Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PARASITOLOGY
Sitti Wahyuni, MD, PhD
Department of Parasitology
Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin
University
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 1
Parasitology
Science which deals with organisms that take up
their abodes, temporarily or permanently, on or
within other living organisms for the purpose of
procuring food
Parasite: bacteria, viruses, ricketsias,
spirochetes, fungi and animal
Parasitology: animal parasite
Protozoa
Helminth
Arthropoda
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 2
Why they need other organisms?
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 3
Parasite characteristic
Diversity in size
Taeni
a
sagin
ata
Plasm
Asymptomatic
odium
falcipa
rum
host
Multiple host parasite host
host
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 4
Parasite characteristic
Most go through complex life cycles
Most are chronic because of weak innate
immunity and the ability of parasites to evade
or resist elimination by adaptive immune
responses.
Able to survive and replicate in their hosts
because they are well adapted to resisting
host defenses
Many anti-parasite are not effective at killing
the organisms.
Vaccine are not available for most of cases
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 5
Types of Parasites
Location:
Number of host:
Ectoparasite
Monoksen
Endoparasite
Poliksen
Host dependence:
Facultative
Obligate
Time living in host
Temporary
Permanent
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 6
Pathogenic parasite: causes injury to the
host
Pseudoparasite: an artifact mistaken for a
parasite.
Coprozoic/ spurious parasite: foreign
species that has passed through human
body without infecting man.
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 7
Host
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 9
Other terminology
Habitat: Natural living place of one parasite
Vektor: organisms (usually arthropode) which
can transmit parasite to human or animal
Carrier: Someone who carry parasite but not
showing any symptoms (important in parasite
transmission)
Zoonosis: a disease involving a parasite for
which the normal host is an animal, and wherein
man can also be infected.
Infection: invasion by endoparasites a
Infestation: external parasitism of ectoparasites
10
Scientific Nomenclature
Classified according to the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 11
Distribution of Parasites in the Animal
Kingdom
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 12
History
Eighteenth century
Many parasitic worms and arthropods were described
Little progress until the compound microscope made
possible the study of the small protozoan parasites,
larvae and detailed structures of the helminths.
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 14
Eighteen century
Year Discovered by Helminth
1835 Owen Larva of Trichinella spiralis
1838 Dubini Ancylostoma duodenale
1851 Bilharz Schistosoma haematobium,
Year Discovered by Protozoa
1836 Donne Trichomonas vaginalis
1849 Gros Endamoeba gingivalis
1856 Malmsten Balantidium coli
1859 Lambl Giardia lamblia
1860 Davaine Trichomonas hominis
1875 Losch E histolytica in patients with diarrhea
1880 Laveran quartan malarial parasite of man
1900 Leishman Leishmania donovani (kala-azar)
1901
29/07/09
Forde T gambiense (African sleeping sickness).
S.Wahyuni/BMD 15
Life cycles discovered
Year Parasite
1850 - 1900 Taenia solium
Echinococcus granulosus
Fasciola hepatica
Ancylostoma duodenale
1900-1920 Schistosoma japonicum
Clonorchis sinesis
Diphyllobothrium latum
Ascaris lumbricoides
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 16
Scientific Nomenclature
Classified according to the International Code of
Zoological Nomenclature
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 17
Modern parasitology dates from 1379 when Jehan
de Brie discovered the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica,
in sheep.
Eighteenth century
Many parasitic worms and arthropods were described
There was little progress until the compound microscope
made possible the study of the small protozoan parasites
and of the larvae and detailed structures of the helminths.
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 18
Geographic Distribution
The endemicity of a parasite depends upon
presence and habits of a suitable host
easy escape from the host
environmental conditions favoring survival outside the
host
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 19
Economic and social conditions
Irrigation projects and the use of night soil in agriculture
provide facilities for parasitic infection.
Inadequate individual and community sanitation, low
standards of living, and ignorance favor the spread of
parasitic diseases.
Religious rites
immersion in heavily contaminated water
Migrations
The importation of the Negro to the Western Hemisphere
was accompanied by hookworm disease and schistosomiasis.
Immigrants from the Baltic
29/07/09
countries introduced the fish 20
S.Wahyuni/BMD
tapeworm into North America.
Many important species of parasites have a
world-wide distribution
Tropical countries where optimal conditions of
temperature and humidity are present are
most favorable for the survival, larval
development, and transmission of parasites.
Each parasite has an optimal range of
temperature for its development
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 21
Life Cycle
Parasites have developed life cycles through
adaptation to their hosts & external environment.
Some parasite may:
spend their entire lives within the host
spend their entire lives within the host
pass through developmental stages in an intermediate host
before it reaches a final host
Most parasites (except arthropods) attain sexual
maturity in their hosts.
Some may pass through developmental stages in an
intermediate host before it reaches a final host
29/07
S.Wahyuni/BMD 22
/09
A parasite has special adaptation to only one or
at most a few species of animals including man
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 23
Life cycles of parasites
may need:
a. existence outside
host
b. development during
free-living existence
c. direct transmission
from host to host.
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 24
Lifecycle may:
Simple:
Only need one host
Have cosmopolitan (worldwide) distribution
Higher survival
Complicated:
Need more than 2 host
Restricted area distribution
Low survival
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 25
Simple lifecycle
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 26
Complicated life-cycle
adult survival:
15 years or longer
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 27
Transmission
Involves 3 factors:
1. source of the infection: human or animal
2. mode of transmission
3. presence of a susceptible host.
The combined effect of 3 factors determines
the dispersibility and prevalence of the
parasite at any given time and place.
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 28
Direct contact with first host:
Trichomonas vaginalis
Sarcoptes scabiei
Ingest:
infective form:
Ascaris lumbricoides
Entamoeba histolytica
Host intermediate contains larva
Beef: T. saginata
Crabs: P. westerman
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 29
Infective larve invade through the skin
Direct:
Necator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Host intermediate bite:
Plasmodium falciparum
Trypanosoma gambiense
Transplasenter:
Toxoplasma gondii
Plasmodium vivax
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 30
Transfusion
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Inhalation
Enterobius vermicularis
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 31
Source of infection:
A,diagnosis & treatment Susceptable person:
B,isolation E. immunization
C,blocking out flowing injection F. cleanliness & hygiene
D,detection of carriers and missed cases G. isolation & screening
H. quarantine
2/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 32
Contaminated
Soil polluted with human excreta:
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichocephalus trichiurus
Human hookworms
Strongyloides stercoralis
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 34
Arthropods:
Malaria parasites, Leishmanias, Trypanosomes, filaria
Dogs:
Hydatid cyst of E. granulosus
larva migrans: T.canis or T.cati
Herbivorous: Trichostrongylus spp
Other human:
E.histolytica, E.vermicularis & H. nana).
Self infection:
reinfections with Strongyloides stercoralis.
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 35
Natural adaptability of the parasite & the ease of
transmission depends upon
habits and communal associations
resistance of the host
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 36
Incubation
Biological incubation: the development of the
parasite in the host :
1. exposure to infection: process of inoculation
2. development of the infection: simple or may lenghty
& complicated
3. end of biological incubation, can bee seen in:
feces or other excreta
blood circulation (parasitemia)
aspiration, biopsy or other diagnostic procedure
Clinical incubation: interval between exposure and
the earliest evidence of symptoms produced as a
result of the infection (or infestation)
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 37
Simple stage in human
15 to 30 days
2-cell stage
29/07/09 S.Wahyuni/BMD 38
Complicated life cycle
10 to 14 days
2 and 3 months