2001 4 2001, 4

70 Foreign Languages Research Serial 70

( , 510421)

: , ,
, ,
,
: ; ; ; ;
:H030 :A :1005 -7242(2001)04-0010 -07

1 . Lyons(1968) ,
1.
1 (formalism)
1938 , (real-
Morris (semiotics) ism) , ,
(syntactics , ) (semantics)
(pragmatics) ,
; , ,
; ,
Morris , 1971)
( ,
, ,
Leech(1983) , ,
20 60 ,
, , , 20 60
(ragbag) (
waste -paper basket), ,

1968) ,
Lyons(
, 70 ,
, ,
;
, , ,
1977 Journal of Pragmatics(
, Lyons ) ,
; 1986 (the
; International Pragmatics Association , IPrA)
,
1.
2
, ( , ,
) ; (linguistic pragmatics) Levinson
(1983) , :

10
 , , (adaptability),

, (
micropragmatics),
; , (salience of the adaptation pro-
cess)
, , ,
(macropragmatics), ,
, ,
, ,
(deixis) presupposition)(con-
versational implicature) (speech acts) ,
(conversational structure) ,
, ,
;
(Levinson , 1983 ; , 1988 , 1997 ; , , ,
1989 ;Green , 1989/1996 ;Blakemore , 1992 ;Mey , ,
1993 ;Thomas , 1995 ;Grundy , 1995 ;Yule , 1996)
, , (cognitive
pragmatics) (cross-cultural pragmat-
, ics)(interlanguage pragmatics)
, , (societal pragmatics)
1.
3
, ,
,
, 20 70 , Weiser (1974)Haber-
land &Mey (1977) , :
()
,
( Verschueren , 1995 :12), (Yule , 1996 :3);
,
Verschueren 1985 Kempson , 1975 :84)
(
, ()
(a perspec-
tive on language) Verschueren(1987) (Yule ,
: 1996 :3);
1999
(
Verschueren , 1999) , (Green , 1996 :2)
, ()
, (Yule ,
, 1996 :3);

variability)(negotiability)
( (Leech , 1983 :13);
11

(
Fasold , 1993 :119);
;

(Mey , 1993 :42) ;

() ;

;

(Levinson , 1983 :24); (hearer
meaning),
(
Thomas , 1995 :24);
;

(Yule , 1996 :3) ;

()
,
,
(
Verschueren , 1995 :13 -14)
1.
4 (discourse mean-
, ing), :
;

;
, ,
;
, ,
(conver-
sation analysis , CA)
,
, - , ,

2 .
;
so , well
(discourse markers) ,
;
manage , forget criticize , :
charge , even , just 2.
1
(focusing adverbs) -
() ;some , but ,
;then , there
; ; , ,
, ,
Peter is bald Peter , ,
Could you tell me when we get to Birmingham , please ? ,
,
(speaker mean- , ,
ing), 70 Bernstein(1971)
, 90
12
 3 .
, , (so- 3.
1
ciolinguistics of language)Fasold(1993) ,
, , ,
, , ,
(ethno-methodological tradi- ,
tion), ,
,
, ; ,
, ; ,
, ;
;
, ; ,
( grammatica -
2.
2 lization)
Russell
Wittgenstein Austin Grice
3.
2
, , ,
20 60 , ()
, ,
, Austin ,
Searle (1969) ; ,
,
, , ,
; (communication therapy)
Chomsky
,

Grice 1967
, ,
; 80 , Sperber &Wilson
, 3.
3
, ,
, ()
, , ,
,

, , ,
, ,
,
,
13
 ; ics)
, 2) (socio -cultural
, pragmatics)
, 3)(contrastive pragmatics)
4)(interlanguage pragmat-
, ics)
,
,
, :
, 2 Have you got a watch ?

, , ,
, ,
4 . , ,
4.1
(
, , ),
,

,
: ,
1a .You won
t get more money . ,
b .More money you wont get .
,
, , ,
, ,
,
, ?
, ? ,
, ,
, Have you eaten yet ? Where are you going ?
,
4.
2 , /


,

, ,

(Blum-Kulka , et al .
,
1989):
1) (speech act pragmat- , (inter-
14
language pragmatics), ,
:
, 3 creatures of habit ,
, , , , (93/
5/ 19 61 )
( ,
1988)

Kasper , 1989)
( 4.
4
: ,
1) ;
2) ; Sperber &Wilson (1986/ 1995)
3) (pragmatic :
transfer);
4) , ,
, :
, ,
Kasper &Blum -Kulka(1993) , mutual manifestness); ,
(
, ,
, ,
, ,
(contextual assumptions) ,
, (contextual implication),
(contextual effects),
4.
3 ,
(explicature) ,
Leech (1983)
(sociopragmatics), ,
,
:
, 4 Peter :Would you drive a Mercedes ?
, Mary :I wouldn
t drive any expensive car .
Mary Yes No Peter
,
; , ?
, , ,
, (Mer-
, , cedes is an expensive car) ,
, :
, 5 :A Mercedes is an expensive car .
:Mary wouldn
t drive any expensive
, car .
15
 [ 11] Kasper, G .Variation in interlanguage speech act realiza-

:Mary wouldn
t drive a Mercedes . tion [ J] .In S .Gass, et al (eds .
).Variation in Second
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Mary No ,
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,
mantics [ M] .
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,Mary [ 13] Leech, G .Principles of Pragmatics[ M] .London:Long-
, man, 1983 .
[ 14] Lyons , J.Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics [ M ] .
, Cambridge :Cambridge University Press, 1968.
, [ 15] Levinson , S .Pragmatics [ M] .Cambridge :Cambridge
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, [ 16] Mey , J.Pragmatics :An Introduction [ M] .Oxford:

Blackwell , 1993.
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[ 17] Morris , C.W .Foundations of the Theory of Signs [ A] .
,
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[ M] .
:
ing [ M] .Hillsdale , NJ :LEA Publishers, 1989/ 1996 . , 1988.
[ 6 ] Grundy , P .Doing Pragmatics [ M] .London :Edward [ 25] Weiser , A .Deliberate Ambiguity [ A] .In Papers from the
Arnold, 1995 Tenth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society
[ 7 ] .
[ M] .
: , [ C] .1974, 723 -731.
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[ 8 ] .
[ M] . : Press, 1996.
, 1997. :2001-01 -22
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[ M] .
: : (1937 -), ,
, 1989. :
[ 10] Haberland, H.and J.Mey .Editorial :Linguistics and (1973-), ,
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:

16