerrez gite ce qu'ant Ete' le:
micivitatis viri fuerint, ta grandl, le ree du cittzyem
l'a laujour: etei. Telgue
lem civitatem fuie: quee
cunque mutatio morum in change/went qu'il _y ait tu
principes extiterit, eandem dam [es man/r: de: gramct, [e
in populo ecutam. ldque peuple J'y e carl/arme Et
haud paulo e verius, quam cette obrrualian e Him plat:
quod Platoni noro placet, certain: gue telle tle Palm,
qui myicorum Fan_tius ait qui priteml gu'u'z nau-veau
mutatis, mutan cwnatum gem-e a'e muigue, ecapable
atus. Ego autem nobili d'alte'rer le: meum. Pour
pm vita victique mutato, moi, je croi: que tela e/I at
mores._ mutari civitatum tatbei [a mam'Zre dom' 'vi
puto. (Do pernicioids de ruent le: grandr. Air le:
republica merentur vitioi grand: qui ruictvent mal, ent
principes, qubd non oldm doublemmt pernicieux it I'e
\vitia concipiunt ipi, ed ea tat: car non ettlement il:
infundunt in civitatum: ne out de: ruicex, mai: il: le:
qu. Ioixm obunt, qubd communiguent : nonulemm
iplx conumpuntur, ed cti ilxont orrow'qu mai: il:
' am Corrampmt:
- I
 on MrscaLLANEovs SUBjECTS. 285
atues and pictures, relating either to public, 01'
what is more, to acred and religious, ubjects?
X'Vho would not join in demolihing the monuments
. ofttheir vanity and pride, if thoe who ought to ex
ert themelves on uch an occaion, were not guilty
of the ame extravagance ? For the michief necea- -
rily attending the vices of the great, though that
mu be allowed to be very coniderable, is but mall
when compared with the ill conequences, which
arie from the multitude of thoe who 'will certainly
foHow their example.

Would you but look into the hiory of former

ages, you might plainly ee, that the manners of
, ing people
the men ofwere always
the ate regulated
5 vand by thoechange
that whatever of the lead
took
place in the latter, the fame always happened in the
former. ctNow this-obervation is much more certain
than that of Plain, who pretmds that a changein
' the ongs of muiciansvis able to alter the manners of
a nation: whereas my Opinion is, that the manners
of mankind change with thoe of their uperiors._
Whence great men of a vicious life are doubly per
nicious to the ate, as being not only guilty of im
moral practices themelves, but likewie the authors
of preading them among their fellow-citizens. The
michief they do, is owing n'ot only to their being
debauched themelves; but alo to their debauching
of others. In a word, they do more harm by their
examplerthan by thecrimes they commit.

N\3 Platd,
 286 THOUGHTS of CICE-RO.
am qubd corrumpunt, pl borrompent: _ et -I'exmpz
que exemplo, qu-me pqccato gu'i/J don-vent, e pire one [a
nocent. a
mal ou'ilx (OUZi/ZUIIE/ZI. '
w,
llle quidom princeps in Platon, c beau ginie, If
genii etdoctrinze Plato, tum ce ervant [mnine dioit,
denique ore beams repub qa'elzn un four IN penible:
licas putavir, i aut docti ac roient houre-ax, J'i] arri-wit
apiemes homines eas re au ue dent/age: funt (bai 1:
gere cucpicnt; aut ii, qui pour gouTtrler, an gue Ioa
regerent, omne uum udi lit [a oul Etude, [e
-um in doctrina ac npientia u/ or'vjct tle cczlx gai gon
collocnent. Ham: con wernent. Qg'en ckl, pour
junctionem videlicet poke opirer lealztt public, ilfdut
tatis ac apientiaz, uluti cen one Ia'ge et [a paant:
uit civitatibus ec_ p0_c. oienl rium'n.
- I no X'" '

Socrates, cun ect ex eo On dmmndoit a Socratt,

qurcilum, Archclnum, Per Ie ill de Perdircas, Arche
Iaziis, qui azit alor: pour
dicca: lium, qui tum fortu
natimus haberetur, n6n I'homme lap/a; henreux, Eloit
ne beatum putaret? Hand lum-esz en ekt. Je n'en
io, inquit: nunguam eni'n ais rien, dit-il, car je ne
cum (a callorulusum. Ain' lui ai jamais pan-16. szi?
tu? an tu aliter id fcirc 'vour n'a-vez point d'aulre
non pores? Nullo motla. Tu rEg/e pour en juger? Au
igitur ne de Perarum qui cune. Vou: nepourriez done,
dem rcge megno pokes di pas a'ire non pins, i [e grand'
cere, beatne it? An ego roi de Per e hew-ear?
pozm, (am ignorem, guam He? le pourrois-je, puique
it doctm, quam rvir harms? j'ignore 51 quel point i] e
Qgid? tu in eo tam vitam avant, et homme de bien?
beatam put-as? Ita pro': Prilena'ez-mou: one ce air
exiimo, bonn, beams: im [a te qui fait la filiciti?
may, mzror. Mier ergo Oui, 'ans douce, je crois
Archelaus? CertP, i in les gens de bien, heureux;
ja/lm. et les m6chans, malhcureux.
Arr/zelaii: I'g/l done? Oui
certainement, s'il e in
juie. '
XZFZ
Extenuamur magnicen _ Puzqut Ia nature i ton
'ir'x et Wumptus epularum, ttnte de pen, 2; guoi ban 'me
' qubd > table
 ON MIS'CELLANEOUS SUBJECTS. 287

\ Plato *, ithit prince o genius and learning, was

o opinion that ates would never be happy, till
either wie and learned men took the government
upon them 3 or thoe who governed, applied them
elves to the udy o widom and knowledge. Such
aconjunction o power and widom, was, in his
mind, abundantly capable of promoting the happi-v
nes of public communities. .

The + queion being put to Socrates, whether

Art-below the on of Perdz'zcar, who in the eima
tion of the world paed' for the happie man alive,
was, in his opinion, really o, or not. He replied,
I know nothing of the matter, for I never load any
connen-ction 'with him. What? Is there no other
way of coming at the knowledge o it ? None at all.
Cannot you then poitively ay, whether the great
king of Per/in himelf be happy? How hould I,
'who am ignorant bow learned and virtuous be is ? Is
it in this then you imagine the happines of life con
is ? Ye: truly, it is my opinion, that the good only are
happy, and the wicked 'nii-rable. Is it'cbelaus then
unhappy P Certainly, be is unjzz.

Bill-ii
What 1 greatly detracts from the magnicence
and umptuou-nes of entertainments, is, that na
N 4. ' ture

* Ad AFi-at. 1. ep. I. cap. Io.

1; Tucu-l. V. 17.. A I lbid. V. 34.
\
 288 THOUGHTS of CICERO
qud parvo cultu natura tab/e _/2rvie avec mplun
contenta it. Etenim, qus te', et mm prqzon? Car
hoc non vider, deideriis illa ne uit-on pa: que le meilleur
c_ond1ri omnia? Darius in qaihnnment, e'e lapp
fuga, cum aquam turbidam lit? Darlu, dam fa d
es cadaveribus inquinatam mate, rduit &air-e dune
blbict, negavit unquam e eau aureu/e, et iqfee/mr
bibiffcjucundis.l\'unquam de: car/u morn, dit quil
i videlicet tiensbibcrat. Ncc nnvatjamai: be? mm tant
_einriens Ptolemus ederatz de plai/z'r. C'e quil na.
cm'cm peragranti gyp- watt jamai: 612, prei par
tum, comitibus non conle- la. Pralme, demmz,
cutis, cbarius in caa panis navaz'tjama: comm lafaim,
datus eet, nihil vifum e laiyqumparcoumntIEgypu,
i110 pane ju'cundius. an jour quil navoit pu: [u
_ gem ave: lui, il ne trauma;
l dan: une fadam 9112 du ni?!
bit, qui lui parut Ie ply: d
irzux min, dont il et
guilt? dta vie.
Et omnis cognitio mul- - Toute cannoz'qme a 60u
tis e obructa diculmti- rbepar mill: dirultez: et
bus, eique e et in vips In cbq/: font tellement alv
;ebu; obfcuritas, et in judi- hare: d'ellermimes, nous
_ciis npris inrmitas, ut navM: que de 'i faible:
non ne caufa et doctimi moyen: pour en juger, que
et antiquiflimi invenire e le: bon/ne: le: plu: dacte:
po'e, quod cuperent, dii quin eutjama, ont craint,
nt; tamen nec illi dee- et avu rai/ba, de manquer
cerunt, neque'nos ftudium Ie but quil: e propoaient.
exquirendi defarigati relih Mai: il: ne laz'rent puur
quemus, neque notr di- lant pardie continuer leur:
putationes quidquam aliud raken/Ju: et nom, de mai
agunt, nii ut in utramque me, jani perdre courage,
partem dicendo et audiendo nom continuerons Ie: nitrcs.
clicianx, et tanquam expri- Le/ul motif qui mm engage
mam aliquid, qn0d aut ve- tif/parer, et puur et comm
tum it, aux: ad id qum c'e an que cet. di/ruon:
proxime accedar. Neque erzfantent [a werne,- au du.
inter nos et eos, qu e {cire main: ce qui en approchait
afixrantur, quidquam in- plu. Et i mu: dirom de
tere, nii qu5_d illi non crux qui prtendent la pqi
dubitant, quin ea verarnt der, ce n quen re qu'i:
qu (wi-'It
 on MrserLLA-Naous summ. 289
(me loves implicity and plainneiz: 'for who. dees
not perceive, that all things of this kind owe their
relih to 'appetite P Darius, in his ight, being ob
liged to drink water, which' was not only muddy,
but likewie ained with dead bodies, armed he
never before had drank with uch pleaure: for this
plain reaon, becaue henever had done o, when
thiry. Nor had Ptolemy, king of Egypt, ever eaten
with an appetite; for being ona progres through
his dominions withou-t his ordinary retinue about'
him, (he happened to go into a cottage, where he
met With no otherentertainment than plain houhold
bread; which proved' the weete refrehment he
ever taed.
'I "up,

r Though * every brancl'iof knowledge be attended

withv many diculties,._though uch the obcurity

which enVelops things themelves, and o great the
uncertainty of our determinations concerning them,
that it was not without reaon the mo learned men
of antiquity had little hopes of nding out the great
object of their reearches 5 yet they were not want
ing on their part, nor (hall we o far loe courage,
as to give up our inquiries. Now the only deign
_ o thee diquiitions, is, by arguing on both ides of
the queion, to force, as it were, a dicovery of
the truth,- or omething as near it as poible : nor is
there any dierence between us and thoe who ima-,
gine they poes the knowledge of things, unles it
be, that they are fully peruaded of the truth of their
N 5. opinions:
* Academic. U. 3. Cicero peaks here of the Academics ep.
poed to the Dogmatisand were there nothing ele, this paage
alone is ucient to overturn the entiments of__0me moderns, who
take the Acadcmics for Pyrrhoniat

\
290 -THOUGHTS of CICERO'
quae:v defendunt: nos pro crofent Pair dam' lear: opini
babilia multa habemus, quee on: nne cet-titude alzhlue;
i'qui acilE, armare vix tandi; gue nour, dam le: 715
poumus. trex, nou: ne Majon: ou'unt
certain: probabilitf, out' pent
bien nom- erruir de rZ'gle,
mai: gui ncait par un' ton
miction.
Ioc antem Hberiores et Tar/our: main-e: de no!
olutiores umus, qubd in age-mony, non: canr-vom
tegra nobis e judicandi 'me pa'aite lion-rit', tt now
poteas: nec, ut omnia, ne tonnoin: poim I'oHiga
qua: przecripta et quai im tion deoutenir dexi'ntimem,
pera'a in', defend-amus, gan' man: aient its; dictez, et',
neceitate ullz'i. cogimur. pour ai'z/i dire, commandez.
Liquid aux
Nnm casteri primm antE iron-bent liez aulres, il:
22 un part,
tenentur adhicti, quZm, avant one d'aQ/ozir pu di1
quid eet Optimum, judi
care potuerunt. , Deinde terneri r'zj/I le &on. Ou
inrmirinotemporc astatis gagnez par an a'ni, dam an
an! obecuti amico.cuidam, dge out' n'a? capable a'e rim;
ou eduit: par le dour: du
aut untv alicujlus, quem pri
mum andierum, 'oratione premier maitre qa'i/: en
enpti, de- rebus incngnitis tendent, il: jngent de ce
judica-nt, - et, ad- quamcun yu'il: na (oned-vent par, ct
quc um diciplimam quai
il: emorznt 'me jZ'cte au
1empeate delati, ad cam, baizrd, umme a'anJ' une tem
tanquam ad axum, adhae pitt non: c'norams le pre
Jecune. mier rocker,.oz le: went: 6'
Izsnl: noasjtttent.
Nam,. quod dicunt om ye/ou'un, dom' le grand
h-vozctr, 'ditnt-it's, [cur Ztotit
nia e credere ei, quem ju>
dicent uie apientem", pro tom/11, a miritE foule lear
barem,:i id, ipum rudes et coniante. *_7.e le: en loue'
indocti judicare por.uient_ "oiJ, 1'1'1: a-vcz'cnt u, itant
Statuere enim, qui t api ignoran: eux m um, _/Z> mn
noilre an a-'uozirde gueiga'um
ens, vel maxime videtur
ee apientis. Sed. nt po Car, pour pon-voir didde'
tuerinr, gotuerunt omnibus gy'un homme e a-vant, il
rebus auditis, bognitis etii aut _7u'on at/ye beaucoap.
am reliquorum ententiis. Er inland mi/ne if; I'auroient
Judicaverunt autem re e pzi, encore falloitril e 'net
mel andit, atque ad unius tre an'fait, et hruoir m gy
e - pen/nt
 O'N FVIISCELLANiEOUS SUBJECTS. 29I

opinions a whereas we hold many things to be only.

probable ; which may very well erve to regulate out'
conduct, 'though we cannot poitively ay they are
_ vcertain.
In this however we have'greatly the advantage ofi
them, as being more diengaged, more unbiaed,
and>at full liberty to determine as our 'judgment hall.
direct. We lie under no, obligation to maintain:
whatever entiments are' precribed, and, in a man-
ner, commanded.

As for others, they engage themelves to one'

ide, before they are able to judge which is be;"
and either take up with the opinions of a friend, in:
an age capable of nothing, or, charmed with the
dicoure 'of the r' peron they hear, pretend to
judge of matters far above their knoWledge; and lb
whatever ect chance unites them, they embrace it
as a man in a orm would do the r rock he. is
thrown upon.

They reply, indeed, that they put uch an entire

,cdndence in none but one they know to be a wie:
.man ; and this conduct of theirs hould have my ap
probation, were it poible for per-ons void of all
learning and edueation, to-formt uch- a_ judgment:
for it is certainly the chief characteriic of a wie'
man, to be able to-determine who are o.. But in.
order to this, they ought not only to have. examinedi
every circumance, but likewie to know the opi-
nions of others : whereas they have given their'
iudgznent on. a ingle hearing,. and heltered them-
N- (22 (elves
292 THOUGHTS of exclamo
e audoritatem contulerunt. pen/Eut le: autre: hctu: au
Sed necio quo modo pleri lieu de e rendre au premier
que errare malunt, amque mot d'un homme/2211. Ala:
_fententiam, quam adama [a plu/fart de: gem, je ne
verunt, pugnaciim de hi: paurqzuzir air/tent mieux
endere, quim ne perti i tromper, et mmattre api
nacia, quid conantiim mtrement pour un opinion
dicatur, exquirere. de leur got, que de (ben/m
a_'ui enttement la we'zitei.
s .--. a
'u' 1

Ut magiratibus Ieges, fief/i 714e le: Ioix imt au

ita populo prfunt magi dgz: de: magiran, le: ma
tratus : vereque dici pure, gzrahhm au d: du peu
magiratum legem ee lo ple; et lan peut dire awe
qucntum; legem autem, vrit, que le magirat e
mutum magiratum. une loi parlante; et la Ici,
un tangi/iraf refiler.
lviii
Huic (enatorij j'ua tri: On demande frai; (Lo/e:
unt: aut adit; nam gravi fun/illatum 218i! ae;
tatem res habet, cm free ear plus [amle e nom
quens ordo e: ut loco di breufea plu: le! dliratioru
cat, id e, rogatus : ut mo en ont de paid: et d'/al.
do, ne t innitus; nam Qy'il par/e tiij rang, Ha
brevitas non mod enato -dire, lat/714174? interroge.
:ris, ed etiam oratoris, Ly'il Ivre/crve de; Lame:
magna laus e in ententia. hn diant-1; car la prieiion
e xm grand mrite, 'um/Eu
Iement dam leL/Z'zateur, mai:
mime dam [tiff/far.
_'

Ut quique e vir opti Plu: tme/I onnZte-bamme,

mus, ita dicillime ee plu: on a de peine imp
alios improbos, upicatur. former le: autre: de ne ltre
pa5 . w
P'NFP. v
Nec vero illa parva vis Un et ngulier de la
natur e, '_ rationique, nature, et de tette ratim
qud unum hc animal en l'i/Jemme,
quelle a donne en prtage
te/I quil e de
rit, quid it ordo, quid it
quod deceata in factis, dic (ou: le: animaux le ul qui
tiquc qui modus. itaque ait une ide de lordre, de la
eorum iporum, qu ad dcence, dune rgle e/r
pectu 'Ulr
 'on MlSCELLANEOUS sunjrc'r's. 29'3 '
elves under the authority of one man. But the '
generality of mankind, I know not how, are fond
of error, and rather renuouly defend the opinion
they have once embraced, than with candour and
impartiality examine what entiments are mo
agreeable to truth *.
+ As the laws are abzziiizimagirates, o are the

- magirates above the people: and it may truly be

aid, that the magirate is a peaking law, and the
law a ilent magirate. '
I There are three things neceary to form a good
enator: that he be always preent; for when an a
embly is numerous, it adds weight to their delibe
rations: that he peak in his turn, that is, when the
queion is put to him : that he do it in a becoming
manner, and know when to leave o; for brevity
is not only a merit in a enator, but even in an
orator. _ _'
Fit-'Fit \
The ][ more virtuous any_man is, the mare di
cult is it for him to harbour a upicion that others
are wicked.

It S is certainly 'no mall uperiority of nature

and underanding, that, of all the animal world,
man alone has any idea'of order, decency, anda
' ' due
'U How imilar, alas! are the preent times to thoe of Cicero I.
We pretend, it is true, to have many advantages over former ages;
but where does this appear? If we know human nature better, how
comes it that the ame aburd cuoms, and that with ome aggra
vating circumances,ill prevail P \
1" De Legib. Ill. 1. *'
I De Legib. Ill. 18.
l Ad A Frat. I. ep. I. cap. 4.
L Oc.l.4.
294 THOUGHTS- ofi CIC-ERO'

{peau fentuntur, nullum run' dam le: action: ei dam

le: a'zct/Z'aurs. Au ill/fii le
aliud animal pulchritudi
nem, venuatem, conve ill, qui dam le: objet: dant
nientiam partium femit: le: fem pea-vent juger, pit
quam imilitudinem nature}, taucbd- bean, et-acbe a
natique ab oculis ad am zue chr/l gu'agre'ment, ce gaz
mum transferens, multo eti t'e gue jue de: propor
tiam-p Et (N mme: ideie,
am magis pulchritudinem,
conantiam, ordinem in dont/: jeux/ontfrujjfa
cenliis, actique coner rai/on le: lui fait appligzr
vandum putat: cave'tque, aux apiratiam
(await que la-d? hant,
lame.' Iu
II
ne quid ihdecor, effmi
natve
nibus etfaciam tum inet om
opinctionibus, ac
rgle, lordre, font matre
bien ply: mnager dam e:
pro/leta dam: dmarrhes:
tis, ne quid libidinos aut
iciat1 au: cogiter. et attentif n'oub/ier ja
mazi: [a dtente, ire-montrer
aucune fumma il'nee per
met de rien pea/"er, de r.th
faire d'irrEgu/ier.
'4'- '
Sp. cai-villa graviter Un coup que Surz'u: reut
elaudicanti ex vulnere ob dans une bataille, lavait
nempublicam accepto, et rendu baireux 21 1472/30th gu'i/
ob eam caufam verecun e az'oit une peine di- pa
danti in publicum prodire, roitre en public. Paroi'ez,
mater dixit: Lzzinproa'i, mi lui dit i' mre, an que
Spuria ut yuvligfcungue giga chaque pas que vous ferez,
dum fada, toties tibi tua mon cher enfant, vous aie
rum virtutum ruem'at in reouvenir de votre bra
mentent? voure. '
. i
.-' -.
Publ'um StipiOnem,eum, je ne fuis jamais moins
qui primus Africanus ap eul qutant eul, ni plus
ellatus e dicere olitum o_.ccup\ q_ue.quand je nai
fcripfit Cato, magnam/a nen a fale, dioit aw-um!
'ninth otio/um e, quiim celui a}; Stipzom, qui It
ciizm otia m : ner miniuhlum, premier a port le nam d"Af
quem, rm/: /t. Mag rimz'rz; Oh 11'! cela dam
nica ver vox,_ et magno Caton. Par ce: bella ga
viro, ac apiente dignam ra1u. i digne: dun grand
qu declarat, illum et in amme, et dun homme age,
mio, de negotiis cogitarel on voit: guy Stion, m con
' 'miu
g
addi
 on MISCELLAN'Eous sunne-its; 295
due mean neceary to be oberved both in his words
and actions. Hence with regard to the objects of
ght, he is the only animal which is-enible of
'their beauty, gracefulnes, and ymmetry of parts 3'
and this rmilitude of viible things being by reaon
applied to the mind, he is convinced that beauty,
conancy, and order, ought much more to take
place in our deigns and actions: he is likewie care
ful to do nothing in an unbecoming and unmanly
way 1 alo, that his entiments, aswell as his exterp
nal behaviour, be free from the inuence of all unr
ruly paion.
are: .
S. * Carvilius being much lamed by' a wound
he had received in the ervice of the commonwealth',
was on that account ahamed to appear in. public:
My SPurius, aid his mother to him, why don'tyo'r
appear abroad, tloat every tep you take may remind'
you of your 'virtues P. .

Cato T has left it on record, that the elder Scipio,

whor had the urname. of Africanus, was wont
'to ay, la: was never- les at leiure, tlzan when at
leiure, nor le' alone, tloan when alone. This ex
cellent aying, and truly worthyoa great. and wie
man, plainly hows that he pent even the uual times
of relaxation in ome valuable employment; and,
in his retirement, ued to convere with himelf; o
that he never. was idle, nor had always occaion to
be,
' De Ctat. 11. 61. 1' Oe; Illu
296 THOUGHTS-o ClCERO
et in olitudine ecum lo 'mut paint I'ozi'veii; enr
ui olitum; nt neque ce
pquaithn leg/[r tz 'nfditer de:
?aret unquam, et interdum projetu er e parlarzt 12 Ini
colloquio alterius non ege mime, 'Ya-voi! par beoin de
tet. Itaque doze res, qua: tanagnie pour act/air de I'en
languorem aerunt cacteris, tretien. Aini le mangue d'ot
illum acuebant, otium et tuation, et Iuolitude, deux
olitudo. rbae: qui readen! Ie: metre:
par-eux, Emith 'm aiguil)
[on your lai.
-.__.-.._,
Av-A
Nunquam mehercule ego ye ne tomaijamai: pour
ncque pecunias iorum, Je mirimHe: bien, m' In
neque tea magnica, ne tri/on, m' [ex palair, m' te:
que opes, neque 1mpe:_naZ plate: qui nous a'omzent zm
neque cas, quibus mamme grand trix/it, au qui num
'intent I'autoritli m main,
adricti um, voluptates in
bOnis rebus aut e'xpetend-is m' te: plaiirs, dom le: hammer
'ee duxi: quippe cum vi um' elawex. j'ai to'zjour:
derem, rebus his circum 'wi yue [a mZme avidite e
uentibus, ea tamen dei amer-uoit au miiieu a'e Pa
derare maxime, quibus a bondame: car [a de;
bundarent. Neque 3:an paion: ne e. rabie, 'te
expletur unquam, nec Pa s'itancbejamai: : et I'an e
tiatur cupiditatis itis: ne tourmentei, 'ton iller/tent par
ue olm ea qui habem, I'en'vie d'acguirir, mai: par
llbidine augendi cruciantur, la erainte de perdre. Au
ed etiam amittendi metu. n'approu-ve-je par re 'la-
In quo equidem continenti ame-"tra, qui Elaient [a warm
imorum hominum, majo mit/te, d'a-voir dormi le num
mm nororum, aepe requiro de biens a a'e: richesri
prudentiam, qui hazc imbe 'va/a: et pirz'ables : eux,
cilla et commutabilia pecu dent In mnduite faioi: qez
nia: membra, verbo bona 'voir gu'ib enjugeoient 'out
putaverunt appellaudzx, Lm aulrmmtt. Un bien pourrait
re ac factis longe aliter ju il Ftre nuiiHe guelguefaixP
dicavient. PotEne be on I'bomme qui porEde aban
num pote
ctaut cuiquam malo in
quiquam ee?
a damment ce qui e bon, pour
rait-ii Iui-mu'ime n'Etre pas
bundantia bonorum ipe bon P Or ce: prEtendm bien:
ee non bonus P Atqui ia ont a'e nature Zz Etre le par
,0mnia talia videmus, ut tage du crime, et Ia ruin:
ctiam improbihabeant, et de la wrtu. Life/1 me
' obint troqu

I e-_
 ON MISCELLANEOUS sunJECTs; 297
be entertained by the converationof others. Soli
tude, therefore, and leiure, two things _which ren
der other men indolent, gave him new lie and
activity.

are
I * never accounted treaures, plendid palaces,
pos of dignity and power, nor even the pleaures
of ene, to which ome mien are entirely devoted,
among the number o things reallygood in them
elves, 'and worthy our puruit; becaue I oberved,
that they who poeed the large: hare of them,
had by far the mo craving appetite for more: for
the thir o avarice is never quenched or atised 5
nor are perons of this complexion only 'tormented
with the pain of acquiring, but likewie that of.
loing, their wealth. Though our ancetors were,
in this repect, men o the greate temperance i yet
I am frequently at a los to account for their pru
dence, in giving the name of Good: to inigniicant
and perihing riches 5 when, in fact, they had very
dierent entiments o them, as appears from theiri
actions. Can a wicked man poes any thing that r
_is.good? or, is it poible for one to have great
plenty 'o things really good, and not be good him
elf? And yet we ee all uch pretended goods, pre
ed into the ervice of wicked men, to the prejudice
o the good. Letthereore any peron ridicule me
that pleaes, I hall always pay a greater regard to
thedictates o right reaon, than to vulgar-prej udiCes;
I hall
A \

* Parad. I. n
298 THOUGHTS of CICERO*'>
obint probis. meobrem trouve donc ridicule, i Po'
_]icet irridcar, i quis vult: ruent : je ne [arai pa:
plus apud me tamen vera d'e'umler [a droite rai/on,
ratio valebh, quim vulgi plu/ta! que [et prjuge-z. "wal
opinio. Neque ego un gaz're: : je ne dirai point d'un
quam bona perddi'e di homme quiperd/e: iron/2mm,
cam, i quis pecus aut fupel ale/e! "stables, quiIPei'd :
lectilem amierit; neque bie/15: et on-vent je rpte
non {ape laudabo fapientem rai mue: loge la ripmgfe, je
illum, Biantem, ut opinor, trot), de Bien, lzm de: pt
qui numeratur in eptem; *zgu. Apr-E: la pri/iv de
cujus cm patriam Prienen 1 rine/Zz patrie, [et Taint-m,
cepit hois, cterique ita en fuyant, tchoient dqm
fugerent, ut multa de uis part une partie de leur: e
rebus ecum aportarem ; n. Quelquun Iavertit
cm ee: admonitus quo den faire autant. Au
dam, ut idem ipe aceret: fais-je, diti1. Jemporte
Ego Punb, inquit.facio. Nam tout ce qui efi moi. Il_ne
omnia mm porto meum. Ille regardait pas ettlement mm
hc ludibria fortunes, ne me quelque [ho/e qui ft
fua quidem putavit, qua: nos lui, Mijot?! de Iartune,
appellamus etiam bona. que non: o/om appeler de:
uid e gtur, quret al'i Hem. Qgrq/I-ce donc, me
quls, bonum? Bad rectum, direz-1mm, qui mrite te
et honeum, et cum virtute nom? Ye ne reconnai: pour
e, id olum opinor bonum. tel, que ce qui y? tolybrme
la jtzice, lhonneur, et
la werne.
I :- 1.
_ In primis conituendu-m Voyons dabord te que now
e, quos nos, et quales moulant tre; quelgenro, de
ee velimns, et in quo ge vie nous moulant embrar.
nere vit: qu deliberatio Rien de difficile que de bien
egomnium dicillima. ln prendre n parti. On 41
eunte enim adolefcen-ti, jeune, on na point encore le
cum e maxima imbecilli jugement fnrm, [Imam
tas conlii, tum id. bi tourne du ct o on goth le
guifque genus ,tatis degen porte. Ain/i lengagement/
conuuit, quod maxim tt'onrve prix, avant que lon
damavit. itaque ante ft capable de juger que] au
implicatur aliquo certo ge rait (t le mieux. Xenopboo
nere curfque vivendi, quim raconte qu lge at) le poil
potuit, quod optimum e vient au menton, ge o il
et, e
 ON MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS. '299
I hall neVer ay of one who has lo his cattle or
furniture, that he has lo' his goods; nor hall lbe
paring in my praies of Bias, one of the even. wie
men-5 who, when his native country Priene * was
taken by the enemy, being admonihed to imitate
others that were betaking themelves to ight, and
carrying Oa Coniderable part of their eects ; I
do o, replied he, for I carry every thing that is mine
about me. He looked on whatever is the port of
fortune, as no wie belonging to him ; and yet we
call them goods. Somewill ak, what then is good i.
I anwer, that, in my opinion, nothing is good but
what is agreeable to juice, honour, and virtue.

Fir *'1- of all, we ought to determine under

what character, and inrwhat ation, we are to ap
pear in the world. To x this point, is a matter
of the utmo diculty: for at our fir entrance
upon yOuth, a time when we are the lea capable
of. forminga judgment with propriety, every one \
makes his lchoice accordingas fancy directs him 3 o
that he is actually engaged in ome particular-coure
of life, before he is able to'judge which is be. It
is related indeed by Xenoploon, that Hercules of Pra
dicus I being arrived at manhood, a eaon when it is
natural for CVery one to chooe what coure of life he
hall
' . a.
'I A city of Ionia, near the moulh of the river Murder.
1- Oc. I. 32. i
I That
lines is to ay, 'according ' to what is related of Hercules
the Sophi. i by Pray
300 THOUGHTS of CICERO
et, judicare. Nam quod 4} nature] quon fa rlm'x
Herculem Prodicium di dun tat, I'Hemzle de Pro
cunt (ut e apud Xeno dicu: alla dam un deert, at)
phontcm) ciim primm pu deux mum i pre'mrznt
beceret (quod tempus lui, telle de 1a volupt, et
naturaaddeligendum,quam rel/e de la 'vertu. THE: 1a
quique viam vivendi it 'vie de ces d'eux roula, q:
ingreurus, datum e) ex et rveur, ilful long-temp:
me in olitudinem, atque examiner [agre-[le mritait
ibi fedentem, did ecum [a prq'frente. je "veux bien
multmque dubitai'e, cm, (faire relu d'Herru/e, l: ale
duas cerneret vias, unam Jupiter : mai; ce nq pa: a:
voluptatis, alteram virtutis, gui/ pratique wmmuniment.
utram ingredi melius e'et: On (hart/Ive mouler/w
hoc Herculi, Jovis atu quelquun, et an a amie ae
edito, potuit fortalte con faire comme on 'wit gue
tingere: nobis non item, dautre: antfait.
qui imitamur, quos cuique .
vium e, atque ad eorum
udia initutaque impelli
mur.
Ad hanc autem rationem Pam- nam dterminer avec
quoniam maximam vim na juge/, nous awn: premire
tura habet, fortuna proxi ment car-fuller no: diq/i
mam: utriufque omnino film: naturel/e15 et rande
ratio habenda e in deli ment, la ituation de nam
gendo genere vit ; ed na fortune. Mai: no: di/jbo/i
tur magis: multb enim et n'am/In' tout; car ellufont
rmior e, et conantior. Lien main: capable: de rban
ger.
e N. '
n'- a;
_ .v-w.
Phihppum quidem Ma Plailzjte: raz. de Mac
cedonum regem, rebus ge- . doine, fut un conquiram
tis et glori uperatum main: fameux que on jile
lio; facilitate et humani mai: il lemparta de heavenly
tate video uperiorem fuie. en him', m humanit. 7a
Itaque alter femper magnus, mai: Ia vraie grandeur ne
alter zpe turpimus fuit: dimentz't en lui : au lieu gue
ut rectE prcipere videan dam la vie de ml:, il y
tur, qui manent, ut quanta eat If: milainer taches. O"
fuperiores umus, tant. nos a bien raien ae mu: din,
geramus fummis. gus plus mm: amme: au def
n de: autrn, plu: il nous
Adhibenda convient

_ And-J
 ON MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTSJ 30:
hall purue, retired into a deart; where itting
himelf down, he continued for a long time much
perplexed which way he hould take, there being
two paths then in his view, one leading to pleaure,
and the other to virtue. This might poibly do
well enough for I-IerEuln, the on of Jupiter; but
not for us, who imitate uch perons as hit our
everal taes, to _wh0e udies and manner of life
we naturally attach ourelves.

Since then our natural dipoition has the greatet

inuence on our way of living, and, next to it, the
tuation of our.ortune ; we ought, by all means, to
have regard to both thee in determining this aair ;
but principally to our natural genius, as being far
more certain, and les liable to change.
\

Philip * kling of Macedon, it is true, was inferior

to his on in glory and military atchievements; but
in humanity and courteous behaviour,. his uperior.
Hence the one was always great, and the other fre
quently brutal to the highe degree. So that it is
an excellent advice, that the more elevated out
ituation, the more ubmiive hould be our de
meanour.

9 Oc. 1. 26.
302 THOUGHTS of CICERO
con-ving' d'itre made/[es et
retenm.
A pu.
73. I =*.
Adhibendzn e quzedam Rchecta'z: le: hammer, et
revierentia advershs homi non ea/emm: le: bannitu
gem', mai; le public 21: gEnei
nes, et optimi cujuque, et
reliquorum. Nam negli ral. Paur mEpriEr ce qu'il
pe/z/ie a'e now, il faut plat
gere quid de e quique en
dat, non aldm arrogantis yue de I'orgueil; il faat m
cj, ed etiam omnino di mnerwer par un ree a':
oluti. prabit? et d'i/oznfwr.
w -.1
96 N'K'
" '

Xerxes quidem refertus Xeerr, a? qui Infortune

omnibus prazmiis donique await prodiguf mule: i: a
crtunz, non equitatu, non , rveum', puz'mte: armZer,
atte: nombreuks, treihr: in
pederibus copiis, non na
vium multitudinc, non in inz'aHex, n'EtanI pa: amor:
nite pondere auri Conten atirfait, propoal un prixi
tus, premium propouit, qui pourroit "WET-97' w' mu
qui invcnie: novam volup Weau plaz'ir. On lyi en
tatem. Qui ipsa npn git fron-va, dom' i] neztt par in
contentus: neque emm urn core content; parte gu'en ef
quam nem inveniet libido. t [a oz'fdu plaiir e z'rz/Zz
Nos vellem preemio elicere tz'aHe. Pour mai, je hu
po'emus, qui nobis'aliquid haiterai: gu'm propoa'zt aui
attulii'ct,
crederemus: quovirtutem iad 'me ricomeq/Z', an pit excite'
hoc rmiusv
quelqu'zm 5 de'cou-vrir 'me
non-velle rmn, qui ar/Je-vactt
beare vivendum e ipsa ee
contentam. de nous ton-vaincre, ue your
<vi=ure lac'ureux, il ne faut
ga'dre (vertittL/x:
ana efia in comme Ram
Pa" ce: faumx; par (it
moranda pecunia ma tum inhlent re;th que wousaites'
inolens oiematio? olne de was' rit/sezr, croyezz-rz/om
tu dives? Pr6 dii immorta peruqder qu'il n'y ait que,
lcs ! eg6ne me audivie ali.._._ _=vou: de rirbe ? jue tie-1.'
quid, etdidicie, non gau je mehroi: 'rit/tivei I'eyrit m
deam? Solne tu dives? pure parte? Vou: in] in:
Qgizi i ne dives quidem? rit/ye P Alaz's, i ryou: m'
'quid i pauper etiam? Alom I'th'ez pas P Aais, i mime
enim intelligimus divicem? may: Kitiesz PMtWe? Car
aut, hoc vgrbum, in quo gu'g/Z-ce gu'an entend par
homine to'
 DN MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS. 303

He: _.
We * ought to repect all men, not only the vir
tuous," but others too : for to have no concern what
the world thinks of us, beides its being extremely
arrogant, is the ure characteriic of a peron lo to
all virtue.

Though 1- A'erxes enjoyed all that fortune could

beow; yet, not atised with being maer of
powerful armies, numerous fleets, and immene
treaures, he oered a reward to the man who
hOuld invent ome new delight. Nor did even that
content him ; for thir of pleaure is inatiable. As
for me, I hould be glad we could, at any price,
engage ome peron to nd out a new reaon, which
hould mare rongly convince us, that virtue alone
is ucient to make us live happy.

'What 1 means, I pray, this extravagant Vanity

in recounting'your riches ? Are you the only rich
man in the world? O heavens l What do I hear ?
Shall I not rejoice at every addition to my know
ledge? Are you alone then rich? But what if you
are not? Nay what if you be even poor? For whom,
I would ak, do we call rich; or, to whom does this
epithet properly belong? I uppoe it is one, who'
has enough to make him live genteelly; and being
atised with this, neither deires nor wihes for any
. more.
"* Oc. I. '23. *
1- Tucul. V. 7. l
I Parad..Vl. r. it is thought by ome, that erit: is here meant,.
who was the riche man of his time."
 304 THOUGHTS of CICERO -
/.

homine ponimus? Opinor un bemme riche P ye m'imao

in co, cui tanta poeio gins qu'on 'vent dirt quel
e, ut ad liberaliter viven qu'un a? guiim &ientzt pour
rzni-'vre bonaractlement, et don'
dum, facilE contentus it;
qui, nihi] quazrat, nihil ap In dzir: e &ontth it te qu'il
pctat, nihil optet amplis. a. 70: immene: rt-vemu, et
\ Animus oportet tuus, e I'idEe qn'an en pent a-voir, m
judicet divitem, non homi didden! pa: de rvotre opu
num ermo, neque poe Ience. Votre (afar/en pent
ones tuaz: nihil ibi deee dZa'der Iuiul. Rim ne [e
tt'zte, il 'le commit nul ba/in,
putet, nihil curet amplius.
Satiatus e, an: contentus il e m aiEI ou du main:
ctiam pecuni? concedo, content F I/aiu its: riche, je
dives es. Sin autem, prop I'a-uoue. Mai: i man: ne
ter aviditatem pecuniae, trou-vez aucune maw-'Ere tle
nullum quaeum turpem gagner boiling/e, 'vour qui
utas, cdm iii ordini ne Ete: d'un rang your quuel il
oneus quidem pot ee n'y en a paint d'ljormitc ; i
ullus: i quotidie fraudas, tow le: jour: r'q gus/ue
decipis, pocis, paciceris, fourberie nau-vylle', guelqu
aufers, eripis: ocios po traitE fraudu/eux, quelque
lias, ararium expilas: i tour dzripon, gus-lyue mal;
teamenta amicorum ex- i mous pil/ex, et In alliez,
pectas, aut ne expectas et ly trior pu/ic; i man:
quidem,
'hate utrhm at abiundantis,
ipe upponis:
an
mandiez de: tq/famtm, qui
room himtfa-vombles, oui
egentis igna um? Animus "time mom- en fabriquez :
hominis, dives, non arca dite: mob/but ce [21 (fesignu
appellari olet. Wamvis epulture, au d'ina'z'gerzte P
illa it plena," dum te ina C'ej Ie azur, ce n'e pa: I:
nem videbo, divitem non rq'e, quifait l'bvmme pi
putabO. Etenim en eo, cunieux. En main le tg-t
quantum cuique ans e, regorgera d'or et d'argent, i
'metiuntur homines divitia 1; near n'e par rempli. On
rum modum. Filiam quis doz't mecrer r rirbqi'r a
haber? pecunii e opus. : &Ljhim. A-t-on wre/[e s,
Duas? majore. Plures? ilfaut aft/air de gnat' [a ma
majore etiam. Et i, ut rier. Pour deux, ilfatidz
aiunt, Dana'i quinquaginta enmre pIuI. Pan' an ply:
nt liae: totdotes magnum grand 'tomb-e, ent-are pI/u.
quzruntxpecuniam. Wan Et i, camme Danaiii, on m
tum enim cuique opus e, arvoit cinguante, tant de: dat:
ad id accommodatur, ut iroient lain. Car le boom,
ame? 'more
 l.

DN MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS. 305

hiore. I't is not your poetons, or what mankind

may ay of you, but your mind alone, that can de
termine whether you are rich or not. Are you fully
atised with what you have; upplied with every
thing your heart could wih; and even content with
*y0ur preent upply ofcah? Then you art. a rich
man, I allow. But, on the contrary, if you are
uch a lave to avarice, as to think no ort of gain
dihonour-able; whereas every kind of it, in a man
of your rank *, mu be o: if you are every day
guilty of fraud, deceit, exaction, dihone bargains,
theft, or robbery : if you plunder the allies, or rob
the public treaury : if you expect great things from
the wills of your friends; and not only o, but
even forge them yourelf. Are thee, I pray, the
igns of a rich, or poor, man? It is the mind, not
the coffer, of a man that can be aid to be rich.
Though the latter hould be ever o full, yet, if
empty yourelf, I hall never think you a rich man.
VVealth is meaured by the neceties of mankind.
Have you a daughter? Then doubtles you have
occaion for money. Have you two? You need a
greater um? Have you everal of them? Then a
till greater. And if you have fty of them, as
Danaiis is aid to have had ; o many portions re
quire a large etate. For, as I aid before, the an
dard of riches is regulated according to every man's
neceity. Can he, therefore, be called rich; who
O inead

* A enator was not allowed to deal in any kind of trae.

 306 THOUGHTS o CICERO
and: dixi, divitiarum 'm'o encore 'me t, e in' [a
dus. All igixur non lias rEgIe. U/z bomme qui aura
plures, ed innumerabiles dom', ne tlz'hm pas plzz/ieur:
cupiditates haber, quae brev: ill-21, mai: de: aan! ans
tgzmpore maximns copias nal/the, capable: d'aborbcr
exhaurire poiint ; hunc m peu de temps le: ply: am
quomodo \eg0 appellabo ply: patrimoints, q-z'lrit/Ge?
divitem, cnm ipe etiam e II ntint que trap lui-m-zime
gere e entiat E a pau-vrelj.
ZYZXI i a' .- '

Sit hic ermo, in quo Far/an: a-vec refte dou

Socratici maxime excellunt, ceur,.gui diinguait If: di
lenis, minimEque pertinax. ciple: de Socrate. jamai:
d'opinid'iretei. Tolgiaurs du
Init in eo lepos: Nice verb,
=tanquarn in poeonem u graceJ. 251'0'1 'te Hem/bare
point de [a (on-ve'y'lztion, airzv'x
am venerif, excludat alios :
ed cum reliquis in rebus, yue d'un da'mm'iz guiroil (I
tum in ermons communi, nour m propre : mai; 15,
Nicitudinem non iniquam comme ai/leurs, hzg'am yue
putet. Ac videat in primis, charm: aiton tour. Paroz
quibus de rebus loquatur: om- grea-vex, an e'g'ouez
eriis, everitatem adhibeat; propos, h/an yue [a maiiEr-e
jocois, leporem. In pri le demande. Prenom garde
mique provideat, ne ermo ir-tout a 'le par' damn"
mauvazie opinion de non: : te
vitium aliquod indicet in
ee in moribus: quod maxi qui ne manyue gzErtd'arri
\ . ,
mit tum ole: evenire, ctlm mer [a ceuazg'u ne tme/zagtjt
udiOSE de abentibus de Fontvuna: e: plaz'ir,
a em, one degfairt
m e
trahendi caus, aut per ri
rire tz lear: (Xpe-m, ou de le:
diculum, aut evere, male
dice, contumelio'eique di
'reizzrtn de le: noira'r, de
citur. Habentur autem In mettrr en piEces. Ordi
plerumque ermones aut de nairement [a converation
domeicis negotiis, aut de roule,,.au lr no: propre: a
republica, aut de artium faz'res, on ur le: xzir'e:
udiis atque doctrini. Dan publiquer, ou in' quelyue
Point d'frl/dil/ian : et guarzd
da igitur opera e, ut etiam
i aberrare ad alia coeperit, el/e firm-te, z'] e bon a't Ia
ad hazc revocetur oratio: ramener Ft guelqu'un de te:
ed, utcnnque aderunt : ne oly'en : mail elan I'otcaizm :
que enim omnes iidem de car 'out le mantle 'fair/'e par
rebus, ne; omni tempore, 21 parler tle: mime: che; ; et
me uniliter delectamur. a gui plait le plm dam m:
Animad temps,
 ON M-lSCELLANEOUS SUBJECTSJ
inead o many daughters, has appetites without
number, capable o oon exhauing the greate
eate ? No, he himelf is enible of his poverty.

Let * our converation, like that in which the

followers o Socrater excel, be free from noiy im
pertinence and obinacy ; let it be graceful, and full
o pirit; and let us by no means exclude others
from their hare, as i it made part o our property;
but as in other ocial matters o in converation, let
every one be contented to peak in his turn T. The
rt thing to be conidered, is the ubject to be
poke to: if it be erious, it hould be handled with
gravity; i of a merry and gay turn, with wit and
pleaantry; but above all things, we mu be ex
tremely cautious, that our dicoure betray no de
'ectabent
ithc in ourare
morals. This la chiey
purpoelyxdeamed, happens,
ridiculed, andwhen
their
character handled with everity, contempt, and ill
nature. Now the topics of converation are, for the
mo part, private and domeic concerns, the aairs
'o the public, or ome point o learning. If therefore
the dicoure happens to deviate from thee to ome
ctthing ele, we hould by all means endeavour to
bring it back: but whatever turn the converation
O 2. i hall
't Oc.l. 37. *
1- Viritude, ays the Earl o Sbahuzy, is a mighty law of di
coure, and mightily longed for by mankind-To be obmcted
therefore and manacled in conerences, and to be conned to hear
orations on certain ubjects, mut needs give us a diae, and ren<
der the ubjectso managed, as diagreeable as the managers- Men
had rather reaon upon tries, o they may reaon freely, and without
the impoition of authority, than on the uefullei and be ubject'
in the world, where they are held under a reraint and fear. See
L'] on Wii- and Humour. I
 >

308 THOUGHT S' of C.ICERO

Animadvcrtendum e rti ICMPJ, pcut ne pas Egaleme'll'
am, quatenus lermo deer plairc n'am un autrc. Ajatr
tatlonem habcat: et, ut in- . ton: yuc pour ne par enmljer,
cipiendi racio fuerit, ita i; quely-'ce raion guc I'on ait en!
denendi modus. * d'em'amcr le dicoun', il aid
r u-Uoir Icinz'r.
Ill' '
.-"- g
Th'emioe eskcdm conu F'. -.
On demandait 2 Themia
lcrctur, utrm bono viro cle, i deux hammer rccbch
auperi, an minhs probato cboicntaille; I'sz pan-"art,
mail: d'unc prabilc recomzue;
divici liam collocaret: Ego
ward, inquit, main mit-um, I'autre riche, mai: d'zmc re;
qui pecunid cgtat, quad?" fe putation Equi-voque, Icguc] i]
cumam, gaze auro. pryreroit .? j'aimc mieux,
(lit-il, un homme ans ar
gent, que de l'argent, et
point d'homme:

P-our and-ver 51 [a glair:

vlam ad gloriam proximam per [e pins. court clzcmin,
et quai compendiariam di appliyuom nous, a'ioit trEs
cebat ee, i quls id age bien Socrates, Zz Etre rid/e
ret, ut, qualls haberi vel ment ce que nous a-vom art-vie
let, talis eet. (Land tie paroilre. On e trump:
qui imulatione, et inani fart, i l'onae du pau
oentation, et cto non qmir canammmt me'riter
modb ermone, ed etiam l'eime (In bomme: par 11:
vultu, abilem e gloriarn vain: dcbprr, par un maque
conequi poe rentur, ve de run-11.', par 'm air, par
hementer errant. Vera un Iangage itudii. Tout ce
gloria radices aglt, atque qui n'z gu'apparence, dure
etiam prepagatur: cta pcu : ce on: de: eurr, qui,
omnia celeriter," tanquam Zz pcine ic/qer, tombent de
oculi, decidunt, nec i I'arbrc: mai: [a rvfritable
mulatum pote quidquam gloire tient 21 de prqfamle:
ee diutugnnm. racz'nex, et crait tozg'auN.
' s"
Preeclare epioli qudam Philippa, hr 'ce gy' Alex
Alexandrum lium Philip andre hn le dyen/wit 5
pus accuat, quod largitione gagncr le ca'ur de: Macedo
henevolentiarn Macedonum it nicm'de:par repracbeI,
de: largzs,et Iui e'
a-vcc
conectetur. Quae te, ma
Iun, inquit, ratia i in iam raz'hn. rOd e done votre
pen . epn't,
I

_._..-l
 ON. MlSC'ELLANEQUS SUBJ'EC'TS.

'hall take, (for all men are not pleaed with the ame
things, and in' uch as they like, thedegrees of ap
probtion are very dierent, and not the ame at alI
times) we ought to be particularly attentive, how
far it may with pleaure be peried in ; and as good
ene hould direct us when to peak, o. let modera
tion teach us when to leave o.

Themocles * being aked, whether he had rather

marry his daughter to, a poor man with an unble
mihed reputation, or to a rich one whoe character
was, not altogether o perfect: He replied, /md
rather bow a man wit/your money, than money without
a man. '
JXZBZ
It 1- is an admirable obervation of Socrates, that
the neare and mol: compendious way to glory, was,
for a man to be in reality what he would have
others think him.glory
to acquireiolid Butbyif mere
there oentation
are any, who
and think
vain
pretence, by a udied peech, or even _ a formal
look, they are very much miaken. True glory
takes deep root, and' is productive of fruit: whereas
all ction, like the bloom of trees, quickly falls to
the ground, it being impoible for any thing of that
nature to be laing. _ __ _

P/Jilip I, in a letter to his on Alexander, take'

an excellent method to reprove him, for endeavouring
to gain the aections of the Macedoniam by bae pro
digality. On- wlylatigromzdr, ays he, can you expect.
' O '3 t that
'- Oc. u. m. . t lbidte. 11.. 1 Oc. 11. 1'5.
310 THOUG'HTS of CICERO
rm ina'uxi', m' en: 'ib-'
de/u putare: ore, gua: pe
rm_:ii (arrujer P An tu id
555.', at iVIaa'dcnrs 'ton te
Agent/Gum', etlminirum et
p:*el-i:orem_/j>erentjbre P
cm perpaucas res capitc
anxiibnt, in his hanc quo
que anciendam putaverunt,
Si qui: aremlamt, i'z/e
rarmen condit/i-t, quod in
jlumiam qkrret, agitim
rue alteri. Prazclare. Judi
ciis enim, ac magiratuum
diceptationibus legitimis
propotam vitam, non poe
tarum ingeniis haberc de
bemus; nec probrum au
dire, nii 65. lege, ut re
pondere liceat, et judicio
defendcre.
'Velle quod non deceat,
id ipum mierrimum e:
nec tam mierum e, non
adipici quod velis, quim
adipici velle quod non 0
porteat.
eprir, 1ui*Ecriwoit-il, de
crnire clue-des hommcs que
vous aurez corrompus a
force d'argent, vods eront
idellcs?
i), VotreMaconiens
quie-les dei'ein e
comptcnt que vous erez,
non leur Roi, mais leur mi
orier, leur vaIct? '
r-a
Parmi It: m: punizble:
de mort, que 'ws douze tale:
'ay/'reignent 3 un bie/t petit
nambre, ceiuiti m e un,
De chantcr, ou de com
poer des vers, oit injuri
eux, oit diamatoires. Et
ette lot' rzrt age. Cat
c'e Et la jtie, t'e aux
magirat: gue now umme:
reponible: de notre tanduitt,
et non aux fantaiie: d'u"
poe'te. On ne que
noie boirzneur penttle-vant
altaquer
u"
tribunal at? i] nomhit lier:
de nom- diendre.
-._..=-. ..
On e bien malheureux, (It
taneemozir de: prqjet: erimi
'Ill-." et le tomb/e du mal
beur, ce n'e par de man
guer I'exirutio/z, c'e degatl
ter le prqjet.

Thcmioclcs fertur Se Un bomme ne dam l'z'le de

riphio cuidam in jurgio Ship/Je, et qui act/oil eye/e
repondie, cm ille dixi gue diute a-vec T'AbEmihaLIAv
et, non cum u, ed pa lui repratba gL-'iide-vait foure
triaaglori plendorem ae a riputalion Pia partie;
cutum: ego
ctquit, NecSeripllizz:
Herm/e,em, in J'avoue, repn't T/JEmiode,
qne i j'ctois '16 dans :-\n
'zobilix : me tu, i At/Je'xzerz/i: He, mon nom n'etjamais
fs, claru: unyuamuu. uit de bruit: maxisx pour
' Duodc toi,
 ON MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTSF 3-II'

that tlooe people 'will ever protu- faithful to you, woe-m

you Imm- torrupted [ay on'be P [rit your intention that
the Macedonians hould look upon you, not as their
king, but as their treaurer oreward ?

_ Though * the laws of the twelve tables have

made very few oences punihable by death; the
following one, however, they thought proper to
rank in that numbei', vizz'fany paron ung, or
rompo/Zd, a poem tending to dsame or abue another',
A_nd that with Very good reaon; for it is to courts
ofjuice, and the lawful proceedings of magiirates,
not the fancies of poets, that we ought to be
accountable for our behaviour: nor is it t we hould
hear ourelves defamed, unles where we are allowed
to anwer to the charge, and defend our reputation
by a fair trial. p >
' P'I'NC .
To 1' deire what is wrong, is of itelf no. mall'
unhappines; nor is it o great a misfortune, not
to obtain our wihes, as to wih to. obtain what is
improper. _ '
'4. 'fect ,'
'A I quarrel falling out'jb'etween Nomodes and
a man of the iland Seripbos 5, who had reproached
him, that he owed his renown, not to his own vir- 1
tues, but the glory of his country; the former
replied, Iomhniole that z_'f] was a native ofSeriphos,
Ihould not be noble; but you, an Athenian, 'would
net/or be ill/riour. -
O 4 Dionu:
* Fragm. lib. VI. de Rep. 1- Fragm. Horten.
I De Senect. cap. . \
3
s Seriplvos, a mall iland in the Archiyelago, called at preent
Serno. *
312 THOUGHTS of CICERLO
toi, quand tu auron &ti
AthEnien, jamals m n'au
rois Ere connn. '
.* *'-. What-'3
Pe'm'ant IIrtntc-l'uit am',
' Dnodequadra'glnta annoa
tyrannos Syracumorum u et de: I't/ige de ming! cing.
De'iy: exerca 'm port-T-'ozctr 'j
it Dionylius, chm I/ et
XXnatbs annos dominatum ranzzigue dart: [a belle et
areimt 'vil/e de Syracuj',
occupavii'et. Qui pulchri
tudinc urbem, quibus au oil il a-voit oppri'm; [a Iilwrti.
tem opibus pracditam, cr On ait par de: Zcri-vain:
vitute oppreum tenuit ci digne: de i, yuc ccfut un
vltatcm? Atqui, de hoc bommc d'tcz barme: 'na-un ;
llomine 51 bonis auctoribus propre aail/cur: ct &formcr
c criptum ncccplmus, ct (I canduirc cle grand: n'i
ummam fuie ejus in victu im; mail 'nature/leman
temperamiam, in rebque malaz'jh'zt, et i'y'ue : tri'
gerendis virum acrcm et Eloigni, par conEguent, d'Elr:
indurium, eundem tamen beareux, i I'on age hin:
malecum natur, et inju mcnt d' Iui.
tum." Ex quo omnibus, \

bone veritatem intuentibus,

videri necee e mierri
mum.
Ea enim ipa quae con Arriw', m oer, a um
tupicrar, ne tum quidem, hun/'mind- puiz'tte, qui E
cum omnia e'poe cene toita paon, i] ne goiloi'
a: le plaiir dy eitre arri-vi.
loat, conequebatur. All
cum eet bonis parentibus Toigu'ftant de bonne-famil
atque honeio loco natus, le, il ed: de quoi efaire um'
abundarctquc et azqualium acicfe' aimaHe pqrmi i:
familiaritatlbus, et conue Egaux, at dam [e hin dek
tudine propinquorum ; cre parcnti; an contrairc,
debateorum nemini. Sed diant d'cux tom, ilfai
iis, quos ex famillis locu oit gardcr par tie; itrangcrx,
pletum ervos delegerat, et par de mzrchx [IN-barn,
quibudam convenis, et fe par de: ecIa-vc: (bag/i: err-'re
ris barbaris corporis cuo ceux gui i trou-voienf dam
diam committebat. _ lta ]e: mei/Imr: mai/bm de Si
propter injuam dominats rac/zh. Paur e cener-'crew
cupiditatem, in carce'rem uncdominatian injrr, i] c
candamnoit Iui-mcme ai/ d
quodammodo ipe e inclu
lerat. Win eu'am, 11., ton um t-Ere de prih'lz. Mai:
ori bis/1
 i

on MISC'ELLA'N'EOUS' S'UBJ'EC'TS. 313

Dionus * having uurped the throne of Syrarzgi

at the age of twenty-ve, continued his tyrannic
goyernment for thirty-eight years. How beautiful,
how opulent, the city thus enlaved by him l Now
i-t is related of him by authors of good credit, that:
he was a man of the greate temperance with re
gard to diet, and in managing buines, active and
bold 5 but 'withal naturally michievous and unju.
Whence, in the eyes of all who ee things in a true
light, he mu appear wretched to the highe degree.

Even When in poeon of the overeign power,

he was far from enjoying the happines he had o '
paonately COVEted : For though decended of vir
tuous parents and an honourable family, and blebd
with an extenive acquaintance among thoe of his
own rank, yet he putno condence in any of them 3
but choe foreigners, erce barbarians, and a certain:
number *of aves elected from the mo wealthy
families of Syracu, for his life-guard. Thus he,
in a manner, hut himelf up in a prion, for no
other reaon but the lawles thir of tyrannic Power.
Nay, what-is ill more, that he might not tru his
r throat to a barber, he taught his own daughters to
have; o that thee young piincees, reduced to'
the'mo fordid employment, were obliged to per
i O 5 ' form
t TucuL V. 20, He i \,
'314 THOUGHTS of ClCERO
ori collum committeret,
tcndcrc liaz uas docuil.
Ita ordido ancillarique ar
ticin regize virgines, ut
tonriculm, tondebant bar
bam et capilium patris. Et
tamen ab iis ipis, cum jam
cent adultaz, errum re
movit, inituitque, ut can
demibus juglandium puta
minibus barbam ibi et ca
pillum adurerent, *
Cmque duas uxores ha
beret, Ariomachen, ci
vem uam, Doridem autem
Locrenem, ic noctu ad eas
ventitabat, ut omnia pecu
laretur et percrutaretur an
te. Et, cum foam latam
cubiculari
idiet, lectooa:
ejque circumde
trani
tum ponticulo ligneo con
junxiet: eum ipum cum
forem cubiculi clauerat,
detorquebat. * et fer-mail [a parte au wer
Idquue cum in commu
nibus uggeis coniere
non auderet, concionnri ex
turri alta olebat.
Atque is cum pil ludere
vellet, (udioch eni'm id
factitabat) tunicimque po
neret, adoleeentulo, quem A gar-der I: un de esjeune:
amabat, tradidie gladium worir. Voili donc, lui
dicitur. Hic cm quidam
familiar-is jocans dixiet: lum', quelqu'un 21 qui vous
Hair guide-m tet? an'th tu- * conez vos jours.
am committir: arriii'cithue
adolecens :
bien pha; n'amt iir a
gorge e) tm &arbicn i] 'you/nt
que e: ille: apprijm i
raer: et te: jeune: prin
ttr, re'dui/e: a? unemctian
i ba, aioient [a bark et
Ie: elae-veux iz leur re.
Band
mamEer elles urenr
en Age', il pin: a
'te ent'
par "time devoir [eurhn rir
du fer entre le: maim; et
i] Ieur apprit 21 emplzzyer cle:
toquil/e; de 'mix erilanter,
pour faire I'qre du raioir
et der c'iaux. _
I] await dcux femmex,
Ariemaque, qui Etoit de Sy
racu, et Dorir, qui em
de Lorrer. Yamai: 1'1 ne
pait [a 'mit dam [ear ap
partemerzt, gu'i] n'ezit rui/itei
aupara-vant, et fauille' par
tout. Un large fae, awe:
'm petitponi de bait, entonreit
[a chambre oil Etoit le lit;
et guaml Ie tjran Etait ar
ri-"ue, il retiroit re pon! 5 Iui,
rouil., '
Pour Larangaer [e peuple,
to'zzme il n'et'lt on; e tenir
dam le: tribune: are/inches,
il mantoit an baut d'une
four.
II aimozit fort [a paume;
et un jour e tle labillant
pouryjam'r, il (Io/mabn Epee
dit un a'e e: ami: en plaiz'z
A ce:
man, lejeune Humme hur
Tow
 \

ON MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.

form the oce of barber to their father, by (having

his beard and hair. Notwithanding all this cau
tion, he would not tru a razor even with them,
when grown up to the years of maturity 5 but taught
them to inge o his beard and hair with the burn
ing coals of walnut-hells.

As he had two wives, Ariomache a native of *

Syracue, and Darisa Locrian, he never viited
either o them by night, without r having their
apartments thoroughly earched. And as he had
caued his bed-chamber to be urrounded with a
broad moat, over which lay a mall wooden drawv
bridge; this, on hutting the door, he drew up
towards the chamber.

It was his cuom to harangue the people from a

high tower; becaue he dur not tru himelf in
the places commonly ued for that purpoe.

One day having a mind to play at Tennis, a

game he was mighty ond of; and hipping for that
purpoe, he is aid to have delivered his word to a
youth, who was greatly in avour with him. Upon
which one of his intimate riends aid by 'way ofje,
here then is one 'with ful/ram you can trzL/zI your lzfe ; _
and the young gentleman having miled, he com
manded them both to be put to death: the one,
becaue he had pointed Out a way e dipatching
him, and the other, for having \by his mile ap
proved of the hint, This action, however, gave
him the mo uneaines he ever uered in his life;
O 6 . for

\ ..._.\_..<....
316, THOUGHTS of CICERO'
adolecens: utrumquejut Tow le: deux, par on ora'rc,
interci : alrcrum, quiavi furem' mix a mart : l'un
am demonraviet interl pour a-voir inn/fain? m' '710th
mendi ui; alterum, quia de Iui octtcr [a ruic; l'autrc,
id dictum riu approbavi pour a-voir tc'moig'zi par un
et. Atque eo facto ic hirirt, au'il entend'ait un te]
doluit, ut nihil gravids tu di-atm. j'amai: le tjran
leric in vita. (bern enim n'e'rou-ua don/cur compar'd
vehementer' amarat, occi [1/c a chle d'a-voirfait pirir
K derat. Sic dlrahuntur in ce jeunc born/'ne au'il arwit
contrarias partes imporeu ipcrd'fi'nent aimE. Iaich
tium cupiditates. C-lm cornme le: paan: ne faccord
huic obecutus is, illi e ent guZ-re. You; ne ati
repugnandum. faile: I'une gu'aux de'pm: cle
I'autre.
Banquam hic quidem Prcuve p'il connoiit
tyrannusipejudicavitquim bien Iui 'nimehn flat. Un
eet beatus. Nam cum dec: courtimr, nant/mz Da
quidam ex ejus aentatori mochv, exaltaithn aim/ma,
bus Damocles commemo le nomare a'ev ky trowe-5,
ral-et in ermons cepias Pitendue de hn pon-voir, la'
ejus, Opes, majeatemdo magnicence de e: palais, ix
minats, rerum abundan ric/z: en tout gcnre; let
tiam,maghiccnti/amzedium cancluoit auejamai: pernn'
n'avait Etei i lacurcux. He
reglarum; negaretque un
uam beakiorem quemquam bien, pulque cela vous
fuie: Vine igz'tur, inquit, paroit i beau, qu' dir I:
EDanzacle, yuoniarn lawe te LIjlran,eriez-vousd'humeur
wita delectat, candcm 51 en goter un peu, et A
dcguare, et fortunam ex voir par vous meme quel
periri meam? Cum e ille e mon ort? II accepta tle
cupEre dixietk collocari tout on cwur. On le place
jut hominem in aureo hr un [it d'ar, cau'vert de
Iecto, rato pulcherrimo, riche: carreaux, et d'u"
textili rugulo, magnicis tapir, doat l'ouz'ragc itoi'
operibus picto: abacoque upcrac. On Etaeizr plu
complures ornavit argento 'ieurs ba-t: une magnigtle
auroque caelato. Tum ad ami-[le d'or et d'argcnt.
menam eximii forma pue Onait wenir de jeune: e
ros delectos'jut conere, cla-ucs, lous d'une rare beauty',
e6que nutum illius intuen et qui a'e-voicnf ixer le: '
'es diligen'tcr minih-ark. jeux hr Iui pour le ir-vii
Aderant unguenta, coronze : anhoina'reigne. Onrodig/uc
\incende t:
 for heON
had MlSCELLANEOUS
the mo tender aection for the young
SUBJECT'S.

gentleman, whom he had thus put to death. In this'

manner are weak men diracted between oppoite
paons. If yowindulge the one, you mu oer
violence to the other.

i Was this tyrant happy? Hear his'\ own judgment

of the matter: for one of his paraites, called Da
morles,
power, having launched
overeign Outriches
majey, in praie
of allof kinds,
his forces,
and >
the magnicence of his palaces; 'and arming, that
never man was o happy: [Villyou then, ays the
Tyrant to Damoclos, tae t/Jii [i e you are o much
delighted with, and take a trio] of my lot P Upon his
replying that nothing could be more to his wih, he
ordered him to be placed on a opha of gold with
' mo plendid Tovcrings, that were beautied with
magnicent works ofembroidery; he likewie caued
everal buets to be furnihed with gold and ilver
plate
i of of curious w'orkmanhip.
incomparable Some young
beauty, were appointed aves,
to wait at
table; who had orders to watth his very looks, and
erve him at a nod. Nor were the choice ointments
and garlands wanting; the weete/perfumes were
burnt; and his table covered with the mo exqui
ite viands. In a word, Damorles thought himelf
compleatly happy; when in' the mid of this en
tertainment, the tyrant 'commanded a drawn word,
of the brighte polih, to be upended from the
ceiling,
3-18 THOUGHTS of CICERO
incendebantur odores: men In gwrn, Its guirlandn'
a: conquitiiimis epuiis le: parunu. O_n eou-vre [a
cxtruebantur. Formnatus lad/r der MEIJ' [ex pill: exquii.
ibi Damoclcs videbatur. Voilct Damorle: qui 'lage
In hoc medio apparalu ful dam [a joie. An milieu de
gentem gladium, e lacunari cet appareil, [e tyranit
et equLn aptum, demitti pendre an plancber un glaiwe
jut, ut impendcret illius flincelant, qui ne tenoit qu'ti
beati cervicibus. lmque nec 'm tri" de ebe-val, et qui
pulchros illos miniratores domm't jue in' la teite de
at bomme i ent/rantei de a
aipiciebat, nec plenum ar
tis argentum: nec manum in-lime. A I'iqantexjeux
porrigebat in menam: jam ne mirerzt ux, m' ter beaux
ipa: deuebant coronzez. ecIa-ve: qui [erT/oient, ni
denique exoravit tyrannnm, refte magnique ma/le:
ut abire liceret, qubd jam il perdit I'e'wie de louder
beams nollct ee. aux ragczitl: dEja e; gui
Iandes lomooient d'eile-nzeimex:
ii demanda enn au (yran [a
permi'on de e retirer : ng'il
ne Wouloit p/u: Fire beureux.
Pompie a oul!th racom'ei
Solebat narrage Pom
peius, e, cdm Rhodum qu'ei on rerour de erie,
veniet decedens ex Syria, pant par R/zodz: at) Eloi!
Poidonius, ii eut drin dal
audire voluie Poidonium:
ed cum hudiviet eum [er entend're un plyi/ohplze de
graviter ee azgrum, quod eelte reputation: que emm/te
vehemence: ejus artus la i] apprit que [a goutze le
borarent, voluie tamen retenait cbcz Iui, iI would:
nobiiiimum philoOphum aut moin! Iui rendre miite:
viere: quem ut vidiet, et qu'apre: In' awoir fair
et alutaviet, honoricique [oute hrie de ei-vilitez, il
verbis proecutus ect, mo Iui tezwoigna que/Ie peine il
leteque' e dixiet ferre, rentoit de ne poumoir I'en
quod eum non poet audi tent/re. Vous le pouvez,
re: at ille, To verb, inquit, reprit Paitl'om'w, et il' ne
poter: net tommittam, ut era pas dit- qu'une douleur
dolor corporiiL rpint, at corporelle oit caue qu'un
fruriz tantu: 'vir ad me i grand homme air inutile
wenerit. Itaquc narrabar, ment pris la peine de e
cum graviter et' eopioe de
hoc ipiio, Nibil We bonum,
rendre chez moi; Pompie
qjoutait qu'muite ce [tial/ah
the,
 ON MISCELLANEOUS SUBjECTS. 319
ceiling, by a ingle hore-hair, over the head o this
happy man; From this inant the beautiful at
tendants, and curious plate, no more charmed his
eyes; the delicacies on the table were no longer

ought after; the garlands ell down o themelves;

in ne, he begged leave o the tyrant to retire, for
that now he had no mind to be happy.

Pompey * was wont to tell, how, in his return

from Syria, having put into Rhodes, he had a great
deire to hear the lectures of Poidom'us; but being
told that he was extremely-bad o a t o the gout,
he thought he could do no les, however, than pay
a viit to o renowned a philoopher. on being in
troduced, he 'aluted him in terms o the greate
repect +, and expreed his concsrn, that he could
not have the pleaure of hearing him. But you may,
replied the other, for bodily pain hall net/er be the
- tail e w/Jy a man of your rank hould wait of me to
no purpoie. So that, though conned to bed, he
entered into a grave and copious dicoure on this
very ubject, that nothing is good, but 'what is hone:
and

* Tucul. n. 25.
+ Pliny VIlI. 30. relates the following circumance. When
Pompz] was about to enter the houe Of Por/onius, a man renowned
for his profeion of philoophy, he orbad the lictor to rike the
door, according to cuom; and he to whom the Ea and We had
ubmitted, lowered his faces to the gate of letten. '
320 THOUGHTS of CICERO
nii quad hmj/ium gt, cu plu, dan: fan lit, dicaurut
bamem diputavie: cum gravement, et lnyuemmezzt.
que quai faces ei doloris fur ce principe mme, Ql
admoverentur, fpe dixie, ny a de bon que ce qui e
lvi/afl agi: dolor: quamvis honnte: et qu divere:
i: noir/114:, nunquam te g' repri/J, dam le: momen: ai
taiytzor malin. la douleur lilafait avec
'ux de force, Douleur, fi
lx
croit-il, tu as beau, faire;
quelque importune quem
fois, je navouerai jamais.
que tu fois un malr
l

ill 9

(Luotus quique philoo Traurue-t-on beaucoup 'e

horum invenitur, qui it philoophy: dan! in 'na-un,
na moratus, ita animo ac dant la ayen de penel', don:
viii conitutus, ut ratio [a conduite hit confarnze [a
poulal? qui diciplinam rai/on: qui fant de [eur'
uam, non oentationem art, non une oentation de
fcienti, ed legem vit ix-vow', man une reg/e de.
puitet? qui obtemperet ipe mie: qui t'abfnt eux
bi, et decretis uis pareat? memcr, et qui mettent leur;
videre licet alios tanti le propre: maxime: en pratiyue?
vitate et jactatione, iis'uc On en rupit qm-lguer-um i
fuerit non didicie melius : plein: de leur pretendu MEritt,
alios pecuni cupidos, glo uil leur ferait plu: avanta
ri nounullos, multos libi geux de navoir rien appri: ;
dinum ervos: ut cum eo d'autrn, avide: dargent;
rum vita mirabiliter pugnet d'agir, deglairt; plaimn'
oratio. de quidem mihi cbla-ue: de leur plaiirx. Il}.
videtur ee turpimum. a, arm-e ce Quil: dg/Znt et
Ut enim, grammaticum ce qui/J um', un trange
fe profeus quifpiam, bar tontrae. Rien, mon nazis,
bara loquatur, aut i ab: de plu: honteux. Car enn,
fursz canat is, qui e habere guzm grammairienparle mal,
'velit muicum; hoc turpior quun muicien timuit mal,
te leur era une honte dau
t, qudd in'eo ipe? peccet, tant plus grande, gu'il: pei
cujus profitetur fcientiumz
c philofophus m ratione tiath [antre leur art. Un
vit peccans, hoc turpior pbilq/bjbe dam, Ipryguil rit
e, quod in ocio cujus mal, e daut 171(pr 'nii
magier ee vult, labitur, prizble, gue lart au il
artmque damn
 \

ON' MlSCELLANEOUS SUB]ECTS. 32!

and when eized with mo acute touches ofpain, he
often aid, pain, you but loe your labour; though
you be iroublzome, Ihall now-r allow that you or:
an evil,

Where * is, there one philoopher of a thouand,

whoe manners, life and dipoition, are agreeable
to reaon; who looks on his learning, not as a vain
oentation of cience, but a rule of life; and maer
of his own actions, carries his doctrine into prac
tice? Some of them are o vain and elf-conceited,
' that it had been better they had remained' in igno
rance; others are avaricious, ome fond of glory,
and many dlaves to pleaure: o that there is a
range contrariety between their life and doctrine;
than which, in my opinion, nothing can be more
tTe.'Fx\
wis
*V.
dihonourable For hould one, who profees gram
mar, peak with barbarous impropriety; or one,
who would be eeemed a muician, ing out of
tune ; uch blunders, in them, are o much the more
gros, as being committed again the very art they"
profes. In the ame manner, a philoopher who
WL
leads a vicious life, is the more contemptible, as
am.
being guilty of a breach of the morality he takes
upon him to teach; and though he profees the 'art
of living virtuouly, yet oends in that very
repect.

* Tucul. IL sfl Sboultf;

322 THiOUGHTs of CICERO
artmque vill profefquL demie [leur matre, ce/z Part
delinquit in vita. de im vivre.
ill .

O Tire, i quid 'go aq'jzra, Si je puis, cher Titus, .cal

curam-ve larvasz mer la violence
ing man' IL naquit, et wer Des maux, dont en ecret
at in pectoreixa, tu te {ens dchirer,
Erquid erit prefix' ? De ta reconnoiance
We] prix doisje efprer 3'
Lice! enim verbus iidem A'iniparlait Flamininur,
mihi aari te, Attice, qui
bus aatur Flamininum Cet homme pauvre en biens,
mais riche en probit ;_
Ille Pair, [mad magna tum
etje croix, AT'chs, pou
re, fed'plenu dei. vvair mou: tenir le mime la):
gage, quoique je rvou: fac/u
qumquam cert cio, non, , . , d ,.
\ tlmgne
Ire: etrt, tomme
ut Flamminum,
Flamininm.
Sollicitari te, Tin, it 'lac jour et nuit agit de troublct
teffque all/que. et dalarmes.

Novi enim moderatonem Votre ame mq/I connue: rietr

animi mi, et quitatem: ne la dran e: et me rnom
te'que non cognomen folm ne pas [out te que valu a
Athean deporta'e, ed hti
tvez rapportidlAt/ainen mai:
manitatem et prudentiam mou: y 01sz apprit tre
intelligo: et tamen upi bamme, et man: jir-vir de
cor, iiem rebus te, qui votre rain. Awe: tout cela'
bus meipum, interdum jai Peurquil if] ait de:
gravis commoveri: qua momen: au il waw arrive,
rum conolatio et major e, comme moi, ditre plu:
et in aliud tempus dieren frapp quil ne faudrait de
da. Nunc autcm mihi certain: minemem, don! et:
vium e de enectute ali tet il my} pai azE de:
quid ad te cribere. Hoc can nler. Une autre/bir, nour
enim onere, quod mihi te y, pug/tram. etiam pr
cum commune e, aut jam ent, jai dein de men/re
urgentis, aut certe adven tenir avec (you: in' la fuix-if
'tantis enectqtis, et te, et le 2: rar dea elle s'ajype
meipium levari volo. Et zntit fur mus; ou du moins
te quidem id modic ac a nous enntnn: le: approche: :
pienter (cut oinnia) etfer et je veux-travailler non:
' n ' Hadt
 \

ON MiscELLANEOUs s'UBJECTsi 323'?

. ,

Should* I, my Titus, eoe you of that pain;

That amtzious cpre, 'which/ill: your hul with grief:
Say, deare/ifriend, would this not pleae' you well .?'

For I may addres myelf to you, Atticus, in the

Veres poken to Flamininm,

_That man + of honour, though hutmall Mote.

Although I know for a certain truth, that you are

not, likeF/omziminur,
Both night andiday harred with new alarms',
a

For I am well acquainted with your moderation, and

evennes of temper. I'am enible, that it is not a
1 urname only you have brought from Athens, but alo
humanity and prudence; and yet I cannot help u
pecting, that you are ometimes not a little aected
with the ame events, as myelfi. But to oer any
conolation on this head being a matter of great'
diculty, it hall be deferred to another time. At
preent, I have thought proper to write you my Sen
timents on old age. For as it, in- a manner, hangs
' over us, or at lea is fa approaching, I am
deirou's to alleviate its burthen,'common to- us both :
although I know for certain, that you not only bear
it,
'* De ISenect. cap. 1. This is the exordium, or preface, of the
dialogue on old age. .
1" Enm'ur is the peron here meant. As to the application of thee'
vere-3, it is founded on this, that Titus was a praenomen common to
Flamininus and Pompom'us; the latter of whom was urnamed Anieus,
becaue of the long ay he had made at Athens.
I The troubles of the commonwealth, during the civil wars be
tween Czar and Pompey.
 324. THOUGHT'S ofCICERO.
re, et laturum ee certb rendre cefardeau Ider. Vom
cio. Sed mihi, cdm de Ete: i moerE,i_/Zzge, gut
enectute aliquid vellem mous le par/52, tt continuw
cribere, tu occurrebas dig rez Zz le porter hy: print.
nus co munere, qgo uter'que f'en hi: certain. Mai:
norm commuuiter utere woulant ctrire in' te hjet,
tur. j'ai (ru qu'un au-vrage doat
l'uliliti nous rzz commune,
dewoit 'vous [Ire qzrt.
Mth quidem injucunda Pour moi, en le tempo/But,
hujus lier conectio uit, ut at' pri: tent de plaiir,
non modb omnes abere gue nonhulemmt la 'vieillqi
rit enectutis moleiias, ed He me mHt ply: rim a-zmir
eecerit mollem etiam, et d'a'aux, mas" que mirer
jucundam enectutem. Nun ellee montre it moi a-uet de:
quam igitur atis laudari daw/ter. Qui: Huge: don:
digne poterit philoophiax nehnt pas dis Zz [a p/zila o
cui qui pareat, omne tem pbie, putgue I'lvamme, pour
pus aetatis ine moleiia pot Elrt beureux E tout dge, n'm
degere. Sed de czeteris et gu'Zz qu' abE'ir? J'ai relem;
diximus multa, et xpe di all/ear: le: azure: obligation:
cemus. Hunc librum de gue ma: Iui a-vo'u, et je In
fenectute ad te mimus. rappeI/eraibu-vent. I] s'agit
de [a wieille e, dam' I'Ecrit
gun-je Fvous en-voz'e. v
Omnem autem ermonem 17;- niy ai: point parllr
jribuimus non Tithono, ut Titban, come a fait m pa
Ario Chius; (parum enim reil m: Arion de Chin. U't
eet auctoritatis in abula) per/'nnnagefabuleux n'auroit
fed M. Catoni eni, qub paint az d'aufori. Pmr
niajorem auctoritatem ha damn-r ply: de. paid: Zz man
beret oratio. Apud quem, dioun, je Ie met: dam' [a
Laelium etScipionem faci hathe du mieux Caton, en
mus admirantes, quod is zppaant que c'c ce qu'i]
tam facile enectutem erat, ripen/12: Sa'pion, et i LEZius,
iixque eum wepondentem. ur I'eitonnemnt qu'ils Ita' ti
Bi i cruditis videbitur moignent, de re queh'z grand
diputare, quim conpevit g: I'embarra ipeu. An'
ipe in uis libris, attribuito m: gue 'vow lui trow-view, in'
Gracis literis, quarum con pin; d'eruditia'z, gu'i] n'enit
at cum perudioum uie entrer dam' i: propre: 011
in enectute. Sed quid opus rvrager, attribuez rete dif
e plura? jam cnim ipius feirence 5 I'Etude de: auteur:
Catonis Gum,
 ON MIS'CELLANEOUS SUBJ ECTS- 325

it, as you do every thing ele, with prudence and

moderation 5 but will continue to do o. However,
as l determined to write on old age, none eemed
o proper as you, to whom a work, which might be _
of common ervice to us both, could be oered. \
/

So great was the pleaure I received in compoing

this treatie *, that it not- only freed oldage o all
its ailments, but even rendered it eay and agreeable.
_ Philoophy, then, can never, be extolled enough;
jince the man, who obeys its dictatcs, may live
happily in every Rage o life. As to its other advan
tages, I have already aid, and hall hereafter ay, a
great deal. The book which I have at preent ent
y0u, treats of old age. r '
. '
\

I have not, indeed, like Art' a \+ of Chios, put

what I had' to oer on my ubject into the mouth of
Tithonus; (for there is little credit to be given 'to a
fable) but into that of M Cato the elder, thereby to
add authority to it. I introduce him making anwer
to Lelius and Scipio, who had expreed their admi
ration that he bore his age with uch cheartulnes.
If he hall appear to reaon more learnedly than is
uual, in his own works, let it vbe acribed to his
knowledge o the Grecian literature, which he u
died with cloe application in his old age. But what
" occaion
I
* Hence it is evident that Cicero practied what he recommended
to others, wiz. not to compoe the zxordium till the body of the
work was nihed. A
1- A Stoie philoopher, that muinot be confounded with another
Ario; who was a peripatetic, and a native of the ile of Cat. For
Cicero's thought' on old age, ee above, page zo 5, 8: eq. -
326 THOUGHTS of CICERO
catonis ermo explicabit GreZI, qui, tomme nom fa
noftram omnem de enectu lvom', it loccupation de i:
te enxemiam. dernire: annier. Mai: pour
quoi un plu: long prEarnLu/e?
Voici que Caton va lai-minus
'vour dire tout te que jai
pen/r ceujet.
.- .
Cujuvis hominis e er Pour/e tromper, il nefaut
rare: nullius, nii mipien qutre homme : mai: pour
tis, in errore pereverare. sainendani n erreur, 1'!
n! trefou.
-. a
quid-rei"qutre
-. Iire ?
Quid e libertas? Pote
tas vivendi, ut vciis. Ais Pouvoir vivre comme on
igitur vivit, ut vulty nili qui ruent. Or que/quun ruit-il
recta eguitur, qui gaudet comme it' went, i ce ne/I un
ocio, cui vivendi via con homme guide" par [a rai/on;
derata atque provia. e? qui/e plat im devoir;
qui legibus quidem non qui aim plan de vie, fait
propter metum paret, ed avec rflexion; qui o/Je't aux
eas fequitur atque colit, par loing non par (rainle, mai!
joumi'on, et avec rej/i
quia id falutare maxim
ecjudicat: qui nihil dicit, pedis parte quil ait que le
nihil facit, nihil cogitat de jit/ut en dpend; qui ne dit
nique, nii libenter ac libe n'en, ne fait rien, nentre
r: cujus. omnia conlia, trand' rien, que de je): got,
rfque omnes quas gerit, ab et rie/on gr; qui part tou
ipfo procicuntur, eodem jourx dek: volont, im: au
quc referunturz nec e ulla tre but que de lateomplir, et
res, qu plus apud eum fam que rien au monde oit
polleat, quum ipus volun capable de lengager fe
tas, atque judicium: cui' gouverner autrement quil ne
quidem etiam, qu vim veut, et quil ne. trait le de
habere maximam dicitur, rvoir. .gzelque pai ante
fortuna ipa cedit: qu, quon troie la fortune, elle
cut apiens poeta dixit, na point (lempire er Iui:
Suit cuique ingitur menez. car, comme I'a dit un fate
Soli igitur, hoc contingit jenf, chacun, paron pro
apienti, ut nihil faciat in pre caractEre, e fait a or
virus, nihil dolcns, nihil tune. .n/i lhomme age
coactum . efle eul qui ne fe trouve
jamai: txqi rien faire
' pure/Te, ni regret.
Iratos O"
 'O'N MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS. 327 \
occaion for a longer preamble? Cato's dicoure
will uciently explain my entiments on old age.

Any * man may be guilty of an overig'ht; but

,to peri in error, is the ure characteriic of a
afool.

What + is liberty? The power of living as-you

pleae. Now who can be aid to live in this man
ner, i it is not one who acts agreeably to right rea
on; who takes pleaure in his duty, and lives ac
cording to a plan founded on reection 5 who obeys
the lawslnot out of fear, but willingly and with re
pect, as being enible that itis mo conducive to
his happines; who ays nothing, does nothing, and
-thinks nothing, but with the utmo freedom and
chearful-nes P All his deliberations, and every thing
he undertakes, begin and terminate in himelf; nor
is there any thing has o much weight with him, as 1
his will 1 and judgment; even fortune itelf, whoe
inuence is aid to be very great, yields to him : for
as the poet wiely oberves, every man's fortune de
pends- on his manhers. On the whole then, it is the,
wie man alone, who does nothing by force, or
with regret.
' We

* Philippic. XU. 2.
1- Paradux. V. 1.
I "Will, in the language of the Stoics, is only meant of the will
when enlightened, and guided by reaon : for if paiion takes place,
it is not the man, but rather omething forciLG to him that will'.
See Tucul. IV. 5.
 328 THOUGHTS of CICERO
Bil .
Iratos pr0pri' dicimus On dit partim/firmum
exie de poteate, id e, dun 170mm! fit colre, qu'il
de conlio, de ratione, de ne pqde plan: ce qui
mente: horum enim Po, gm'ie gu'il namte plu: la
teas in tozum animum ee rag/m; car [a rat/2m nous
debet. His aut ubtrahendi rend matre: de nous, et t'z
funt e, in quds impetum par elle gu'onpde. On
conantur facere. dum e ipi e o/{g d'ter de tle-vant It:
colligant (quid e autem e yeux dun homme irrit, [u
ipfum colligere, nii di [Der/57mg: qui i] m meut,
atas animi partes rurum et lon attend quil/ hit re
m uum locum cogere?) mi:. A Or, gu'eYILte qiue
autrogandi, orandiq-ue unt, remeltrt, i a' n't faire gus
ut, i quam habent ulci le: partie! de 1'army gui rui
cendi vim, dierant in enmt dtre drang, ?
vtempus aliud, dum defer retrouvent dans leur tat
vecat ira. Deerveiere naturel? On prie, on [0n
autem cert ignicat ardo jurq cet bomme irrit, de
rem animi invit ratione ta/ena're unpeua vengeance,
excitatum. Ex quo illud et de a'agz'r paint dan: le:
laudatur Archyt, qui, cm premitr: bouillon: de sz ro
villico factus ee: iratior. Ire. Or ce: Houz'IIom, yu'e
ego te mat/0, inqut, arce te autre che yuun feu fufo
pz-m, iii x iratu: em i' Ierzi, gui Jy! allitmi dam le
cur, au mipris de [a rai
a P Vaux/avez, ce/ujet,
le bon mot djlrclzjtas, qui,
tant irrit contre imcr
mier, Comme je te traite
rois, lui dit-il, je ntois
pas en colre'
"Pa"
1 "w" .
Hippias, cm Olympam Hippias tant alii Olym
veniet maxima illa quin pie pour cesjeaxhlmneh, qui
quenngli celebritate lludo re-venoiznt de (ing an: en e'in
mm, gloriatus e, Hunctji am, 't oti prq/yw toute la
pen audientq Grcm, m Grce tait rajmle, 'van
hil ee ulla in arte rerum tapulz'guemmt de arvoir la
omnium, quod ipe neci gomtrie, la ngque, la
retz nec folm bas artes, grammaire, le: Faith, [a
quibus_ librales dtrin pby/igna la morale, la po
atque mgenu contineren litique; et gue non-uckinan
- tur, t
 on Mr'sdELILA'NEOUS SUBJE'CTs. 329" ,

We * ay very properly that angry men are be

de themelves, that is, are void o prudence, rea
on, and reection ; which ought to give laws to all
the other POWers of the mind. Now it is neceary,
either to remove outB their ght. the perons againt
whom their fury is levelled, till they recollect them
elves; (but what is this recdllection of one's elf,
i it be not the reoring the diurbed parts o the
oul to their natural ate i) or they are to be intreated.
and conjured to upend their vengeance to another
time, when their anger hall have ubided: But this
mu certainly imply aviolent perturbation raied in
the mind in oppoition to reaon. Hence it is, that
the aying of A'rc/zytas + is much cried up 5 who being
highly oended at his teward, addreed him thus:
Haw/Z-wre/y hould [have handled you, had I not [lean
angry!
i 'A ,
,. 'a.
Av

Mppz'as I having arrIVed at Olympic during the

celebrating of thoe famous games, which areheld
every fth year, made his boa, in the preence o
almo all Greece, that there was no part o any art
with which he was not perfectly acquainted. NOr
P was

i' Tucul. IV. 36. *

1- Arcbyra: having gone from Tarentum, the place of his birth,
to Metaontu'm, where Pjtbagami taught his philoophy, thought or'
nothing during his long tay there, but to prot under o great a
maer. At his return he found his lands in a pitiful condition, 'oc-.
caoned by the negligence of his eward : and it was this made him
ue the expreon above-mentioned. On this head, ee Valerius
Lfaximus, lib. IV. cap'. I. Ext. I. ' , '
1 De- grat. Ill. 32.
 /

3'30 THOUGHTS of' CICERO

tur, geometriam, muicam, il pdoit
xaux, mail ton:
que lale:bague
are: [ibl
qu'il
literarum -cognitlonem, e:
poEtarum, atque illa, qua: (wait au dal t, fill le man
de naturis rerum, quae de teau dent i Etoit tom/err,
hominum moribus, quae de gue: tbmcre mit/te, c'itait
rebus publicis dicerentur: I'au-vrage de: mim. ,
ed annulum, quem habe
rct, pallium, quo amlctus,
occos, quibus indutuz eer,
e ua manu confecie.
any
. .'-* Timotkz
. let fame-w:
Apud Grsech erturin
credibili qudam magnitu Atlyectm'en, yue le: Grem re
dine conlii atque ingen-ii gardenl comme un prodige
Athenlms llle uie The d'erit et de &Rn m, fur
m't quzzn' qzzidam all-an/E, (lit-on, par unet-cant
doctus homo, atque in pri du premier ordre, qui lui zit
mis eruditus
tur, accee
eique artectzm dici
memorize, tle lut' eneig'ter ette mi
maire artttielle, dent I'in
qua: tum prlmlm profere mention Eait alar: foule rE
batur, pollicitum ee e ente. Tbimiocle Iui 11th
traditurum. Cxm illc qum demand? ce gue r'itait que
et quidnam illa are e (et art: C'c, dit I'ba'mne
cere poet, dixie illum de Iettree, l'art de e aw-oe
doctorem, ut omnia memi m'r de tout. J'aimerai: bien
niet: _et ei Themiioclem mieux, ripondit Thirmode,
repondle, gratins ibi il gue 'your puez m'eneigner
lum ee facturum, i e ob il aublier ce gue je voudrais.
livici (Luze vellet, quim i.
meminie, docu-iet.
'
Theophraus moriens ac Weep/wae, e'l 'nam'd/If,
cuai'e naturam dicitur, faidit, dit-on, un reprar/ae
und cervis, et cornicibus Zz [a nature, de ce qu'elle
vitam dluturnam, quorum await accord? un i [angue
* id nihil intereet; homi mie aux cer? et aux an'
nibus, quoru-m maxlmE in neiIIes, yui 'e'en a-vciezzt nul
terfuiet, tam exiguam vi hvin; tandi: gue pour nour,
tam dediet: quorum i qui pan-view en faire un ex
atas potuiet ee longin cellent uizge, il y a de:
quior, futurum fule, nt jour: i &arnez. 'A-vec 'me
omnihus perectis artibus, 'vie p/u: longue, a'z'hit i,
omni doctrin hom'mum vi I'bamme await pu arguert'r
ta ' tuum

,._-_.*J
 on MISCELLAN'EOU'S SUBJECT'S.331
was it the learned and liberal arts only, as geome
try, muic, grammar, poetry, naturalhiory, mo
rality, and politics; but that the ring on his nger,
the cloak on his back, and the hoes on his feet,
were all his own workmanhip.

A; x'.
* r,
_.-o w

The-'Izzacles *, the famous Athenian, whom the

Greeks eeemed a prodigy of good ene and pru
dence, was accoed by a learned man of the r
rate; who proered to teach him the art of me
mory 1-, then r reduced to a cience. Navil/lade;
having aked him, what that art could do? The
proeor anwered, it would teach him to remember
every thing. On which the other replied, that he
would do him a much greater favour, could he
teach him to forget, rather than remember, what
ever he pleaed.

'- U. I

Theobmiu: I, on his death bed, i' hid to have

reproached nature, that he had beowed a long lie
on ags and brows, who could have no occaion for
it; but to mankind had given ever)r hort one, not
withanding that it much concerned them: for had _
their life been longer, they might have attained the
knowledge of every cience, and a perfect maery
P 2. _ in
i De Orat. II. 74. 1 See Windlian, Xl. z.
I Tucul. Ill; as. *
1
 332 THOUGHTS of ClCERO
'a erudirctur. Werebatur tame: If: ticm'a, perfection
xgltur, e tum, cxm illa ner tom In artx. 11je plaig
v1dere cepiet, extingui. 'mit de te yu'en commenant
B at-Hair, il ceit de ere.
II'PHZ
Omnes 1mmemorem be Un ing-'at e ba? de 'out
neui odcrunt: emque le monde; et coram: on in
injuriam in deterrenda li juite tend 13 refroidir [a
beralitate ibi etiam eri; ginirq/iti, (lyarun y troz't
emque, qui faciat, com intfrqzi e'jhnnellement. On
muncm hoem' tenuiorum le regard: umme I'e'me'm'
putant. tammun de tom ceux guiant
dam [e m: d'a-vozir &q/bi'r
.
gu , an [earzz' bien.
"a
Pythagorah * Phliuntem Pylbagore Zta'nt arri-vi,
erunt venie,
Leonte, emque
principe cum
Phliaio dit-on, I' Pbliunte; dicou
rut a-vamment, et a-'uec E
rum, docte et copiOSE di Iaguente, de-vant Lion, che'
eruie quaedam. Cujus de! Pbliaiem, qui, charm?
ingenium et "eloquentiam a'e ce qu'il rumoit d'entendrg,
cdm admiratus ee: Leon, lui demandaguel Ztoit on
quazivii'e ex eo, qui max ma/fer. Pytbagare reiponditr
ime arte coniderct. At gu'i] n'enh-'uait aucun, mal:
illum artcm quidem e cire qu'iI-citait philoophe. A
nullam, ed ee philqapbum. ce mot, dam' la nou-veauti
Admiratum Leontem no 'appa Lion, Ly'e te, dit
vitatem nominis, quaeie, il; qut de: philqhp/Ju, at
quinam eent philgophi, par 01) dz'Erent-il: cle: azure:
et quid inter eos et relmquos bommn? ye trow-w, reprit
intereiet. Pythagomm au Pyt/mgare, gus ce monds-(i
tem repondie, imilem i r'mble I: ce: grande; a
embleie: 01) [a GrEce cm'iEre
bi videri vitam hominum,
etmercatum cum, qui ha i rend pour la (Elibriti let
beretur maximo ludorum jenx. Plaieurs y ent at
apparatu, totius Graecize iirez par I'en'uie de ign-alter
celebritate. Nam ut illic [cur atln dam le: combat,
alii COrporibus exercifatis at de rtmorter [e prix : pla
gloriam et nobilitatem co ieursy ruiennent pour tra
rones peterent: alii emendi quer: d'autreJ', guihnt [a
aut vendendi quzu et lu ply: bonncte: gem, me (ber
cno ducerentur : ect autem tbcrzt m' applaudmmz, m'
quoddam genus coram, id gain, mai: it trou-vmt-liz
que ulcmmr
s
 oN MISCELLANEOUS susjncrs: 333,
in every art. He complained, therefore, that he
was natched away by-death, when thee things were
but ju opening to his view.

All * mankind hate an ungrateful peron. They

look on themelves as peronally injured, in the di
couragement of municence; and eeem the guilty
peron, the common enemy of the needy.

Bl * '
'Pytlmgoras-[n having gone to Philu: I, is aid to
have held. a learned and eloquent dicoure with
Leon, king of that place; who being much taken
with his wit and eloquence, aked him what trade
he profeed? he anwered that he Underood no
trade at all, but was a Philohpber. Leon, ruck
with the novelty of the term, aked what Philo0'
phers were, and wherein conied the dierence be
tween them and the re of mankind? Pytlmgcras
made anwer, that in his opinion, human life re
embled that great concoure of people conveened
from every part of Greece to celebrate the olemn
games: for as in them, ome, by bodily exercie,
contend for the glory and renown of gaining the
crown of victory; the only inducement of others,
was to make prot by buying and elling: but be
ides thee, there was a third ort, more noble than
either of the former, who came there neither in
que
* Oc. II. 18. 1' Tucul. V. 3. I A city of Ptloponmgs.
 s

334 THOUGHTS of CICERO: 3

que vel maxim ingenuum, ealemcnt par turibiti, e'
qui nec plaufumr nec lu faim autre diztlgi'ee de re
crum lurerent, ed vi garder te gai .r] pa. Tow,
endi causa venirent, udi pour y arrive', jnt parti:
osque perpicerent quid de quelque raille. Or cz
ageretur, et quo modo: ai'zi que nous femme: parti:
item nos quai in mercats dune autre with dune autre
quandam cglebritarem ex afeure, pour arrimer en a:
urbe aliqua, ic in hanc mande, m} le: un: tchent
vitam ex alia vita et nam datyuerir de Iglire; d'au
ra proectos; alios glori tres, de: ric/at: s A quelque:
ervire, alios pecuni: ra 101:, en petit mmbre, sap
ros ee quodam, qui, c pliquent mnimtre la na
teris omnibus pro nihilo ture ; et compleat tout le
habitis, yerum namnnm ree pour rien. Voil le:
udios intuexenmr: hos philoophes, rufi-iz dire, le:
fe appellare apientize u amateurs de la jag :_ et
diof, id cfl enim pbilo/a com/ne [ii-[m beau rle dan:
phor: et ut illic liberalii 12: jeux pub/in, e celui de
mum effet, pectare, nihil ratmr; de mime la plus
ibi aquirntem, c in vita ille et la plu: noble arcu
long omnibus udiis con pation en re monde, c'e
templationem. rerum, cog funda
nit'wni-mque praedam

5 N0. 63."? :
 ' '
'\

ON MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS. 335.

que of gain or popular applaue, but merely out
of curioity to ee what paed, and how things were
managed. Thus' it is with mankind, they come
._ from another life, and another tate of exience *,_
into this world, as it were from a foreign city to
ome feival olemn-ity. Some mind'glory ; others
riches 3 and a few there are, who, contemning every
puruit beides, carefully udy the nature of things.
Thee call themelves Philoopberr, that is to ay,
lovers of widom. And as in the public games,
it is mo honourable to be a pectator, free from
mean el'rih views; o, in life, the tudy of natural
knowledge, is by far the mo excellent of all other
profeions.

' Here we have the famous dogma of Pytlmgaras, concerning the

metemphrboiz, or tranmigration, of ouls.

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