Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
University
Submit to
Submitted by
Section 55
Name ID
Mr. Min Thu 5529001
Mr. Ian Chen 5529002
Ms. Chayanan Trisupatsilp 5529004
Ms. Fan Jing 5529005
Mr. Jakapan Leeathiwat 5529012
Ms. Thanawan Nitiprasongphol 5529014
Contents Page
University Introduction_______________________________
Part 1 Definition and concept
1.1 Traditional Costing System________________________
Activity Base Costing System______________________
1.2 Activity Base Management________________________
Part 2 Calculations
2.1 Cost Objective_________________________________
2.2 Breakeven in unit and in amount___________________
Margin of Safety in amount and in percentage________
Operating Leverage_____________________________
Sale mix in amount and in percentage_______________
Target profit in amount__________________________
2.3 ABC and TCS_________________________________
University Introduction and Background
Thai International University (TIIU) exists for the main purpose of serving the
nation by offering high-standard international education and providing humanistic
knowledge, particularly in the business education through researches and interdisciplinary
approaches. The university uses English as the official medium of instruction.
The university is fully accredited not only by the Ministry of University Affairs
(MUA) and academic standards are accepted by Office of the Minister, Ministry of
Education of Thailand, and acknowledged throughout the world.
Thai International University (TIIU) is a private and profit making education institution in
Thailand. It offers a range of courses in Bachelor of Business Administration in majors of
Management, Marketing, Financial and Accounting. In order to offer a wide knowledge, the
university offers courses to Master Degree in business- Management, Marketing and
financial. It also offers courses for working executives who wish to upgrade their knowledge
by attending short courses and workshops with certificates and diplomas.
The university offers 2 semesters to Bachelor degree students, each semester consists of 5
months. Moreover, Master degree have 3 semesters, each semester consists of 4 month.
To meet the growing demands of international education in Thailand and the ASEAN
region, Thai International University will offer more range of course in Bachelor and Master
Degree. The universitys programs are designed to ensure our students learn and experience
what it takes to be successful in the real world.
Concept:
Traditional costing systems try to assign cost directly to products, rather than to
activities cost pool first and then from the activities cost pool to product units. The
traditional costing system gives information on what is spent, but not how it is spent. In
TCS, product costs are accumulated then the total of the accumulated costs is divided by the
number of units produced, which is give an average unit cost for the period.
Methods
There are several steps in the traditional costing process.
1. Identify all budgeted overhead cost.
2. Estimate indirect cost for the appropriate period (month, quarter, and year)
3. Choose a cost driver with a causal link to the cost (labor hour, machine hour)
4. Estimate an amount for the cost driver for the appropriate period (labor hours per period)
5. Compute the predetermined overhead rate
(predetermined overhead rate = estimated overhead costs / estimated cost-driver).
6. Apply overhead to products using the predetermined overhead rate.
Pros
Traditional costing is easy to apply, and trace all direct costs associated with a
product, this includes labor and direct material costs. However, it is difficult to
assign overhead costs to different products.
Traditional costing can apply effectively when company produces only one product.
In Traditional costing system, non-valued added activity is also included which
causes inaccuracies when assigning costs to products.
Cons
Traditional costing is an outdated costing system in many companies because those
manufacturing companies now use machines and computers for much of their
production. Computers and machines make the system outdated because it often uses
direct labor hours to calculate cost. Cost is not appropriately assigned because direct
labor hours are not the best-cost driver to use.
Traditional costing system can sometimes cause cost distortion (under cost, over
cost). If it is under cost, business might not make enough profit to compensate with
their operation that may lead to bankrupt. On the other hand, over costing may
cause businesses to lose competitive advantages.
Traditional costing system can lead to bad management decisions because it
excludes certain nonmanufacturing costs (e.g. service sector).
Example:
Standard Factory overhead rate per Direct labor hour = Total FOH costs Total DLH
= 33,000 Baht 3,000 DLH
= 11 Baht / DLH
FOH = 11 Baht x 1,000 DLH = 11 Baht x 500 DLH = 11 Baht x 1,500 DLH
cost 4,000 units 2,000 units 4,000 units
per unit
= 2.75 Baht = 2.75 Baht = 4.125 Baht
FOH cost per unit = Standard Factory Overhead rate per DLH x Total DLH consumed
Total number of units produced
Concepts:
In Activity-Base Costing system assigns the cost of each activity to all products and services
according to the actual consumption of the activity resource by assigning overhead costs to
direct costs
In the first Stage of activity based costing system, costs are traced to the various activities
performed by a firm. In the second stage, these costs are assigned to the firms products.
(Managerial Accounting 1993 Third Edition, Calvin Engler)
Cons
Activity Base-Costing data can be easily misinterpreted and must be use carefully
when making decisions. So, manager must identify which costs are relevant for the
decisions.
It consumes a lot of time or resources to collect data.
Most of mangers do not like to use Activity Base Costing system because other firms
can discover easily some mistakes in production process and the weakness of
management in their company.
Example:
FOH items FOH costs Selected cost driver
IDM 1,000 Baht Units (group 1)
IDL 2,000 Baht DLH (group 3)
Depreciation 3,000 Baht MH (group 2)
Insurance 4,000 Baht Units (group 1)
Maintenance 6,000 Baht MH (group 2)
Purchase Order 7,000 Baht Units (group 1)
Utilities 10,000 Baht DLH (group 3)
1. Pool Rate
Pool 1 rate = IDM 1,000 Baht + Insurance 4,000 Baht + Purchase order 7,000 Baht
Total Units 10,000 units
= 1.2 Baht / unit
Definition:
Activity Based Management is an approach in management that aims to maximize
the value adding activities while minimizing or eliminating non-value adding activities. The
overall objective of ABM is to improve efficiencies and effectiveness of an organization in
securing its markets. It draws on activity based-costing as its major source of information
and focuses on reducing costs, creating performance measures, improving cash flow and
quality and producing enhanced value products.
Objective:
Cons
The value and benefit of ABM is difficult to quantify and time consuming
If no one uses the information provided, ABM system will be worthless.
Our university hired total 38 employees for different kinds of management tasks and
operations. As shown in Table 1, employee salaries are calculated in details annually based
on their respective salary levels.
Currently, we have hired 96 lecturers for undergraduate level and 36 lecturers for
graduate level. One undergraduate lecturer teaches 4 sections standard to meet their normal
salary 40,000 Baht per month. One section for every subject is 60 hours long and divided
into 40 classes and each class is 1 hour and 30 minutes long where 2 classes are assigned to
teach every week. Undergraduate students have 2 semesters annually and each semester is 5
months long. They have 2 months for summer time where they take a break.
One graduate lecturer teaches 4 sections standard to meet their normal salary 80,000
Baht per month. Duration for one section is 45 hours long and divided into 15 classes and
duration for each class is 3 hours long and every class is taught every week. Graduate
students have a trimester system of 3 semesters annually and each semester is 4 months
long. They can take a semester break if they really need to. However, our calculations for
both undergraduate and graduate students are based on our assumption that students study in
all semesters. Table 2 illustrates all details regarding normal salaries for lecturers.
Number of Lecturers 96 36
Total Cost of Lecturers = Total Annual Salaries + Total Annual Extra Paid
= 88,560,000 Baht
We use average paid rates for extra teaching hours for calculating costs. At
maximum capacity, all lecturers have to work extra hours that is equal to 25% of their
normal workload. That means normal teaching hours is 240 hours for 4 sections and 60
hours extra for additional section for one Undergraduate lecturer. Altogether one lecturer
has 5 sections or 300 working hours for one semester at maximum capacity.
For the graduate lecturers, their 25% extra working hours are assigned for diploma
courses designed to offer in weekends and we have only 2 times (i.e. 2 semesters) for them
and we calculated the costs for extra working hours for 2 semesters in table 4. We use a
block-teaching method for diploma courses and every subject is taught in every month.
Diploma students need to study 6 subjects in 6 months in order to get their certificates.
We have 5 buildings which one building includes 4 floors. First floor is assigned for
library, management offices and general use. Other 3 floors are designed for classrooms and
each floor 4 classrooms. Total we have 60 classrooms in 5 buildings. One classroom can
hold maximum 50 students. For graduate students, one classroom can have maximum 25
students. For diploma students, one classroom is assigned maximum 15 students only. We
can handle total 4,800 undergraduate students, 900 graduate students, and 135 diploma
students.
We have adjusted the schedules for all students in the following way and illustrated
in table 5 to get a clear picture of schedule to fit into all 60 classrooms available. Thus, we
have maximum 60 classes conducted at the same time in one particular time, for example:
9:00 to 12:00 on Monday morning.
One Classroom = BBA 50 students maximum
(MBA 25 students maximum and Diploma 15 students)
Group B (5 subjects per student): BBA 1,800 students (36 classes x 50 students)
Group C (4 subjects per student): MBA Day 600 students (24 classes x 25 students)
Group D (4 subjects per student): MBA Evening 300 students (12 classes x 25 students)
Total Fixed Costs = Total Direct Fixed Costs + Total Indirect Fixed Costs
= 107,800,000 Baht
Revenues
Table 6: Tuition Fees
Total Hours per Fees per University fee
Required course course per semester
Courses
Campus Network 1,000 Baht per semester 1,000 Baht per semester
We get average revenue 143,333.33 baht annually for each student by calculating the
average revenue of undergraduate, graduate and diploma students as shown in table 10. We
adjusted the revenue for undergraduate by averaging revenue from both freshman and
existing students.
X = 107,800,000 124,387.16
= 866.65 867 students
MS (in Thai Baht) = Revenues (in max capacity) BEP (in Thai Baht)
= 836,349,980.60 124,269,997.10
= 712,079,983.50 Baht
Target Profit
Target Profit = Profit Before Tax = 400,000,000 Baht
Total Revenue
= (Total Fixed Cost + Profit Before Tax) Contribution Margin in
Percentage
= (107,800,000 + 400,000,000) 84.89%
= 598,185,887.62 Baht