Harvard Style

http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup112025

Introduction
Welcome to the Harvard Guide to Using Sources. As a required text for your Expos course,
the Guide introduces you to the fundamentals of using sources in academic papers. You will be
expected to understand these fundamentals as you write papers at Harvard, both for your Expos
course and for the courses you will take beyond Expos.

When you use sources in academic writing, you engage in a conversation with scholars whose
work you have been asked to read, analyze, or discuss in your courses. In the courses you will
take at Harvard, your professors will introduce you to the major debates and questions in their
fields and invite you to join the scholarly conversation by writing your own papers. Over the next
four years, you will be asked to consider different types of sources as you investigate different
questions. In order to hold up your end of the scholarly conversation in these different situations,
you will need to understand how to use sources effectively and responsibly.

Your Expos course will introduce you to the principles of writing with sources that are common
across the disciplines, as well as to the differences you might encounter as you move from course
to course.

As you consult this Guide, you should keep in mind that the information available here is designed
to be an introduction to the process of using sources in college, rather than an exhaustive guide to
using sources in every field or every course. Understanding the information presented here will
mark a significant step in your process of learning how to engage with other people's ideas and
how to treat those ideas with respect, but the process of learning about source use will continue
throughout your four years at Harvardand beyond. You will be confronted with different
situations as your research and writing becomes more complex, and you will need to make sure
you understand how to grapple with sources in these situations.

While this Guide offers useful reference information in each section, it is designed as a text that
should be read from beginning to end. Once you have read the entire Guide, you will then have a
better idea of which sections you will want to review at different points in your research process.
The Guide is divided into six sections:

"Why Use Sources?" provides an overview of what you will be expected to do with sources in
college writing.

"Locating Sources" offers a brief introduction to the Harvard libraries, along with a link to a
special research resource for freshman that the librarians have developed.

"Evaluating Sources" explains the questions you should ask as you determine whether particular
sources are reliable and suitable for your project.

"Avoiding Plagiarism" provides an in-depth explanation of what constitutes plagiarism and how to
avoid it. The Harvard College Administrative Board expects all students to have read and
understood this material, and you are responsible for doing so.

"Integrating Sources" provides guidance about how to integrate the ideas from sources into your
paper.
"Citing Sources" contains citation examples in MLA style and APA style, as well as a link to
the Chicago Manual of Style.

If you have questions about any of the topics covered in this Guide, don't hesitate to seek
guidance from your preceptor, a librarian, a Writing Center tutor, or an instructor.

Learning to use sources effectively in your writing is a challenging process, and one that will
continue throughout your four years at Harvard. The benefits of learning to use sources effectively
are tangible, however: As you use sources with increasing sophistication, you'll be able to develop
ideas of your own that are richer and more complex, and the process of writing will become more
rewarding.

Citing Sources

Citations provide information to help your readers locate the sources you consulted when writing
your paper. Some of your instructors will specify which citation format you should use; others will
tell you to choose your own citation format as long as you use it consistently. If your instructor
does not mention citation format at all, you should ask him or her whether a particular format is
required. The most common citation formats are MLA (Modern Language Association) style; which
is primarily used for papers in the humanities; APA (American Psychological Association) style,
which is primary used for papers in the social sciences; and Chicago style (The Chicago Manual of
Style), which is used for both humanities and social science papers.

The MLA and APA styles require you to use in-text citations, which are citations placed in
parentheses within the body of your paper. The Chicago style requires you to use footnotes. If you
plan to use the Chicago style, you can access The Chicago Manual of Stylethrough the Harvard
library subscription. If you plan to use MLA style or APA style, you can find basic information about
both styles in this section. Some of your courses at Harvard will require you to use other citation
formats. For example, the American Chemical Society publishes its own style guide, which you
may be asked to use in chemistry courses. The Harvard Department of Economics asks students
to use a departmental style guide, which you can find on their Web site. If you are not sure which
format to use for a specific course, consult your instructor.

Both APA and MLA styles require you to credit your sources in two ways. First, you must include a
parenthetical citation in the text of your paper that indicates the source of a particular quote,
paraphrased statement or idea, or fact; second, you must include a list of references at the end of
your paper that enables readers to locate the sources you have used. The rules for both the
parenthetical citations and the citations at the end of your paper appear in the sub-sections listed
on the left.
 Books

Single author Multiple authors Corporate/institutional authors Anonymous

author Compilation/anthology Book published in print, retrieved online Anthology, not
previously published Reprinted work in anthology Introduction, preface, foreword, or
afterword Reference source Online reference source Crediting non-authors Other than
first editions Reprinting/republications Multivolume works Publisher's imprint

Single author

In MLA style, the basic citation format includes the author, book title, city of publication, name of
publisher, date of publication, and medium in which the book was published. All words in the title
should be capitalized unless they are prepositions, articles, or coordinating conjunctions.

MLA Example

Self, Robert. American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland. Princeton: Princeton UP,
2003. Print.

APA style requires the same basic information. In APA style, the first and middle names of the
author should be abbreviated with initials, and the date of publication should appear in
parentheses immediately after the author's name. You do not need to specify the medium of
publication. You should capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, as well as any proper
nouns.

APA Example

Self, R. (2003). American Babylon: Race and the struggle for postwar Oakland. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.

Multiple authors

In MLA style, use "and" before the final author's name. Reverse the first and last name for the first
author only, and separate each author's name with a comma. If two authors have the same last
 name, you should list each full name separately. When there are four or more authors, use only
first author's name followed by "et al."

MLA Examples

Mearsheimer, John J., and Stephen M. Walt. The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar,
2007. Print.

Bernstein, Douglas, et al. Psychology. 8th ed. Boston: Houghton, 2008. Print.

Bogel, Fredric, et al. Teaching Prose: A Guide for Writing Instructors. New York: Norton, 1984. Print.

In APA style, reverse the first initials and last name of each author, and separate each author's
name with a comma. Use an ampersand before the last author's name. When there are more than
seven authors, list the first six, followed by an ellipsis, and then the last author. Otherwise, list
every author by name.

APA Examples

Mearsheimer, J. J., & Walt, S. M. (2007). The Israel lobby and U.S. foreign policy. New York: Farrar,
Straus, & Giroux.

Bernstein, D., Penner, L., Clarke-Stewart, A., & Roy, E. (2008). Psychology (8th ed.). Boston, MA:
Houghton Mifflin.

Bogel, F., Carden, P., Davis, S., Gottschalk, K., Cox, G., Shaw, H., Hamblet, M. (1984). Teaching
prose: A guide for writing instructors. New York: W. W. Norton.

Corporate/institutional authors

In both MLA style and APA style, when a book is authored by an organization or a corporation
rather than an individual, put the organization's name where you would otherwise put the author's
name. In APA style, if the author and publisher are the same corporation/institution, list the
publisher as "Author."

MLA Example
National Urban League. 40th Anniversary Yearbook, 1950. New York: National Urban League, 1951.
Print.

APA Example

National Urban League (1951). 40th anniversary yearbook, 1950. New York, NY: Author.

Anonymous author

In MLA style, if a work has no author, or if the author is listed as "anonymous," begin your citation
with the title of the work.

MLA Examples

Me: A Book of Remembrance. New York: Century, 1915. Print.

Primary Colors: A Novel of Politics. New York: Random House, 1996. Print.

In APA style, begin your citation with the title of the book unless the author is listed as
"anonymous." In this case, list the author as "Anonymous."

APA Examples

Me: A book of remembrance. (1915). New York, NY: Century.

Anonymous (1996). Primary colors: A novel of politics. New York, NY: Random House.

Compilation/anthology

Compilations, anthologies, and other books that consist of chapters by many different authors do
not have a single author. For that reason, when you cite such books in their entirety, credit the
editor(s) or compiler(s) listed on the cover instead of the author of a particular chapter. (If you
only need to cite one chapter from a compiled book or anthology, see the format for a book
chapter or work in an anthology.) In both MLA and APA styles, use an abbreviation after the
 person's name to indicate the function or functions performed. For example, use "ed." for
someone listed as an editor, "comp." for someone listed as the compiler of an anthology, and "ed.
and trans." for someone who both edited and translated a book. In MLA style, you do not need to
capitalize the "e" in "ed." unless the book has both an author and an editor. In APA style, you
should capitalize the "e" in "Ed."

MLA Example

Landsman, Julie, and Chance Lewis, eds. White Teachers, Diverse Classrooms: A Guide to Building
Inclusive Schools, Promoting High Expectations, and Eliminating Racism. Sterling: Stylus, 2006.
Print.

APA Example

Landsman, J., & Lewis, C. (Eds.). (2006). White teachers, diverse classrooms: A guide to building
inclusive schools, promoting high expectations, and eliminating racism. Sterling, VA: Stylus.

Book published in print, retrieved online

In MLA style, include all of the print publication information when you cite a book that you
retrieved online. After citing the printed edition, add the name of the database you used in italics
(e.g., Google Book Search), the medium of publication (Web), and the date you retrieved the book
online.

MLA Example

Van Dunk, Emily, and Anneliese Dickman. School Choice and the Question of Accountability: The
Milwaukee Experience. New Haven: Yale UP, 2003. Google Book Search. Web. 3 June 2010.

In APA style, include the year of publication for a book you retrieved online, but omit the
publisher's name and location. If a digital object identifier (DOI) is available, list it after the book's
title; if not, list "Retrieved from" followed by the home page URL of the database you used to find
the book. In either case, you do not need to list the date you retrieved the book.
 What is a DOI?

Digital Object Identifier

APA Examples

Clawson, P., & Rubin, M. (2005). Eternal Iran: Continuity and chaos. doi: 10.1057/9781403977106

Van Dunk, E., and Dickman, A. (2003). School choice and the question of accountability: The Milwaukee
experience. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books

Book chapter or work in anthology, not previously published

elsewhere

In MLA style and in APA style, list the author of the chapter or work, the title of the chapter or
work, the title of the anthology, and the editors of the anthology. In MLA style, put the chapter or
work in quotation marks. In APA style, do not put the chapter or work in quotation marks. In APA
style, include the word "In" before the title of the anthology.

MLA Example

Rehak, Jay. "Go Back and Circle the Verbs." City Kids, City Teachers: Reports from the Front Lines. Ed.
William Ayers and Patricia Ford. New York: New Press, 1996. 270-85. Print.

APA Example

Rehak, J. (1996). Go back and circle the verbs. In W. Ayers & P. Ford (Eds.), City kids, city teachers:
Reports from the front lines (pp. 270-285). New York, NY: New Press.

Reprinted work in anthology

When you cite a work in an anthology that has been previously published elsewhere, you may
want to include information about the piece as it was originally published as well as information
 about the work in which you found it. In MLA style, you can choose to insert the original year of
publication after the title of the piece. In APA style, you should always include the words
"Reprinted from" and the original publication information in parentheses after citing the anthology.
In the examples below, the story "Miss Knight" by Robert McAlmon was originally printed in
McAlmon's book Distinguished Air; the student writing the paper used a copy of "Miss Knight"
reproduced in the Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature.

MLA Example

McAlmon, Robert. "Miss Knight." 1925. The Columbia Anthology of Gay Literature: Readings from
Western Antiquity to the Present Day. Ed. Byrne R.S. Fone. New York: Columbia UP, 1998. 629-
39. Print.

APA Example

McAlmon, R. (1998). Miss Knight. In B. R. S. Fone (Ed.), The Columbia anthology of gay literature:
Readings from Western antiquity to the present day (pp. 629-639). New York, NY: Columbia
University Press. (Reprinted from Distinguished air: Grim fairy tales, pp. 630-638, by R. McAlmon,
1925, Paris, France: Three Mountains Press)

Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword

Some books include an introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword written by someone

other than the author of the book. For both MLA and APA styles, list the author of the section first,
and then include the author or editor of the book in your citation. In MLA style, include "By" before
the name of the author of the work. In APA style, include "In" before the name of the author or
editor of the whole volume.

MLA Examples

Pynchon, Thomas. Foreword. Nineteen Eighty-Four. By George Orwell. New York: Plume-Penguin, 2003.
vii-xxvi. Print.

Gillan, Jennifer. Introduction. Identity Lessons: Contemporary Writing About Learning to Be American.
Ed. Maria Mazziotti Gillan and Jennifer Gillan. New York: Penguin, 1999. xii-xxi. Print.

APA Examples

Pynchon, T. (2003). Foreword. In G. Orwell, Nineteen eighty-four (pp. vii-xxvi). New York, NY: Penguin.
Gillan, J. (1999). Introduction. In M. M. Gillan & J. Gillan, (Eds.), Identity lessons: Contemporary writing
about learning to be American (pp. xii-xxi). New York, NY: Penguin.

Article in reference source

In MLA style, when you cite a common reference book, you can omit some publication information.
You must include the edition of the book (if specified), the year in which it was published, and
whether you consulted a print or a Web version. Include full publication information (such as
publisher and place of publication) for more specialized reference books.

In APA style, include full publication information for all reference books.

MLA Examples

"Heuristic." Def. 2. Random House Webster's College Dictionary. 1991. Print.

Moritz, Mark. "Economic Anthropology." International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. Ed. Jens
Beckert and Milan Zafirovski. New York: Routledge, 2006. Print.

APA Examples

Heuristic. Def. 2. (1991). In Random House Webster's college dictionary (p. 629). New York, NY: Author.

Moritz, M. (2006). Economic anthropology. In J. Beckert & M. Zafirovski (Eds.), International

encyclopedia of economic sociology (pp. 174-176). New York, NY: Routledge.

Article in online reference source

In MLA style, indicate that the work is a Web source and provide the retrieval date. In APA style,
you do not need to give the date of retrieval.

MLA Example

"Judy Garland." Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2010. Web. 10 June 2010.

APA Example
Judy Garland. (2010). In Encyclopaedia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/226023/Judy-Garland

Crediting non-authors

In MLA style, you can give credit in your citation to contributors other than the author, such as
editors, translators, and illustrators. If you are primarily concerned with the original text, list the
original author's name first in your citation; if your paper focuses on the editor's comments, the
translator's introduction, the illustrations, or some other contribution by someone other than the
author, list that person's name first in your citation, followed by the book's title and the author's
name.

In APA style, always list the book's author first and other contributors in parentheses after the
title. Refer to the work by the publication date of the edition you are citing. List the original date of
publication in parentheses at the end of the citation.

Editors of scholarly or critical editions

MLA Examples

Use this format if you are focusing primarily on the text.

Use this format if you are focusing primarily on the work of the editor.

Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. 1958. Ed. Harold

Bloom. Broomall: Chelsea House, 2003.
Print.

Bloom, Harold, ed. Things Fall Apart. By Chinua

Achebe. 1958. Broomall: Chelsea House,
2003. Print.

APA Example
Achebe, C. (2003). Things fall apart (H. Bloom, Ed.). Broomall, PA: Chelsea House. (Original work
published 1958)

In MLA style, you may choose to include original publication information, such as the title in the
original language, after the publication information for the translated version. In APA style, cite
only the English translation's title, but do include the date of publication for the original work.

Translators

MLA Example

Saint-Exupry, Antoine de. The Little Prince. Trans. Richard Howard. San Diego: Harcourt, 2000. Print.
Trans. of Le petit prince. New York: Reynal, 1947.

APA Example

de Saint-Exupry, A. (2000). The little prince (R. Howard, Trans.). San Diego: Harcourt. (Original work
published 1947)

When you are referring to the illustrations in a book, you should credit the illustrator as well as the
author.

Illustrators

MLA Example

Huygen, Wil. Gnomes. Illus. Rien Poortvliet. London: Pan Books, 1977. Print.

APA Example

Huygen, W. (1977). Gnomes (R. Poortvliet, Illus.). London: Pan Books.

Other than first edition

 When you are citing an edition of a book other than the first edition, you should indicate the
edition. In both MLA and APA styles, you should identify the edition you are citing by year or
number (if either is available), or by name (if the edition is listed as "revised" or "abridged").

MLA Example

Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. 2003 ed. New York: Perennial-HarperCollins,
2003. Print.

APA Example

Zinn, H. (2003). A people's history of the United States (2003 ed.). New York, NY: Perennial.

Reprinting/republication

If you are citing a reprinted edition, such as a paperback book that was originally published as a
hardcover edition, you should indicate this in your citation. In MLA style, give the original date of
publication after the title of the book, then give the date of publication for the edition you are
citing after the publisher's name. In APA style, note the original publication date in parentheses at
the end of the citation.

MLA Example

Wills, Garry. Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man. 1969. Boston: Houghton, 1970. Print.

APA Example

Wills, G. (1970). Nixon agonistes: The crisis of the self-made man. Boston, MA: Houghton. (Original
work published 1969)

Multivolume work

To cite multiple volumes from the same series, include the total number of volumes in the work
(regardless of how many you cite) after the title of the work. If the volumes were not published in
the same year, cite the range of publication dates for the series.

MLA Example
Carruthers, Peter, Stephen Laurence, and Stephen Stich, eds. The Innate Mind. 3 vols. New York: Oxford
UP, 2005-2008. Print.

APA Example

Carruthers, P., Laurence, S., & Stich, S. (Eds.). (2005-2008). The innate mind (Vols. 1-3). New York,
NY: Oxford University Press.

Publisher's imprint

In MLA style, use a hyphen to separate information about the imprint from information about the
publisher. In APA style, include information only about the imprint.

MLA Example

O'Toole, James. The Faithful: A History of Catholics in America. Cambridge, MA: Belknap-Harvard UP,
2008. Print.

APA Example

O'Toole, J. (2008). The faithful: A history of Catholics in America. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
 Scholarly Journals

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Scholarly journals Journals using Issue numbers Journals published online

Print journals retrieved online Anonymous articles Journals of special issue Abstracts

Article in a scholarly journal

In MLA style, the basic format includes the author, the title of the article, the title of the journal,
the issue and volume numbers, the year of publication, the page number(s), and the medium of
publication.

MLA Example

Mead, Lawrence M. "Toward a Mandatory Work Policy for Men." Future of Children 17.2 (2007): 43-72.
Print.

In APA style, the basic format includes the author, the year of publication, the title of the article,
the title of the journal, the issue and volume numbers, and the page number(s).

APA Example

Mead, L. M. (2007). Toward a mandatory work policy for men. Future of Children, 17(2), 43-72.

Article in a journal that uses only issue numbers

In both MLA style and APA styles, if the journal does not use volume numbers, list only the issue
number.

MLA Example

Charles, Camille Zubrinsky. "The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation." Annual Review of
Sociology 29 (2003): 167-207. Print.

MLA Example
Charles, C. Z. (2003). The dynamics of racial residential segregation. Annual Review of Sociology, 29,
167-207.

Article in a scholarly journal published only online

Some online journals restart page numbering at the beginning of each item rather than paginating
an entire issue sequentially. In MLA style, use "n. pag." to indicate that a journal is not paginated.
In APA style, simply omit the page numbers.

MLA Example

Jamjoom, Aimun A. B., et al. "Anaesthetists' and Surgeons' Attitudes towards Informed Consent in the
UK: An Observational Study." BMC Medical Ethics 11.2 (2010): n. pag. Web. 7 June 2010.

What is a DOI?

Digital Object Identifier

APA Examples

With DOI

Jamjoom, A. A. B., White, S., Walton, S. M., Hardman, J. G., & Moppett, I. K. (2010). Anaesthetists' and
surgeons' attitudes towards informed consent in the UK: An observational study. BMC Medical
Ethics, 11(2). doi: 10.1186/1472-6939-11-2

Without DOI

Jamjoom, A. A. B., White, S., Walton, S. M., Hardman, J. G., & Moppett, I. K. (2010). Anaesthetists' and
surgeons' attitudes towards informed consent in the UK: An observational study. BMC Medical
Ethics, 11(2). Retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcmedethics
 Article in a print journal retrieved online

In MLA style, indicate that you retrieved the journal online by listing the database in italics as well
as "Web." as the medium of publication. In APA style, list the DOI where possible. If there is no
DOI available, list the URL for the journal's home page, even if you retrieved the article through a
database such as Academic Search Premier or JSTOR.

MLA Example

Hopkins, Daniel. "Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local
Opposition."American Political Science Review 104.1 (2010): 40-60. Academic Search Premier.
Web. 10 May 2010.

APA Example

Hopkins, D. (2010). Politicized places: Explaining where and when immigrants provoke local
opposition.American Political Science Review, 104(1), 40-60. Retrieved from
http://www.apsanet.org/content_3222.cfm

Anonymous article

In both MLA style and APA style, the title of the article should appear where the author's name
would appear.

MLA Example

"An Unusual Visit to Court." British Medical Journal 340.7746 (2010): 599. Print.

APA Example

An unusual visit to court. (2010). British Medical Journal, 340(7746), 599. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1377

Special issue of a journal

Sometimes you may find a journal that has published a special issue on a topic you are writing
about, and you will want to cite the entire issue. In both MLA style and APA style, you should
indicate a special issue of a journal by listing the editor(s) and the title of the issue, as well as
 indicating that it is a special issue with the words "Spec. issue of" (in MLA style) or "[Special
issue]" (in APA style). In MLA style, the title of the special issue should be in italics; in APA style it
should not.

MLA Example

Gilfoyle, Timothy, ed. New Perspectives on Commercial Sex and Sex Work in Urban America, 1850-1940.
Spec. issue of Journal of the History of Sexuality 18.3 (2009): 359-562. Print.

APA Example

Gilfoyle, T. (Ed.). (2009). New perspectives on commercial sex and sex work in urban America, 1850-
1940 [Special issue]. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 18(3).

Abstract

In both MLA and APA styles, it is generally better to base your research on a full article, rather
than on an abstract alone. However, if you do need to cite an abstract, include the citation
information for the journal article as well as the information for the journal where you read the
abstract.

MLA Example

Bremner, Judith. "Black Pink Collar Workers: Arduous Journey from Field and Kitchen to Office." Journal
of Sociology and Social Welfare 19.3 (1992): 7-27. Print. Social Work Research and Abstracts 28.4
(1992): 88. Print.

APA Example

Bremner, J. (1992). Black pink collar workers: Arduous journey from field and kitchen to office. Journal
of Sociology and Social Welfare, 19(3), 7-27. Abstract retrieved from Social Work Research and
Abstracts database.
 Newspapers and Magazines

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Newspapers (print) Newspapers (Web) Newspapers (online database) Reviews

Magazines (print, Web, and database) Editorials Letters to the editor Serialized articles

Article in a newspaper (print)

If you consult the print issue of a newspaper, you should cite it according to the following formats.

MLA Example

Bosman, Julie. "Palin Breaking Out of Cocoon." New York Times 21 Oct. 2008, late ed.: A19. Print.

APA Example

Bosman, J. (2008, October 21). Palin breaking out of cocoon. The New York Times, p. A19.

When the article is spread across multiple pages, follow these guidelines: In MLA style, use the
page number range (e.g., "A12-A13") for continuous pages; for articles appearing on non-
continuous pages, use a "+" after the first page (e.g., "A1+"). In APA style, include the page
number range for continuous pages (e.g., A12-A13); for articles appearing on non-continuous
pages, list all pages, separated by a comma (e.g., A12, A14).

MLA Example

Ham, Bus. "65-7 Rout Worst Tiger Lacing in 85-Year History." Washington Post 18 Oct. 1953: C1+. Print.

APA Example

Ham, B. (1953, October 18). 65-7 rout worst Tiger lacing in 85-year history. The Washington Post, pp.
C1, C4.

Article in a newspaper (Web)

 When you access an article on a newspaper's Web site, you should cite this version of the article
rather than the print version. For MLA style, list the author, the title of the article in quotation
marks, the title of the Web site in italics, the publisher of the Web site, the date of publication, the
medium of publication (Web), and the date of access.

MLA Example

Borsuk, Alan. "20,000 Students Now Use Vouchers." JSOnline. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 9 Nov. 2008.
Web. 14 Dec. 2008.

In APA, list "Retrieved from" followed by the URL of the Web site's homepage. No date of access is
needed.

APA Example

Borsuk, A. (2008, November 9). 20,000 students now use vouchers. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
Retrieved from http://www.jsonline.com

Article in a newspaper (online database)

In MLA style, when you access a newspaper article through a database rather than directly from
the publication's Web site, you should append the title of the database in italics, the medium of
publication (Web), and the date of access to the end of the citation. You do not have to include
this information in APA style.

MLA Example

Evans, Thayer. "Bruised and Beaten, Favre Is Again Unsure of Future." New York Times 25 January
2010, late ed.: D6. LexisNexis. Web. 8 Feb. 2010.

APA Example

Evans, T. (2010, January 25). Bruised and beaten, Favre is again unsure of future. The New York Times,
p. D6.

Article in a magazine (print, Web, and database)

 In MLA style, you should give the complete date of publication if the magazine is published weekly
or bi-weekly. If the magazine is published monthly or bi-monthly, however, you only need to give
the month and year of publication and should not list volume or issue numbers. When you access
an article online, include the title of the database (in italics) and date of access at the end of your
entry.

MLA Examples

(Print)

Honawar, Vaishali. "Aspiring Teachers Take Up Residence." Education Week 15 Oct. 2008: 28-31. Print.

(Web site)

Honawar, Vaishali. "Aspiring Teachers Take Up Residence." Education Week. Education Week, 15 Oct.
2008. Web. 28 Mar. 2009.

(Online database)

Honawar, Vaishali. "Aspiring Teachers Take Up Residence." Education Week 15 Oct. 2008: 28-
31. Academic Search Premier. Web. 28 Mar. 2009.

(Monthly magazine)

Prose, Francine. "Saving Art from Art Lovers." Atlantic Monthly Apr. 2001: 28-29. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 9 Nov. 2009.

In APA style, you should give the complete date of publication if the magazine is published weekly
or bi-weekly. If the magazine is monthly or bi-monthly, you only need to give the month and year
of publication. You do not need to list volume or issue numbers. When you access an article
online, include the digital object identifier (DOI) when available. If no DOI is available, include the
home page URL of the journal.

What is a DOI?

Digital Object Identifier

APA Examples
 (Print)

Honawar, V. (2008, October 15). Aspiring teachers take up residence. Education Week, 28(8), 28-31.

(Web site/Online database)

Honawar, V. (2008, October 15). Aspiring teachers take up residence. Education Week, 28(8). Retrieved
from http://www.edweek.com

(Monthly magazine)

Prose, F. (2001, April). Saving art from art lovers. Atlantic Monthly, 287(4). Retrieved from
http://www.theatlantic.com

Editorial

If an editorial is signed, begin your entry with the author's name. If the editorial is unsigned,
begin with the title.

MLA Examples

Collins, Gail. "Dance of the Derivatives." Editorial. New York Times. New York Times, 21 April 2010. Web.
18 June 2010.

"Protect Lobster Stocks, But Ban Goes Too Far." Editorial. Boston.com. Boston Globe, 16 June 2010.
Web. 18 June 2010.

APA Examples

Collins, G. (2010, April 21). Dance of the derivatives [Editorial]. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com

Protect lobster stocks, but ban goes too far [Editorial]. (2010, June 16). The Boston Globe. Retrieved
from http://www.boston.com

Letter to the editor

 In MLA style, add the word "Letter" after the author's name; omit the title of the letter. In APA
style, add "Letter to the editor" in brackets after the title of the letter.

MLA Example

Tsang, David. Letter. Financial Times 15 June 2010, Asia ed.: 8. Print.

APA Example

Tsang, D. (2010, June 15). Van Gogh and the perfect sign-off [Letter to the editor]. Financial Times, p.
8.

Serialized article

MLA style specifies special conventions for citing either a series of articles on the same topic or a
serialized article. When each article in the series has the same author and title, cite the series in a
single entry and include the publication information for each article. APA style does not specify
conventions for citing a series differently from an individual journal, newspaper, or magazine
article.

MLA Example

Bell, Carl C., and Harshad Mehta. "Misdiagnosis of Black Patients with Manic Depressive Illness." Journal
of the National Medical Association 72.2 (1980): 141-45; 73.2 (1981): 101-07. Print.

When each article in the series has the same author but a different title, cite each article and,
optionally, append the title of the series to the end of each entry. Organize these entries
alphabetically by title, not by date. For articles other than the first in the series, include the date
of the first article in the series.

MLA Examples

Kelly, Kate. "Bear Stearns Neared Collapse Twice in Frenzied Last Days." Wall Street Journal 29 May
2008, Eastern ed.: A1+. Print. Pt. 3 of a series, The Fall of Bear Stearns, begun 27 May 2008.

---. "Fear, Rumors Touched Off Fatal Run on Bear Stearns." Wall Street Journal 28 May 2008, Eastern
ed.: A1+. Print. Pt. 2 of a series, The Fall of Bear Stearns, begun 27 May 2008.

---. "Lost Opportunities Haunt Final Days of Bear Stearns." Wall Street Journal 27 May 2008, Eastern
ed.: A1+. Print. Pt. 1 of a series, The Fall of Bear Stearns.
 Review

Both MLA style and APA style require you to indicate when you are citing a review. In MLA style,
use the words "Rev. of" along with the author and title of the work. In APA style, use the words
"Review of the" and the type of work being reviewed (e.g., "book") along with the author and title
of the work.

MLA Example

Senior, Jennifer. "Do I Contradict Myself?" Rev. of Hitch-22: A Memoir, by Christopher Hitchens. New
York Times. New York Times, 10 June 2010. Web. 18 June 2010.

APA Example

Senior, J. (2010, June 10). Do I contradict myself? [Review of the book Hitch-22: A memoir, by C.
Hitchens].The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

If the review does not list an author, begin the citation with "Rev. of" or "[Review]."

MLA Example

Rev. of Going Up the River: Travels in a Prison Nation, by Joseph Hallinan. Kirkus Reviews 1 Jan. 2001:
n. pag.LexisNexis. Web. 18 June 2010.

APA Example

[Review of Going up the river: Travels in a prison nation, by J. Hallinan]. (2001, January 1). Kirkus
Reviews. Retrieved from http://www.kirkusreviews.com
 Other Text Sources
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Web sites Blog posts Brochures, pamphlets, or press releases Government

reports Court cases
Dissertations Letters and E-mail messages Conferences, meetings, or symposium
proceedings

Web site

These guidelines apply to Web sites that do not replicate a work originally published in print (e.g.,
journal articles found in online databases). In MLA style, include the date of access for all
electronic references; in APA style, only include the retrieval date if the content is likely to change
over time.

MLA style

Your reference should include, in this order, the following elements:

1. Name of the author, editor, etc., if one is available

2. Title of the work, in italics for an independent work

(e.g., Expos: Writing from the Harvard University Community) or in quotation marks for an
entry within a larger work (e.g., "The Paradox of Early American Protestantism: The
Progenitor of an Intellectual and Anti-Intellectual American Heritage")

3. Title of the Web site in italics, if different from the title of the work

4. Version or edition number

5. Publisher of the site, or "N.p." if no publisher is indicated

6. Date of publication, or "n.d." if no date is indicated

7. "Web" (i.e., the medium of publication)

8. Date of access

MLA Example

Wortzel, Joshua. "The Paradox of Early American Protestantism: The Progenitor of an Intellectual and
Anti-Intellectual American Heritage." Expos: Writing from the Harvard University Community.
Harvard College Writing Program, Sept. 2010. Web. 6 Sept. 2010.
 APA style

Your reference should include, in this order, the following elements:

1. Name of the author, editor, etc., if one is available

2. Date of publication, or "n.d." if no date is indicated

3. Document title in italics. (If you are citing only one section in the document, include the
section title before the document title.)

4. Retrieval date, but only if the content is likely to change over time

5. The words "Retrieved from" and the home page URL, or full document URL if the document
is difficult to locate from the home page

APA Example

Wortzel, J. (2010, September). The paradox of early American Protestantism: The progenitor of an
intellectual and anti-intellectual American heritage. Expos: Writing from the Harvard University
community. Retrieved from http://people.fas.harvard.edu/~expose

Blog post

MLA Example

Berman-Cooper, Sam. "The Nuclear Option: How to Write Paper the Night Before It's Due." The Barker
Underground. Harvard College Writing Program, 2010. Web. 26 July 2010

APA Example

Berman-Cooper, S. (2010). The nuclear option: how to write a paper the night before it's due [Web log
post]. Retrieved from http://harvardwc.tumblr.com/

Brochure, pamphlet, or press release

Brochures, pamphlets, and press releases follow the general format for books. For press releases,
include the day and month of publication if available.

MLA Examples

National Rifle Association. What NRA Does for Hunters. Fairfax: NRA Institute for Legislative Action, n.d.
Print.
BP. BP Announces New Gulf Coast Restoration Organization. London: BP, 23 June 2010. Web. 1 July
2010.

APA Examples

National Rifle Association (n.d.). What NRA does for hunters [Brochure]. Fairfax, VA: NRA Institute for
Legislative Action.

BP. (2010, June 23). BP announces new Gulf Coast restoration organization [Press release]. Retrieved
from http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7063068

Government report

In MLA style, alphabetize the citation by the author or the issuing agency, depending on which one
is more relevant for your purposes. In APA style, list the author's name first. When no author is
named, cite the issuing agency as the author. In MLA style, list the name of the government first,
followed by a period, then the name of the agency issuing the report (e.g., "United States. Dept.
of Defense"). In APA style, list the government and the agency or agencies in descending order of
size, separated by commas (e.g., "U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration
for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance"). MLA style allows for abbreviating agency
names where the meaning will be clear to the reader; APA style does not, though it does allow for
"U.S." as an abbreviation when "United States" is being used as an adjective (e.g., U.S.
Department of Energy).

Many documents published by the federal government can be obtained from the Government
Printing Office. In MLA style, list the publisher as "Washington: GPO," followed by the year of
publication. In APA style, list the publisher as "Washington, DC: Government Printing Office."

If you retrieved the document online: In MLA style, include the name of the Web site, the medium
of publication (Web), and the retrieval date; in APA style, include the name of the publisher (if it is
not the same as the author) and the URL of the Web site where you retrieved the document.

MLA Examples

United States. Dept. of the Interior. Bureau of Indian Affairs. 2005 American Indian Population and Labor
Force Report. Washington: GPO, 2005. Print.

United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers:
Human Mobility and Development. 2009. Human Development Reports. Web. 9 Dec. 2009.

Kan, Shirley A. Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990. Congressional Research Service. Report No.
RL30957. 2010. OpenCRS. Web. 25 Aug. 2010.

Congressional Research Service. Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990. By Shirley A. Kan. Report
No. RL30957. 2010. OpenCRS. Web. 25 Aug. 2010.

APA Examples

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. (2005). 2005 American Indian population and
labor force report. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
United Nations Development Programme. (2009). Human development report 2009: Overcoming
barriers: Human mobility and development. Retrieved from
http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/

Kan, S. A. (2010). Taiwan: Major U.S. arms sales since 1990 (Report No. RL30957). Retrieved from
OpenCRS website: http://opencrs.com/document/RL30957/

Court case

In general, MLA style requires you to include publication information for the print or online source
where you found the text of a court decision; APA does not. In APA, include the citation number
for the case, which refers to the volume, name, and starting page of the court report in which the
case is published. For example, "370 U.S. 421" refers to an opinion published in volume 370 of the
United States Reports and beginning on page 421. In MLA style, indicate the inclusive page range
for the report, rather than the starting page alone. In some cases an opinion will be published in
multiple reports (e.g., a state and a regional report). When this is the case, APA style requires that
you list all citations; MLA style does not specify how many citations you should list.

Supreme Court decisions

MLA Example

Loving v. Virginia. 388 US 1-13. Supreme Court of the US. 1967. US Supreme Court Opinions. FindLaw,
n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2009.

APA Example

Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967).

Other court decisions

MLA Example

Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health. 440 Mass. 309-95. Supreme Judicial Court of MA. 2003. Famous
Trials. U Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2008.

APA Example

Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health, 440 Mass. 309, 798 N.E.2d 941 (2003).

Dissertation

Published dissertations
 If a dissertation has been published in print, cite it like a book, with some additions after the title.
In MLA style, indicate the type of document (e.g., "Diss." for a doctoral dissertation and "MA
thesis" or "MS thesis" for a master's thesis), the name of the degree-granting institution, and the
year in which the dissertation was submitted (which may be different from the year of
publication). In APA style, indicate "Doctoral dissertation" or "Master's thesis" and the name of the
degree-granting institution. If the dissertation is available through an online database, include the
name of the database in both APA and MLA styles. Additionally, in APA style include the accession
or order number, if it's available.

MLA Examples

Ivers, Gregg. Should God Bless America? American Jewish Groups in Supreme Court Religion Cases.
Diss. Emory U, 1989. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1989. Print.

Aravamudan, Neeraja K. Conflict, Continuity and Change: Indian-Americans Negotiate Ethnic Identity
and Gender through Decisions about Dating and Marriage. Diss. Northwestern U, 2003. ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses. Web. 3 March 2009.

APA Examples

Ivers, G. (1989). Should God bless America? American Jewish groups in Supreme Court religion
cases(Doctoral dissertation, Emory University). Ann Arbor, MI: UMI.

Aravamudan, N.K. (2003). Conflict, continuity and change: Indian-Americans negotiate ethnic identity
and gender through decisions about dating and marriage (Doctoral dissertation, Northwestern
University). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (AAT No. 3118507)

Unpublished dissertations

To cite an unpublished dissertation in MLA style, enclose the title in quotation marks (rather than
italicizing it) and write "Diss." followed by the name of the degree-granting institution. In APA
style, add the note "Unpublished doctoral dissertation" or "Unpublished master's thesis" in
parentheses after the italicized title and indicate the name as well as the location of the degree-
granting institution.

MLA Example

Donaldson, Morgaen. "Teach For America Teachers' Careers: Whether, When, and Why They Leave Low-
Income Schools and the Teaching Profession." Diss. Harvard Grad. Sch. of Edu., 2008. Print.

APA Example

Donaldson, M. (2008). Teach For America teachers' careers: Whether, when, and why they leave low-
income schools and the teaching profession (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Harvard Graduate
School of Education, Cambridge, MA.
 Letters and E-mail messages

In MLA style, include the author of the letter or message, the title (if applicable), an indication of
the recipient of the message (e.g., "Message to Sara Mills"), the date, and the format (e.g., "E-
mail" or "TS" for typescript). If the letter was written to you, indicate "Letter to the author" or
"Message to the author."

MLA Examples

McGowan, Maryellen C. "Millennium." Message to the author. 8 May 2010. E-mail.

Lam, Eva Z. Letter to the author. 26 July 2010. TS.

In APA style, do not include written personal correspondence in your reference list since it is not
retrievable. Instead, cite the author, the term "personal communication," and the date of the
correspondence within the text of your paper.

APA Example

"According to M. McGowan, Larsson's novels have sparked a surge of interest in Swedish culture
among American readers (personal communication, May 8, 2010)."

Conference, meeting, or symposium proceedings

When conference proceedings are published in a book, cite them as you would cite a book. In MLA
style, add relevant information about the conference (such as the dates and location) if it is not
specified in the title.

MLA Example

Pisan, Yusuf, ed. The Second Australasian Conference on Interactive Entertainment. 23-25 Nov. 2005, U
of Technology. Sydney: Creativity and Cognition Studios, 2005. Print.

APA Example

Pisan, Y. (Ed.). (2005). The second Australasian conference on interactive entertainment. Sydney,
Australia: Creativity & Cognition Studios Press.

Cite a specific presentation at a conference as if it were a chapter in a book. In APA style include
the DOI, if available.

MLA Example
Hoffstadt, Christian, and Michael Nagenborg. "The Concept of War in the World of Warcraft." Conference
Proceedings of the Philosophy of Computer Games 2008. 8-10 May 2008, U Potsdam. Ed. Stephan
Gunzel, Michael Liebe and Dieter Mersch. Potsdam: Potsdam UP, 2008. 126-41. Print.

What is a DOI?

Digital Object Identifier

APA Example

Hoffstadt, C., & Nagenborg, M. (2008). The concept of war in the World of Warcraft. In S. Gunzel, M.
Liebe, & D. Mersch (Eds.), Conference Proceedings of the Philosophy of Computer Games
2008 (pp. 126-141). Potsdam, Germany: Potsdam University Press.
 Non-Text Sources

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Radio & TV broadcasts Sound recordings Film & video Live performances
Musical scores & librettos Visual art Interviews Lectures, speeches, readings, &
addresses Maps, charts, figures, & illustrations Podcasts

Academics cite all of their sources, even those that are not texts. While APA style and MLA style
differ on the specifics of citing non-text sources, both citation styles expect you to provide
information about every source you use in a paper.

APA style does not require you to cite a source in your reference list if that source cannot be
accessed again. Live performances, personal conversations, and speeches all fall into this category
and should be cited only within the text of your paper. However, if you referred to a preserved
form of a non-text source (e.g., the script for a play, a publicly available transcript of a
conversation, or a recording of a speech) you should cite that source in your reference list. In MLA
style, you should include every source in your list of works cited, even if your readers will not be
able to retrieve it.

How to credit non-text sources

Many non-text sources reflect the contributions of more than one person. For instance, actors,
producers, directors, and screenwriters are all involved in making a movie, and it is difficult to
designate one person as the author or creator. APA style generally provides specific guidelines
about whom you should credit for most types of sources. Those guidelines are listed in the
examples below. MLA offers more flexibility: In many cases, you can choose to list the names of
performers, directors, narrators, and other contributors when that information is relevant to your
work. Additionally, you can choose to cite one person's name before the title of a work if your
paper focuses on that particular individual's contribution to the work. For example, in an MLA-style
paper about the works of director Quentin Tarantino, you can choose to begin your works cited
entry for the film Kill Bill: Vol. 1 with "Tarantino, Quentin, dir." in order to emphasize Tarantino's
role in making the film.

Radio or TV broadcast

In both MLA style and APA styles, if you access a radio or television broadcast online, you should
include information about your online source in the citation. Follow the standard format for the
citation and then add the following information: The title of the database or Web site, the medium
of publication ("Web"), and the date of access.
 In MLA style, list the following information in this order: The episode title; the program title; the
name of the network; the call letters and location of the local station; the date of broadcast; and
the broadcast medium (e.g., "Radio" or "Television"). Add the names of performers, directors,
narrators, writers, and other people involved in the production if they are relevant to your paper.
Names specific to the episode or segment should follow the title of the episode; names related to
the whole series or program should follow the program title. To cite a radio or TV program that
you accessed online, omit the original broadcast medium (e.g., "Radio" or "Television") and add
the title of the Web site or database where you found the program, the medium of publication
("Web"), and the retrieval date.

MLA Examples

"Mom and Pop Art." By Al Jean. The Simpsons. FOX. WFXT, Boston, 11 Apr. 1999. Television.

A Prairie Home Companion. Narr. Garrison Keillor. Natl. Public Radio. WGBH, Boston, 18 Oct. 2008.
Radio.

"Three Sheets to Denmark." Three Sheets. Narr. Zane Lamprey. MOJO HD. 22 May 2008. Hulu. Web. 11
July 2010.

In APA style, for a TV series list the producer and the date of the program before the series title.
For an episode in a TV series, list the writer and the director (if applicable) before the episode title.
For a radio show, list the producer, reporter, or host. If you found the episode online, list the Web
site where you retrieved it.

APA Examples

Jean, A. (Writer), & Moore, S.D. (Director). (1999, October 18). Mom and pop art [Television series
episode]. In M. Groening & J. L. Brooks (Executive producers), The Simpsons. Boston, MA: Fox
Broadcasting.

Keillor, G. (Narrator). (2008, October 18). A prairie home companion [Radio series episode]. Boston,
MA: National Public Radio.

Kelly, M., & Lamprey, Z. (Writers). (2008, May 22). Three sheets to Denmark [Television series
episode]. In M. Chan & M. Kelly (Executive producers), Three sheets. Retrieved from
http:www.hulu.com

Sound recording
 In MLA style, indicate the performer with the abbreviation "perf." By extension, if you wish instead
to emphasize a conductor or a composer, indicate those persons with "cond." or "comp."
respectively. If you accessed the sound recording online, include the title of the Web site, the
medium of publication (Web), and the date you accessed it.

MLA Examples

Bonnie "Prince" Billy. "The World's Greatest." By Robert Kelly. Ask Forgiveness. 2007. DragCity.com.
Drag City. Web. 28 Aug. 2010.

Carlos Kleiber, cond. Symphony No. 7 in A. Comp. Ludwig van Beethoven. Vienna Philharmonic Orch.
Deutsche Grammophon, 1976. CD.

In APA style, list primary contributor(s) as the author and indicate their role(s) (e.g., "Composer"
or "Producer") in parentheses. If you accessed the sound recording online, specify either the
medium or the type of source file, and include the URL.

APA Examples

Kelly, R. (2002). The world's greatest [Recorded by Bonnie "Prince" Billy]. On Ask Forgiveness [Audio
File]. Retrieved from http://www.dragctiy.com

van Beethoven, L. (Composer), & Kleiber, C. (Conductor). (1976). Symphony no. 7 in a.

On Symphonie no. 7 op. 92[CD]. Hamburg, Germany: Deutsche Grammophon.

Film or video

In MLA style, begin your entry with the title of the film or video. Name contributors (e.g., the
director, producer, screenwriter, or major performers) if they are relevant to your paper. If your
paper is concerned primarily with a particular individual's contribution to the film, list that person
before the title of the film. If you accessed the film online, include the Web site, the medium
consulted (Web), and the date you accessed the film.

MLA Examples

Kill Bill: Vol. 1. Dir. Quentin Tarantino. Perf. Uma Thurman. Miramax, 2003. Film.
Tarantino, Quentin, dir. Kill Bill: Vol. 1. Perf. Uma Thurman. Miramax, 2003. Film.

Starship Troopers. Dir. Paul Verhoeven. TriStar, 1997. Hulu. Web. 22 July 2010.

In APA style, always cite the producer and director first. Include the country of origin before the
name of the studio. If you accessed the film online, specify either the medium or the type of
source file and include the words "Retrieved from" followed by the URL.

APA Examples

Bender, L. (Producer), & Tarantino, Q. (Director). (2003). Kill Bill: Vol. 1 [Motion picture]. United States:
Miramax.

Davidson, J. (Producer), Marshall, A. (Producer), & Verhoeven, P. (Director). (1997). Starship

troopers [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.hulu.com

Live performance

In MLA style, begin your entry with the title of the play, opera, concert, etc. and include the
names of contributors (e.g., the director, producer, screenwriter, or major performers) who are
relevant to your paper. Indicate the location and date of the event as well as the fact that the
work is a performance.

MLA Example

Avenue Q. By Robert Lopez, Jeff Marx, and Jeff Whitty. Dir. Jason Moore. New World Stages, New York.
28 May 2010. Performance.

Since live performances (as opposed to recordings of live performances) are not retrievable, APA
style does not require you to include a citation of the performance in your reference list. However,
you should cite the performance in the body of your paper.

APA Example

"At the end of the first performance of Avenue Q after Coleman's death (dir. Jason Moore, May 28,
2010), the actor Danielle Thomas delivered a brief speech in Coleman's memory."

Musical score or libretto

 In MLA style, list the author, the title, the date of composition, the city of publication, the
publisher, the date of publication, and the medium of publication. If the score or libretto is found
online, give the title of the Web site, the publisher of the site, the medium (Web), the date it was
published, and your date of access.

MLA Examples

Barber, Samuel. Excursions, Op. 20. 1945. New York: G. Schirmer, 1945. Print.

Chopin, Frederic. Nocturne in D-flat Major. 1835. Columbia: Richard Johnson Editions,
2010. IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library. Web. 21 Apr. 2010.

APA Examples

Barber, S. (1945). Excursions, op. 20. [Music score]. New York, NY: G. Schirmer.

Chopin, F. (2010). Nocturne in d-flat major [Music score]. Retrieved from http://www.imslp.org (Original
work published 1835)

Visual art

In both MLA style and APA style, visual art is cited differently depending on whether you have
viewed it in person or used a reproduction available in print or online.

Visual art viewed in person

In MLA style, cite the medium of composition for the work (e.g., "Bronze sculpture" or "Charcoal
on paper") and the location and name of the gallery, museum, or collection where you viewed the
work.

MLA Example

DeGennaro, Grace. Serape. 2010. Oil on linen. Aucocisco Gallery, Portland.

In APA style, cite the medium of the work in brackets and the location of the gallery, museum, or
collection where you viewed the work.
 APA Example

DeGennaro, G. (2010). Serape [Painting]. Aucocisco Gallery, Portland, ME.

Visual art reproduced in a book or an article

In MLA style, cite the work of art, followed by the citation information for the book or article in
which the work is reproduced. In APA style, cite only the book or article.

MLA Example

DeGennaro, Grace. Serape. 2010. "Grace DeGennaro: Indigo." By Carl Little. Art New England 31.3
(2010): 53. Print.

APA Example

Little, C. (2010). Grace DeGennaro: Indigo. Art New England, 31(3), p. 53.

Visual art retrieved online

In MLA style, replace the information about the medium of composition (e.g., "Oil on linen") with
the title of the Web site, the medium of retrieval (Web), and the date of access.

MLA Example

DeGennaro, Grace. Serape. 2010. Grace DeGennaro. Web. 3 May 2010.

In APA style, include the words "Retrieved from" and the URL of the Web site where you found the
image.

APA Example

DeGennaro, G. (2010). Serape [Painting]. Retrieved from http://www.gracedegennaro.com

Interview
 How interviews and personal communications are cited depend on whether or not they are publicly
available.

Publicly available interviews

In both MLA style and APA style, state the name of the person interviewed as well as the
interviewer (if available). Include publication information for the volume or Web site where you
found the interview .

MLA Example

O'Connor, Flannery. Interview by Gerard Sherry. The Critic 21 (1963): 29-31. Rpt. in Conversations with
Flannery O'Connor. Ed. Rosemary Magee. Jackson, MS: UP of Mississippi, 1987. 97-102. Print.

APA Example

O'Connor, F. (1987). Interview by G. Sherry. In R. Magee (Ed.), Conversations with Flannery

O'Connor (pp. 97-102). Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. (Reprinted from The
Critic, 21, pp. 29-31, 1963)

Interviews you have conducted

In MLA style, personal communications, including interviews, are cited in the list of works cited as
well as in the text. Include the interviewee's name, the type of interview (e.g., "Personal
interview" or "Telephone interview"), and the date.

MLA Examples

Gram, Maggie. Personal interview. 10 June 2010.

Jimoh, Folasade. Telephone interview. 3 Feb. 2010.

In APA style, interviews conducted by the author are considered personal communications, which
are cited only in text and are omitted from the reference list. In text, use the interviewee's name,
the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the interview.

APA Example
 "F. Jimoh argues that the stereotypical characters in Glee face moral dilemmas that serve to make
them relatable" (personal communication, February 3, 2010).

Lecture, speech, reading, or address

In MLA style, begin your entry with the name of the speaker and include the title of the
presentation in quotation marks, the institution or group hosting the presentation, the location of
the presentation, and the date on which the presentation occurred, followed by the type of
presentation (e.g., "Reading," "Valedictory Address," or "Lecture").

MLA Example

Bernstein, Robin. "Gender as a 'Stylized Repetition of Acts.'" Harvard University, Cambridge. 24 Sept.
2009. Lecture.

In APA style, works that cannot be retrieved by your readers should not appear in the reference
list. Instead, cite the presentation in text, using the name of the speaker, a description of the
presentation (e.g., "speech" or "valedictory address"), and the date on which the presentation
occurred.

APA Example

"According to Robin Bernstein, Goffman's theory assumes the existence of an essential self
beneath gendered 'fronts,' while Butler argues that there is no subjectivity prior to gender
(lecture, September 24, 2009)."

Map, chart, figure, or illustration

In MLA style, list the title of the chart or figure in quotation marks if it is part of a larger work or in
italics if it is published by itself, followed by the type of figure (e.g. "Chart" or "Figure").

MLA Example

"Immigration Quotas Based on National Origin." Chart. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the
Making of America. By Mae Ngai. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2004. 28-29. Print.

APA style does not recommend a specific citation style for figures or illustrations; simply cite the
book or article in which you found the chart.
 APA Example

Ngai, M. (2004). Impossible subjects: Illegal aliens and the making of America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.

Podcast

In both MLA and APA styles, include the same information you would use to cite a radio broadcast.
In MLA style, replace the medium of broadcast (Radio) with "MP3 file" at the end of your citation.
In APA style, replace "Radio series episode" with "Audio podcast" in brackets after the title of the
episode and include the words "Retrieved from" followed by the URL of the Web site where you
found the podcast.

MLA Example

"Rest Stop." Narr. Ira Glass. This American Life. Chicago Public Radio, 4 September 2009. MP3 file.

APA Example

Glass, Ira. (Narrator). (2009, September 4). Rest stop. (No. 388) [Audio podcast]. This American life.
Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/388-rest-stop/id336157559?i=336158058