CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The utility electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 307.28

GW as of 31 October 2016. Renewable Power plants constituted 28.9% of total
installed capacity and Non-Renewable Power Plants constituted the remaining
71.1%. The gross electricity generated by utilities is 1,106 TWh (1,106,000
GWh) and 166 TWh by capacitive power plants during the 201415 fiscal. The
gross electricity generation includes auxiliary power consumption of power
generation plants. India became the world's third largest producer of electricity
in the year 2013 with 4.8% global share in electricity generation surpassing
Japan and Russia. During the year 2014-15, the per capita electricity generation
in India was 1,010 kWh with total electricity consumption (utilities and non
utilities) of 938.823 billion or 746 kWh per capita electricity consumption. The
total installed capacity cannot generate by grid connected wind system. In grid
connection only 10% of wind power is generated so we have suggested to non-
grid connection. Non-grid-connected wind power system does not reject power
grid integrations. For wind farm less than 50,000KW or local grids capable of
handling wind power integrations, it's recommended to integrate generated
wind power into grid as much as possible. Non-grid connection simplifies wind
system design, lowers overall cost (wind turbine 40~50% less expensive,
system failure rate is 45~55% reduced), improves efficiency, and thus makes
wind power much cheaper than coal power possible. Non-grid wind power
systems will provide more opportunities for the developing countries especially
the poor people who have no access to electricity.

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1.1 WIND ENERGY

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating
of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and
rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain,
bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when
"harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.

1.2 HOW WIND POWER IS GENERATED

The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which
the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines
convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical
power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water)
or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity to power
homes, businesses, schools, and the like.

1.3 OVERVIEW OF WORLD WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

Renewable energy is the driving element of world economic

development, and it is in the growing trend. At present, renewable energy as a
new energy supply system has successfully captured a large market share of
energy, with an increasingly strong market position. In all renewable energy
sources, wind energy reveals the fastest-growing, faster than any other industry
in the world, and the annual growth rate is up to 20% -30%. Even in the face of
financial crisis leading to many industries recessions, the wind energy industry
still keeps a good momentum of sustained growth. Wind energy is an emerging
industry, the initial development scale of which is small. In the past decade,
wind power industry has achieved a remarkable development. At present, the
global wind energy market is close to 60 billion U.S. dollars, which provides
power for more people. At the same time, wind energy industry creates

2
employment opportunities for people. It has created 440 thousand job positions
in the world. Hence, wind energy industry is very important to promote
economic development. So far, the world largest capacity of the single wind
turbine that has put into operation has reached 6 megawatts. It is believed that
the greater single capacity of the technology will appear with the in-depth
technological research and development. Now the 10megawatts single capacity
has been developed, and Europe is able to produce 15 megawatts wind power
units. In addition to coastal wind power projects, as well as offshore wind
power projects are also developed. For example, in Denmark, not only large-
scale offshore wind power projects, as well as a wide variety of small wind
turbine are also developed. From the global development view of wind energy,
it has been growing in China. In renewable energy field, China has also been
ahead. China has the world's largest solar photovoltaic industry, which is
accounted for 90% of the world capacity. The new energy is increasingly
concerned by the international community, especially the development of wind
energy. Many countries have held an important meeting to discuss the topic of
how to develop new energy sources, which is a very important topic for the
whole community. Kyoto Protocol will expire in 2012.
Therefore, it needs to make a new agreement. In 2009, International
Renewable Energy Agency (IREC) was set up in Germany, and the
organization's members are from 135 countries. IREC will organize some
international conferences, inviting government officials and business people
together to discuss the development and challenges of new energy. At the end
of 2009, a global climate conference will be held in Denmark, which is the
current development opportunity of wind energy. In the development of wind
energy, there must be some new ideas. For example, the theory of non-grid
wind power proposed by Professor Gu Weidong, from Jiangsu Academy of
Macroeconomic Research, China, is a new concept in the renewable energy
field. It is believed that its impact is far-reaching. It is found that just a small
population could access to electricity in some countries, hence, the non-grid-
connected technology could provide more development opportunity for the

3
remote areas.

1.4 DC-DC CONVERTER

There are three basic types of dc-dc converter circuits, termed as buck,
boost and buck-boost. In all of these circuits, a power device is used as a
switch. This device earlier used was a thyristor, which is turned on by a pulse
fed at its gate. In all these circuits, the thyristor is connected in series with load
to a dc supply, or a positive (forward) voltage is applied between anode and
cathode terminals. The thyristor turns off, when the current decreases below the
holding current, or a reverse (negative) voltage is applied between anode and
cathode terminals. So, a thyristor is to be force-commutated, for which
additional circuit is to be used, where another thyristor is often used. Later,
GTOs came into the market, which can also be turned off by a negative
current fed at its gate, unlike thyristors, requiring proper control circuit. The
turn-on and turn-off times of GTOs are lower than those of thyristors. So, the
frequency used in GTO-based choppers can be increased, thus reducing the
size of filters. Earlier, dc-dc converters were called choppers, where
thyristors or GTOs are used. It may be noted here that buck converter (dc-dc) is
called as step-down chopper, whereas boost converter (dc-dc) is a step-up
chopper. In the case of chopper, no buck-boost type was used. With the
advent of bipolar junction transistor (BJT), which is termed as self-commutated
device, it is used as a switch, instead of thyristor, in dc-dc converters. This
device (NPN transistor) is switched on by a positive current through the base
and emitter, and then switched off by withdrawing the above signal. The
collector is connected to a positive voltage. Now-a-days, MOSFETs are used as
a switching device in low voltage and high current applications. It may be
noted that, as the turn-on and turn-off time of MOSFETs are lower as
compared to other switching devices, the frequency used for the dc-dc
converters using it (MOSFET) is high, thus, reducing the size of filters as
stated earlier. These converters are now being used for applications, one of the

4
most important being Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS). Similarly, when
application requires high voltage, Insulated Gate Bi-polar Transistors (IGBT)
are preferred over BJTs, as the turn-on and turn-off times of IGBTs are lower
than those of power transistors (BJT), thus the frequency can be increased in
the converters using them. So, mostly self-commutated devices of transistor
family as described are being increasingly used in dc-dc converters.

1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW

Min-Gi Kim has proposed a converter which realizes unipolar primary

voltage switching and using the unipolar pulse-width modulation (PWM)
technique. Also, the proposed converter reduces the freewheeling conduction
loss, using the unipolar PWM technique and a resonant circuit, composed of a
clamp capacitor and resonant inductor in the primary, and thus achieves high
efficiency. However, because the proposed converter uses only a full-bridge
circuit, center-tapped transformer, and full-wave type rectifier, the structure of
the proposed converter is simple. A simple resonant circuit, composed of a
clamp capacitor and resonant inductor, is used for soft-switching of the
converter primary, with the unipolar PWM technique. The proposed converter
reduces freewheeling conduction loss, using the unipolar PWM technique, and
a simple resonant circuit. Thus, the proposed converter achieves high
efficiency. However, the proposed converter utilizes the unipolar PWM
technique, like the conventional full-bridge DC-DC converter. Because the
proposed converter is composed of a full-bridge circuit, center-tapped
transformer, and full-wave type rectifier, the structure of the proposed
converter is simple.

Gu Wei-dong et al proposed a novel mentality of developing the non-

grid-connected wind power, namely the large-scale wind power that is directly

5
applied, without connecting it to the electrical grid, to a series of terminal users
that are adaptable to the property of wind power. The direct application of the
Non-Grid-Connected Wind Power results in a revolutionary structural
simplification of the wind power generation system and a rise in the utilization
efficiency of wind energy, which leads to a great reduction in the cost of
developing wind power, thus to some extent alleviating the financial and
technical problems faced by the developing countries; the direct application of
Non-Grid-Connected Wind Power in the large-scale highly energy-
consuming industries like chlorine-alkali, colored metallurgy, non-mental
processing and etc avoids the need of direct modification and technical
breakthrough to the existing power grid, thus alleviating to a great extent the
technical hurdles of large-scale connecting wind power to the grid faced by
developing countries. For those countries and regions lacking fossil fuel energy
but relatively rich in wind energy, especially developing countries, the
application of the Theory of Non-Grid-Connected Wind Power provides a
novel mode to reference to in the diversified development of their wind power
industry.

A. Esmaili, B. Novakovic, A. Nasiri, and O. Abdel-Baqi have discussed

about A Hybrid System of Li-Ion Capacitors and Flow Battery for Dynamic
Wind Energy Support
Wind farm output power fluctuations create adverse effects on the
voltage, frequency, and transient stability of the utility grid. Short term wind
farm power variations with high ramp rates can cause voltage instabilities,
especially if the farm is located in weak grid areas. Integration of wind energy
with energy storage devices to support the short-term shortcomings of wind
energy is discussed in this paper.

Preben Maegaard et al have discussed about a Non-grid-connected

wind power in the renewable energy field. Non-grid-connected wind power
systems directly link wind energy into other various high energy consumption

6
industries, which have attracted lots of attentions and interests. Theoretical
researches and applications of large-scale non-grid-connected wind power, will
open up the new areas of world wind power diversified applications, and reveal
the start of large-scale wind power diversified applications for human. The
development of wind power has brought to human new opportunities and
challenges. We must to manage the wind power better, in order to achieve
better results. The application of non-grid-connected wind power is an
important route to promote the harmonious development of economic and
environment, and will surely be a future trend.

M. R. Aghaebrahimi, Member, IEEE, and V. Amani-Shandiz

proposed the concept wind energy penetration in power grids has increased in
comparison with other renewable energy sources. With development of wind
turbine manufacturing technologies, wind energy prices have become
comparable with those of conventional energy sources. The stochastic and
variable nature of wind speed causes the output power and terminal voltages of
wind farms to become fluctuating.

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 CHAPTER 2

Z SOURCE INVERTER

2.1 GRID

At present, connecting the wind power to the power grid is the sole
application of large-scale wind farms in the world. The utilization of wind
energy in the world is mainly implemented along the path of wind turbines
generators power grid terminal users (loads) as shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure: 2.1 Block Diagram Of Grid Connected Wind Power System

Here grid is the medium of wind power and the power source of the
terminal users, and the existence of the grid ensures the utilization of wind
power. However, since wind power has some impact to the power grid, there
exist technically insurmountable difficulties for connecting large-scale wind
power to the grid in the current stage. Meanwhile, grid-connected wind power
must satisfy the stable-frequency, stable-phase and stable-voltage
characteristics, hence increasing the cost and limiting the large-scale utilization
of wind power.

8
2.1.1 DISADVANTAGES OF GRID
Voltage variations
Voltage flicker
Harmonics causes the malfunctions of equipments.
It leads to tripping of protection devices
Damaging the sensitive equipments
Overall it degrades the power quality in the grid.

2.2 NON-GRID WIND POWER SYSTEM

. The integrated system of non-grid wind power with high energy

consuming industries, which in various integration, combines wind power
respectively with the seawater desalination, electrolytic aluminum, hydrogen
production and coal to gas industries, is an epoch-making innovation. GU and
his research group have been continually successful in their progress with this
integrated system. By combining the non-grid wind power high energy
consuming industries system, They can not only solve the wind surfing, off grid
and other issues associated with traditional wind power, but also fully convert
these traditionally high energy consuming industries to green energy.
Furthermore, this system can reduce the consumption of coal and the emission
of green house gases, and, by doing so; deliver huge economic and
environmental benefits.

Figure 3.2 shows a Non-grid-connected Wind Power system the

terminal loads of Large-scale wind power system is no longer traditional
unitary power grid, but direct application into a series of highly energy-
consuming industries that are adaptable to the features of wind power and
some other specific fields, it is mainly applicable to large-scale wind farms
which are 500MW -10000MW and above.

9
 Figure 2.2 Non-Grid Connected Wind Power System

Wind power grid integration is currently the only option for large scale
wind farms. However, due to wind power's high degree of intermittency, it's
very challenging for today's grid system to accommodate more than 10% of
wind power. This issue has significantly limited the wind power's potential
and economic impact.

Large scale non-grid-connected wind power R&D has opened up new

ways for diversified wind power generation and utilization, and thus help
solve power grid constraint challenge. The key differentiation of the new
approach is to develop adaptive wind power applications according to wind
farms' profile either with or without power grid integrations.

1. Non-grid-connected wind power system does not reject power grid

integrations. For wind farm less than 50,000KW or local grid capable of
handling wind power integrations, it's recommended to integrate generated
wind power into grids as much as possible. Doing so, not only wind
turbines BOM cost is 35-40% lower, so are wind system failure rates
40~50% lower.

2. Once wind farms are scaled up to above 500,000KW-10GW level,

existing power grids begin to have trouble to accommodate. Through technical
innovations, such wind power can be directly applied to special high energy
10
consumption loads that are indifference to wind powers intermittency. This
approach simplifies wind system design, lowers overall cost (wind turbine
40~50% less expensive, system failure rate is 45~55% reduced), improves
efficiency, and thus makes wind power much cheaper than coal power possible.

3. There are many suitable high-energy consumption applications that can

directly utilize non-grid-connected wind power: Nonferrous Metallurgy
Industry (electrolytic aluminum), NaOH/NaCl and PVC derivative Industry
and Sea water Desalination, Electrolysis Based H2 Production, Wind-Clean
Coal Industry etc. Building large scale non-grid-connected wind power
industry system is an important diversification for wind power development.
The establishment of non-grid-connected wind power industrial systems focus
on building and operating large-scale wind power farms in areas rich in wind
energy. It tightly integrates both the upstream wind industry players including
manufacturers of wind system equipments and components, wind system
installers, researchers and developers of control, electricity transformation and
distribution systems, and the downstream industries including nonferrous
metallurgy industry, electrolytic industry, salt chemical industry, large-scale
seawater desalination, hydrogen and oxygen generation, coal chemical
industry, wind/coal multi-energy system, large-flow and high-lift water
transportation system, integrated wind and biogas power, in addition to related
service industries such as wind farm operation and maintenance, project
financing and insurance etc. Renewable energy is the driving element of world
economic development. Wind energy industry is growing very rapidly, faster
than any other industry in the world. In 2008, the growth rate of world wind
energy industry is close to 30%, the contribution rate of which in the total
renewable energy is up to 45%. Non-grid wind power is a new concept in the
renewable energy field, which directly apply wind power into a series of high-
energy consumption industries without power grid. Non-grid wind power
systems indicate a great development opportunities not only in the developed
countries but also in the developing countries. Non-grid wind power systems

11
will provide more opportunities for the developing countries especially the
poor people who have no access to electricity. Since the non-grid-connected
wind power systems are no longer restricted by the grid-connected
requirement, the wind power generation system can make use of some low-cost
high-efficient equipment and they can also simplify or even remove part of the
high-cost structurally-complicated equipment.

When the wind speed exceeds rated wind speed, the energy captured by
them will be limited by the physical property of the rotor. Therefore, the rotor
power coefficient has to be adjusted in order to limit power output within the
operational range of the generator and retain a fixed output power from the
generator, hence ensuring the safety of the wind power generation system.
There are two ways to control the rotor power coefficient: one is to control the
reaction torque of the variable-speed generator and change the tip-speed ratio
of the rotor by changing the speed of the generator; the other is to modify the
aerodynamic torsion by changing setting angle of blade. Limited by the
technology and conditions available 20 years ago, people had to comprise to an
expedient to develop the latter to maturity, i.e. to change the blade setting
angle, but the resulting complexity of the turbine structure and control
technology as well we the increase in the fault rate has eventually led to the rise
of the cost of wind power.

Nowadays, with the development of technology, it is time to control the

wind turbines output power by controlling the rotational speed of the fixed-
pitch rotor. The most crucial part to it is to choose a generator which can
generate power and effectively control the rotational speed of the turbine at the
same time. The non-grid-connected wind power system uses a doubly salient
generator, which is a novel brushless DC generator, whose stator and rotor have
a doubly salient structure and a similar shape with those of the switched
reluctance motor (SRM), with an integrated armature winding and an excitation
winding on the stator while no winding on the rotor. When the electromagnetic

12
doubly salient motor (EMDSM) operates, it only needs a three-phase
commutation bridge, without a position sensor or an inverter, and it stabilizes
its output voltage by adjusting the excitation current. As a result, it has such
advantages as simple structure, low cost, high reliability and etc; especially in
the operation of high power and low speed, the small excitation power and the
high controllability of the motor make it easy to control the rotational speed of
the turbines. Meanwhile, the high efficiency of the motor makes it very suitable
for the features of DC output and directly driving of non-grid-connected wind
power. The control system of non-grid-connected fixed-pitch wind power
generation system is different from that of the grid-connected systems, as the
electricity from the generator is no longer transmitted to the grid but instead
directly supplied to the users, and therefore the users properties are integrated
into the entire control system. When the wind speed exceeds the rating of the
wind turbines, the control system changes the rotor power coefficient by
controlling electromagnetic torque of the generator rotational speed of the
generator rotational speed of the rotor tip-speed ratio of the rotor, and hence
adjusting and controlling the dynamic relationship of the rotor efficiency in the
operational and stall region, and therefore stabilizing the systems output
power. Although the deviation of frequency due to the adjustment of the
turbines rotational speed is restricted in the grid-connected wind power
system, it can still satisfy the requirement of the loads in the non-grid-
connected system. After adopting the specific control method designed for non-
grid-connected wind power System, the performance of fixed-pitch wind
turbines is able to reach and even exceed that of the variable-speed variable-
pitch wind turbines.

Non-grid-connected wind power system is characterized by its high

efficiency, high reliability and low cost, and it can be directly applied to a
series of highly Energy-consuming industries that are adaptable to the property
of wind power.

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 2.2.1 Advantages
The advantages for using non-grid system are given as follows.

It produces direct current (DC), which obviates the difficulty of

controlling the voltage difference, phase difference, and frequency
difference when connecting wind power to the grid, circumvents power
grid the bottleneck limiting the large-scale application of wind power,
and prevents the impact of wind power on the power grid systems.

It increases the utilization efficiency of wind energy, simplifies the

structure of wind power generators and a number of auxiliary equipment
needed to connect wind power to the power grid, and greatly reduces the
construction cost and size of the wind farms.

Wind power can be directly applied to a specific industry after some

simple.

2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NON-GRID WIND POWER SYSTEM

The wind mill is connected to a permanent magnet synchronous

generator. Here, the rotational energy is converted into an electrical energy.
The output coming from the PMSG is AC output. The AC output is given
to the rectifier circuit.
A rectifier converts fixed AC voltage into variable dc voltage. This
output voltage can be controlled by varying the firing angle or delay angle of
thyristor. The control rectifiers may be fed from single phase or three phases.
The SEPIC converter is used to boost the voltage level and used to
maintain the constant DC voltage
An inverter converts a fixed dc input voltage to fixed or variable ac output
voltage with variable frequency. The output voltage can be controlled by
varying the on time of the thyristor.

14
 Figure 2.3 Overall Block Diagram Of Wind Power System

The modified z source converter is used as the inverter to convert DC to

AC by using pulse through method. The gate pulses are providing by using
microcontroller circuits.
Then the output coming from the ZSI is given to the 3-phase loads.

2.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR ZSI

The Z-source concept can be applied to all DC-to-AC, AC-to- DC, AC-
to-AC and DC-to-DC power conversion. It consists of voltage source from the
DC supply, Impedance network, and three phase inverter and with AC motor
load. AC voltage is rectified to DC voltage by the three phase rectifier. In the
rectifier unit consist of six diodes, which are connected in bridge way. This
rectified output DC voltage fed to the Impedance source network which
consists of two equal inductors (L1, L2) and two equal capacitors (C1, C2).The
network inductors are connected in series arms and capacitors are connected in
diagonal arms .The impedance network is used to buck or boost the input
voltage depends upon the boosting factor .This network also act as a second
order filter .This network should require less inductance and smaller in size.
Similarly capacitors required less capacitance and smaller in size. This
impedance network, constant impedance output voltage is fed to the three phase
inverter main circuit. Depending upon the Gating signal, the inverter operates
and this output is fed to the 3-phase AC load or AC motor.
15
2.4.1. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND OPERATING PRINCIPLE

The Z-source inverter is analyzed using voltage source inverter. The

unique feature of the Z-source inverter is that the output ac voltage can be any
value between zero and infinity regardless of the input DC voltage. That is, the
Z-source inverter is a buckboost inverter that has a wide range of obtainable
voltage. The traditional V- and I-source inverters cannot provide such feature.
The main feature of the Z-source is implemented by providing gate pulses
including the shoot-through pulses. Here how to insert this shoot through state
becomes the key point of the control methods. It is obvious that during the
shoot-through state, the output terminals of the inverter are shorted and the
output voltage to the load is zero. The output voltage of the shoot through state
is zero, which is the same as the traditional zero states, therefore the duty ratio
of the active states has to be maintained to output a sinusoidal voltage, which
means shoot-through only replaces some or all of the traditional zero states. Let
us briefly examine the Z-source inverter structure. In Fig. 3, the three-phase Z-
source inverter bridge has nine permissible switching states (vectors) unlike the
traditional three-phase V-source inverter that has eight. The traditional three-
phase V-source inverter has six active vectors when the DC voltage is
impressed across the load and two zero vectors when the load terminals are
shorted through either the lower or upper three devices, respectively. However,
three-phase Z-source inverter bridge has one extra zero state (or vector) when
the load terminals are shorted through both the upper and lower devices of any
one phase leg (i.e., both devices are gated on), any two phase legs, or all three
phase legs. This shoot-through zero state (or vector) is forbidden in the
traditional V-source inverter, because it would cause a shoot-through. We call
this third zero state (vector) the shoot-through zero state (or vector), which can
be generated by seven different ways: shoot through via any one phase leg,
combinations of any two phase legs, and all three phase legs. The Z-source
network makes the shoot-through zero state possible. This shoot-through zero

16
state provides the unique buck-boost feature to the inverter. The Z-source
inverter can be operated in three modes which are explained in below.

There are two operating modes in the modified ZSI.

Shoot through mode
Non- Shoot through mode

2.4.1.1. Shoot through mode

The six active states and two conventional zero states of the traditional
VSI. In the non-shoot through mode, the switching pattern for the QZSI is
similar to that of a VSI. The inverter bridge, viewed from the DC side is
equivalent to a current source. , the input dc voltage is available as DC link
voltage input to the inverter, which makes the QZSI behave similar to a VSI

2.4.1.2. Non-shoot through method

The both switches in at least one phase conduct simultaneously. In the
shoot through mode, switches of the same phase in the inverter bridge are
switched on simultaneously for a very short duration. The source however does
not get short circuited when attempted to do so because of the presence LC
network, while boosting the output voltage. The DC link voltage during the
shoot through states, is boosted by a boost factor, whose value depends on the
shoot through duty ratio for a given modulation index. QZSI inherits all the
advantages of the ZSI. It can buck or boost a voltage with a given boost factor.
It is able to handle a shoot through state and therefore it is more reliable than
the traditional VSI. It is unnecessary to add a dead band into control schemes,
which reduces the output distortion. In addition, there are some unique merits
of the QZSI when compared to the ZSI. When the inverter is in the shoot-
through state for an interval T0 during a switching cycle T, the capacitors
discharge, the inductors charge, and the diode is the deadline under back
pressure. The output power is zero.

17
2.5 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION TECHNIQUE FOR ZSI
The number of control methods to control Z-source inverter that includes
the sinusoidal PWM techniques, three types of PWM control algorithms:
simple boost control (SBC),
maximum boost control (MBC),
Constant boost control (CBC).
The modulation index also called as amplitude modulation ratio (M) which
is the main control factor is defined as the ratio of amplitude of reference wave
to the amplitude of carrier wave.
Vref
M
Vcar

The linearity between the modulation index and the output voltage is achieved
by under modulation index (M < 1).

2.5.1 Simple Boost Control:

Actually, this control strategy inserts shoot through in all the PWM
traditional zero states during one switching period. This maintains the six active
states unchanged as in the traditional carrier based PWM. The implementation
of simple boost control method [7] is illustrated in Figure. 9. Two straight lines
are employed to realize the shoot through duty ratio (Do). The first one is equal
to the speak value of the three-phase sinusoidal reference voltages while the
other one is the negative of the first one. When the triangular carrier waveforms
is greater than the upper envelope, Vp, or lower than the bottom envelope, Vn,
the circuit turns into shoot-through state. Otherwise it operates just as
traditional carrier-based PWM.

Shoot-through pulses are inserted into the switching waveforms by

logical OR gate. To produce switching pulses, three phase reference wave
forms having peak value with modulation index (M) are compared with the
same high frequency triangular signal. Comparator compares these two signals
and produces pulses (when Vsin>Vtri, on and Vsin<Vtri, off). These pulses are

18
then sent to gates of the power IGBTs through isolation and gate drive circuit.
Figure 10 shows the pulse generation of the three phase leg switches (S1, S3
and S5-positive group/upper switches and S2, S4 and S6- negative group/lower
switches).This method is much uncomplicated; however, the resulting voltage
stress across the device is relatively high because some traditional zero states
are not utilized either partially or fully. This characteristic will restrict the
obtainable voltage gain because of the limitation of device voltage rating. For a
complete switching period, T is total switching period, T0is the zero state time
period and Do is the shoot-through duty ratio. In this paper, the control of ZSI
is done by this control technique (SBC)

Figure 2.4 Block diagram of simple boost control.

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 CHAPTER 3

SIMULATION RESULTS

3.1 SIMULINK
Simulink is a software package for modeling, simulating, and analyzing
dynamic systems. It supports linear and non-linear systems, modeled in
continuous time, sampled time, or a hybrid of the two. Simulink is easy to try
things out. It is easy build models from scratch, or take an existing model and
add it. Simulations are interactive, for parameters changes on the fly and
immediately see what happens. Access to MATLAB is easy to take the results
and analyze and visualize them. A goal of Simulink is to give a sense of the fun
of modeling and simulation, through an environment that encourages you to
pose a question, model it, and see what happens.

3.2 MATLAB
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing
environment and fourth-generation programming language. A proprietary
programming language developed by Math Works, MATLAB allows matrix
manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms,
creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other
languages, including C, C++, Java, Fortran and Python.

Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an

optional toolbox uses the symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic
computing abilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-
domain simulation and model-based design for dynamic and embedded
systems.
In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and
academia. MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering,
science, and economics.

20
 MATLAB is a fourth-generation programming language and numerical
analysis environment.

Uses for MATLAB include matrix calculations, developing and running

algorithms, creating user interfaces (UI) and data visualization. The multi-
paradigm numerical computing environment allows developers to interface
with programs developed in different languages, which makes it possible to
harness the unique strengths of each language for various purposes.
MATLAB is used by engineers and scientists in many fields such as image
and signal processing, communications, control systems for industry, smart
grid design, robotics as well as computational finance.
Cleve Moler, a professor of Computer Science at the University of New
Mexico, created MATLAB in the 1970s to help his students. MATLAB's
commercial potential was identified by visiting engineer Jack little in 1983.
Moler, little and Steve Bangart founded Math Works and rewrote MATLAB in
C under the auspices of their new company in 1984.

3.2.1 Key Features

The Key features of the MATLAB modeling is given as follows.

High-level language for scientific and engineering computing

Desktop environment tuned for iterative exploration, design, and
problem-solving
Graphics for visualizing data and tools for creating custom plots.
Apps for curve fitting, data classification, signal analysis, control system
tuning, and many other tasks
dd-on toolboxes for a wide range of engineering and scientific
applications.
Tools for building applications with custom user interfaces.
Interfaces to C/C++, Java, .NET, Python, SQL, Hadoop, Microsoft
Excel...
21
3.3 SIMULINK DIAGRAM FOR MODIFIED Z SOURCE INVERTER

Figure 3.1 Simulink Diagram for Modified Z Source Inverter

3.4 INPUT VOLTAGE WAVEFORM

Figure 3.2. Input voltage waveform

Figure 3.2 shows the input DC voltage waveform of the modified Z

22
source inverter. The input voltage level of the ZSI converter is 12 V.

3.4 GATE PULSE WAVEFORM

Figure 3.3 Gate pulse waveform for switches A and B

Figure 3.3 shows the gate pulse waveform for the switches A and B
which is used to trigger the switch connected with the ZSI inverter.

3.5 OUTPUT PHASE CURRENT WAVEFORM WITH ZSI

23
 Figure 3.4 Output phase current waveform with ZSI

Figure 3.4 shows the output phase current waveforms of I1 , I 2 and I 3

with ZSI. These current values are approximately settled with 0.125 A for
resistive loads.

3.6 OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND CURRENT WAVEFORM WITH ZSI

24
 Figure 3.5 Output voltage and current waveform with ZSI

Figure 3.5 shows the output voltage and current waveform of the circuit
with ZSI. From these results the phase to phase voltage is approximately equal
to 110 V.

3.7 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION CHART

25
 Figure 3.6 Total Harmonic Distortion

Figure 3.6 shows the Total Harmonic Distortion of the inverter circuit.
From the graphical results the percentage of THD is 0.92% for 20 harmonic
levels.

26
 CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

To support the theoretical and simulation results it is advisable to build

an experimental prototype. The block diagram of hardware circuit of modified
z source inverter is shown in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1 : Block diagram of Hardware

Schematic diagram

4.2 SIGNAL CONDITIONING CIRCUIT

Signal conditioning can include amplification, filtering, converting,

range matching, isolation and any other processes required to make sensor
output suitable for processing after conditioning.

4.2.1 Filtering:
Filtering is the most common signal conditioning function, as usually
not all the signal frequency spectrum contains valid data. The common example
are 60 Hz AC power lines, present in most environments, which will produce
noise if amplified.

4.2.2 Amplifying:
Signal amplification performs two important functions: increases the
resolution of the input signal, and increases its signal-to-noise ratio. For
example, the output of an electronic temperature sensor, which is probably in
the mill volts range is probably too low for an Analog-to-digital converter

27
(ADC) to process directly. In this case it is necessary to bring the voltage level
up to that required by the ADC.
Commonly used amplifiers on signal conditioning include Sample and
hold amplifiers, Peak Detectors, Log amplifiers, Antilog amplifiers,
Instrumentation amplifiers or programmable gain amplifiers.

4.2.3 Isolation:
Signal isolation must be used in order to pass the signal from the source
to the measurement device without a physical connection: it is often used to
isolate possible sources of signal perturbations. Also notable is that it is
important to isolate the potentially expensive equipment used to process the
signal after conditioning from the sensor.
Magnetic or optic isolation can be used. Magnetic isolation transforms
the signal from voltage to a magnetic field, allowing the signal to be
transmitted without a physical connection (for example, using a transformer).
Optic isolation takes an electronic signal and modulates it to a signal coded by
light transmission (optical encoding), which is then used for input for the next
stage of processing.

4.3 CURRENT SENSING

To obtain DC signal from an AC current transformer for input to a
microcontroller, we are using this current sensing circuit.
The circuit provides an accurate method for creating this DC signal.
The current is sensed from by using Current Transformer and it is
rectified at the first op-amp stage and amplifier at the second op-amp
stage.
The circuit diagram of current sensing unit is shown in

28
 Figure 4.4 : current sensing circuit

4.4 VOLTAGE SENSING

To obtain DC signal from an AC system for the input to a
microcontroller, we are using this Voltage sensing circuit.
The circuit provides an accurate method for creating this DC signal.
The voltage is sensed by using a Potential Transformer and the obtained
signal is rectified at the first op-amp stage and amplifier at the second
op-amp stage.
Circuit diagram of voltage sensing circuit is shown in Figure 4.5.

29
 Figure 4.5 : Voltage sensing circuit

4.5 CONTROLLER BLOCK

A step-down transformer (230/12)V is used to give input supply to the

power circuit. The 12V AC input is rectified into 12V pulsating DC with the
help of full bridge rectifier circuit. The ripples in the pulsating DC are
removed and pure DC is obtained by using a capacitor filter. The positive
terminal of the capacitor is connected to the input pin of the 7812 regulator for
voltage regulation.
The controller diagram is shown in the below Figure 4.6. This controller
diagram is used to control the activities of the inverter and avoids breakdown.

30
 Figure 4.6: Controller Diagram

An output voltage of 12V is obtained from the output pin and which is
fed as the supply to the pulse amplifier. An output voltage of 5V obtained from
the output pin of 7805 is fed as the supply to the microcontroller

The controller circuit explanation for the hardware controller diagram is

shown in the below Figure 4.7.

31
 U1
1 3
VIN VOUT

D1 7805
R1 JP1

1
W01G

+
330
2

1
2 3 C1 1 2
TX1 470uF C1 C1 D2 1
47uF 0.1uF
LN211WP

-
V1
4
230V

2
230/9V

Figure 4.7: Controller Circuit

From the same output pin of the 7805, a LED is connected in series with
the resistor to indicate that the power is ON. The controller circuit comprises of
PIC microcontroller 16F877A
Crystal oscillator10MHz
Voltage regulator 7805
Bridge rectifier

4.5.1 PIC Microcontroller

In this project the hardware is implemented using the PIC
Microcontroller PIC 16F877A. The advantages of the PIC- microcontroller is
that the instruction set of this controller are fewer than the usual
microcontroller. The PIC16F877A belongs to the mid-range family of the PIC
microcontroller devices.

32
 Figure 4.8 : Pin Diagram Of Pic Microcontroller

The program memory contains 1K words, which translates to 1024

instructions, since each 14-bit program memory word is the same width as each
device instruction. The data memory (RAM) contains 68 bytes. Data EEPROM
is 64 bytes. There are also 13 I/O pins that are user-configured on a pin-to-pin
basis.
Some pins are multiplexed are with other device functions. It consists
of totally 40 pins of which 33 pins are divided in to 5 ports such as
PORT A - 6 pins
PORT B - 8pins
PORT C - 8 pins
PORT D - 8pins
PORT E - 3pins
Remaining pins are multiplexed with alternate function for peripheral
features on the device .General purpose I/O pins can be considered the simplest
peripherals and they allow the PIC microcontroller to monitor and control the
other devices.
33
4.5.2 Crystal Oscillator
A miniature 10 MHz quartz crystal enclosed in a hermetically sealed
HC-49/S package used as the resonator in a crystal oscillator. A crystal
oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance
of vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electric signal with a
very precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time
(as in quartz wrist watches) to provide a stable clock signal for digital
integrated circuits and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and
receivers.

Figure 4.9 : Crystal Oscillator

The most common type of piezo-electric resonator used in the quartz

crystal oscillator circuit incorporating them become known as the crystal
oscillator, but other piezoelectric material including poly crystalline ceramics
are used in similar circuits .

4.5.3 Voltage Regulator

The voltage regulator 7805 is a family of self contained fixed linear

voltage regulator integrated circuit. The 78xx family is commonly used in
electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to the ease of use and
low cost .For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits
indicating the output voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while

34
the 7812 produces 12 volts).the 78xx line are positive voltage regulators they
produce a voltage that is positive relative to a common ground.

Figure 4.10 : Voltage Regulator

The hardware snap of power supply unit is shown in Figure 4.11.

Figure 4.11 : Hardware diagram of power supply

35
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

This project deals with the hardware implementation of modifed z-source

inverter (ZSI). The phase voltages and phase currents comparison results were
verified with the simulation results. From the comparative results, the modified
ZSI is given more effective results than the conventional ZSI inverter circuit.

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36
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