PART I

PRELIMINARY

A. Background Problem

Dangers of smoking on health are very much at all, on the packaging alone is legibly
dangerous diseases that can be caused by a cigarette. Hundreds of the dangers of smoking to
human health and the various parts of our body that is highly lethal and we need to avoid.
Smoking can lead to some dangerous diseases such as cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and
heart disease, impotence, and even cause premature death. According to the center of Disease
Control and Prevention United States (CDC) More than 440,000 people in the United States
and 100,000 in the UK died due to smoking every year. In addition, more than 92 billion dollars
(USD) is lost each year due to lost productivity due to premature death associated with
smoking. Keep in mind some other cigarettes contain substances known to have a detrimental
effect bone and skin. You may be surprised to find the names of some of the chemicals in
cigarette smoke. The following will explain the content and smoking substances which bring
adverse health effects.

B. The Problems
1. Why cigarettes are dangerous?
2. Any substances contained in a cigarette?
3. What are the harmful effects arising from cigarettes?

C. Purpose of Papers
1. Knowing the dangers of cigarette consumption
2. Knowing what substances contained in cigarettes
3. Understanding the harmful effects caused by smoking

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 CHAPTER II
Harmful effects caused by smoking

1. Understanding Cigarettes

Smoking is a cylinder of paper a length between 70 and 120 mm (varies by state)

with a diameter of about 10 mm containing the leaves of tobacco that has been shredded.
Cigarette burned at one end and allowed to smolder so that the smoke can be inhaled
through the mouth at the other end.
Cigarettes are usually sold in a box-shaped bundle or package of paper that can be
incorporated easily into pockets. Since the last few years, these bundles are also generally
accompanied by health messages that warn smokers of the health hazards that may result
from smoking, such as lung cancer or heart attack (although in reality it is just a decoration,
it is rarely adhered to).
In Indonesia, cigarette marketing is marketing the products most excited!
Aggressively infiltrate kesegenap domains of social life in all strata. Old, young, rich and
poor could enjoy a cigarette. It is normal, cigarette manufacturers to sponsor music events,
so that people, especially young people can enjoy music performances idol artist for free.
Sponsorship of sporting events. Although the world of sports, smoking is taboo. Become
a donor - sponsor for the management, the beauty of a city park, seminars and so forth.
People in the world who smoke for the first time is the Indian tribes in America, for
ritual purposes such as worshiping gods or spirits. In the 16th century, when Europeans
discovered the American continent, a part of the European explorers that participated try
smoking cigarettes and then brought tobacco to Europe. Then the habit of smoking began
to appear among the European nobility. But unlike the Indians who smoked for ritual
purposes, in Europe people smoke just for the sheer enjoyment. 17th century Spanish
traders entered Turkey and then the smoking habit began to enter the Islamic countries
According to WHO, smoking will create a double burden, because smoke will
disturb the health so that more of the cost to be incurred to treat the disease. Besides,
meropok also spent money that should be used to buy nutritious food.
To reduce / eliminate poverty, the government needs to address the issue of tobacco
consumption. Therefore Chief Representative of WHO's Indonesia the Indonesian
government to more seriously consider acceding to the global Framework Convention on

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 Tobacco Control (FCTC) end of the signatories to the end of June 2004. Thus, Indonesia
can become a regional leader in tobacco control movement.
In addition to the book launch, the Minister presented the award "Manggala Karya
Bakti Husada Arutala" to Pondok Pesantren Langitan for his work in creating a No
Smoking and delivering prizes to four winners of the Quit and Win (Stop Smoking
Competition) organized by the Institute Tackling Problems Smoking (LM3).
,

2. Types of Cigarettes

Cigarettes can be divided into several types. This distinction is based on the
packaging materials of cigarettes , raw materials or contents of cigarettes , cigarette-
making process , and the use of filters on cigarettes .

a. Cigarettes based packaging materials.

klobot : Cigarette packaging materials such as corn leaves.

kawung : Cigarette packaging materials such as palm leaves.
Cigarette : Cigarette packaging materials such as paper.
Cigar : Cigarette packaging material in the form of leaf tobacco.

b. Cigarettes based raw materials or contents.

White Cigarettes : cigarette raw materials or contents only leaf tobacco by sauces to
get the effect of a particular flavor and aroma.
Cigarettes : cigarette raw materials or contents of tobacco leaf and cloves are given
sauces to get the effect of a particular flavor and aroma.
Rheum officinale Cigarettes: cigarette raw materials or contents of tobacco leaves,
cloves and incense by the sauce to get the effect of a particular flavor and aroma.

c. Cigarettes by the manufacturing process.

Clove Cigarettes Hand (SKT): cigarette manufacturing process by means of ground

or rolled by hand using simple tools and equipment.
Clove Cigarettes Machine (SKM): the cigarette manufacturing process using a
machine. Simply put, smoking material is inserted into the machine cigarette maker.

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 The resulting output in the form of cigarette making machine cigarette sticks.
Currently the cigarette making machine has been able to produce an output of about
six thousand to eight thousand cigarettes per minute. Cigarette making machine,
usually, connected by wrapping machines cigarettes so that the output produced is
no longer in the form of cigarettes singly but has been in the form of the pack . There
is also a cigarette wrapping machine which is able to produce the output of cigarettes
in the press, the press contains 10 pack. Unfortunately, the machine has not been
found capable of producing SKT because there are differences in diameter at base to
the tip diameter SKT. At SKM, the circumference of the base of the cigarette and
the circumference of cigarette ends as great.

Kretek Cigarettes Machine itself can be categorized into two parts:

1. Kretek Cigarettes Machine Full Flavor (SKM FF): cigarettes in the

manufacturing process are added aroma distinctive taste. Example: Gudang
Garam International, Djarum Super and others.
2. Clove Cigarettes Mild Light Engines (SKM LM): cigarette machines using tar
and nicotine contents are low. Cigarettes types rarely use a distinctive aroma.
Example: A Mild, Clas Mild, Star Mild, U Mild, LA Lights, Surya Slims and
others.

d. Cigarettes by the use of filters .

Cigarette Filter (RF) : Cigarette at the base there is a cork .

Non-Smoking Filter (RNF) : Cigarette at the base there is no cork.

Judging from the composition:

1. Bidis: tobacco rolled in dried temburni leaves and tied with benang.Tar and
carbon monoxide are higher than factory-made cigarettes. Biasaditemukan in
Southeast Asia and India.
2. Cigar: From the fermentation of tobacco smoked, rolled tobacco leaf.
Adaberbagai types are different in each country. Which is famous of Havana,
Cuba.

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 3. Kretek: The mixture of tobacco with cloves or clove aroma numbness and pain
affects the respiratory tract. This type is the most developed and many in
Indonesia.
4. Tobacco directly into the mouth or chewing tobacco is also commonly used in
South East Asia and India. Even 56 percent of Indian women use this type of
chewing. Adalagi kind placed between the cheek and gum, and dried smoked
tobacco denganhidung or mouth.
5. Shisha or hubbly bubbly: tobacco type of fruit or fruit flavors-buahanyang
aspirated by pipe from the tube. Usually used in North Africa, the Middle East,
and some places in Asia. In Indonesia, shisha booming like dikafe-cafe

Cigarette and Death

Smoking is one of the leading causes of death in the world and is the only legal
product that kills as up to half its users. Survey Public Health Association Indonesia
2007 said every hour about 46 people died from diseases related to smoking in
Indonesia.
The smoking habit at least 30 species cause disease in humans. Diseases that arise
will depend on the levels of harmful substances contained, the period of smoking habits,
and how to smoke cigarettes. The younger a person starts smoking, the greater the risk
of disease when the person gets older.

3. Why Smoking Harmful?

In one cigarette contains 7,000 chemicals, 200 species of them are carcinogenic,
which are substances that damage the genes in the body that lead to cancer, such as lung
cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Or also other cancers, such as cancer
nasofarings, mouth, esophagus, pancreas, kidney, bladder, and uterus. Pangerasan
atherosclerosis or blood vessels can lead to heart disease, hypertension, stroke risk, early
menopause, osteoporosis, infertility and impotence.
The cigarette toxins produced by the smoke of cigarette ends that are not inhaled.
Because the smoke produced from burning tobacco that is not perfect. Cigarette smoke
contains a number of harmful substances such as benzene, nicotine, nitrosamines, amine
compounds, aromatic, naphthalene, ammonia, cyanide oxidants, carbon monoxide

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 benzapirin, and others. These particles will settle to the airways and is very harmful to the
body. Deposition cigarette smoke also easily attached to objects in the room and can last
for more than 3 years, with the remains dangerous.
Some research has proven that children whose parents smoke are more likely to
suffer from respiratory illnesses than children whose parents do not smoke. Parents who
suffer from respiratory infections, twice as many children suffering from bronchitis and
pneumonia at the age under one year. Children of mothers who smoke not only run the
risk in the period before birth, but for less than one year old are also in a greater risk for
serious illness. The increased among smokers in women, showing the intensity of lung
cancer among women is increasing. Even more worrying smoking during pregnancy
adversely affects the fetus and the baby is born and can cause premature birth - premature.

4. Dangers of Passive Smokers

Passive smokers is an inhaler smoke from people who are smoking. As a result, more
dangerous than active smoking. Even the danger that must be borne passive smokers
tripling of the dangers of active smokers.
The concentration of harmful substances in the body of a larger passive smokers
because the toxins are inhaled through cigarette smoke unfiltered active smokers. While
cigarette toxins in the body are filtered through the end of the current smokers of cigarettes
smoked. "But the concentration of toxic active smokers could increase if the active
smokers inhale smoke back that he exhales."
The cigarette toxins produced by the smoke of cigarette ends that are not inhaled.
Because the smoke produced from burning tobacco that is not perfect.
Passive smoking is more dangerous than active smoking. Even the danger of passive
smoking triples the danger of active smokers. Budhi Space doctor, Pulmonologist from
Taruma Royal Hospital say as many as 25 percent of the harmful substances contained in
cigarettes into the body of smokers, while 75 percent are circulating in the air that enters
the body at risk those around him.
The concentration of harmful substances in the body of a larger passive smokers
because the toxins are inhaled through cigarette smoke unfiltered active smokers. While
cigarette toxins in the body are filtered through the end of the current smokers of cigarettes
smoked. However, concentrations of toxins active smokers could increase if the active
smokers inhale smoke back that he exhales. "But for current smokers to passive smoking

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at the same time it is itself active smokers is much greater than the passive smokers," said
dr.Budhi Space.
In addition, various research results also suggest female smokers at risk 25 percent
higher than male smokers. Women smokers have double the risk of heart disease and lung
cancer when compared with male smokers. The reason is because women have weight and
blood vessels are smaller than men's.
The dangers of smoking in women include: Damaging the skin, disrupt reproductive
systems, disrupt the menstrual cycle, including onset of pain, decrease fertility, increase
the risk of breast, uterine, and lung cancer, disrupt the growth of the fetus in utero,
disrupting the smooth breastfeeding, miscarriage , until the death of the fetus.
Maybe just cigarettes, the only product that menyantumkan 'advertising' notice that
it causes people to think about the disadvantages of smoking.

5. Hazardous Substances in Substance-Cigarette

Have you ever imagined that the chemicals contained in cigarettes that were three
thousand kinds according to Terry and Horn. But only seven hundred kinds of
substances are known. A little info about cigarettes with respect to the material essence,
tobacco: Tobacco is derived from the Indian word 'tobago' contains about 2,000
chemical elements! Ten (10) of which are harmful to health, namely: Tar [tar], carbon
monoxide, nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, benzopyrene, dimethyl nitrosamine, N-
Nitrosonor nicotine, catechol, phenol and acrolein. In some countries have imposed
restrictions on the terms of the levels of tar, nicotine in cigarette manufacturing. Even
in Norway, Sweden and Finland, smoking restrictions have been expressly regulated by
law. In 1971 the Norwegian government authorizing the establishment of the "National
Council on Smoking and Health" or the National Council on Smoking and Health. Here
there are 15 kinds of harmful substances that can you know that:

1. ACROLEIN; colorless liquid substance obtained by taking fluid from glyceril

or by drying. Basically these substances containing alcohol must be very
detrimental to health.

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2. OF CARBON MONOXIDE; odorless gas. Carbon monoxide is a toxic chemical
found in car exhaust fumes. It is then able to lower the amount of oxygen in the
blood and organ performance pensuply blocking all the oxygen in the body.
Because the body is less oxygen makes the heart have thickening and work harder
to pump blood. This is the main cause of a smoker may experience sudden cardiac
arrest. This substance is produced from incomplete combustion of the element
carbon substances. If this carbon monoxide enters the body and carried by
hemoglobin in the muscles of the body. One molecule of hemoglobin can carry
four oxygen molecules. If the hemoglobin contained in the carbon monoxide, lead
a person to be deprived of oxygen.

3. NICOTINE; colorless oily liquid. These substances can inhibit hunger. So it

causes a person to feel hungry for a cigarette.
4. AMMONIA; colorless gas, consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen. Has a very
sharp odor and stimulating. This substance is very rapidly enters the body's cells
and if injected a small amount on the blood flow will create unconsciousness or
coma.

5. FORMIC ACID; colorless liquid, pungent smell, can move freely and can create
blisters.

6. HYDROGEN CYANIDE; gas is colorless, odorless and no taste. This substance

is the lightest and flammable. Cyanide contain harmful toxins and if it is inserted
directly into the body will result in death.

7. NITROUS OXIDE; gas is colorless and if inhaled can cause loss of consideration
and make the pain. This substance originally was for narcotic substances at the
time of surgery.

8. FORMALDEHYDE; gas is colorless and pungent. This gas is a preservative and

disinfectant.

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 9. PHENOL; This substance consists of a mixture of crystals produced from the
distillation of organic substances such as wood and charcoal. Phenol can be
bound in the protein and blocking the enzyme work.

10. ACETOL; This substance is the result of heating aldehyde and evaporate the
alcohol.

11. HYDROGEN SULFIDE; flammable gas and stink. This substance prevents
oxidation enxym (iron-containing pigment).

12. PYRIDINE; colorless and pungent. This substance is able to change the alcohol
as a solvent and weed killers.

13. METHYL CHLORIDE: a mixture of substances bervalensa one on which

hydrogen and carbon as the main element. This substance is an organic
compound that is highly toxic, and its vapor is equal to the tranquilizer.

14. METHANOL; lighter fluid volatile and burns. If drunk and smoked can result in
blindness and death.

15. TAR; viscous liquid dark brown or black is obtained by destructive distillation of
wood and charcoal are also of tar. Tar itself contains many toxic substances into
the body. It is the substance, thick sticky, and when inhaling it attached to the
tiny hairs in the lungs. This organ protects the lungs from dirt and infection, but
when closed tar this organ can not perform its function. Tar also coat the walls
of the respiratory system as a whole, narrowing the air transport tube (the
bronchioles) and reduces the elasticity of the lungs. Which ultimately leads to
lung cancer and chronic respiratory diseases.

6. Content of Substance On Smoking And Its effect on Health

Cigarettes contain more than 4000 more elements and at least 200 of which are
harmful to health. The main toxins in cigarettes are tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide.
Moreover, in cigarettes also contain other chemicals that are not less toxicity.

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No. name of substance Definition and effects on health
1 ACROLEIN Colorless liquid substance obtained by taking fluid
C3H4O from glyceril or by drying. Basically these substances
containing alcohol must be very detrimental to
health.
2 OF CARBON Odorless gas. This substance is produced from
MONOXIDE incomplete combustion of the element carbon
CO substances. If this carbon monoxide enters the body
and carried by hemoglobin in the muscles of the
body. One molecule of hemoglobin can carry four
oxygen molecules. If the hemoglobin contained in the
carbon monoxide, lead a person to be deprived of
oxygen.
3 NICOTINE Colorless oily liquid. These substances can inhibit
C 10 H 14 N 2 hunger. So it causes a person to feel hungry for a
cigarette.
4 AMMONIA Colorless gas, consisting of nitrogen and hydrogen.
NH3 Has a very sharp odor and stimulating. This
substance is very rapidly enters the body's cells and
if injected a small amount on the blood flow will
create unconsciousness or coma
5 FORMIC ACID Colorless liquid, pungent smell, can move freely and
HCO 2 H can create blisters.

6 HYDROGEN CYANIDE The gas is colorless, odorless and no taste. This

HCN substance is the lightest and flammable. Cyanide
contain harmful toxins and if it is inserted directly
into the body will result in death.
7 NITROUS OXIDE The gas is colorless and if inhaled can cause loss of
N2O consideration and make the pain. This substance
originally was for narcotic substances at the time of
surgery.

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 8 FORMALDEHYDE The gas is colorless and pungent. This gas is a
CH 2 O preservative and disinfectant.
9 PHENOL This substance consists of a mixture of crystals
C6H5OH produced from the distillation of organic substances
such as wood and charcoal. Phenol can be bound in
the protein and blocking the enzyme work
10 ACETOL This substance is the result of heating aldehyde and
C2H4O2 evaporate the alcohol.
11 HYDROGEN SULFIDE Flammable gas and stink. This substance prevents
H2S oxidation enxym (iron-containing pigment).
12 PYRIDINE Colorless and pungent. This substance is able to
C5H5N change the alcohol as a solvent and weed killers.
13 METHYL CHLORIDE Is a mixture of substances bervalensa one on which
CH2 = CHCl hydrogen and carbon as the main element. This
substance is an organic compound that is highly
toxic, and its vapor is equal to the tranquilizer.
14 METHANOL Lighter fluid volatile and burns. If drunk and smoked
CH3OH can result in blindness and death.
15 TAR Viscous liquid dark brown or black is obtained by
C6H6 destructive distillation of wood and charcoal are also
of tar. These substances that cause lung cancer.

Cardiovascular disease is a disease that causes abnormalities in the human heart and
blood vessels. Be aware of heart disease is the leading cause of death due to smoking. Smoked
for many years will lead to hardening of the arteries, this is caused by cholesterol and fat
accumulated in the arteries because the nicotine contained in cigarettes.
As well as the dangers of drugs , smoking can speed up the process of hardening and
narrowing in the arteries and cause blood clots potential is 2 to 4 times that of non-smokers.
Cardiovascular disease can be of different types depending on the affected artery blockage. In
general, there is some potential that the disease affected

Blood clots in the heart and brain that cause sudden death
Coronary thrombosis, which causes heart attacks. About 30 percent are caused by
smoking.
Thrombosis of the brain, it causes a stroke and paralysis even dementia.
High blood pressure or kidney failure.

Smoking Causes Cancer

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 Smoking is a health hazard to cause cancer, there are many cancers are caused by smoking.
Certainly one of them is lung cancer, 90% of patients with lung cancer caused by smoking. In
addition the chain also has the potential to have a higher risk of cancer following:

Bladder Cancer
kidney cancer
Cancer of the pharynx and larynx (throat cancer)
oral cancer
cancer of the esophagus
pancreatic cancer
stomach cancer
Some types of leukemia
Nasal and sinus cancer
Cervical cancer
bowel cancer
ovarian cancer
Breast cancer

The dangers of smoking to human body is very terrible, so many cancers are caused by
smoking and just because a cigarette. So learn how to quit smoking is one way to be free from
harmful cigarette.
Smoking Causes Pregnancy Disorders
Pregnancy is very valuable, many are looking for ways to get pregnant fast in order to
get a baby but many dangers that smoking every day. It is very unfortunate because smoking
can interfere with the fetus and womb for Mother suck.

Dangers of Smoking for Body

There are still many dangers of smoking to human body and negatively affect health.

1. Smoking reduces fertility of the couple.

2. Smoking can cause high blood pressure.
3. Smoking can cause acute asthma.
4. Cigarette smoke can cause eye irritation and make red eye.
5. Smokers may increase the risk of cataracts.
6. Smoking causes stains and make your teeth yellow.
7. Smoking increases the risk of periodontal disease, which causes swollen gums, bad
breath and tooth loss.
8. Smokers can improve wrinkled and old quickly.

Smoking can cause impotence

One of the most feared diseases by adam is impotent, smokers tend to have the potential
of developing the disease is higher than that of non perokok.Bagi men between the ages of 30-
40 early can improve erectile dysfunction more than 50%.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. CONCLUSION

1. Smoking is a cylinder of paper a length between 70 and 120 mm (varies by state) with a
diameter of about 10 mm containing the leaves of tobacco chopped

2. Cigarettes can be divided into several types. This distinction is based on the packaging
materials of cigarettes , raw materials or contents of cigarettes , cigarette-making process
, and the use of filter cigarettes

3. In one cigarette contains 7,000 chemicals, 200 species of them are carcinogenic, which
are substances that damage the genes in the body that lead to cancer, such as lung cancer,
emphysema, and chronic bronchitis

4. Passive smokers is an inhaler smoke from people who are smoking. As a result, more
dangerous than active smoking. Even the danger that must be borne passive smokers
tripling of the dangers of active smokers.

5. Substances contained in rokokyang harmful to health, namely: Tar [tar], carbon

monoxide, nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, benzopyrene, dimethyl nitrosamine, N-
Nitrosonor nicotine, catechol, phenol and acrolein

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. http://MATERI%20B.INDO/ZATZAT%20BERBAHAYA%20PADA%20ROKOK%20
_%20PemiQr%20Timoer.htm
2. http: //MATERI%20B.INDO/Rokok.htm
3. http://MATERI%20B.INDO/Bahaya%20Merokok%20Bagi%20Kesehatan%20_%20Do
kita%20-%20Dokter%20Kita.htm
4. http://MATERI%20B.INDO/Bahaya%20Merokok,%20bahaya%20bagi%20perokok%20
pasif,%20zat%20yang%20terkandung%20dalam%20rokok%20dan%20cara%20pencega
hannya%20_%20Argamakmur%27s%20Weblog.htm

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