H Se 16 Abstracts

629.
78
39.68
43 : abstract
book. Moscow: 2014. 294 p.
ISBN 978-5-906519-38-2
This volume covers proceedings of IAA conference "Human Space Exploration-2016" (May 24-26, 2016,
Korolyov, Russia).
The CD contains 236 paper abstracts by scientific and engineering community on the issues covering dif-
ferent aspects of current and future manned space flights, such as: international cooperation, biomedical prob-
lems, utilization, application of automatic and robotic systems, economics, management, etc.
629.78
39.68
ISBN 978-5-906519-38-2
2016 International Academy of Astronautics or its licensors or contributors

International conference
"Human space
exploration"
May 24-26, 2016 | Korolyov

International conference "Human space exploration"
International conference "Human space exploration" organized by Roscosmos

under the auspices of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) and with
the support of JSC "RSC "Energia" S. P. Korolev" and Korolev city admin-
istration.
The conference is timed to the celebration of the 55th anniversary of the first
manned flight into space and will be held in preparation for the next Summit of
heads of space agencies organized by the MAA. The Academy in conjunction with the
Russian space Agency has decided to hold this event in Russia, in outer science city
Korolev, where was born the history of cosmonautics.
Since 2010, IAA has organized and conducted three similar Summits, serving as a
platform for "equal dialogue" on the prospects of space exploration. At the sites of
these world forums space recognized leaders and beginners in this field to discuss cur-
rent problems of cosmonautics. The fourth Summit of heads of space agencies is
scheduled for 2017, devoted to the topic of manned space exploration and unmanned
space systems.
Recommendations of conference participants will be the basis for the conclusions of

the international Academy of Astronautics, which will be presented at the level of
heads of space agencies.
3
ORGANIZERS
SUPPORTED BY
4
THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
CHAIRMAN Komarov Michael Victorovich

JSC RSC Energia, Vice President
Solntsev Vladimir Lvovich
SC RSC Energia, President
Krikalev Sergey Konstantinovich
Federal government unitary company Central
DEPUTY CHAIRMAN research institute of machine building, First
Mikrin Evgeny Anatolievich deputy of general director
JSC RSC Energia, General designer
Lonchakov Yuriy Valentinovich
MEMBERS Federal government financed institution Gaga-
rin cosmonaut training center, Head
Afonin Andrey Yurievich
Stock Company, Institute of Advanced Training Lukiashko Anatoly Vasilievich
Mashpribor, General director JSC RSC Energia, Scientific and technical
board, Chief scientific secretary
Briukhanov Nicolay Albertovich
JSC RSC Energia, Advanced space complexes Medvedev Alexander Alekseievich
and systems, General designer Federal government unitary company
Khrunichev space scientific and production
Burenkov Igor Yurievich center, First deputy of general director
JSC URSC, Department of Information policy
and Mass media, Director Merkulov Michael Yurievich
Vinokurov Pavel Viacheslavovich
JSC RSC Energia, Vice President Perminov Anatoly Nikolaevich
Stock company Russian Space Systems, Deputy
Gorshkov Oleg Anatolievich of general director,
Federal Government Unitary Company Central International aeronautics academy, Vice Presi-
research institute of machine building, General dent on science
director
Romanova Irina Georgievna
Derechin Alexander Gdalievich JSC RSC Energia, Head of Press center
Rybalov Alexey Pavlovich
Ermakov Evgeny Alekseievich Company Limited International agency of con-
JSC RSC Energia, Chief engineer vention support, Commercial director
Kalery Alexander Yurievich Soloviev Vladimir Alekseevich

JSC RSC Energia, Scientific and technical cen- JSC RSC Energia, First deputy of general de-
ter, Head signer
Strelnikov Alexey Anatolievich Khodyrev Alexander Nikolaevich

Russian Federal Space Agency, Directorate of Korolev Urban District, Head
Human program, Acting head
5
Uvarov Valentin Borisovich Shevchenko Alexander Anatolievich

JSC URSC, Department of Crewed Space com- JSC RSC Energia, Head of division
plexes, Head
6
THE PROGRAM COMMITTEE
CHAIRMAN Lazutkin Alexamder Ivanovich

Scientific and production company Zvezda,
Perminov Anatoly Nikolaevich Deputy of general designer
Stock company, Russian Space Systems, Deputy of
general designer, International aeronautics acad- Lonchakov Yuriy Valentinovich
emy, Vice President on science Federal government financed institution,
Gagarin cosmonaut training center, Head
MEMBERS
Makarov Yuriy Nikolaevich
Alifanov Oleg Michailovich Federal space agency, Head of department
Moscow aviation institute, Subdepartment of
Space systems and rocket production, Head Moiseev Nikolay Fedorovich
Federal space agency, Scientific and tech-
Afonin Andrey Yurievich nical board, Chairman
Stock Company, Institute of Advanced Training,
Mashpribor, General director Orlov Oleg Igorevich
Federal government unitary company, Gov-
Barmin Igor Vladimirovich ernment scientific center of Russian Federa-
Federal Government Unitary Company, Opera- tion Russian academy of science, Institute
tional center of ground space infrastructure, Dep- of medical and biological problems, director
uty of general director
Tsiolkovsky Russian academy of cosmonautics, Osmolovsky Vladimir Efimovich
President Senior Vice - President of JSC "RSC" Ener-
gia"
Back-Impallomeni Elisabeth
University of Padua, Italy, Professor Pischel Rene
ESA Moscow office, Head
Gerstenmaier William
NASA, Human operations and exploration, Depu-
Savinykh Victor Pavlovich
ty administrator Moscow state university of geodesy and
Cartography, President
Zeleny Lev Matveevich Solntsev Vladimir Lvovich
Russian academy of science, Vice president,
JSC RSC Energia, President
Institute of space researches, Director
Krikalev Sergey Konstantinovich Tiulin Andrey Evgenievich

Stock company, Russian space systems,
Executive director of the manned space program
General director
of Roscosmos State Corporation
Crocker James
Contant Jean-Michel Lockheed Martin company
International academy of astronautics, General
secretary Prof. Genta, Giancarlos
Polytechnic University of Torino
Kosmodemyansky Evgeny Vladimirovich
Stock company, Rocket and space center Progress, Suchet Lionel
Deputy of general designer on science CNES
7
CONTENTS
SECTION 1: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN HUMAN SPACE

MISSIONS: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE GOALS ........................................ 9
SECTION 2: SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CARRIED OUT BY HUMANS IN SPACE.

OBJECTIVES AND PROSPECTS .............................................................................. 32
SECTION 3-A: A BIOMEDICAL PROBLEMS OF HUMAN SPACE MISSIONS.

SPACE FLIGHT INFLUENCE ON HUMAN BODY ................................................ 75
SECTION 3-B: CREW TRAINING ........................................................................... 137
SECTION 4: APPLICATION OF AUTOMATIC AND ROBOTIC SYSTEMS IN

HUMAN SPACE MISSIONS .................................................................................... 170
SECTION 5: FUTURE HUMAN SPACE PROJECTS. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

AND CONCEPTS ....................................................................................................... 209
SECTION 6: FUNCTIONS OF STATE AND BUSINESS IN SPACE

EXPLORATION. ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT ....................................... 239
SECTION 7: HUMAN RESOURCES. TRAINING. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS.

POPULARIZATION OF HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION. ................................ 262
SPONSOR INFORMATION ...................................................................................... 290
8
SECTION 1:
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN HUMAN
SPACE MISSIONS: CURRENT STATUS AND FU-
TURE GOALS
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THE INTERNATIONAL DOCKING ADAPTER ENABLING FUTURE

JOINT MISSION CAPABILITIES
Aksamentov V.1, Hoffman T.1, Engle J.1, Kelly S2, Pavlov V.3, Ryabko E.3
1
The Boeing Co., 2NASA, 3RSC Energia
The year 2016 will be a groundbreaking year in the history of the International Space Sta-
tion (ISS) and also in the area of future space exploration. The first ever docking port compati-
ble with the International Docking System Standard Interface Definition Document (IDSS
IDD) will makes its debut on the ISS. It is called the International Docking Adapter, or IDA.
The IDA will be used by future vehicles docking to ISS, and it also brings with it the prospect
of being able to expand on its capabilities such that it can support future space exploration mis-
sions.
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rope, Canada, and Japan have been coordinating efforts in development of the standard set of
parameters which define the IDA interface. Initially, implementations of the standard interface
were intended to include on-orbit rescue missions and joint collaborative endeavors utilizing
different spacecraft. Features in the design enable missions to ISS and with the potential for
expansion to beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and including deep space.
The interfaces enabling future endeavors are based on existing proven design technology
but they also leave the door open for development of new capabilities which enhance perfor-
mance during docking and mating. This paper highlights the key design features and interface
parameters which allow for implementation of new equipment and designs. These are the key
elements necessary in order to further the mission to explore beyond LEO and to reach destina-
tions into deep space.
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19
CONCEPTS FOR JOINT INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION MODULES

Anastasia Murashko1, Matthew Duggan2, Andrey Lobykin1
1
S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia, Russia, 2 The Boeing Compa-
ny, Houston, TX
Space agencies and companies around the world are examining concepts for human explo-
ration of lunar space and beyond. International collaboration, as demonstrated so well by the
ISS program, will be important to the success of these future exploration missions through cost
sharing and leveraging the strengths of various partners. RSC Energia & Boeing believe that it
is technically feasible to design and build a joint habitat using existing and developing technol-
ogies and processes. In this paper, we will describe our current concept for an joint early ex-
ploration mission architecture which emphasizes international elements and systems extensi-
bility for future missions.
Starting with an early habitation module that extends mission durations in lunar space, ad-
ditional elements and systems are added over time to increase vehicle functionality. This plat-
form could provide opportunities for deep space systems maturing, including those for deep
space habitation and crew support, science and human performance evaluation. A cislunar plat-
form provides better conditions for many kinds of scientific experiments, for example, micro-
gravity research, during uncrewed periods, due to the absence of crew and Earth-related dis-
turbance torques. This concept provides the flexibility to accomplish near term objectives,
such as lunar surface interactions and asteroid exploitation while steadily developing deep
space capability. The concept provides the possibility of small modules built by each company
and a larger module that is jointly built. We will describe a set of vehicle concepts within a
proposed mission sequence, discuss required capabilities and key features and examine the
importance of common standards in cooperative human space exploration.
20
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WORKING TOGETHER ACROSS AN ORGANIZATIONAL DIVIDE:

AN ANALYSIS OF COOPERATION IN ISS OPERATIONS
William Bianco1, Eric Schmidt1, Robert Landis2
1
Dept of Political Science of Indiana University, 2NASA
The International Space Station is often described as an exemplar of effective international
cooperation, confirming that self-interested agents can secure mutually beneficial outcomes
despite disagreement and organizational constraints. Our research uses data on crew activities,
interactions between flight controllers, and interviews with NASA and Roscosmos managers
to characterize the details of the relationship between the international partners. The analysis
shows that ISS day-to-day operations take the form of truncated cooperation, where working
together involves maintaining a significant degree of separation between the two programs,
acting in concert only when it is absolutely necessary. We draw on the ISS experience to offer
some insights into how future joint space exploration efforts can be designed to minimize con-
flict between international partners.
23
CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MAINTAINABIL-

ITY AND SUPPORTABILITY WITH MANNED SPACECRAFT
Zhang Dapeng, Yang Hong
China Academy of Space Technology
The technology in maintainability and supportability is as one of key space technologies
along with the development of manned spacecraft. Such as in China, with the manufacture of
China Space Station recently, maintenance technology has been rapidly progressed, and the
maintainability design, maintenance strategy, and verification with test or simulation are
formed. With human space exploration will be extended to the deep space, the maintainability
and supportability of manned spacecraft in deep space should be research, and the relevant re-
search topic had been applied to IAA with the national experts. How to analyze and implement
the maintenance of manned spacecraft in deep space will be resolved in the research. This pa-
per settles the problems need to be solved with the maintainability and supportability of
manned spacecraft in deep space, sums up the research purpose and methods, and briefly in-
troduces the technology approaches in analysis and implementation of the maintainability and
supportability. At the end, the expected results of the research are discussed.
24
CONCEPT OF CREW-TENDED PLATFORM IN CIS-LUNAR SPACE: INI-

TIAL CONFIGURATION
Joshua B. Hopkins1, Todd Chapman1, Nikolay Bryukhanov2, Alexey Bideev2,
Rushan Beglov2, Alexander Vorobiev2
1
Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, United States, 2 S.P. Korolev Rocket and
Space Corporation Energia, Russia
Deep space exploration as a next step of human space activities is widely discussed on in-
ternational, governmental and industry levels, such as by the International Space Exploration
Coordination Group (ISECG). An outpost, or crew-tended platform, in cis-lunar space is con-
sidered to be the first step towards deep space exploration. Lockheed Martin and RSC Energia
have together studied several concepts of such a platform; one of them is presented in this pa-
per. This concept is based on the systems and elements planned to be available in the early
2020s and assumes utilization of Orion/SLS space transportation capability and relatively
small pressurized modules developed on the basis of ISS heritage for the initial phase. These
small modules would be launched co-manifested with Orion spacecraft on the SLS Block 1B
launch vehicle. The modular platform configuration provides gradually improving habitability
and resources to initially perform 30-60 days stays in the lunar neighborhood and later increas-
ing to missions of 300-400 days or longer to test out capabilities needed for Mars missions.
25
HOW FUTURE OF HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION IS DEPENDENT ON

THE HISTORY OF SPACE
Jossec Julie Patarin
Centre Emile Durkheim
Why do nations undertake spaceflights, and why should they? It is a question equally
important for understanding the history of spaceflights and for divining its future. And it is a
question that history is in a unique position to illuminate. [1] Indeed, one can really under-
stand present decisions studying past one, and how repetition in history can influence plans to
come in the future. Political science calls this historical relativeness the institutional path de-
pendence [2], meaning that a political decision by a government is dependent on its past ori-
entations.
The same phenomenon can be observed in programs of space agencies: indeed, govern-
ments involved on the international space stage have different institutional, technical and scien-
tific background concerning how to build and drive a space program. Since current space op-
erations implicate an international coordination, managing these programs (such as the Interna-
tional Space Station) is a matter of transferring, translating and trading skills between space
powers involved in the partnership. Despite of it, governmental decisions also lay on cultural
background and advanced reflections about space engineering and astronautics. That is pre-
cisely why Russia remains one of the most powerful space power upon the international stage,
from the cognitive breakthroughs of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky to the construction of the Vos-
tochny space port.
This paper proposes to give a look backward in the sociopolitical history of manned space
achievements since the epic flight of Yuri Gagarin, in order to better look to future possibilities
of human space exploration, being aware of this historical dependence on the past of future
manned space programs. This reflexivity is important especially today, as human space explo-
ration is at a turning point where long-duration spaceflights are at agencies fingertips. Most of
all, this is important especially today, as words of the President Vladimir Putin during its
Speech at the Meeting of Russias Security Council on the Federal Space Policy in 2001 are
even truer in 2016: () it would be no exaggeration to say that today space exploration en-
sures global stability.
1. Dick Steven J. and Launius Roger D. (eds.) Critical issues in the history of spaceflights,
Washington, NASA Office of External Relations, History Division, 2006.
2. Pierson Paul, Increasing returns, path dependence and the study of politics, American
Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 2, p. 251-267, 2000.
26
CHINA MANNED SPACE PROGRAMME ACHIEVEMENT AND FUTURE

DEVELOPMENT
Mr. Liwei Yang
China Manned Space Agency
China has been conducting its national human space programme since 1993 following
three-step-strategy. Up to now, eleven space flight missions have been accomplished, sending
ten Chinese astronauts into space and returning them safely. China is establishing its Space Sta-
tion scheduled to be put into full utilization in around 2022. The programme has set up interna-
tional cooperation areas and basic principles to promote cooperation with rest of the world on
utilizing Chinas Space Station to benefit all mankind. As one of the main areas, the planned
experiments facilities for cooperation onboard the Station will be introduced. In particular, the
international cooperation with Russia Space Agency, European Space Agency and the United
Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs will be presented.
27
JAPANESE SPACE EXPLORATION STATUS AND FUTURE SCENARIO

Masuda Koichi
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
In Japan, intensive discussion had been made for the strategy and scenario for future space
exploration at ISS & Space Exploration subcommittee under the MEXT until June 2015, and
then the subcommittee published the 2nd report. In the report, step-by-step approach from the
ISS to the Moon and Mars was set as the key strategy for implementing space exploration. As
for the ISS, it was recommended to continue to participate in the ISS until 2024, and utilize it
for demonstration of new technologies. Key technologies to be researched and developed for
future space exploration were also clarified. Those are Landing and exploration technology on
gravity planets, Deep space resupply technology, Habitation technologies in deep space such
as environment control and life support, Radiation protection, Health management.
On the other hand, we have been conducting several robotic missions which demonstrate
technologies and survey data for future exploration. Those robotic missions include Kaguya,
Hayabusa, Hayabusa-2, and Akatsuki. Also, we have been participating in the International
Space Station (ISS) program by providing Japanese Experiment Module (KIBO), H-II Trans-
fer Vehicle as the Logistic Vehicle (KOUNOTORI), and Japanese Astronauts. Through the ISS
program, human space habitation technologies and human rated RVD technologies were ob-
tained and accumulated. Also, technologies for future space exploration will be demonstrated
on the ISS.
Based on the report and achievements so far, JAXA is conducting the internal technical
studies for the comprehensive scenario and plan for the space exploration considering develop-
ing and fostering the key technologies identified. The comprehensive scenario and plan for the
space exploration includes objectives, goals for science and human activity expansion, com-
prehensive architecture, high level system requirements, system concepts, roadmap for science
and technologies, and proposed missions. The study will be iterated by being reviewed within
JAXA and being consulted with stakeholders, and considering the international coordination
on the space exploration.
28
WATER ICE DEPOSITS ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON ACCORDING

TO THE SPACE PROBES.
S.G. Pugacheva, E.A. Feoktistova, V.V. Shevchenko
Sternberg Astronomical Institute Moscow University
During long time of the Moon investigation, the conviction that there can be no volatile
matters, and certainly no water on the dry lifeless Moon, prevailed in the scientific world. The
environmental conditions of the Moon, such as weak gravity and absence of the atmosphere,
inevitably lead to evaporation and diffusion of the volatile matters. First implicit data on the
deposits of frozen volatile matters were found by the American Clementine spacecraft in the
southern polar of the Moon. Reanalysis of the ranges of chemical content in the samples of lu-
nar soil, delivered to the Earth by the Apollo space missions and Luna-24 space station, also
shows weak line of hydrogen. Although the lunar samples were delivered from the areas locat-
ed close to the Moon equator, where the surface temperature reaches 400K. The new sensa-
tional data concerning the presence of hydrogen in the soil of the Moon were received by the
American lunar probes and confirmed by the space missions of the Lunar Prospector and LRO
spacecrafts, Indian Chandrayaan-1 lunar probe, and Japanese Kagua lunar probe. Investiga-
tions of the Chandrayaan-1 orbital space vehicles and American Deep Impact vehicle found
the spectral signs of water on the Moon. The task to search for water in the polar caps was suc-
cessfully solved by means of the space scientific apparatus Russia neutron spectrometer in-
stalled at the American space vehicle Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Neutron spectros-
copy method for the assessment of water presence in the near-surface layer of the polar caps of
the Moon was applied in the space research practice for the first time in this experiment. The
lunar neutron detector abroad LRO orbiter evaluated the neutron flux from the particular areas
of its surface. Neutron penetration strength depends on the soil composition and hydrogen
presence in the composition of the soil material even a slight share of hydrogen in the soils
fractions of 100ppm leads to significant changes of the neutron nuclear emission. The calcula-
tions show that addition of 0.1% hydrogen weight fraction to the matter of the near-surface
layer of the planet will be enough to reduce the epithermal neutron flux twice, and increase the
thermal neutron flux 10 times. The epithermal neutron flux attenuation from the surface area of
the planet is an evidence of hydrogen availability in the soil. Availability of 3-5 weight fraction
of hydrogen in the soil is equal to the content of water in the soil of 30-50 weight fraction. The
neutron flux fluctuation in the areas makes ~20%. The areal variability on the Moon appears as
a result of the distinction in the soil rock forming element content and slight changes in the hy-
drogen concentration (50-100 ppm).
29
STATUS REPORT ON HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT AND MICROGRAVITY RE-

SEARCH IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Michal Vaclavik
Czech Space Office, Human Spaceflight, Microgravity and Exploration Department,
Czech Republic
Research in the microgravity conditions and human spaceflight related research in the
Czech Republic have been reborn recent years. More than 30 experiments have been accom-
plished from mid seventies, with the significant decrement in the nineties. Czech scientists are
the most experienced in research of the human factors and physiology, astrobiology, radiation
dosimetry, fundamental physics and crystallization.
The biggest Czech contribution to microgravity research is the dedicated optical link for
synchronization of a pair of extremely precise atomic clock on board the International Space
Station (ISS) with stations on the ground. This experiment called European Laser Timing is
part of the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space instrument setup, which will be launched and at-
tached to the ESAs Columbus laboratory in 2017. Instruments will allow clock comparisons,
time transfer and ranging experiments in the optical domain. Several dosimetry experiments
were done during past years on ISS. One of the latest one, which included a three-dimensional
survey of the radiation environment in all segments of the station, started in 2012. Czech ex-
perts prepared sets of passive dosimeters attached to the side walls of Columbus laboratory
module. Onboard the Orion spacecraft / Exploration Flight Test 1 (EFT-1) was located an ac-
tive detector measured and recorded real values of space radiation penetrated inside the space-
craft. The Mars-500 mission simulation conducted by Russia, ESA and China, includes three
Czech research experiments that are to explore the dynamics of relationships in a small group
of people, changes in perception and memory related to long-term isolation and to examine the
source of human endurance in critical situations.
Others physiological, biological, medical, material and sociological experiments in micro-
gravity conditions will be implemented after 2016 using ISS, small satellites and ground based
facilities. A unique underwater experimental facility for scientists and a base for training astro-
nauts is being finished. It will enable a wide range of research studies and experiments in con-
trolled conditions. Also a new facility for microgravity and hypergravity education and re-
search will be finished next years.
International cooperation is particularly important for small countries. The Czech Republic
cooperates especially with ESA member states, Russian Federation, United States of America,
Japan and commercial providers.
30
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN HUMAN SPACE MISSIONS: THE

HERITAGE OF ITALIAN SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS ON ISS
Simona Di Ciaccio, Fabrizio Perrelli, Maria Cristina Falvella
Italian Space Agency (ASI)
By virtue of international cooperation, Italy is among the main countries in the construc-
tion and utilization of the ISS. In fact, Italy benefits from a double level of access to the ISS:
through ESA for the realization of the Columbus Orbital facility (COF) program and for the
utilization Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space, and through a bilateral protocol
with NASA (1997). According to it, in exchange for three Multi-Purpose Logistic Modules
(Leonardo, Raffaello e Donatello) to NASA, ASI acquired rights for the utilization of the re-
sources of the ISS and for at least six shuttle flights. Today more than 40% of the habitable
volume of ISS is Italian manufacture.
Since 2001 the Italian Space Agency has selected and supported 121 experiments and 202
researchers, mainly in the fields of human physiology and Biology and Biotechnology , but
also in Physical Science and Technology development and demonstration. Seven Italian astro-
nauts in ten space missions have spent 627 days in space, of which 587 after 2001. A recent
study analyses the effects of this heritage in three main fields: the communication and dissemi-
nation of the culture of space (through web, social media and educational programs), scientific
progress and the industrial involvement.
31
SECTION 2:
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CARRIED OUT BY HU-
MANS IN SPACE.
OBJECTIVES AND PROSPECTS
32
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1. A.G. Batischev, A.M. Galper, S.Yu. Aleksandrin, S.V. Koldashov, P.Yu.

Naumov,
P.P. Naumov. ALFA-ELECTRON experiment onboard the International Space
Station// Physics Procedia 74 ( 2015) 139 144.
2. . ., . . // . 2007. T.45.
4. C. 421.
3. Lehtinen N. G., Inan U. S., Bell T. F. // Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000. V. 27. P. 1095.
4. Gurevich A. V., Milikh G. M., Roussel-Dupre R. A. // Phys. Lett. A. 1992, V.
165. P. 463.
5. Pasko V.P., Qin J., Celestin S. // Surv Geophys 2013, V. 34, P. 797-830.
6. . ., . . // 002. ., 2004.
7. A.G. Batischev, S.Yu. Aleksandrin, Yu.B. Gurov, S.V. Koldashov, S.V.
Lapushkin, A.G. Mayorov. Multilayer Scintillation Detector for Nuclear Physics
Monitoring of Space Weather// Physics Procedia 74 ( 2015) 132 138.
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45
RUSSIAN-GERMAN PK-3 PLUS LABORATORY ON THE INTERNATION-

AL SPACE STATION: RESULTS OF THE COMPLEX PLASMA RESEARCH
V.I. Molotkov1, V.E. Fortov1, O.F. Petrov1, A.M. Lipaev1, V.N. Naumkin1, D.I. Zhu-
khovitskii1, G.E. Morfill2, H.M. Thomas3, A.V. Ivlev2, S.A. Khrapak1,3
1
Joint Institute of High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, 2 Max-
Planck-Institut fur extraterrestrische Physik, , 3Forschungsgruppe Komplexe Plasmen,
Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt,
Complex plasmas are plasmas containing small solid particles, typically in the mi-
crometer range, the so-called microparticles. These are dusty plasmas which are spe-
cially prepared to study fundamental processes in the strong coupling regime on the
most fundamental (kinetic) level, through the observation of individual microparticles
and their interactions. In laboratory ground conditions, the microparticles are heavily
affected by the force of gravity. Gravity leads to the sedimentation of the particles and
can be balanced either by a strong electric field in the sheath of a discharge or through
thermophoretic force due to a constant temperature gradient over the microparticle
cloud. Under microgravity conditions, e.g. on the International Space Station (ISS),
gravity is negligible. Since 2001 complex plasma research under microgravity condi-
tions is continuously performed in a Russian-German cooperation onboard the ISS
with the long-term laboratories PKE-Nefedov and PK-3 Plus, operational from 2001
to 2005 and from 2006 to 2013, respectively. The first laboratory, PKE-Nefedov, has
already provided great insight into the behavior of complex plasma under microgravi-
ty conditions. The follow-up laboratory, PK-3 Plus, has been improved considerably
compared to the first one and has been equipped with new diagnostic tools. It was per-
fectly suited for the formation of large stable liquid and crystalline systems and pro-
vided interesting insights into processes like crystallization and melting, laning and
phase separation in binary mixtures, electrorheological effects due to ac electric fields
and projectile interaction with a strongly coupled complex plasma cloud.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Russian Science Founda-
tion (Project No. 14-12-01235) and the support from DLR/BMWi (Grants No.
50WM0203 and 50WM1203).
46

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47
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON BOARD OF RUSSIAN SEGMENT OF ISS

Sergey Pichugin, Alexander Markov, Igor Sorokin, Vladimir Soloviyov, Alexander
Kalery
RSC Energia, Russia
An evaluation of current state of scientific research on board of Russian Segment of Inter-
national Space Station (RS ISS) is given. Advances and issues are listed in view of progressing
of Russian cosmonautics traditions, the ones based on oeuvre of S.P.Korolev.
ISS of today is the only habitable space platform available in near-Earth orbit for the whole
mankind, which is in operation all the time.
The most valued result of ISS Program is inviolable international cooperation set-up for
ISS complex special-purpose usage. And RS ISS is constantly evolving technical system,
which opens way to consistent improvement of conditions for doing research on its board.
A distinguishing for current stage of manned cosmonautics is not only projecting and
flight tests of separate spots of it, as it was in previous, but, additionally, forming brand new
strategy for ISS special-purpose usage control. That matches mankind constantly growing re-
quirements, as well as progress of computing technology and science.
Report summarizes data on scientific research have been made, and on space experiments
have been completed within more than fifteen years of manned space flight of RS ISS. The
most significant results are presented; the ones have been obtained by research payload operat-
ing on board of modules of RS ISS. Opportunities are shown to expand research on RS ISS,
the ones which will come up when new modules will go into operation. Also opportunities are
outlined for future manned complexes, those under development at S.P.Korolev RSC Ener-
gia.
48

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1. Novikova N. et al., Intern. J. Astrobiology, 14(1), 137 -142 (2015).

2. Demets R. et al., Intern. J. Astrobiology, 14(1), 33 - 45 (2015).
3. Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd, Instruction Manual for Usage of Hybri-Bags, Catalog Number SE-
S-1021-EX.
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61
ARTERIAL WALL DISTENSIBILITY AND THICKNESS CHANGE DURING

6 MONTH SPACEFLIGHT.
Philippe Arbeille, Romain Provost, Kathryn Zuj
UMPS-CERCOM, Faculte de Medecine - Universit, France.
The objective was to assess the change in distensibility of the Carotid and Femoral arteries
and compare these with the change in wall thickness.
Method: The Common Carotid (CC) and Superficial Femoral arteries (FA) of 10 astro-
nauts were investigated using echography at day 15 (FD15) and month 4-5 (FD 4-5m) inflight
onboard ISS, at postflight day 4 (R+4), and compare to preflight values. The astronaut record-
ed transverse cross section video of these vessels. The Distensibility Index (DI=(Ds-Dd)/Dd)
with Ds and Dd, Diameter in systole and diastole) was measured and compared with the inti-
ma media thickness (IMT).
Results: CC DI decreased inflight in all astronauts (from 8%+/-2 preflight to 5%+/-2 at
FD15 and to 4%+/-1 at FD 4-5m; P<0.05), and remained decreased at R+4 (5%/-2 P<0.05).
FA DI also decreased during the flight and postflight (Preflight 6%+/-2; FD15: 5%+/-2; FD 4-
5m: 4%+/-2(P<0.05), R+4: 3%+/-1 (P<0.0T). CC and FA IMT were found increased inflight
(by approx. +12% from preflight P<0.05) while post flight (R+4) only the Carotid IMT re-
mained elevated (P<0,05).
Discussion: The significant decrease in CC and FA DI, suggest an increase in stiffness of
the Carotid and Femoral arterial wall. Despite DI and IMT changed in similar proportion there
was no evidence that these were underlined by the same process. Inflight DI and IMT change
corresponded to 20-30years of aging in normal population. Blood pressure, exercise, nutrition,
were not significantly related to DI and IMT change. Metabolic disorder in relation with stress
environment are suspected to be at the origin of these changes.
62
A YEAR IN SPACE: EARLY RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM

THE FIRST YEAR-LONG EXPEDITION ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL
SPACE STATION
J.B. Charles, V.V. Bogomolov
NASA
Two ISS crewmembers, Mikhail Kornienko from Russia and Scott Kelly from the
United States, recently completed the first year-long orbital stay in two decades. Inter-
national cooperation was central to the success of their expedition.
This unique effort began in 2012 when the program managers of the ISS partner
nations adopted two separate goals: greater efficiency through multilateral cooperation
and a year-long expedition for experience with durations approaching that required for
a Mars mission. Russian and American human research investigations were augment-
ed by additional investigations from Europe and Japan. For example, Kelly was as-
signed 18 investigations (twice the complement on standard six-month missions) in-
cluding two joint U.S.-Russian studies, and two Russian and two Japanese studies.
The two joint U.S.-Russian investigations were the flagship biomedical studies of
the year-long expedition. The Fluid Shifts study used American research equipment
and a Russian operational stressor device to document the pattern and impacts of the
headward fluid shift long known to occur in weightlessness, including its role in ocu-
lar changes recently observed in some astronauts. The Field Test study investigated
the ability of the astronaut and cosmonaut to perform rudimentary tasks requiring sen-
sorimotor coordination immediately after landing to define human capabilities soon
after landing on Mars after an extended transit. Both investigations were highly suc-
cessful due to thorough integration of implementation processes of the partners.
Data analysis from this expedition will commence in earnest after frozen in-flight
samples are delivered to Earth in May aboard a commercial cargo spacecraft.
Detailed results are expected in early 2017. Preliminary results and implementa-
tion improvements will be reviewed in this presentation.
63
A YEAR IN SPACE: GOALS AND PLANS FOR FUTURE YEAR-LONG EX-

PEDITIONS ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
J. Charles, W. Paloski, M. Shelhamer, Y. Barr, S. Platts, J. Fogarty
NASA
The successful completion of a robust multilateral biomedical research program
during the ISS one-year mission represents the first step in a plan to prepare future
crews for multi-year Mars expeditions. Confidence in research outcomes requires 10-
12 crewmembers; thus, five more multilateral year-long missions are proposed.
NASAs Human Research Program (HRP) will lead an international biomedical
research consortium interested in evaluating novel health and performance challenges
during these yearlong missions to better prepare countermeasures for future explora-
tion missions well beyond low Earth orbit. HRP is establishing a set of standard
measures covering a broad range of physiological, psychological and habitability top-
ics to ensure data consistency across all missions. While limited to no more than 10-
15% of HRPs available crewtime, these measures are designed to evaluate the robust-
ness of current countermeasures while providing initial evidence for any new inflight
biomedical issues that may arise as mission duration doubles. The remainder of the
available crewtime will be devoted to ongoing and new risk reduction investigations.
Participation will be voluntary and will include all ISS partner agencies.
Future year-long ISS expeditions will require exchange of crew transport vehicles
before the end of their six-month lifetimes, permitting shorter visits by exchange
crews. Crewmembers on these visits of up to two months duration will also partici-
pate in the standard measures as well as other targeted research investigations. Com-
parison of two-month, one-year and standard six-month crewmembers results will
permit projection of trends to longer durations, identifying those requiring focused at-
tention in preparation for longer missions. Important changes will be identified using
noninferiority statistics.
This paper will detail the planning for the integrated program of two-month, six-
month and one-year missions.
64
ASTRONAUT CLOTHING FOR EXPLORATION MISSIONS

Darwin Poritz
JSC Engineering, Technology and Science Contract
Astronaut clothes for exploration missions beyond low Earth orbit need to satisfy several
challenges not met by clothing used currently, which is mostly cotton. The current work fo-
cuses on an International Space Station study with three astronauts and three cosmonauts wear-
ing exercise clothing onboard and on the ground, and routine-wear shirts onboard. The study
was a successful undertaking to collect usage and preference data on crew clothing from both
astronauts and cosmonauts. The collaboration between NASA and Roscosmos established a
sufficient programmatic priority for realizing the experiment, and provided a cross-cultural
perspective on clothing utilization. The participation of cosmonauts was supported by co-
investigator Dr. Rustem Kaspranskiy, Deputy Medical Director, Gargarin Cosmonaut Training
Center. Length of wear was assessed by statistical survival analysis, and preference by exact
binomial confidence limits. Fabrics were randomized to participants according to a cross-over
experimental design. Merino wool t-shirts and modacrylic t-shirts were worn longer on aver-
age than polyester t-shirts. On the other hand, self-assessed preferences were inconsistent with
length-of-wear behavior, as polyester was preferred to Merino wool and modacrylic. Onboard
laundering or freshening of garments is not expected to be available, and thus soiled garments
will be trashed, compacted and stored, since jettisoning waste will not likely be feasible. The
cabin oxygen concentration is expected to be higher than standard, and thus fabrics must better
resist ignition and burning. Fabrics need to be identified that reduce logistical mass, that can be
worn longer before disposal, that are at least as comfortable as cotton, and that resist ignition or
that char immediately after ignition. When ignited, Merino wool and modacrylic char like cot-
ton in ambient air, which is a desirable property, while polyester melts, which is unacceptable.
Human factors and psychology indicate that crew well-being and morale require a variety of
colors and styles to accommodate personal identity and preferences. Over the past four years,
the Logistics Reduction Project under NASAs Advanced Exploration Systems Program has
sponsored the Advanced Clothing System Task to conduct several ground studies and one ISS
study. These studies have evaluated length of wear and personal preferences of commercially-
available exercise-wear and routine-wear garments made from several fabrics (cotton, polyes-
ter, Merino wool, and modacrylic), knitted and woven.
65
ORGANIC SAMPLES PRODUCED BY ION IRRADIATION OF ICES FOR

THE EXPOSE-R2 MISSION ON THE ISS
Flamini E.4,Baratta G.A.1, Accolla M.1, Chaput D.2, Cottin H. 3, Palumbo M. E.1,
Piccirillo S.4 , Strazzulla G,1
1
INAF, Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Italy, 2 Centre National dEtudes
Spatiales (CNES), Centre Spatial de Toulouse, France, 3 Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systmes Atmosphriques (LISA), France, 4 Italian Space Agen-
cy (ASI), Italy
We describe the preparation and characterization (by UV-Vis-IR spectroscopy) of a set of
organic samples, stable at room temperature and above, that have been part of the experiment
Photochemistry on the Space Station (PSS) enclosed in the EXPOSE-R2 mission conducted
on the EXPOSE-R facility placed outside the International Space Station (ISS) on the URM-D
platform of the Russian module Zvezda. The organic materials that are stable at room tempera-
ture and above, were prepared in the Catania laboratory after 200 keV He+ irradiation of icy
mixtures, namely N2:CH4:CO (1:1:1) deposited at 16 K on MgF2 windows furnished by the
European Space Agency. It is widely accepted that such a kind of materials are representative
of organic material processed by cosmic ions in some astrophysical environments as e.g. com-
ets. Once expelled from comets these materials are exposed to solar radiation during their in-
terplanetary journey before they eventually land on Earth and other planetary objects where
they might give a contribution to the chemical and pre-biotical evolution. The prepared sam-
ples contain different chemical groups, including triple CN bonds that are considered relevant
to pre-biotic chemistry. From 22 October 2014, the samples had been exposed, for about six-
teen months, to the solar ultraviolet photons that are a major source of energy to initiate chemi-
cal evolution in the Solar System. PSS samples returned to Earth on Wednesday 2 March
2016. The organic samples are currently (March 24, 2016) at LISA (France) and will be avail-
able soon in our laboratory. This will allow analysis of their destruction or modification and
evaluation of their lifetime in the interplanetary medium. The samples have three different
thicknesses that will allow estimation of the depth profile of destruction.
References
1. Cottin H. et al. 2015, Bulletin de la Socit Royale des Sciences de Lige. 84, 60
2. Baratta G.A. et al. 2015, Planetary and Space Science, 118, 211
66
NEEDED SPACE STATION CREW ACTIVITY INVESTIGATIONS

Johannes B., Bubeev Y. A., Kotrovskaya T.I., Schastlivtseva D.V., Rittweger J.,
Bronnikov S.V.
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Experiences in long-term flights on space stations have provided evidence that the longer
the space mission, the more important become psychological factors, the required knowledge
about these factors, and their changes. During the flight, when psychological monitoring is
most important and needed, it becomes mostly difficult. The methods used should be objec-
tive, non-obtrusive, non-disrupting, mission related, useful for crew itself (immediate expert-
system based feedback) as well as that they should be neither tedious nor artificial nor abstract,
so that they will not be avoided but accepted by the crew. There is a heightened need for new
measurements and methods which are objective, reliable, computerized, continuously, or at
least repeatedly, applicable in order to achieve in a perfect setting - monitoring of nearly all
behavior and performances during a mission.
Irrespective if and how psychological monitoring is to be fully understood, it must first be
viewed as an essential support tool for the crew, parallel to the technical monitoring systems
e.g. of fuel and water quality. Rigorous selection of the crew favors those who are tough, en-
during, well-trained, performance-oriented, and unaccustomed to needing the help of psy-
chologists. Although these participants are honest in subjective self-evaluation, they tend to ex-
hibit repression. This requires re-thinking, and re-evaluation of psychological methodology.
Presently, psychological monitoring focuses usually only on performance in special and com-
mon tasks, for example docking training, or have a scientific background.
We still only have limited methods to objectively monitor all the indicators mentioned.
Sensitive observation and private conversation based on a trusting personal relation between
ground and crew remain the most important. Likewise, the monitoring of group cohesion and
group conflict should focus on the group dynamics, cultural life, events, group activities, sub-
group separation.
For an autonomous decision making of the crew, an independent computerized support
system on board could be a great assistance not only for technical problems.
There are first successful and promising attempts in video face emotion analysis. Voice
frequency analysis is a very promising approach for space psychology. Voice cross analysis
could indicate the common and individual amounts of communication but also the emotional
states and reactions of the speakers. A wireless group structure monitoring could provide in-
formation about the dynamics of the crew structure during the mission. Work sample analysis
represents an already well established method and is used as a routine monitoring. Really mis-
sion relevant skills (e.g. the hand controlled docking of a space craft on a space station or
catching a free flying object by means of a hand controlled robot arm) are refreshed and trained
during the mission, thus, providing information about the proficiency of the operators and
about their actual motivational state. If this professional monitoring is associated with a physio-
logical strain assessment, an indirect monitoring of the psychophysiological state is provided. It
seems possible to implement features of embedded testing of fundamental cognitive functions
67
into these refreshment trainers. However, areas such as automated daily duty analysis, analysis
of the cooperation quality during shared duties, analysis of readiness and progress in coping
with expert-system feedback or learning new things (e.g. the language of crew mates or new
skills) as well as a spare time use analysis are currently only at the proposal level.
68
EXPANDING NASA AND ROSCOSMOS SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION

ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
Hasbrook Pete, M.S.
Associate Program Scientist, International Space Station Program Science Office,
NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
The International Space Station (ISS) is a world-class laboratory orbiting in space. NASA
and Roscosmos have developed a strong relationship through the ISS Program Partnership,
working together and with the other ISS Partners for more than twenty years. Since 2013,
based on a framework agreement between the Program Managers, NASA and Roscosmos are
building a joint program of collaborative research on ISS.
This international collaboration is developed and implemented in phases. Initially, mem-
bers of the ISS Program Science Forum from NASA and TsNIIMash (representing Roscos-
mos) identified the first set of NASA experiments that could be implemented in the near
term. The experiments represented the research categories of Technology Demonstration, Mi-
crobiology, and Education. Through these experiments, the teams from the program and
operations communities learned to work together to identify collaboration opportunities, es-
tablish agreements, and jointly plan and execute the experiments. The first joint scientific activ-
ity on ISS occurred in January 2014, and implementation of these joint experiments continues
through present ISS operations.
NASA and TsNIIMash have proceeded to develop medium term collaborations, where
scientists join together to improve already-proposed experiments. A major success is the joint
One-Year Mission on ISS, with astronaut Scott Kelly and cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko, who
returned from ISS in March, 2016. The teams from the NASA Human Research Program and
the RAS Institute for Biomedical Problems built on their considerable experience to design
joint experiments, learn to work with each others protocols and processes, and share medical
and research data. New collaborations are being developed between American and Russian
scientists in complex fluids, robotics, rodent research and space biology, and additional human
research. Collaborations are also being developed in Earth Remote Sensing, where scientists
will share data from imaging systems mounted on ISS as well as other orbiting spacecraft to
improve our understanding of the Earth and its climate.
NASA and Roscosmos continue to encourage international scientific cooperation and ex-
panded use of the ISS Laboratory. Long-term, larger collaborations will achieve scientific
objectives that no single national science team or agency can achieve on its own. The joint ac-
complishments achieved so far have paved the way for a stronger international scientific
community and improved results and benefits from ISS.
69
ESTABLISHMENT OF U.S. AND RUSSIAN ACADEMIC PARTNERSHIPS

TO INCREASE THE ISS ADVANCED RESEARCH CAPACITY
Heath J. Mills
Space Technology and Advanced Research Systems Inc.
The International Space Station (ISS) represents one of the most advanced and important
research facilities ever constructed. Humanitys new era of permanent space occupancy has
created a pressing and paramount need to scientifically understand the overall effects this mi-
crogravity environment has on life. Additionally, understanding how microgravity effects fun-
damental biological reactions and processes creates a unique opportunity to develop new prod-
ucts that could improve overall quality of life on Earth. For nearly two decades, international
research efforts on the ISS have produced results describing that microgravity as both a benefi-
cial and detrimental effect on biology. Recent technological advances grant researchers the
tools needed to go beyond these initial descriptions and determine the mechanisms creating
these alterations. Now is the time to remove any roadblocks to conducting these advanced
studies and help facilitate research on the ISS for the betterment of all humanity. At present, the
research capabilities of ISS are drastically underutilized. A primary obstacle limiting research is
a lack of available crew time to conduct intravehicular experiments. To help alleviate this issue,
the establishment of research-centered partnerships between U.S. and Russian academic insti-
tutions would allow the IVA requirements for projects to be completed through the use of both
U.S. and Russian crew time. The overall objective of this program is to establish a research-
based, mutually beneficial partnership between Russian and U.S. researchers, implemented by
Space Technology and Advanced Research Systems Inc. (STaARS), to increase the quantity
and quality of research on the ISS in order to complete collaborative biological research exper-
iments. Central to the overall long term enhancement of research capacity on the ISS will be
the development of hardware that will facilitate on-board analysis of scientific experiments and
adjustable to a broad range of scientific objectives.
70
SECURING NON-TRADITIONAL FUNDING BY APPLYING INDUSTRY-

LEVEL COMPLIANCE TO RESEARCH PAYLOADS ABOARD THE IN-
TERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
Olivia Gamez Holzhaus, M.S., CEO
Rhodium Scientific, LLC
Scientific advancements benefiting humankind are made tangible through products and
technologies available to consumers in commercial markets. These products and technologies
are realized through processes encompassing quality control, are improved upon by research
and development (R&D), and conducted using standard operations within compliant laborato-
ries. Emerging into the commercial arena is the International Space Station (ISS), a specialized
laboratory with unprecedented potential to scientifically serve humanity via microgravity and
extreme environment R&D. In order to attract non-traditional funding sources from the com-
mercial sector, ISS operating agencies should alleviate industry-identified barriers to entry by
applying industry-standard protocols to scientific payload endeavors. The implementation of
these protocols should begin at project inception, carry through microgravity exposure, and
conclude upon post-flight analysis and final reporting. Integrating industry-level compliance to
R&D payloads would expedite and increase revenue streams provided by investors desiring
sponsorship opportunities for payloads with potential down-stream commercial application.
Rhodium Scientifics role in the commercial space industry is to implement operational
turn-key processes, technical training, and industry protocols for developers and researchers
seeking R&D payload funding or product placement within commercial markets.
Rhodium Scientific can solidify this pathway to commercial funding by identifying and es-
tablishing agreements between Russian and U.S. corporate entities having aspiration to either
internally expand core R&D capabilities, or to underwrite related microgravity endeavors. Ad-
ditionally, we can facilitate collaborative and intellectual property (IP) arrangements with aca-
demic institutions aiming to secure commercial funding for university research programs.
Aligning industry-level protocols with scientific payload hosted aboard the ISS will in-
crease agency success rates for securing monetary investments. This approach will also mature
international business and academic relationships while increasing the quality and quantity of
research conducted aboard the ISS.
71
EXPERIMENTS FOR STUDYING MOVEMENTS OF ANIMALS ON EARTH

USING THE ICARUS EQUIPMENT ON THE ISS RS
Naumann W.2, Belyaev M.Yu.1, Iurina O.A.1, Mikrin E.A.1, Muller U.2, Pitz W.3,
Tertitsky G.M.4, Wikelski M.2
1
S.P. Korolev RSC Energia, 2 Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 3 SpaceTech
GmbH, 4 Institute of Geography RAS
The paper reviews issues involved in the planned study of movements of animals on Earth
using ICARUS (International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space) equipment on
the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS RS). It discusses principal methods
for studying animal migrations, their advantages and drawbacks. It provides an analysis of the
existing transmitters for animal movement studies. It describes a procedure for conducting ex-
periments with ICARUS scientific equipment onboard the ISS RS and its configuration. A gen-
eral view of the tag attached to an animal is provided along with its performance data. It de-
scribes an approach to the integration of onboard equipment of the ICARUS system into ISS
RS. Performance data for the ICARUS onboard equipment are provided. It describes a se-
quence of steps for establishing connection between a tag and the onboard equipment. It pro-
vides a description of the Movebank databank for storing animal tracking data and its major
functions. It discusses the tasks of studies using science equipment ICARUS which is of inter-
est for space experiment Uragan that is being run on the ISS RS. It provides examples of pos-
sible studies of animal movement and migration before natural disasters, study and monitoring
of dissemination of virus infections dangerous for human beings that are transmitted by ani-
mals.
72
STRATEGIC USE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION FOR EX-

PLORATION, SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT, AND ECONOMIC DEVEL-
OPMENT
Julie A. Robinson
International Space Station Program, NASA, Johnson Space Center
Since 2005, NASA has had dual goals for its use of the International Space Station (ISS).
The first goal is to complete research needed for future exploration missions, particularly to
reduce the impacts of being in space on the human body, and to validate new technologies so
that they are ready for missions outside low Earth orbit. The second goal is to enable scientific
research aimed at advancing the quality of life on Earth, including commercial research and
development and research by other government agencies. This second mission of ISS utiliza-
tion began when the US resources on the ISS were designated as a US National Laboratory.
A non-profit organization, the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS), was
selected to manage interfaces with other government agencies and the private sector. Since
that time, significant effort has gone into providing information about space research opportu-
nities to the research and development community, and in to streamlining ISS operations to
make research more cost-effective and timely for these users. The ISS National Laboratory
has grown to fill over 50% of several key research resources. It has also enabled innovative
research and development that has played a role in the development of new pharmaceuticals
and industrial materials and processes. Several key initiatives from CASIS are now linking
together NASA-funded users and ISS National Laboratory users, including the Good Health
and Good Earth initiatives. These efforts are synergistic with projects from NASA such as the
Human Research Program, GeneLab, Physical Science Informatics, and demonstration of new
Earth observation technologies. This paper will summarize the growth and interactions be-
tween these two approaches to research since 2011, and outline some of the benefits that have
come from including both types of users in the ISS research portfolio.
73
INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVE OF RESULTS FROM THE ISS

Tara Ruttley, Julie Robinson
NASA
NASAs International Space Station (ISS) celebrated 15 years of operations in November
2013 and is living up to expectations as a leading space laboratory, hosting state-of-the-art sci-
ence facilities and providing researchers with a continuous microgravity environment to con-
duct investigations across many disciplines. The International Space Station (ISS) partnership
recognizes the importance of maintaining a repository of information that communicates the
objectives and outcomes from all ISS utilization activities during the life of the program. The
ISS Program Science Office at NASA Johnson Space Center has worked in collaboration with
the ISS partners in collecting such information for nearly a decade. ISS investigations are cata-
loged along with objectives, related operational information, and associated results publica-
tions and maintained in a permanent archive that is available publically at www.nasa.gov/iss-
science. The information gathered in this archive is used for communicating the goals and ben-
efits of ISS utilization with the public, political entities, and researchers. Investigation objec-
tives are collected from ISS partners during research planning periods, and results publications
are obtained through extensive database searches, communication with principal investigators,
attending conferences, and from communication with senior scientists across the partnership
within ISS Program Science Forum. ISS results publications come in the form of scientific
journals, conference proceedings, and gray literature (books, DVDs, magazine articles, tech-
nical papers), and encompass those results obtained directly from ISS research, ground based
results, patents, and results related to the primary ISS research. In 2016, total ISS publication
counts reached over 1,800 and the challenges now are to analyze these publications and those
that continue to come in a way that can speak to the uniqueness and value of ISS utilization,
and to share these publications and analyses as widely as possible to all ISS stakeholders. As
ISS research activities and operations continue, new results will be produced and shared, lead-
ing to innovative ways to continue to utilize ISS while offering innovative solutions to prob-
lems on Earth.
74
SECTION 3-A:
A BIOMEDICAL PROBLEMS OF HUMAN SPACE
MISSIONS. SPACE FLIGHT INFLUENCE ON HU-
MAN BODY
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126
HIGH RESOLUTION AND TELEOPERABLE ULTRASOUND PROBE

TRANSDUCER AND ECHOGRAPH DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING CAR-
DIOMED EQUIPEMENT (VALIDATION ON 100 PATIENTS)
Ph. Arbeille 1, S. Barde 2, D. Chaput 2
1
UMPS-CERCOM (Unit Med Physiol Spatiale), Faculte de Medecine, Tours, France,
2
CNES (Centre National dEtude spatiale) Toulouse France.
Purpose: The objective was to design and validate a Tele-Operated UltRasound System
(TOURS) to perform ultrasound examinations on isolated patients or astronauts onboard the
ISS.
Methods: A commercially available portable echograph was modified to allow functions
(Doppler, 2D, 3D, elastography, etc.) and settings (gain, depth, freeze, record, etc.) to be tele-
operated through an Internet connection. Specialized probes were developed which contained
motorized transducers that could be teleoperated to change the transducer orientation. The sys-
tem was installed and tested in four medical centres 50km, 60km, 1800km, and 7000km away
from the University Hospital.
Results: Using the teleoperated system, 100 examinations were performed on the abdomen
and pelvis (36%), vascular structures (42%), and small parts (ex. thyroid and muscle, 22%),
and 15 were performed on fetuses. The expert sonographer was able to teleoperate the echo-
graph and motorized probe to obtain images of sufficient quality for diagnoses in 97% of the
cases. The average time for one examination was 174min. This new system (400cm3 430g)
was found much more ergonomic than a robotic arm previously developed by us for tele-
echography (35x35x35cm3 weight 3-4 kg). In addition, the expert device consisted of a mo-
bile portable PC with a dummy probe USB connected. At last the teleoperation of the echo-
graph settings and functions allowed for greater ease in acquiring images resulting in faster ex-
aminations with improved quality images.
Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that the teleoperated echograph and
probe system was successfully validated on patient and could be used on astronauts onboard
ISS.
127
LONG TERM MONITORING OF PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES FOR

DETERMINATION OF NORMAL AND CRITICAL SITUATIONS IN COR-
RELATION TO PERFORMANCE ASPECTS IN SPACE FLIGHTS
H.-U.Balzer1, M.Stueck2
1
Chronomar GmbH, Wartenburgstr.1, 10963 Berlin, Germany, 2DPFA Hochschule
Sachsen, Breithauptstrae 3-5, 08056 Zwickau, Germany
The detection of critical states is important for the safety and health of the crew for future
long-term missions. The occurrence of critical health situations can jeopardize the success of a
mission. Some of critical situations during spaceflights are, among others, short Blackout's,
hypersensitive reactions, uncertainty - and anxiety, acute or chronic stress disorders, depressive
reactions and eventually also neurotic or psychotic behavior. During working time, it comes
with normal activity to natural phases of decreased efficiency, especially during the so-called
windows to fall asleep, approximately every 4 hours. Since the mid-90s the measurement sys-
tem - smardwatch - for the noninvasive measurement of vegetative functions (muscle activi-
ty/behavior, emotional response/skin resistance, nerval - cognitive reaction/skin potential, tem-
perature regulation, 3D acceleration) was developed, followed applied under different terrestri-
al conditions (work load studies, clinical trials, psychological studies of small groups) and par-
tially also used in space experiments (Bion10 space flight study 1992, HUBES-Isolation Study
1995, SFINCSS-Study 1999). On the basis of this and other various studies results of persons
with vigorous work stress, athletes and the expedition members in extreme environment, high
mountain expeditions (up to 8000 Meter) the occurrence and the movement in time of emo-
tional and cognitive fatigue during long term monitoring with psycho-physiological diagnostic
system smardwatch (24 h up to 10 weeks) will be presented. Based on these studies the occur-
rence of errors during the subjects performance associated with Blackout's and cramping situa-
tions is demonstrated. The relationship between relaxation ability and concentration perfor-
mance is illustrated. The possibility of using the psychobiological diagnostic system smard-
watch for determining the health status as well as the detection of inter-individual behavior pat-
tern on long time space flights is drawn on examples.
128
WHERE FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN

ASTRONAUTS
Rupert Gerzer1, Julia Stingl2,3, Susanne Welker2, Gunther Hartmann4, Volker
Damann5
1
Skoltech University, Moscow, Russia, 2Research Division, Federal Institute for Drugs
and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany, 3Centre for Translational Medicine, University
Bonn Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany, 4Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical
Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany, 5European Space Agency, Co-
logne, Germany
On the International Space Station (ISS), a list of drugs is available to cover typical emer-
gency settings, as well as the long-term treatment of common conditions for the use in self-
medicating common ailments developing over a definite period. Here, we scrutinized the list of
the 78 drugs permanently available at the ISS (year 2014) to determine the extent to which
their metabolism may be affected by genetic polymorphisms, potentially requiring genotype-
specific dosing or choice of an alternative drug. We found that in about every third drug, indi-
vidual dose adjustments or therapy modifications may be recommended for individuals who
belong to the extreme metabolizer groups such as the poor or the ultrarapid metabolizers.
As a relatively high percentage of individuals are susceptible to altered drug metabolism,
the results strongly indicate a need to:
1. Update the onboard available medications and use drugs that are not or only marginally
susceptible to altered metabolism.
2. Analyze the drug metabolism genotypes of astronauts in order to protect them from
possible mistreatment in case of medication need before, during or after their space-
flight.
Further reading: PLoS ONE 10 (10): e0140764. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140764
129

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130
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ASTRONAUT STANDARDIZED CAREER DOSE

LIMITS IN LOW EARTH ORBIT AND THE OUTLOOK FOR BEYOND LOW
EARTH ORBIT/BLEO.
Susan McKenna-Lawlor (and the SG 3.19 Team)
Space Technology Ireland,Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
This presentation is based on the findings of IAA Cosmic Study Group SG 3.19:
Feasibility Study of Astronaut Standardized Career Dose Limits in Low Earth Orbit and
the outlook for Beyond Low Earth Orbit/BLEO,which investigated various facets of the prob-
lem of achieving viable human exploration in deep space.
Space flight influences on the human body are outlined against the background of the ca-
reer dose limits currently utilized by NASA to mitigate against cancer and non-cancer effects
potentially incurred by astronauts in Low Earth Orbit. Other potential influences on health that
should be taken into account when estimating the overall risk to humans in LEO and beyond
are also discussed. General Conclusions and recommendations arising from Study 3.19 are
presented and it is shown that implementation of the various recommendations made can pro-
vide avenues along which to globally advance towards ultimately carrying out, within a
framework of, multi-disciplinary, international cooperation, long duration human journeys in
BLEO.
131
RECOVERY OF FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF COSMONAUTS AFTER SPACE

FLIGHTS
Medenkov A.A.
Polyet
Recovery of functional status of cosmonauts after space flights is a need for maintaining
their health and psycho-physiological readiness to pursue professional activities. During the
flight cosmonauts are exposed to adverse factors, first and foremost, weightlessness. Despite
measures, which taken to compensate for the adverse effects, it is managed not in full degree.
Adverse effect after interplanetary expeditions will be more. And this will complicate readapta-
tion of cosmonauts to Earth's gravity. In this regard, the system of recovery of functional status
of cosmonauts after space flights must be improving. Therefore, the development of method-
ology, means and technologies of recovery of the functional status of cosmonauts after flights
is vital medico-psychological task. In special research there was conducted a comparison of
indicators of cosmonauts rehabilitation after the flights with indicators of their readiness for
flight and changes of their psychosomatic status during the flight, as well as indicators of read-
iness to return to the Earth's gravity. The structure of indicators characterizing the changes in
functional status of cosmonauts due to exposure to factors and indicators used in health-
improving clinic in the rehabilitation process was analyzed. There was marked the lack of spe-
cialized health centers having adequate recovery technologies for restoring of cosmonauts
psychosomatic status, taking into account the specifics of changes in resulting of impact of pro-
longed weightlessness and other factors of space flight. The experience of medical rehabilita-
tion proves the effectiveness of rehabilitation, taking into account the genetic, physiological,
biochemical and other characteristics of the organism. Methods, means and technologies for
rehabilitation must be selection with accounting of etiology and pathogenesis mechanisms of
violations. There is recommended control of functional state of cosmonauts by using reliable
indicators during process of recovery. The structure and content of the rehabilitation should
take into account the specificity of the effects of space flight factors on organism and focus on
restoring the values of their indicators according to pre-flight levels using adequate methods,
means and technologies. There is a need to create a system of methods, techniques and tech-
nologies to recover functional status cosmonauts after the flights, taking into account not only
the pathogenesis of violations, but also modern technologies, functional state recovery algo-
rithms for the integrated assessment of their health status and individual selection methods and
means. Based on the foregoing, there is a need to create a specialized medical rehabilitation
center for dynamic monitoring of the health status of cosmonauts before spaceflights and for a
full-fledged recovery and treatment after the flights, as well as for spa relaxation together with
family members during annual leave.
132
ACTIVE SHIELDING FROM IONIZING RADIATION IN MANNED LONG

DURATION SPACE FLIGHTS: RESULTS OF THE EU FP7 SR2S COOPER-
ATIVE PROJECT.
Piero Spillantini
on behalf of SR2S collaboration
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
Cosmic rays are one of the main showstoppers for the human exploration of the Solar Sys-
tem. The reduction of the radiation dose released to the crew in long duration manned flights is
a technological challenge. Passive shieldings are insufficient to reduce the dose deposited by
the steady flux of the energetic Galactic Cosmic Rays below the nowadays recommended lim-
its and active shieldings are needed. Magnetic systems have been often considered, the most
promising constituted by superconducting toroidal coils. In the EU FP7 SR2S (Space Radia-
tion Superconducting Shielding) project the dose reduction obtained by several toroidal con-
figurations of different volumes and masses are evaluated by Montecarlo simulations based on
Geant4 and Fluka codes. Realistic models of the toroidal coils and of the supporting mechani-
cal structures are used. In a realistic situation, the secondary particles produced by the interac-
tion of cosmic rays with the active shielding materials are the major source of the crew radia-
tion dose. A large part are fast neutrons, that, not deflected by the magnetic field, reach the hab-
itat and drastically reduce the effectiveness of the active shield. The dose reduction to the crew
is limited to not more than a factor two also at the highest intensities of the considered magnet-
ic fields. Also open configurations were analyzed, which take advantage by a wide stray field;
they resulted inefficient since require huge magnetic structures to generate an effective shield-
ing field.
133
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134
MECHANORECEPTORS AND SIRTUINS, NEW PLAYERS IN THE PHYSI-

OPATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO MICROGRAVITY
M. Tafani1, M. Aventaggiato1, E. Ferretti1, M.L. Bang2, F. Ferranti3
1
Dept of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy, 2 IRCCS
Humanitas Milan, Milan, Italy, 3 Italian Space Agency, ASI, Italy
Life on Earth has evolved in the presence of gravity. This signal is constitutively sensed by
every cell of every living organism. Interruption or reduction of gravity signaling, i.e. micro-
gravity, represents a major stress causing significant cellular remodeling and even cell death. In
fact, physiopathological effects of microgravity are particular important when such cell loss
concerns post mitotic tissues such as skeletal and cardiac muscle, bone and nervous system. It
would be therefore important to unravel some of the molecular players and signaling pathways
that are altered by microgravity.
To pursue this aim we focus our study on two classes of proteins: Cysteine rich proteins
(CRPs), Palladins and Sirtuins. CRPs and Palladins are structural proteins associated with the
cytoskeleton that, upon mechanical stimuli, can shuttle between the cytosol and the nucleus
controlling gene expression. On the other hand sirtuins are deacylases activated by diet, exer-
cise, etc. and controlling cellular metabolic status. Interestingly, sirtuins activity can be modu-
lated either pharmacologically or by changing diet or exercise regimen.
Our hypothesis is that, in gravity conditions CRPs and sirtuins interact to coordinate struc-
tural and metabolic function of the cell. By contrast, microgravity alters CRPs intracellular re-
distribution and interaction with sirtuins, an event that results in cellular suffering and death.
To test our hypothesis we are employing muscle, bone and neuronal cellular systems si-
lenced or overexpressing CRPs, Palladins and Sirtuins as well as cells derived from tissues of
CRPs and Palladin knock out (KO) mice. These cells have been subjected to experimental mi-
crogravity to test their morphology, survival and ultrastructure. Intracellular levels and redistri-
bution of CRPs, Palladins and Sirtuins have been measured on cytosolic and nuclear fractions.
Sirtuins deacylasic activity has been measured by biochemical assays. Finally, CRPS and
Sirtuins interaction has been assessed by immunoprecipitation. Our preliminary results in skel-
etal muscle cells show that: i) CRPs change their intracellular localization under microgravity;
ii) CRPs silencing decreases cell survival under microgravity; iii) CRPs interact and alter intra-
cellular distribution of Sirtuins.
We conclude that our study may be exploited to suggest new strategies to maintain or re-
cover post-mitotic tissue function under microgravity.
135
ASI SCIENCE ON ISS - THE 2017 BIOMISSION

Marco Vukich1, Gabriele Mascetti2, Giovanni Valentini2, Enrico Flamini2, Gianluca
Neri1
1
Kayser Italia, 2Italian Space Agency (ASI)
Keywords: Biomission, Experiment Unit, Cell culture
Under the aegis of a bilateral Memorandum of Understanding with NASA for the scien-
tific utilization of the International Space Station (ISS), since 2001 the Italian Space Agency
(ASI) has been taking advantage of some exploitation rights. Thanks to this agreement, ASI
carried out a number of experiments on board the ISS, mostly in the field of the Life Sciences.
In the same memorandum, ASI got the right for six flight opportunities for Italian Astronauts,
consisting in three STS missions and three long duration ISS missions.
In the same frame, after the DAMA mission with ESA astronaut and ITAF Colonel Rob-
erto Vittori, the VOLARE mission with ESA astronaut and ITAF Major Luca Parmitano, the
FUTURA mission with ESA astronaut and ITAF Captain Samantha Cristoforetti, the next
coming 2017 mission with the ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli is another major milestone. Paolo
Nespoli is a spaceflight veteran; this will be his third flight to the ISS and the second long term
duration mission. He will be member of the Expedition 52 and 53 with the role of Flight Engi-
neer.
136
SECTION 3-B:
CREW TRAINING
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for planning the ISS cosmonaut training // Preprint Nr. 12. Magdeburg: Institut fur Mathe-
matische Optimierung. 2015. 33 p.
169
SECTION 4:
APPLICATION OF AUTOMATIC AND ROBOTIC
SYSTEMS IN HUMAN SPACE MISSIONS
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174
ESTIMATION OF INFORMATIONAL-MANAGEMENT MAN-MACHINE

SYSTEMS
Barybina E.V.
NPO im. S.A.Lavochkina
Estimation of informational-management man-machine systems of space assignment is an
integral part of their design, testing and examination. Results of the assessment are used to se-
lect the best design and hardware-software solutions and timely identification and elimination
of deficiencies for increasing of effectiveness and reliability of man-machine systems. The
most complex task is assessment of accounting of psychophysiological capabilities and charac-
teristics of human to ensure the reliability of professional activity. Existing state and industry
standards in the area of ergonomic ensuring of development and exploitation of human-
machine system contain requirements to the means, conditions and organization of the opera-
tor activity. Guide to ensure the ergonomic design and test of this system defines methods,
ways and procedures for estimation capabilities and characteristics of human-operator. How-
ever, indicators and criteria for the evaluation of information-management man-machine sys-
tems, they do not establish. As a rule, section ergonomic requirements of technical specifica-
tions for development of a system of "man-machine" does not contain of indicators and criteria
for the evaluation of professional activity of the human operator. Thus, normative-technical
documents governing the design and testing of man-machine systems, not install indicators
and criteria for evaluating human-operator activity. This is largely connected with presentation
of requirements only to appointment, tasks and working conditions and to reliability of tech-
nical functioning of information-management man-machine systems. In addition, at the stage
of development of such systems the establishment of quantitative and qualitative performance
requirements of professional activity of the human operator is not always possible. In this re-
gard, the documents require accomplishing of special studies on ergonomic maintenance of
development and testing of such systems. The base of such research is consist of conceptual
synthesis of future professional activity and modeling operator tasks, as well as determination
of conditions and factors that influence both on process and on functional state of human-
operator. The results of such syntheses are become source for spending a priori psychophysio-
logical analysis of activity structure and evaluation from the standpoint of accounting of psy-
chophysiological capabilities and characteristics of human-operator. At the stages of engineer-
ing design in connection with the use of the possible prototypes, models or subsystems, com-
ponents, and information-management systems laboratory or field studies with subsequent
same psycho-physiological analysis and evaluation can be organized. Thus, during design of
man-machine systems of space assignment must be provide the consistent consideration of
proposed design and hardware-software solutions from point view of opportunities of human-
operator for ensuring his reliability of professional activity.
175

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3. Fink Patrick W. (2013) RFID-Based Asset Management for Space Habitats / Fink Pat-
rick W. // . . URL: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20140000779
, 12.12.2015.
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203
OPERATION OF ICARUS EXPERIMENT ON-BOARD THE ISS

Vera C.1, Dittrich L.1, Cesaro M.1, Volkov O.N. 2, Voronin F.A. 2, Sinitsyn S.O.2
Shitikov O.V2.
1
SpaceTech GmbH, 2RSC Energia S.P. Korolev
ICARUS is a scientific program aiming for worldwide tracking of small animals from
space within short revisit times. In order to evidence the feasibility of the system, a demonstra-
tor payload will be installed on the Russian Segment of the Internal Space Segment under a
joint cooperation program between DLR and ROSCOMOS.
The operation of the ICARUS payload on the ISS consists of the management of ICARUS
on-board equipment (OBE) and the science operation.
Discrete housekeeping sensors are installed in the OBE in order to allow continuous
housekeeping monitoring via the telemetry monitoring system of the ISS and to support the
installation of the equipment by the cosmonauts during the intra and extra-vehicular activities.
The on-board data handling functionality of ICARUS is implemented in the ICARUS on-
board computer (OBC-I). It will manage the commanding and science data handling of the
tags as well as the housekeeping and telecommand handling of the OBE.
The ICARUS payload Mission Control Center in Korolev (Moscow) will be responsible
for monitoring and controlling the OBE from Ground using the telemetry received from the
OBE. On the other hand, the User Data Center will be responsible for handling the science in-
formation and commanding the tags through the OBC-I.
The presentation provides an overview of the operation of the OBE, the interaction be-
tween the OBE, the Russian Segment of the ISS and the Ground Segment. Additionally, the
management of the tag telecommands, the science information and synchronization aspects
will be treated.
204
A VISUAL PERCEPTION AND INTELLIGENCE SERVO SYSTEM USED

FOR SPATIAL DEBRIS ACTIVE CLEARING ROBOTS
Lei Gao1,2, Zhihui Zheng 1,2
1
National Laboratory of Aerospace Intelligent Control Technology, Beijing, China
2
Beijing Aerospace Automatic Control Institute, Beijing, China
With the development of space launch mission worldwide in the recent years, a large
number of in-orbit space crafts become invalid, which is a serious challenge of eective utili-
zation of space resources and is a threat to the safe operation of the spacecraft in-orbit. Space-
based active space debris removal technology is the root and eective measures to achieve the
space resource utilization and harmless management, and will reinforce the near-earth space
sustainable recycling ability. First of all, this paper introduces the reasons of space debris and
their hazards, and then describes the worldwide measures to eliminate space debris currently
taken. The main contribution of our work is the design of a space robot which can clear space
debris actively, with the situational awareness capability of space environment in all domains
and autonomous decision-making capacity, with a manipulator to catch space debris. The
space robot designed breakthrough two main key technologies, one is moving space target
full eld scanning and recognition, and another is intelligent visual servo control. Using the
algorithm of deep neural network learning, the robot could recognize waste satellite from any
view. Our system applies kernel correlation ltering target tracking technology to provide me-
chanical crawl accurate position and orientation of the target in real-time. Experimental results
show that the system has the ability of remote target acquisition and autonomous identication.
By prior knowledge, the system achieves the goal of arrest decision making. The space robot
with visual servo system clear the specied waste satellite according to the real time target po-
sition information provided by the tracking system.
205
A ROBOTIC PRECURSOR MISSION TO THE MOON FOR RADIATION

SENSING USING NANOSATELLITES
Riccardo Di Roberto 1, Filippo Graziani 2, Jean-Michel Contant 3
1
GAUSS Srl, 2 GAUSS Srl President, 3 IAA Secretary General
The space environment outside the Earth magnetosphere is particularly dangerous for or-
ganic tissues or sensitive electronic devices, especially when they are not properly shielded
from highly energetic particles.
Outside any planetary magnetic field, charged particles are not deviated nor absorbed,
therefore the radiation hazard is substantially greater than the typical Earth environment. Ex-
tensive studies have shown that a similar environment can be found in the inner and the outer
Van Allen belts, which are especially dangerous for spacecraft electronics, because of the high
flux of charged particles, i.e. electrons of hundreds of keV and protons exceeding 100MeV.
Lunar parking orbits, due to the absence of any magnetic field surrounding the Moon, are an
unsafe environment for humans in terms of ionizing radiation. The source of charged particles
are Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEP). GCRs are particularly
dangerous because of their heavier nuclei composition, since the energy deposition is propor-
tional to the atomic number squared. SEP events are mainly composed of protons and alpha
particles, with a variable heavy nuclei content; they are less energetic than GRCs, but their flux
is much higher, with an energy spectra variable from event to event. GRC events are unpre-
dictable, while SEP fluxes may be associated with the solar activity near active regions of the
Sun surface.These radiation sources may pose a significant threat to the health of astronauts for
long-term future lunar manned missions. The proposed satellite will include an Energetic Par-
ticle Detector (EPD) designed for light particles and ions, and it will sense the Time-Of-Flight
(TOF) and arrival direction of the flux. The instantaneous spacecraft attitude will be logged by
the satellite ADCS to establish the fixed coordinates of the particles source.
The satellite will look for GCRs while orbiting over the dark side of the satellite, and it will
study SEP events when passing over the illuminated side. It will serve as an early warning sys-
tem in order to provide valuable data to human manned missions.
The satellite will be shaped as a 6U CubeSat, and it will include a low thrust engine to in-
dependently accomplish basic orbital maneuvers. In particular, the satellite will be first injected
into a high Moon parking orbit, in order to benefit for the lower V required for orbit plane
change maneuvers at high altitudes. The satellite will position itself into a lunar orbit of i =
27, since it is a critical inclination to achieve the best orbital stability, given the presence of
lunar mascons, which are a cause of great perturbances on most Lunar orbits. It will then low-
er its altitude to better assess the quantity of particles albedo from the lunar surface, to investi-
gate whether it poses any risk to human life.
By using a compact-sized platform such as a CubeSat, the launch and mission costs would
be greatly reduced, thus allowing the launch of several platforms in the same cluster launch.
This work deals with the mission analysis, the V required for the mid-course maneuvers,
and the selection of the particles sensor.
206
ROBOTICS IN SPACE: A COMMON CHALLENGE FOR HUMAN AND RO-

BOT
Grunwald.G.
German Aerospace Center
Space robots are getting more and more important to our overall ability to operate in space.
The reasons are manifold. Robots can be sent into situations that are so risky that humans
would not be allowed to go. They can perform tasks less expensively or on an accelerated
schedule, with less risk and occasionally with improved performance over humans doing the
same tasks. Space robots are general purpose machines performing tasks for example assem-
bly, construction, maintenance, servicing, exploration or other tasks that may or may not have
been fully understood at the time of the design of the robot. In general the robots will not oper-
ate fully autonomously. Humans will control space robots. Hereby we differentiate between
local control with a short speed-of-light delay less than 0.75seconds or with non-negligible
speed-of-light delays up to minutes and even hours.
The presentation of the DLR Institute of Robotics and Mechatronics covers their activities
and experiences in on-orbit servicing. This includes the description of the robotic system, the
sensory setup and the robotic operations needed for the different applications. A special focus
will be on the cooperation between the cosmonaut in space or the human on ground and the
space robot system. Actual results of the Russian-German space project KONTUR-2 are pre-
sented.
207
ICARUS SYSTEM ON THE RUSSIAN SEGMENT OF THE INTERNATION-

AL SPACE STATION
Pitz W.1, Vera C.1, Gertenbach L.1, Zhukov A.1, Vasilev K.V. 2, Drobyshev A.I. 2,
Kireevichev S.S.2 Alimov M.A2
1
SpaceTech GmbH, 2S.P. Korolev RSC Energia
ICARUS is a scientific program aiming for worldwide tracking of small animals from
space within short revisit times. In order to evidence the feasibility of the system, a demonstra-
tor payload will be installed on the Russian Segment of the Internal Space Segment (ISS) un-
der a joint cooperation program between DLR and ROSCOMOS.
The ICARUS On-board Equipment will consist of two main blocks; the ICARUS on-
board Computer (OBC-I) and the Antenna Assembly. The OBC-I will be installed inside the
Zvezda Service Module. It will contain the data handling system, the receiver analogue and
digital signal processing and most of the transmitter baseband functionality.
The Antenna Assembly will be installed with the dedicated mast at the port side of the
Universal Workplace (URM-D) outside the ISS. It consists of a receive phased-array antenna
generating three different receive beams and one transmit helix antenna. Amplifiers, filters and
part of the transmitter electronics are also included.
The OBC-I and the Antenna Assembly will be interconnected using harness partially al-
ready on-board the ISS and partially developed for the program.
The Antenna Assembly will be installed during an extra-vehicular activity conducted by
the crew on the ISS. An extensive cosmonaut training will be performed on-ground. Due to
high requirements on the antenna performance, the size of the antenna represents a challenge
for the installation as well as for the ground testing.
The presentation provides a technical overview of the program, the proposed solutions for
the main challenges and the future steps.
208
SECTION 5:
FUTURE HUMAN SPACE PROJECTS. SCIENTIFIC
APPROACH AND CONCEPTS
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233
THE EXOLIFE: GAS DUST STREAMS AND SEEDS

Khavroshkin O.B., Tsyplakov V.V.
Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS, Moscow, Russia
The hypothesis that bacteria and protozoa microorganisms are able to travel from one
planet to another and become of exolife was not taken seriously by the scientific community
for a long time. However at the end of the XX century the situation changed dramatically.
Firstly, in 1990, meteorites consisting of Martian rocks were found. Secondly, it became clear
that many microorganisms especially bacteria spores have an uncanny ability to endure the
rugged environment of the outer space for a long time and then re-activate in a more favorable
environment. If we compare these findings, the idea of interplanetary transmigration of the
simplest forms of life on meteoroids ceases to look so illusory. The final dot in this issue was
made by the works of academician Rozanov, and later Hoover (Professor Richard B. Hoover)
through the discovery of fossilized microbes inside of a meteorite massif, that is to say seeds of
life. However, to tie only the simplest forms of life to meteorites or comets are to introduce
strong constraints on the likelihood of delivery of seeds (spores of life) to Earth for many obvi-
ous reasons. Besides exobiology does not negate the problem of origin of life, and transfers it
into the era of the young universe. Therefore, it is necessary to consider in detail the essence of
seeds of life or cosmic particles of dust and gas-dust streams as their carriers, their penetration
path to Earth and forms of their existence.
As is well known, close multiple star systems form powerful gas-dust disks. A flow of
matter spreading from the central zone of a system may have relativistic velocities and modu-
lates on the rotation periods of components. On further distributions the flux of stellar matter is
transformed into a gas-dust stream producing plasma crystals which prevent smoothing modu-
lation perturbations. The estimates show that as compared to the solar system fluxes, the densi-
ty of which exceeds the density of gas and dust flows from multiple systems by an order of
magnitude or more, the latter due to the high velocities put pressure on the lunar surface com-
parable to the impact of fluxes of the solar system. This agrees well with the results of the sta-
tistical analysis of lunar seismicity: apart from periodicities from modulated flows of the solar
system periodicities of nearest binary stars (see Table 1) are observed. These effects should be
observed in the Earth's atmosphere. However, initially let us try to find a connection between
gas-dust flows of the solar system and the processes in the Earth's atmosphere, since only by
demonstrating the connection of dust flows and the Earth`s atmosphere, it can be argued that
the possibility of penetration of the spores of life on the Earth exists. Gas-dust plasma in outer
space, in weightlessness and specific local conditions, in accordance with the theoretical and
experimental research, is capable of generating 3D-forms (V.N. Tsytovich et al). These
forms as granules (grains) can be formed in the space from the background dust or gas-dust
streams and under simulation using special cameras.
234
INVESTIGATIONS AT HAWAII SPACE EXPLORATION ANALOG AND

SIMULATION (HI-SEAS) INTO TEAM FUNCTION AND PERFORMANCE
ON LONG DURATION EXPLORATION MISSIONS
Binsted Kim
University of Hawaii
HI-SEAS (www.hi-seas.org) is a habitat on an isolated Mars-like site on the Mauna Loa
side of the saddle area on the Big Island of Hawaii at approximately 8200 feet above sea level.
HI-SEAS is unique, in addition to its setting in a distinctive analog environment, as:
we select the crew to meet our research needs (in contrast, at serendipitous analogs,
such as Antarctic stations, crew selection criteria are not controlled by researchers);
the conditions (habitat, mission, communications, etc.) are explicitly designed to be
similar to those of a planetary exploration mission;
the site is accessible year round, allowing longer-duration isolated and confined en-
vironment studies than at most other locations;
the Mars-like environment offers the potential for analog tasks, such as geological
field work by human explorers and/or robots.
The ability to select crew members to meet research needs and isolate them in a managed
simulation performing under specific mission profiles makes HI-SEAS ideal for detailed stud-
ies in space-flight crew dynamics, behaviors, roles and performance, especially for long-
duration missions.
MISSIONS
As of March 2016, there have been three missions completed at HI-SEAS, two of four
months in length, and one of eight months. The fourth mission, which is twelve months long,
is currently under way, and will end in August 2016.
The next cycle of missions will see the research focus at HI-SEAS shift from crew cohe-
sion and performance to crew composition. We expect the first of three eight-month missions
to start in early 2017.
RESEARCH
The current research projects being carried out at HI-SEAS focus on crew cohesion, func-
tion and performance. This presentation will provide an overview of the research conducted to
date, and the plans for the future.
In order to maximize research return, and to provide HI-SEAS crews with a realistic work-
load, we welcome proposals for opportunistic research to be carried out during HI-SEAS mis-
sions. Proposed projects must a) advance human space exploration by addressing NASAs
needs and requirements; b) require a long-duration analog for desired research outcomes; and
c) not confound the primary research. If you are interested in submitting an opportunistic re-
search proposal, please contact the first author.
235
VOICES FROM AMERICA: THE INTERNATIONAL LUNAR VILLAGE, AN

IDEA WHOS TIME HAS COME.
Liebermann Randy
History of Technology
Johann-Dietrich Woerner, Director General of the European Space Agency is spearheading
a supranational space mega-project that has the potential to positively impact our present and
future generations insofar as how we as a species of sophisticated tool builders may seriously
attempt to begin to shift away from the traditional manifestations of standard operating Mili-
tary Industrial Complex to one in which use of our collective limited resources is better man-
aged for the benefit of the evolving human organism and civilization as a whole.
This paper will first very briefly look at historical lunar base concepts and will quickly
move on to the preponderant focus of ideas, thoughts and comments from American captains
of industry, scientists, academics, and those of other disciplines who have little doubt of the vi-
tal role that an International Lunar Village may play in our path to move humanity forward.
236
THE POSSIBLE ITALIAN PARTICIPATION IN THE NASA ASTEROID RE-

DIRECT MISSION (ARM) PROGRAM AND THE JOURNEY TO MARS: THE
NEXT STEPS FOR HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION AFTER THE INTER-
NATIONAL SPACE STATION
Tantardini M.
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)
In spring 2013, as the next step for Human Space Exploration after the International Space
Station (ISS), NASA announced the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) program. In the long
term strategy called The Journey to Mars, the ISS is considered as the first phase, called Earth
Reliant, ARM and the cis-lunar orbit as the second phase, called Proving Ground, and the Mars
neighbourhood such as the surface of Phobos as the third phase, called Earth Independent.
ARM is composed of the Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission (ARRM) first and then the Aster-
oid Redirect Crew Mission (ARCM). The ARRM consists in the Asteroid Redirect Vehicle
(ARV), powered by advanced Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP), that will be launched in De-
cember 2021 on a Delta IV Heavy to rendezvous with a large NEO, being 2008 EV5 the cur-
rent reference asteroid target. The ARV will characterize the asteroid, descend, and capture a
boulder from the asteroid surface. Once the boulder is captured, the ARV will perform a plane-
tary defense test, by applying the enhanced gravity tractor technique, and then fly back towards
Earth to take the boulder in a stable Lunar Distant Retrograde Orbit (DRO), as the DRO that
Orion, launched on SLS, will target in Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) scheduled for 2018. The
ARCM will follow in 2026, with two astronauts launched by SLS in the Orion spacecraft to
reach the boulder in Lunar DRO, to perform two Extra Vehicular Activities (EVAs) and return
samples of the boulder back on Earth. The first ARCM will last about 25 days. The Italian
Space Agency (ASI) is analyzing the opportunity to participate to the NASA ARM program,
beginning with a possible Italian contribution to the ARRM. Options for Italian elements on
the ARRM include payloads and instruments to be accommodated on the ARV (such as a ste-
reo camera and VIS-NIR spectrometer, possibly integrated in a newly designed instrument
able to produce 3D hyper spectral images, dedicated to the asteroid surface and asteroid boul-
der characterization, a drill for sampling asteroid material, a sounding radar to study the inter-
nal structure of the asteroid), space communications and tracking (such as the potential use of
the 64 meter Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) for a spacecraft telecommunications and tracking
demonstration of ARRM, supplementing and in collaboration with NASAs Deep Space Net-
work), and trajectory analysis (to provide low thrust trajectory analysis of ARRM). As part of
the extension of the ARCM, an Exploration Augmentation Module (EAM) would enable a up
to 90 days manned mission in Lunar DRO for up to 4 astronauts. Considering the Italian con-
tribution to the ISS, where about 50% of the habitable volume of the ISS has been built in Italy,
Italy might provide one or more EAMs composing an outpost in Lunar DRO as the continua-
tion of the Proving Ground phase and the foundation of the Earth Independent activity. In this
paper a general overview of all these options will be given.
237
LONG TERM SPACE PROPELLANT DEPOT

Wang X.
China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology
A study about long term space propellant depot has been carried out from IAA. Two kinds
of space propellant depot (storable and cryogenic) can be developed and built in the future, and
they are valuable for both current space active nations and new space faring nations or enter-
prises. The depots can help to reduce the space exploration mission cost and accomplish new
missions. The related industries and enterprises will be promoted developing the corresponding
technologies and building the depot, and numerous spin-off technologies can be derived. The
concept of space propellant depot, space transportation infrastructure based on propellant de-
pot, key technology analysis, and development roadmap are descried in this paper.
Key Words: Propellant Depot; Cryogenic Propellant; space transportation; Development
Roadmap
238
SECTION 6:
FUNCTIONS OF STATE AND BUSINESS IN SPACE
EXPLORATION. ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
239

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252
STATISTICAL APPROACH TO FACTOR FILTERING IN TECHNIQUE

FOR SPACE EXPERIMENT PREPARATION TIMING FORECAST
Sergey B.P, MarkovA.V.
S.P.Korolev RSC Energia, Korolev, Russia
A problem is considered related to filtering of factors which substantially influence timing
of preparation of space experiments. The problem solving provides easier and more accurate
forecasting of the experiment complete compared to [1-3].
Main stress in the problem consideration is pointed towards working out and practical im-
plementation of a technique which makes it possible to filter the factors from the list, received
from community of experts, as the ones, having the most influence on timing of preparation of
the experiment.
A technique have been offered, based on statistical approach, which optimizes accuracy of
forecast, that is relation of allowed forecast inaccuracy and allowed forecast significance reli-
ability, when forecast is within allowed inaccuracy.
What makes the technique specific is, that its significance is optimized against economical
and timing indexes as well as it allows updating its filtering list periodically.
The technique offered accommodates number of steps as follows:
Step 1. Correlation matrix build-up for quantitative and qualitative factors.
Step 2. Critical (threshold) values of Pearson and Spearman indexes calculation for corre-
sponding quantitative and qualitative factors.
Step 3. Correlation matrix, mentioned above, analysis on relationships between its parame-
ters.
Step 4. Regression model build-up, as per factors of the most influence on timing of prepa-
ration of the experiment have been chosen. Results received check.
The technique allows to shorten the list of factors for the forecast (as per example present-
ed from 9 to 3) and it confirms proposition, made in [2], that, as per economical and timing
indexes, optimal forecast reliability is 89.2%, that is forecast significance of 10,8%.
Keywords: prep time, space experiment, factors of planning model, forecasting technique
for space experiment ground preparation.
References
1. Pichugin S.B., Markov A.V., Gaifutdinova A.G. Forecast Technique for Timing of
Space Experiment to Complete // Eurasia Scientist Alliance: Economics . 4 (13), 2015,
p. 137-142.
2. Markov A.V., Pichugin S.B. Optimization of the Space Experiment Preparation Cycle
By its Economic-Timing Indicators. // Pilotiruemye polyoty v kosmos, . 4 (13), decem-
ber 2014. p. 88-94
3. Markov A.V., Pichugin S.B. Analysis of Limits to Applicability of the Statistical Opti-
mization Technique for Ground Preparing a space experiment on the basis of Economic and
Time Indicators. // Pilotiruemye polyoty v kosmos, . 2 (15), June 2015. p. 67-83
253
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259
EVOLUTION OF THE ISS: PARTNERSHIPS THAT ENHANCE UTILIZA-

TION
Rodrigo da Costa1, Carlo Mirra2
1
Airbus Defence and Space, On-Orbit Services and Exploration, 2Airbus Defence and
Space, Sales and Marketing,
Airbus Defence and Space and its heritage companies have been involved in Human
Spaceflight for more than 35 years. Recognized products such as Spacelab, Columbus, or ATV,
but also operation and utilization capabilities of the International Space Station (ISS), are part
of our portfolio.
The ISS provides already today significant benefits for Life on Earth and the Exploration
of the Universe: a world class laboratory that enhances our scientific knowledge and maintains
our excellence. However, while the ISS today already brings significant economic return to
other activities in space and beyond, there is a significant potential to be unveiled for further
increasing that return. Airbus Defence and Space is pursuing a set of initiatives, in partnership
with institutional and private actors, to enlarge the ISS user base and enhance its utilization.
In this paper a new way of utilizing and operating ISS is discussed, focused on the Colum-
bus module as the European element: easy to use, with short lead times and at low cost for a
variety of use cases. These envisaged use cases go far beyond the existing research performed
in Columbus today - instead, ISS is to be used as testbed for future Post ISS missions, in order
to prepare new technologies and partnerships during a transition phase towards further com-
mercial exploitation of low earth orbits.
This paper discusses the roles that the private sector may take in driving the utilization of
the ISS, including potential share of responsibilities and risk allocation between the institution-
al and private actors. Furthermore, the paper presents a set of own initiatives and the corre-
sponding end-to-end services, portfolio of technologies and hardware, and associated partner-
ships, that are either in the development phase or already available.
260
UNDERSTANDING THE COGNITIVE PRODUCTIVITY OF SPACE AGEN-

CIES BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION: THE CASE OF SCIENCE
ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
Jossec J.P.
Centre Emile Durkheim
Why do nations undertake spaceflights, and why should they? It is a question equally im-
portant for understanding the history of spaceflights and for divining its future. And it is a ques-
tion that history is in a unique position to illuminate.[1] Indeed, one can really understand pre-
sent decisions studying past one, and how repetition in history can influence plans to come in
the future. Political science calls this historical relativeness the institutional path dependence
[2], meaning that a political decision by a government is dependent on its past orientations.
The same phenomenon can be observed in programs of space agencies: indeed, govern-
ments involved on the international space stage have different institutional, technical and scien-
tific background concerning how to build and drive a space program. Since current space op-
erations implicate an international coordination, managing these programs (such as the Interna-
tional Space Station) is a matter of transferring, translating and trading skills between space
powers involved in the partnership. Despite of it, governmental decisions also lay on cultural
background and advanced reflections about space engineering and astronautics. That is pre-
cisely why Russia remains one of the most powerful space power upon the international stage,
from the cognitive breakthroughs of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky to the construction of the Vos-
tochny space port.
This paper proposes to give a look backward in the sociopolitical history of manned space
achievements since the epic flight of Yuri Gagarin, in order to better look to future possibilities
of human space exploration, being aware of this historical dependence on the past of future
manned space programs. This reflexivity is important especially today, as human space explo-
ration is at a turning point where long-duration spaceflights are at agencies fingertips. Most of
all, this is important especially today, as words of the President Vladimir Putin during its
Speech at the Meeting of Russias Security Council on the Federal Space Policy in 2001 are
even truer in 2016: () it would be no exaggeration to say that today space exploration en-
sures global stability.
1. Dick Steven J. and Launius Roger D. (eds.) Critical issues in the history of spaceflights,
Washington, NASA Office of External Relations, History Division, 2006.
2. Pierson Paul, Increasing returns, path dependence and the study of politics, American
Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 2, p. 251-267, 2000.
261
SECTION 7:
HUMAN RESOURCES. TRAINING. EDUCATIONAL
PROGRAMS. POPULARIZATION OF HUMAN SPACE
EXPLORATION.
262
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CONTINUING EDUCATION IN THE SYSTEM OF PROFESSIONAL DE-

VELOPMENT OF SPECIALISTS
Barybina E.V.
NPO of S.A.Lavochkina
Innovative development of domestic aerospace industry depends greatly on the profes-
sionalism and qualifications of specialists involved in the design and maintenance of aviation
and space technology. Additional professional education plays an important role in enhancing
the skills and ensuring their professional development. In this regard, it needs the solving of
urgent task of forming and effective functioning of the system of continuing professional edu-
cation of specialists of aerospace industry and ensuring maximum utilization of their intellec-
tual capacities and creating conditions for self-realization and professional growth. An integral
part of the system should become a modern methods and technology of development and ad-
vanced education and quality control. The methodological basis of the system of supplemen-
tary education is its focus on acquisition, expansion and deepening of the knowledge of spe-
cialists and development their professionally important qualities necessary to perform func-
tional duties for innovative development of the industry. And professional development of spe-
cialists is assumes their self-education and assessment of professional knowledge and skills.
Professional education of specialist and his skills and competencies should be considered as a
basic condition for official promotion. The main components of the professional continuing
education program can be considered a consistent training and professional development of
hierarchical and modular structure, target contract training and retraining of specialists in the
relevant educational establishments, as well as training at higher levels of responsibility and
functional responsibilities. In addition, it seems appropriate to refresher training on base of tar-
get educational programs and plans of international cooperation. Effective complementary ed-
ucation of specialists in their professional development can be ensuring by integration of edu-
cation and research activities on issues of professional activity, purposeful formation of profes-
sionally important qualities, improvement planning of increasing of qualification taking into
account the individual plans of self-study and creation of conditions for maintaining motivation
for continuing professional development. A leading role in ensuring that development belongs
to the development of requirements, not only to the professional competence of specialists, but
also to their professionally important qualities and skills. Organization of additional profes-
sional education in accordance with the above provisions showed the effectiveness of their in-
tegration to provide continuing professional development of specialists of the executive author-
ities.
264

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(Exobiology on Mars) -
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271
APPLICATIONS FOR THE USE OF WORLD CLASSIC LITERATURE AS

PART OF THE HUMANITIES EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR PHYSICIANS
COSMONAUTS
V.A. Loginov, Elena Y.B.
Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University
Keywords: arts in medicine, education, space medicine, Russian literature.
Sir William Osler in the classic textbook "The Principles and Practice of Medicine" (Issued
by Young J. Pentland, 1892) insisted that future doctors should know literature no less than
medicine. One of the works of the famous physician-educator devoted to the poet John Keats
(by Osler, William. John Keats - the Apothecary Poet. Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, 7,
1896, 11-16). You can also allocate to this class of problems a wide range of issues from at-
tempts to give a correct diagnosis to establishing strong relationship between a patient and a
member of the medical profession based on complex psychological interactions. All of these
questions were subjects to creativity of such masters of Russian literature as Anton Chekhov,
Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Konstantin Leontiev. Researchers convincingly show the
need for rethinking the current role of a doctor working in extreme conditions, on the nature of
a sick person in the light of the growing trend toward the loss of the spiritual experience of
previous generations and the dehumanization of medical practice. This primarily applies to
doctors performing their duties on the spacecraft. At the same time, the preparation of physi-
cians for the work onboard of a spaceship up till now is still carried out according to standards
of modern natural sciences. However, only an in-depth study of brilliant and vivid literary ex-
amples can help contemporary physicians to better understand their patients, to establish the
much needed psychological contact, to empathize with their suffering and, therefore, to make a
more accurate diagnosis and appoint adequate treatment especially in the space flight envi-
ronment.
In the case to realize new approaches to the next round of innovations in space science we
propose to include as part of the training program for the physicians, who plan to perform
medical assistance to the crew onboard during the space flight, the study of clinical examples
reflected in the works of the classics of Russian literature. The first view on such educational
program reveals three lines of STEAM-development as following (if to consider Russian liter-
ature as part of world culture and art).
Therapeutic. Will be developed by using comparative medico-philological analysis of
such works by Anton Chekhov, as The History of Medical Practice in Russia and the recipes
from the writers notebooks. Also in this block one can include "Salerno Health Code" by Ar-
nold of Villanova for comparison with the works of Chekhov. The main emphasis can be made
on historical and medical views of Doctor Chekhov and his contribution to retrospective diag-
nosis ("What Disease Did Herod Die Of?).
Surgical and military. This building block can contain data obtained after analysis from a
medical point of view the works by Leo Tolstoy before and after a board line in his worldview
(the late 70's - early 80-ies of the XIX century). While the results of the analysis of works of
the first period ("Childhood", "Sevastopol Stories", "War and Peace", etc.) can provide the full
272
basis for a "surgical" and "military-medical" model block, the novels of the second period
("The Death of Ivan Ilych", "Kreutzer Sonata", also editorial work on articles and brochures
for popularization of medical achievements, etc.) can be used in the formation of "sanitary"
and partly "ethical" component.
Medical ethics. The works of diplomat, physician, philosopher, thinker and writer Kon-
stantin Leontiev (novels "Podlipki" and "At its Edge", the novels, stories and articles "Literacy
and a Nationality", "Byzantism and Slavic People", etc.), as well as the major novels by
Fyodor Dostoevsky ("Demons", "Crime and Punishment", "The Brothers Karamazov") might
provide the basis for "moral and ethical" components of medical-cultural model.
Such comprehensive educational program, consisting of five blocks (Therapeutic, Surgi-
cal, Military, Sanitation and Hygiene, and Medical Ethics) can be based not only on the works
of Russian authors, but also on other Worlds classics such as French, German and English. In
our opinion, the use of traditional and well-established literature masterpieces will have a sig-
nificant impact on educational process altogether. Overall, the main aim of the program will be
to facilitate the interaction and communication between all of the members of the multinational
spaceship team, which will lead to a harmonious psychological atmosphere on board of the
spacecraft.
273

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287
COLLIER'S MAGAZINE AND THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY MASS

MARKETS THE HUMAN DESTINY IN SPACE TO AMERICA AND THE
WORLD.
Liebermann R.
History of Technology
During the height of the Cold War and the turbulent paranoia of the McCarthy era in
America, two well- known and highly seasoned journalists at one of Americas largest circulat-
ing weekly news magazines began to publish a series of seminal articles that were largely the
brainchild of Wernher von Braun who, in this authors opinion, is the true father of the space
age. From 1952-1954, von Braun and others laid out their optimistic plan for orchestrating a
well-coordinated human spaceflight program that would include a flotilla of reusable crewed
launch vehicles, an amply crewed Earth orbiting space station, a permanently crewed lunar
base and a crewed mission to Mars. Worldwide, millions of people read the Colliers maga-
zine articles and were enthralled by von Brauns vision which was seductively illustrated in the
magazine by three of Americas greatest popular artists: Chesley Bonestell, Fred Freeman and
Rolf Klep.
This author cannot over emphasize the pivotal role that these articles and illustrations had
in transitioning public perception about human spaceflight from the realm of Science Fiction
to Science Fact. A countless number of books, hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles
and mega-tons of popular culture materiel were spawned as a result of the von Braun Colliers
articles. In fact, The Walt Disney Company created some of their earliest television program-
ming by hiring von Braun and some of his Colliers colleagues and broadcasting von Brauns
vision nation-wide where it was seen by several tens of millions of television viewers who be-
came believers in the human possibilities in space.
We will look at how lessons from these past efforts apply to today.
288
ABOUT EDUCATION OF ENGINEERS TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE HU-

MAN FACTOR
Medenkov A.
Polyet
Innovative development of aviation and cosmonautics is one of the priorities of state poli-
cy in the field of science and technology. To meet this challenge we need specialists, capable to
acquire and dispose of knowledge, develop and introduce new technologies in the design and
exploitation of aviation and space technology. Such specialists must be prepared. System of
their training should provide not only professional development, but also to train to use the ac-
quired knowledge and skills in the course of employment. This applies to technology of ac-
counting of psychophysiological characteristics of human, without which it impossible crea-
tion of reliable and competitive aerospace technics. Therefore, ergonomics and engineering
psychology became a vital direction of specialists training for aerospace industry. Methodolo-
gy of training of engineers in aerospace universities is based on principles and provisions of
formation of practical skills for accounting of psychophysiological opportunities and character-
istics of human in design of aircraft and dividing of functions and development of algorithms
and means of professional activity. Students training program of ergonomics and engineering
psychology was focused on practical ways of assessing and designing algorithms and means of
activity and optimization of flight conditions. Education of students were devoted the applica-
tion of methods, means and technologies of accounting of psychophysiological characteristics
and capabilities of human during designing of on-board systems and equipment. Content of
education was associated with the main directions of ergonomic research and development,
devoted optimization means and algorithms of pilot activity. Mathematical models became the
basis for the development of complex multifactor models for characterizing the relationship of
education quality, time of task decision, characteristics of mental processes, functional status
and anthropometry of human. The simulation results were used by the students in the prepara-
tion of reports and communications at scientific conferences. In general, training students take
into account the human factor in aviation was useful for study psychophysiological characteris-
tics and human capabilities and implementation them in design of aviation and space technol-
ogy. The main directions of further improving the training in the field of ergonomics will be
aimed on definition of effective methods and ways of forming skills using new information
technologies and assessment of quality of teaching.
289
SPONSOR INFORMATION
290
291
292
293
ISBN 978-5-906519-38-2
9 785906 519382
-
107258, , - , 30 .1
294

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629.

2016 International Academy of Astronautics or its licensors or contributors

May 24-26, 2016 | Korolyov

International conference "Human space exploration" organized by Roscosmos

Recommendations of conference participants will be the basis for the conclusions of

THE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

CHAIRMAN Komarov Michael Victorovich

Kalery Alexander Yurievich Soloviev Vladimir Alekseevich

Strelnikov Alexey Anatolievich Khodyrev Alexander Nikolaevich

Uvarov Valentin Borisovich Shevchenko Alexander Anatolievich

THE PROGRAM COMMITTEE

CHAIRMAN Lazutkin Alexamder Ivanovich

Krikalev Sergey Konstantinovich Tiulin Andrey Evgenievich

SECTION 1: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN HUMAN SPACE

SECTION 2: SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CARRIED OUT BY HUMANS IN SPACE.

SECTION 3-A: A BIOMEDICAL PROBLEMS OF HUMAN SPACE MISSIONS.

SECTION 3-B: CREW TRAINING ........................................................................... 137

SECTION 4: APPLICATION OF AUTOMATIC AND ROBOTIC SYSTEMS IN

SECTION 5: FUTURE HUMAN SPACE PROJECTS. SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

SECTION 6: FUNCTIONS OF STATE AND BUSINESS IN SPACE

SECTION 7: HUMAN RESOURCES. TRAINING. EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS.

SPONSOR INFORMATION ...................................................................................... 290

THE INTERNATIONAL DOCKING ADAPTER ENABLING FUTURE

CONCEPTS FOR JOINT INTERNATIONAL EXPLORATION MODULES

WORKING TOGETHER ACROSS AN ORGANIZATIONAL DIVIDE:

CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MAINTAINABIL-

CONCEPT OF CREW-TENDED PLATFORM IN CIS-LUNAR SPACE: INI-

HOW FUTURE OF HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION IS DEPENDENT ON

CHINA MANNED SPACE PROGRAMME ACHIEVEMENT AND FUTURE

JAPANESE SPACE EXPLORATION STATUS AND FUTURE SCENARIO

WATER ICE DEPOSITS ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON ACCORDING

STATUS REPORT ON HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT AND MICROGRAVITY RE-

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN HUMAN SPACE MISSIONS: THE

1. A.G. Batischev, A.M. Galper, S.Yu. Aleksandrin, S.V. Koldashov, P.Yu.

RUSSIAN-GERMAN PK-3 PLUS LABORATORY ON THE INTERNATION-

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ON BOARD OF RUSSIAN SEGMENT OF ISS

1. Novikova N. et al., Intern. J. Astrobiology, 14(1), 137 -142 (2015).

ARTERIAL WALL DISTENSIBILITY AND THICKNESS CHANGE DURING

A YEAR IN SPACE: EARLY RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED FROM

A YEAR IN SPACE: GOALS AND PLANS FOR FUTURE YEAR-LONG EX-

ASTRONAUT CLOTHING FOR EXPLORATION MISSIONS

ORGANIC SAMPLES PRODUCED BY ION IRRADIATION OF ICES FOR

NEEDED SPACE STATION CREW ACTIVITY INVESTIGATIONS

EXPANDING NASA AND ROSCOSMOS SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION

ESTABLISHMENT OF U.S. AND RUSSIAN ACADEMIC PARTNERSHIPS

SECURING NON-TRADITIONAL FUNDING BY APPLYING INDUSTRY-

EXPERIMENTS FOR STUDYING MOVEMENTS OF ANIMALS ON EARTH

STRATEGIC USE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION FOR EX-

INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVE OF RESULTS FROM THE ISS

(p<0,05); 124,38,1 / 155,314 / (p<0,05).

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HIGH RESOLUTION AND TELEOPERABLE ULTRASOUND PROBE

LONG TERM MONITORING OF PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL STATES FOR

WHERE FAILURE IS NOT AN OPTION PERSONALIZED MEDICINE IN

Further reading: PLoS ONE 10 (10): e0140764. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140764

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF ASTRONAUT STANDARDIZED CAREER DOSE

RECOVERY OF FUNCTIONAL STATUS OF COSMONAUTS AFTER SPACE

ACTIVE SHIELDING FROM IONIZING RADIATION IN MANNED LONG

MECHANORECEPTORS AND SIRTUINS, NEW PLAYERS IN THE PHYSI-

ASI SCIENCE ON ISS - THE 2017 BIOMISSION

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