~ ~ ~ ~ ~

.
lj1

1
f
t
l

~

m

~ ~

n

~


:
~ n


~ ~ ~ ~ ~

.


~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U
~

~ ~

(P
ra gm a s
t ic B u tte r p le a s e

)
,


, , ,

, ,

19 3 8



C h a rle s o rr s

M i
,

,
Mo
r i
r s


197 7




(l
)
:

, ,

2 ) (s
; ( e m io is s )

Cho m s
k y


, ,

Sa u s u e
r
,

,

(
s
ig n ve h ie le s ) , (i n te r P re
-

,

C m s
y
k
o
h
,

at
t n )
,
;

( 3)
,

, ,

,

,

,


, ,

n
e
ge r
(1 9 7 2 ) (

O tt i a
,


,

)




,

a
B u tte r, p le a se Pa s s
.
,

( )
, ,

m e bu ter pl ea se ? 1 w a n t to

t
.
,

,

,

,

50 b u tt e r Ple a se
b ( Le e e h l
)7 4
)
.
, ,

(4

; )

,

,

; ( 5

)
,

,
Mo
r ri s


( 1 9 39
)

Bu
t te
r leas
e
.

P
,

,

r r is ( 19 4 6 )
Mo


,

, ,


,

19 8 0 3
 1 9 6 4 )
,

1954 B a r
H ille l
; (6
,

,



P e ir
c e
(i
, n
d ex
ie a l
ex p r e s s io n s
)
,

,


:

,

(1 ) k e o a ts o n w te r
.

(2 ) It 5 ra in in g
.

,

(3 ) 1 am h u n g ry
.

Mo
r r
s
i
:
M ille r (1 9 5 x )
, ,

S th (1 9 6 6 )
, ,

L ie b ( 19 7 6 )

:
(l r r
) Mo s
i

l9 3 8
; (2
) )
, ,
(l
Mo
r ir
(2)
,

( 3 ) B a r H jlle l (l )


,

Mo
r ir s a
(2 ) (3) (i d
n ex ie a l
,
, ,

en
s t e e
)

c
n
,

;


, ,

) Mo
r r

(3 s
j
I yo u th er e n o w st e rd a y t h is
, ,

, , , ,

; (4) M o
r s
i
r

a rn a
M o r r is

c p
,

M o
r s
i
r
,

, ,

a rn a P (1 9 6 1 )

C
Ba i l
H

r
e l


, , ,

, ,

M O
r ri p
.

Ca
r a
n
,

,

B
r
e e

t
u e
l
n s
a
,

a
n p

,

Ca
r

:
?
o
g u
M tn a e ( 1 9 72 )
,

B a
r -

, ,

H il
e l
(1 9 5 5 ) M

o rr s
i


:

,

,

,

1

:
.

(P
r oba
-
Pa C h m
o -

r r
et


o
b ilit y ra to r
) s
ky M
o r rjs
Cho m s
ky
,

,

(
re re n e e
se
) (P
a r e

lf e
f t
,



,

( ) 7 4

19 )
, , ,

C ho m k
s y

,

M n
t o g

a
e
u
o n ta g u e

M
,

Cho m k
s y

,
a
vn
D k ( 19 7 6 )
j

,
,

,


,

(1 9 7 7 )
_

C ho m s
ky


,

2,

, ,

, ,

, ,

,

,

,





19 7 7


, ,

C h o m sk y

:
:

,

T o
day w as a
d isa s t e r
.
a

,

,

,


,

,
C ho m k
s y
(P
O ss i ra a rs
) ( b le g m m )
,

)
,
(

)
,

, ,

o r r s,
M Ca r n a P B a r e
i H ill l
,

D
s
ik (1 9 7 8 ) C h o m k y

8 0 3
19
 s
y
k g o o
C ho m e
b a d litt le boy an
d hand m e th e
,


e
n w Pa
s Pe
r ?


,

,

,

,

3
.

2

, ,

G L
a kof (P a t t
.

re


,
re Pa r r et,
19 7 4 ) G im as
( 1974 )

, ,

,

,



:

o n t o lo g ie a l)

(
,

,

M tn ga u
o
e
,

(
r e fe re

t i
n l
a
,

a o
.

G L k f



t
s ru
t u
c r e
)
, ,

e im a
G r s
,

,

G L a ko f n
.

r
S ik e
n
,

M o
e r
k
,

(P a
-
r
c a
C w le

M y


e
r t 19 7 4 ) :,( 19 7 7 )
, , ,

k
s n n
i e
:
1957

,

C ho m s
y 6
k
,

, ,

( l e
Pa r
-

,
m o
) (
,
Sta ats ) , B r a in e

/
, ,

(
sp e ee a e ts
) M o e r k
,
h

M e C a w le y G o r
d o n
La ko f
.

G
(
e o n v er sa tio n a
(1 9 7 1 ) l
(p
ra g m a t ie s ) (a e ts )
P st
o l a
u t e
) (b
e v in r )
u
,

ha

M o er
it tg e n s t e in
,

k W
,


o
l d
u yo p le a se o pe n th e

W u S ki
n r

e
n
,

d ( w him p er a e
d I
e W it tg sn
-
o o r?
e i
t n
ve
i
t )
,

, ,

M C a w le
c

y Mo
e r
k

o
W

l d
u o
y u
, ,

 H a lli d y( P a re

a r t
,

19 7 4
)

,

,

,


er
MO k

( m ea
-

, ,

n p o te n t i a l)
i 9 T
,

,

, ,

H a
l l
id y
a
,

4 L a
m b a

L m b
M li
a n o s
w ky Fi r th H a
llid y
a
,

l l a


,
Ha y
, ,

19 2 3 M a lin o w s k y H a lli d a y H a sa n

, ,


,

( )

, ,
5
.

B le
r
( 19 3
4 )

.
K
( )

, ,

, ,

Ma
j
l o
l
l
,

k
s y M a
i
l o w
l
l
- ,

k
s y B h !er

,

L n ge
a
r
( 19 4 2 )
F i r t h ( 19 5 0 )
,

, , ,

a
M rti en t( Pa
r
-




,

e t
r 19 7 4
)
,


,

,

:
I
A :

;
:

(i ) ;
,

(i ) ;
,

: ;
B
:
C M a lin o w s k y ( 19 34 ) T
, ,

, ,

F
j rt
,
h
,

o gd e n
R ie h a r d

A (i )
,

Ha
l l
i d y
a ,

19 80 3
 , ,

, ,

,

D ik 1978

.


;
,

van
D ijk D ik H,
, , ,

be
l
r n
a Me
y

d
,

( );
,

v
n
a D ijk (
)



,

a
H b e
,

r la
n d
Me
y (1 9 7 7 ) Mo
r r
s
i


,

( )
,

,

(1 ) ( ) (

:

)
,

( )
,

(2 )
,

D i
k

:

, ,

(l
)
,

( );
(2 )
, , ,

(3 ( );

(3 )

,
( )

(4
)


,

, , ,

?
,



a
H b e r la n d M ey
,




19 5 0
,

,

:

,


1
.

 :

, ,

(l) J o hn ga ve t h is o ld bo o k to a g ir l i

t he lib r a r y
.

K e e

-
,
l

n an (2 ) Jo h n g av e t h is o ld bo o k to a g i
r l in
(19 7 1
)
t
e
h lib r a ry
.

(3 ) Jo h n ga
th i, ld b k t g
il
r
in
e
v
e
K
enan :
S t
e
h lib r a r y
.

s
,
S (4 ) Jo h n g a
e
v t h is o ld b o o k to a g ir l in

,
{
th e lib r a ry
.

s
S ~ S S

, , , ,

(5 ) T h is o ld b o o k Jo h n ga v e to a g ir l in
S
C,
s
,
th e lib rar y
.

S M y
ar r e se n te d n t r e s e n t)
(d id

, ,
(6 ) I
n t
e
h lib r a
r y Jo h n g a v e t h is o ld b o o k
t h t Fr
a
ed
a re e
.

le t
f
S F d lf
t
, ,

ro a g ir
i
.

(7 ) Jo h n ga v e it t o g ir l in th e lib r a r y
-
a

t h is o ld bo o k

(8 ) T h is o ld b o o k Jo h n ga ve it t o a g ir l
,

in th e lib r a r
y
.

, , ,

, ,

(



,

)
(l
) (4 ) (5)
,

(6 ) (7 )( 8
)
,

T es
d g o n t a n t (
.

u

,

i
D k

, ,

)
,


,
,

, ,

Pa r e
t ( 19 7 4 )


M e C a w le y

,

D
i k Mo
r ga n
(
,

( 19 7 5 ) M o rg a n

a
h

) C e
f

,

(e x p e r ie n t ia l)
, ,

:
(l
) (
G
.


La ko f : ) ; (2 )

,
:
ko
a
L

G
.


(l ) Jo hn run s fa s t e r th a n B ill ru ns
.

:
.

(2 ) Jo h n ru n s fa s te r th a n B ill d e
o s
.

(3 ) Jo h n run s fa s re r th a n B Ill
.

(4 ) Jo h n ru n s as fa st as a d eer

? (5 ) Jo h n ru n s
s
a fa s t as a d eer ru n s

2
.

? (6 ) Jo n
h
r s as fa st as a eer o es

n
u d d

k (1 9 7 8 )
D i (l 3 )
) (
,

,

19
5 0 3
 , ,

(4)


,

( 5 )(6 ) /
, ,

ro e n e n
G d jik S to k h o f (1 9 7 8 )
,

, ,

M o
r ga n

,

~

3
.

S e
a rl =
, e

s
e le

?
,

W ittg
en s
t in
e (1 9 5 3 )

S
e a
r e
l
,

,


,

s e a r le ( 19 6 9 )

, ,

:

, ,

:

,

i
( )

re s s w e
ll (1 9 7 3 )

C
,

T o
h m a
s o (1 9 7 3 )
n

;
,

o n ta ( 19 7 4 )
e
i
;

M


o u v e r e s se
B P a r e tt
( 1974 )
, ,

;
.

j
i
, ,

C a rn a p (1 9 5 6 ) ;

v
i
.

; ;
v

, .

av so n
D id (1 9 6 9 )
M o n tag u e ( 19 7 4 ) ;

van
j k ( 1 9 7 6 )
:
D i
ro e n e n
/ G d jik s to k h o f

I
w ill b e yo u r pl a t n in e o e
.

e
a k
at
/

,


, ,

, .

 Ba
t es

( 1 9 7 6 ) (
)

, ,

( )

, ,

(3 ) :
,

( 4 ) :

, ,

?
,

,



,

?


,


Mo r r is

( 19 35 )

B a
t e

s
,

, ,

M c C a w le y ( p a r e t t 19 7 4 )
,

p ia g e t (1 9 7 1 ) :

, , ,

,

,

;
,

,


5
.

Mo rr s
( 1 9 3 8 )

i

,

,

v
a n i
jk y ir
b a

] D l
, ,

( 19 7 6 ) ( th is tha
t )
, , ,

;
1
9 7
, ,

G ri c
e 6

,

,


G r ic
e
,

(l
)
:

; ( 2)
,

,

:
,

van
D jk
i ( 3
)
: ;

G e :
i
r
,



( )
,

( 1) :
( ) ( ) (4
;

)
:

, ,

,

( 2)
:

19 8 0 3
 ? D i
k
, ,
, ,

:
B a r H ille l( 1 9 7 0 ) D ik ( 1 9 7 8
,
) G
, ro e n e n
dj ik &
P

T P T
,
S to k
h o
(
f 1 9 7 8 ) D ik

D i
k :

,

(1) 2 0 0 ha n
a i

wa n a
,

,

( ) ( )

(2 ) ha a
h a
W hi g g
.
na ai

a
h s
a
n
a

( ) ( )
, ,

? (3 ) 2 0 0 a ha n
s hi
a ga n a
i

, ,

? (4 ) h a h a
a
w g
a
n
ha n a a ai

g ,


,

(3 )(4 )
,

,,

a

(
:

,

, ,

: .J.
...
, .
.Jl
( 1
3 )
:

,

)
l

,

, ,

: )
l ;

)
2
,

)
3

; ; 2)
,

R Q u i k o u K n o w led o
r : r
f E n g lis h
h
T
.
,
e

,
r or
P te d lg is t
s 19 67 N o 1
.

C
In
o
a
, ,