2010 7 ( ) July 2010

42 4 F or eign L anguage T eaching and R ese ar ch ( bimo nthly ) V ol. 42 N o . 4

: , : 1) ;
2) ; 3) ,
; 4)
; 5)
, ,
:



[ ] H319 [ ] A [ ] 1000- 0429( 2010) 04- 0275- 07

, ( Ap- ism) , ( ex pl icit ) 0 ( Brit ish

plied L ing uist ics, AL , ) Associat io n f or Applied L inguist ics 1994)
, ,
( AL )
, , , , ,
1981

1.
,
,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
,

, , ,
1994 / ,
0 ( Recom mendat ions o n Goo d P ract ice in , ,
Applied L inguist ics) , /
, 0, /
( pro f essiona-
l , ,

* / : 0( ( ) , 2009, 56,
)
# 275 #
 2010 4

, ,
( ) , /

0,


2.
, Ry uo ko Kubo t a
( L anguage Po - l :
i cy and Pla nning, L PP , ) , /
( ) L P P 0, 1956
, ; 80 ,
, L PP , 1964 5
, 6, ,
(
, ,
, ) / 0 1978 ,
1962 , 80 L PP

, , ,
, , ( )
, ,
, ,
Block & Cam eron ,
( 2002) , /
( ) , , /
, , 0
, ,
, L P P ,
, -.
3.

Do ught y & L o ng ( 2003) , /

, ,
0, / ,
0/ 0 ,

( ) , ( 0
, ) , :
, ,
, 90 / Gass( 2000)
0 Cor der ( 1967)

( ) , Selinker ( 1972) ( inter lan-
, guage)
( dest abi lize) , L ew is( 1993) , /
# 276 #


, , , ,
0


( embodime nt )

, , ,


; , ,
, ,
, ( co nst ructio ns)
, ( const ruct io n g ram mar ) ,
/ ( F illm or eL ako f f Go ldbergCr of t L angack-
( L arsen- F reem an 1997) er ) ,
,
( emer gence ) Ba tes ,
M acWhinney
Elman ,
( em ergent ism) (
MacWhinney( 1987, 1997) )
( idiom s) ,
( cues) l et al one ( - . )
: 1) , , (
) ,
,
,
( it t akes one to know one /
Dought y & L ong 2003) , , 0,
, ? , ( it
, C hom sky ( 1986) t o ok one . . . )
( , :
) , ?
, ?
, , ?
, ( ? ?
) ?
: ( language aw areness) ,
( no t icing , at t ent io n) ( usage- based m odels)
( input )
/
, 2) , ,
, ,
?
? ?
? ,


90 , ?

? ?
# 277 #
 2010 4

? ,
? ( int eract ion)
, ( Gass 2003)
, , ( f r equency,
, )
( sal ience)
, ( co nsistency ) ( com plex it y)
( ) ( skew ed) (
/ G ive him X 0, / G ive him a do llar 0
/ G ive him credit0) ( com pre-
4.
hensible input ) ,
, , ,
: ( experient ial) ,
( Ult im at e At t ainment ) ( int ake) ,
, ( nat ive speak- ,
er s) ( near nat ive speakers) , ( )
( , )
/ 0, ,
( Wo rld Engl-
i
shes) ? , (

) ( ,
? Davies( 1991) ) ,
, ,
,
, Selinke r ( 1972)
, , , ( language
/ 0 t ransf er) ( f o ssilizat ion)
: , ;
, ( int erf ere nce) ,
, ;
( crit ica l perio d) , ( ) ,
, ,
, ( cro ss- linguist ic inf luence)
, ,

,


,
( , )


, : (
, ) ? (
, ) ? ?
, ? ?
# 278 #


, , / 0:

, / 0, / ,
, / 0 ( backsliding ) 0( Dought y
( Selinker & L akshama nan 1992) / 0 2001) ,
( plat eau phenom eno n)
, :
, ? 2001
? ? / 0
? ? , 50 V anPat ten et
? ? a l . ( 2004) , :
( univ ersal gram mar ) ,
( , , (
) ? ? ) ,
? Dought y( 2001)
( language at tr it ion) , ( f o cus- o n- f o rm )
, ) ) ) ,
, ( f o-
, cus- on- f orm S) ,
( (
, ) (

, )
)
: ( co mpet ence ) / 0
( perf o rm ance) ? , / bef o re0,
/ yest erda y0
, /- ed0/ w as0
, / 0,

? ,
? ? (
, ) ,
( , )
5.
:
, , L 1/ L 2 ?
, - ?

( )
/ ?
, , ?
,
/ 0, , ,

/ 0 ( f ashio n) , ,
, ,
,
# 279 #
 2010 4

( 1) ( nat ive like
19 - ( select ion) ,
) , ,
, ; ( 2)
? ( nat ive like f luency ) ,
Benson ( 2000) , / ,
, 19 -
, ( ) ,
0
, Nat t inger & D eCarr ico
( 1992) ( lex ical phrases)
, Ellis( 2002) - ,
, , / 0( chunks) ,
(

) , Wray ( 2002) /
, 0( F orm ula ic L angua ge) ,
, , ( T he H etero m orphic
/ Dist ribut ed L exico n)

L arsen- F reem an ( 2003)
, : L ew is( 1993)
20 , /
1) , ,

,
2) , ,
0 H udson 5

, 6Hal liday 56

3) , ,

; ,
, / 0,


; ,
,
4) , , / 0,
,
,
,
, ,

, ,
Gr amm aring ,
( listening ) ( speaking) ( read- , ,
i ng)
( wr it ing ) , ,
( 1) , ,
Paw ley & Sy der ( 1983) ; ( 2)
: , give
# 280 #

, give in - . , give up -. ; M ultilingual M atter s. 51- 67.
happen , utt erly G ass, S. 2003. I nput and inter act io n [ A ] . In C.
; ( 3)
Be nson, M . 2000. T he secr et life of g ra mmar- tr ansla-
t io n [ A ] . In H. T rappes- L o max ( ed. ) . Changes
and Co ntinuity in A pplied Linguistics [ C] . Cle ve
~ do n: M ult ilingual M atter s. 148.
Blo ck, D . & D . Camer o n. 2002. Intr oductio n [ A ] .
In D . Block & D . C amer on ( eds. ) . G lo ba liza-
tion and La ngu age T eaching [ C] . L ondon: Ro ut-
ledge. 2- 10.
Br itish A sso cia tio n f or A pplied L inguistics, 1994,
Re comm enda tio ns o n go od pr actice in A pplie d
L inguistics [ O L ] . http: / / ww w. baal. o r g. uk/ a-
bo ut _ g oo dpr actice _ f ull. pdf ( a cce ssed 03/ 10/
2009) .
Chomsky, N . 1986. Kno wledge of L anguage [ M ] .
Ne w Y o rk: Pra eger .
Cor der, S. 1967. T he significance o f lear ne rsp e rr or s
[ J] . Interna tio nal Rev iew of Applied L inguistics
5: 161- 170.
Da vies, A . 1991. T he Na tiv e Speaker in Applied L in-
guistics [ M ] . Edinbur gh: Edinburg h U niver sity
Pre ss.
Do ughty, C. 2001. Co gnitiv e under pinning s of f o cus
on f or m [ A ] . I n P. R o binson ( e d. ) . Cognitio n
a nd Seco nd L angua ge I nstru ctio n [ C ] . Cam-
br idge: CU P. 206- 225.
Do ughty, C. & M . L ong ( eds. ) . 2003. The Ha nd-
bo ok of Second L angua ge Acquisition [ C ] . Ox-
f o rd: Blackwell.
Ellis, R . 2002. T he place o f g ram mar instr uction in
the sec ond/ f or eig n lang uag e cur riculum [ A ] . In
E. Hinkel & S. Fo to s ( eds. ) . New P er spectives
o n G r amma r Teaching in Seco nd L anguage Class-
ro om [ C] . M ahw ah, N. J. : L aw r ence Er lbaum.
17-34.
G ass, S. 2000. Changing v iew s o f la ng ua ge lear ning
[ A ] . I n H. T r appe s- L om ax ( ed. ) . Cha nge and
Continuity in Applied L inguistics [ C] . Cleve do n:
D o ugh ty & M . L o ng ( eds. ) . 2003. 224- 255.
L ar sen- F ree man, D . 1997. Cha os/ com plex ity science
and seco nd language acquisitio n [ J ] . Applied
Linguistics 18: 141-165.
L ar sen- F ree man, D. 2003. T ea ching L anguage :
Fr om Gr amm ar to Gr amm aring [ M ] . Boston:
He inle &H einle.
L ew is, M . 1993. The L ex ical A ppro ach [ M ] . Ho ve:
L ang uag e T eaching Publica tio ns.
M acW hinne y, B. ( ed. ) . 1987. M echanisms o f La n-
gua ge A cquisit io n [ C ] . H illsdale, N . J. : L a w-
re nce Erlba um.
M acW hinne y, B. 1997. Seco nd language acquisitio n
and the Co mpetitio n M o del [ A ] . I n J. K ro ll &
A . de G ro o t ( eds. ) . Tuto rials in Bilingualism
M a hw ah, N. J. : L a wr ence Erlba um. 113- 142.
N attinger , J. & J. D eCar r ico . 1992. L exical Phrases
and La ngua ge T eaching [ M ] . O xfo r d: OU P.
Pa wley, A. & F. Syder . 1983. T w o puzzles fo r lin-
guistic theo r y: N ative- like se lection and na tiv e-
like f luency [ A ] . I n J. R ichar ds & R. Schm idt
( eds. ) . La ngu age and Com munica tio n [ C ] .
L o ndo n: L o ngma n. 191- 226.
Selinker, L . 1972. Inter la ng uag e [ J] . I nter nationa l
Review o f Applied L inguistics 10: 209- 231.
Selinker, L . & U . L aksha manan. 1992. L ang uag e
tr ansf er and f ossilizat io n: T he / multiple ef fec ts
pr inciple0 [ A ] . I n S. G ass & L . Se linke r ( eds. ) .
L anguage Tr ansfer in La ngua ge L earning [ C ]
A mste rdam: Jo hn Benjam ins. 197- 216.
V anP atten, B. , J. W illiam s & S. R ott. 2004. Fo r m-
me aning connections in se cond lang uag e aquis-
i
tion [ A ] . I n B. V anPa tten, J. W illiam s, S. R o tt
& M . Ov er stre et ( eds. ) . Fo rm-m ea ning Co nnec-
t io ns in Second L angua ge Acquisition [ C] . M ah-
w ah, N . J. : L awr ence Er lbaum. 1- 26.
W ra y, A. 2002. For mulaic L angua ge and the L ex icon
[ M ] . Cambr idge: CU P.
: 2009 ) 11 ) 25
: 510420
# 281 #
 2010 4

A corpus-based and typological approach to RAP constraints on English and Chinese resultative constructions, by
LU O Sim ing , WAN G Wenbin & HON G Ming ( Institut e o f T heor etic L inguistics, N ingbo U niver sity, N ingbo
315211, China) , p. 268
T his paper is a cor pus- based a nd typo lo gical investig ation into the RAP c onstr aints on English and Chinese r e-
sultative constr uct io ns w ithin the fr ame wo rk o f c ognitive- f unctional the or ie s. It finds that ther e are so me similar -
i
t ies and diff ere nce s in RAP co nstra ints betwe en English a nd Chinese r esult ativ e constr uctio ns: both English and
Chinese Contr o l r esulta tiv e constr uctio ns can take o pen- scale adjectiv es, while Chinese subject- o riented ECM r e-
sultative co nstr uctions are se lective in taking open- sca le adje ctiv es and their o bject- o riented o nes ar e rar e in taking
open- sca le adjectives; a ll Eng lish and Chinese r esultat ive constr uct io ns are open to max imum end- point clo sed-
scale adjectives a nd nongr adable adjectiv e. T he paper also sho ws tha t a ll kinds o f Chinese r esult ativ e constr uc tio ns
are open to max imum end- po int clo sed- scale adjectives w hile the ir English co unter parts ar e selective in this aspect;
that R AP takes a mo no sy llabic pr efer ence; that English a nd Chinese belong t o the same ty pe of la ng ua ge in term s
of RAP sele ctio n; tha t Eng lish and Chinese resultative co nstr uctions m ainly diffe r in selecting minimum end- point
clo sed- scale adje ctiv es and o pen- scale adjec tiv es, and in the sem antic pr efe rence of RAP and the asy mmetr y in
V erb- A djective co mbina tio n. T he paper arg ues that the abo ve simila rities and diffe rence r esult f ro m the neg otia-
t io n of adjective pr o toty picalit y, lang uag e typo lo gy and constr ua l.

Reflections on some issues in foreign language teaching in China, by GU I Shichun ( C enter f or L inguistics & Ap-
plied L ing uistics, G uangdong U nive rsity of Fo re ign Studie s, G uangzho u 510420, C hina) , p. 275
T he issue s this pa per fo cuse s on are : ( 1) T re ating applied ling uistics a s an ac ade mic discipline in its ow n r ig ht
by setting up mor e centr es in hig he r- education institutio ns, making mo re scientif ic decisio ns, and po pular izing the
discipline; ( 2) R eco nsider ing lang uag e policy and planning in te rms o f globalizat io n and language teaching; ( 3)
Em pha sizing on the cog nitive basis o f language tea ching; ( 4) F ocusing on the pr oce ss of f o reign lang uag e teaching
in ter ms o f ultimate attainment, lang uag e input, language tr ansf er and f o ssiliz atio n; ( 5) Re thinking fo re ign lan-
g uag e teach ing in the light of the re lat io nship betw een f o rm and meaning, tea ching of g ra mmar , and f or mulaic
lang uag e.

A study on Chinese and English semantic representations by means of ERP technology, by W ANG Pei & CAI Liping
( D ept. o f Psycho log y, Scho o l of Educatio na l Science, Shangh ai No r mal U niver sity, Sha ng hai 200234, China ) ,
p. 282
T his study appr o aches the r elatio nship betw een Chinese and English semantic repr esenta tio ns by mea ns of
ER P ( Event- R elated Po tentials) techno lo gy with Chinese co lle ge st udents at dif fer ent English ( L 2) lev els as sub-
jects. Co mpariso ns ar e made f or a mplitudes and la tencies o f N 400 elicited by sema ntically co ngr uo us and incon-
g ruous se ntences, in co nditions o f three dif fer ent complica ted kinds of English sentence patter ns and their Chinese
counterpar ts, with the f acto r o f w o rking memo r y ability taken int o c onsider at io n. T he results sho w that fo r the
CET- 4 gr o up ther e ar e sig nif icant dif fer ences betw een the English / W h0 spe cia l questions and their Chinese
counterpar tsp N400 ef fects, w he re as no diff ere nce is f o und w ith re gar d to the o ther tw o sentence types; and f or
the T EM 8 gr o up no diff ere nce is f o und in any of the thr ee sentence pat terns. T his sugge sts th at the relationship
be tween tw o lang uag esp semantic r epr esentat io ns depends o n the studentsp pr of iciency o f the second lang uag e, and
the sentence syntax com plex ity could also be a fact or fo r lo wer pro ficie nt subje cts.