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Figure 1. Map of Southern Africa showing Botswana and her neighbors ........................4
Figure 2. Map of Southern Africa showing Trans frontier elephant populations ...........29
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campaigns, special training expertise, organized and armed poachers, economic gains
acquired from poaching, corruption, lenient penalties and political instability in the
neighboring states also play a key role. Despite the current regulations and laws on
wildlife conservation, Botswana continues to attract poachers. This paper shall primarily
focus on recommending how Botswana can improve its anti-poaching strategy and
Botswana boasts
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independence. After independence due to instability in southern Africa there was many
challenges national leaders had with which to deal, among them was the establistto 184 7
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increased
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National Parks lost elephants and rhinoceroses in tens and hundreds per day during the
era of their protection (Conniff 2011). The resolution of the nations leadership led to the
BDFs current dual roles: protecting Botswanas national sovereignty and its anti-
poaching campaigns. This was a result of a rapid synj [ a004wecsiom wing theos-2 [(r)3(a)(ot)-2(i)-6(g)12
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centuries because of their attractive gleaming color after carving, and their alleged
healing possessions
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northeastern border. This area has the bulk of wild animals, especially elephants. The
illegal immigrants have always been viewed skeptically as regards to escalating poaching
incidents and general criminal activities such as cattle, donkey, goat and sheep rustling,
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northeastern border. This area has the bulk of wild animals, especially elephants. The
illegal immigrants have always been viewed skeptically as regards to escalating poaching
incidents and general criminal activities such as cattle, donkey, goat and sheep rustling,
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Primary Question
How
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negatively impacted because the future generations will find diminis 4(act re
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changes since their inception despite huge changes experienced in wildlife management.
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diversify the countrys economy through promotion of tourism. Wildlife conservation
will also provide a treasure for the future generations (BOPA 1991).
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changes since their inception despite huge changes experienced in wildlife management.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
The purpose of this research is to analyze key variables influencing the poaching
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easy regulation and monitoring, surveillance, and compliance. However, this is
competing social demands such as health, education, and communication (Spencer and
Slabbert 2010). Let us now review literature about the two case studies on anti-poaching.
Zimbabwe enjoyed relative peace and stability after its civil war from 1969
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in [Zimbabwe] remained underestimated for a long time while the parks department
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According to Gibson in his book entitled
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ineffective if the people who are responsible for wildlife preservation (Duffy 1999) assist
the poachers.
elephants in northern Botswana is large (24,828 Km2) documented for African elephants
Namibia, southeast Angola and southwest Zambia. These research finding -15( h)-4(av)-4(e )]TJ 0 Tc 0
2009, 5). These movements make it very difficult to monitor the numbers o
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Figure 2. Map of Southern Africa showing Trans frontier elephant populations
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released in early 1994 concluded that notwithstanding these apprehensions, poaching is
on the upsurge in Zambia (Gibson 1995). Others have argued thah -1(t)-2(ai)-
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National Conservation Strategy
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Table 3
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economic opportunities, jobs and incomes for the rural population in particular and the
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member states. Although active involvement of senior government officials is important
Henk states that when the BDF was first involved in anti-poaching campaigns in
1987, armed gangs from neighboring countries were nearing the extinction of the
rhinoceroses and indiscriminately killing the elephants. He contends that Botswana was
trying to preserve its natural resources by employing the BDF. However, the main
question that needs to be explored is whether the continued use of the BDF, without a
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procure the required operational equipment or the desire of leadership to practice safe,
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reduction. However, in most villages of the SADC region, game meat consumption
remains the main and old-style basis of animal protein. Wildlife in its broader meaning,
that is, flora and fauna, this offers a significant and assorted variety of edible and
moneymaking goods indispensable to rural source of revenue. Amongst thesdsio2(n. ]TJ 5.71 0 Tw2( p002
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The GOB is not ignorant of the possible infiltration of poachers into Botswana
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Table 5. Summary of elephants killed in Botswana for the past 5 years
No. of Elephants killed in Botswana from 2005 to 2009
Year
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64041 0.945 scn 102.6 2-4(64.04 57-(e)4(pha)4(nt)-2(s804 5.16 423m [(Y)-2(ea984.04 57-(e)4(60.418.8 66 2-4(1087.166 re f q 102.84 644.04 175.919 27.6 re W n BT /CS0 cs 0 scn /TT2 1 T4479.724 Tc 0.004 H 135.rd)10( S)10(i 135ze 178.08 660.418.8 66 2-4(1087.166 re f q 102.84 644.04 175.919 27.6 re Wn /TT2 1 T4986 scn /TT2 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 3.96 688.68 Tm ( )Tj ETtac/ < 0.481 0.48 re f 102.36 tac/ <)-4(r)]T 0.48 re f2 -07 ETtac/ < 0.481 0.48 re f203.4 66tac/ <)390.00 0.48 re f418.32ETtac/ < 0.40 0.48 re f418.866tac/ <)087.16 0.48 re f 527.16 tac/ < 0.481 0.48 re f 1023.84 644.0 0.481 27.6 re f2 -07 ET 644.0 0.481 27.6 re f418.32ET 644.0 0.41 0.48 re f 102.36 644.0 0.481 27.6 re fa)4(nt)-2(s904 5.16 0.6 Tm [(Y2n 56<)-4(r)]T1547)Tj ET Q q 336 re W cs 4/CS0- cs 0 scn144.0 T2 112(ea)-9c/ <633.4 6.004 20)11(05 178.08 660.6 Tm [(Y2n 56<)-4(r)]T1547)Tj ET Q q 336 re Wn144.0 T2 112(ea201 0 433.4 6.00 1 Tf 12 0 0 1a)4(nt)-2(s1004 5.16 660.203.4 662n 56<)38 0 1547)Tj ET Q q 336 re W cs 4/CS0- cs 0 scn144.0 T2 112(ea3430.00433.4 6.00 10T0 1 Tf 12 203.4 662n 56<)38 0 1547
non-consumptive use of wildlife or the wilderness resource. Draft regulations exist for
WMAs and for Game Ranching and Farming (BOPA 1991, 2).
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however 2009 saw the figures doubling to 22 elephants. Some critiques argue that these
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the research issue is based on the contradictory beliefs, behaviors, emotions, opinions and
study, the researcher identified the relevant research material, focused the analysis and
further interpreted in order to attach meaning and significance to the analysis (Trochim
2006).
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P a i r l a l t n I ba eI l
and shunning of corruption. Corruption and democracy index matrices showing the
countries under examination and other close neighbors of Botswana are used to quantify
and qualify these assertions. This data was derived from Transparency International
2011.
Table 6 is used to analyze levels of corruption in the three countries under study
(Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe), with a view to determining the relat16(e)4e-2((d t2( )-c-10(r)onJ -0.r)3
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Table 7. Governance
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Table 10 provides a consolidated matrix of the poaching variables; it provides a
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Transparency international 2011 provides rankings concerning the above-
identified variables. The top twenty countries on the list shall score nine points each, the
next twenty shall score eight points each, and the points shall reduce by one point per
groups of twenty as the ranks spiral down. For example, Botswana is ranked number 34
on democracy index globally; this means it scores eight points. The purpose of this is to
categorize countries with the top, second, third, fourth, and fifth cat2(e)4 34alat 0.002 a 0ntrntD
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Part IV: Summary and Conclusions
that will be analyzed in chapter 4. Chapter 4 will provide analysis of these variables in
the anti-poaching campaign case studies (Zambia and Zimbabwe) and compare them with
chapter 5
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CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS
Africas wild animals are in an unfortunate situation, this is despite efforts put
into conservation by organizations and activists, and their work is simply undermined by
those who have opposing interests. This occurs, for instance, from habitat destruction,
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Chapter 4 is organized according to the research questions presented in chapter
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comparatively well: Botswana, Bhutan, Cape Verde, and Rwanda all appear
among the 50 cleanest countries. (Rogers and Provost 2011, 1)
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countries. Daron, Johnson, and Robinson confirm these revelations by stating that
and good leadership. They further put a tremendous amount of emphasis on the adoption
such as the Kgotla system, gave Botswana the opportunity to grow incredibly, because
community leaders ensured that law and order was observed at all times, while political
leaders focused on development of the country (Daron, Johnson, and Robinson 2001).
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Investigations of criminals, particularly those dealing with wildlife poaching need
Botswanas current persuasion of doing away with the red tape in government institutions
(BOPA 2012). Some public services are delayed deliberately in order to cause the general
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former Minister of Labor for illegallaly siphoning 2.1 billion Zambian Kwacha
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The Transparency International assessment confirms the themes that developed in
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meltdown led to poaching of elephants and other wildlife for socio-economic needs in
affect poaching. Zambians engaged in poaching within and outside Zambia in order to
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justice on time, the wild animals will remain vulnerable and could eventually become
extinct.
Botswana
Table 15 shows that Botswana is currently doing well concerning law ay ning
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Zambia
According to Table 15, Zambia is doing poorly concerning law and order. As
mentioned earlier on, the interconnectedness between these variables have a cross cutting
effect on poaching. Once the governance collapses or becomes ineffective, then the
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The effectiveness of the CITES ban would best be determined by comparing
levels of poaching pre and post ban, measured by the number of carcasses found without
tusks. Unfortunately, such data are not available for [most] African [countries] (Stiles
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Section 2: What are Botswanas ends, ways, and means needed for
an anti-poaching strategies to succeed
Ends
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However, there are general policies that address wildlife management in
and protection. In the late 1980s, poaching cases surged, and the government
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helping Botswana execute many of community based natural resource conservation
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Section 4
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in Zimbabwe from Zambia.
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courage to overcome corruption; therefore, the region should engage in anti-corruption
campaigns. Education
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Table 18.
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Recommendations for further study
or regional levels to establish the extent of economic impact of poaching on the tourism
industry. A further study could be conducted to find out how the regional governments
can intervene and save endangered species before extinction. Research has shown that
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economy) and the inclusion of other regional players. This strategy should be premised
on defeating the four major causes of poaching as identified and recommended above.
This strategy should encompass the whole government, including the general
populace and other regional governments. The BDF has made relative success compared
to the other militaries cited in the case studies. However, since the challenges evolve with
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Shah, A. 2011. Nature and animal conservation. Global Issues, 1.
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poaching activities on African elephants in Sub-Saharan Africa. Transfrontier
Africa-SAVANNA Project: 3-22.
Stegner, W. 1960. Preservationists and the struggle to preserve wilderness in the West.
Wilderness Letter.
Stiles, D. 2004. The ivory trade and elephant conservation. Environmental Conservation,
309-321.
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Shah, A. 2011. Nature and animal conservation. Global Issues, 1.
Spencer, C., and J. Slabbert. 2010. Using the popular press to quantify the impact of
poaching activities on African elephants in Sub-Saharan Africa. Transfrontier
Africa-SAVANNA Project: 3-22.
Stegner, W. 1960. Preservationists and the struggle to preserve wilderness in the West.
Wilderness Letter.
Stiles, D. 2004. The ivory trade and elephant conservation. Environmental Conservation,
309-321.
96