1.

0 ERRORS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Personal Error
This error can happen when the observer is adjusting the flow rate valve. Due
to the slow process of the increasing in the sight glass reading to the desired
value, the observer might turn the flow rate drastically without waiting for it to
rise naturally. This inconstant change of flow rate has affected the result
indirectly. To justify this act the observer can be replaced with someone who is
much more patient and has a strong integrity to jot down the value.

2. Method Error
This error occurs due to the non-suitable method of taking the sight reading
value correctly. To get a good and accurate result, the eyes must be parallel to
the measuring value. We can also get a good result by doing the reading
method multiple times and make used them for calculating the average value.

3. Instrument Error
This error is caused by the non-working apparatus while conducting the
experiment. The reading of the tank top pressure is not as what we want. The
reading is constant throughout all the experiments with a value of 0.00 psia.
This problem can be encountered by referring to the technician either the
experiment is done correctly which means, the apparatus is working well but
the meter shown is not working, or the experiment is not done correctly which
means, there are some valves that are not correctly open or close.

2.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSION

A. Calibration curve of flowrate and valve opening in flow resistance
Flow rate at 30% and 50% valve opening(open system)
40
35
30
Flow rate(L/min)

25
20
15
10
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level of water(mm)
Valve opening 30% Flow(L/min) Valve opening 50% Flow(L/min)
Graph 1 : Flow rate versus water level graph at 30% and 50% valve opening

Graph 1 above shows the flowrate of the water against the water level graph when the
valve opening are at 30% and 50% opening. At 30% opening, the flow rate of water
does not increase significantly with the water level. This is due to the flow resistance
inside the pipe is large. At 50% opening, the flow rate of water is increasing
significantly compared to the 30% opening. This is due to more water can flow inside
through the valve and the since the opening is bigger, the pressure exerted inside the
pipe is less hence enhancing more flow of water.

Flow rate vs Level of water

18
16
Flow rate (L/min)

14
12 Flow rate of the increasing
10 level, L/min
8 Flow rate of the
6 decreasing level, L/min
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level of water (mm)
B. Cal
ibration curves of Close Tank Differential Pressure Transmitter and
Flanged-mounted Transmitter

2
 Graph 2 : Flow rate versus Level of water for closed tank 30% valve opening

Differential pressure of water vs Level of water

450
Differential pressure transmitter

400
350
Differential pressure
300 transmitter Level
250 increasing
200 Differential pressure
150 transmitter Level
100 decreasing
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level ofwater (mm)

Graph 3 : Differential Pressure Transmitter versus Level of Water for closed tank 30%
valve opening

Flanged-mounted Pressure Transmitter vs Level Of Water

700
600
Flange-Mounted
Flangedmountedpressuretransmitter

500 differential pressure

transmitter Level
400 increasing
300 Flange-Mounted
differential pressure
200 transmitter Level
100 decreasing
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level of water (mm)

3
 Graph 4: Flanged-mounted Transmitter versus Level of Water for closed tank 30%
valve opening.

Three graphs above shows the flow of water, differential pressure and flanged-
mounted pressure transmitter against level of water when the tank is closed. In Graph
3, the differential pressure transmitter shows almost similar reading when the water
level decreasing and increasing. However, when it comes to the flanged-mounted
pressure transmitter, there are major difference between the pressure when the water
level decreasing and increasing. This is due to the calibration error inside the flanged
mounted pressure transmitter and also due to the high pressure inside the tank due to
the closed tank condition..

C. Calibration curves of Open Tank Differential Pressure Transmitter and

Flanged-mounted Transmitter at 30% valve opening and 0.0 psi

Flow rate vs Level Of Water

18
16
14
Flow rate(L/min)

12 Flow rate of the increasing

10 level, L/min
8 Flow rate of the
6 decreasing level, L/min
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level of water(mm)

Graph 5 : Flow rate versus level of water for open tank 30% valve opening

4
 Differential pressure transmitter vs level of water
600

Differential pressure transmitter

500
Differential pressure
400
transmitter Level
300 increasing
Differential pressure
200 transmitter Level
decreasing
100
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level of water (mm)

Graph 6 : Differential Pressure Transmitter versus Level of Water for open tank 30%
valve opening

Flanged-mounted Transmitter vs Level of water

600
Flanged-mounted Transmitter

500 Flange-Mounted
differential pressure
400 transmitter Level
300 increasing
Flange-Mounted
200 differential pressure
transmitter Level
100 decreasing
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level of water(mm)

Graph 7: Flanged-mounted Transmitter versus level of water for open tank 30% valve
opening

In this part of experiment, the valve is opened at 30% and the tank is in open
condition. In graph 5, there is a change in flow rate when the water level is increasing
and decreasing. This is due to the effect of the valve opening since the water is pump
into the tank first and causes the pressure at the valve increasing. Then, when the
water is to be released, it affects the flow rate of water to flow out from the tank.

5
As for the graph 6 and 7, there is not much difference when the water level increasing
and decreasing. This is due to the constant air pressure inside the tank can be
maintained as the tank is in open condition.

D. Calibration curves of Open Tank Differential Pressure Transmitter and

Flanged-mounted Transmitter at 50% valve opening and 1.0 psi

Flow rate vs level of water

40
35
Flow rate(L/min)

30
25 Flow rate of the increasing
level, L/min
20
Flow rate of the
15 decreasing level, L/min
10
5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level of water(mm)

Graph 8 : Flow rate versus Level of Water for open tank 50% valve opening

6
 Differential pressure transmitter vs Level of water
450

Differential Pressure Transmitter

400
350
Differential pressure
300 transmitter Level
250 increasing
200 Differential pressure
150 transmitter Level
100 decreasing
50
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level of water(mm)

Graph 9: Differential Pressure Transmitter versus Level of Water for Open Tank 50%
valve opening

Flanged-mounted Transmitter vs Level of water

600
Flanged-mounted Transmitter

500 Flange-Mounted
differential pressure
400 transmitter Level
300 increasing
Flange-Mounted
200 differential pressure
transmitter Level
100 decreasing
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Level of Water(mm)

Graph 10: Flanged-mounted Transmitter versus Level of Water for open tank 50%
valve opening

In this last part of experiment, the valve is opened at 50% and the tank is in open
condition. In graph 5, there is a slight change in flow rate when the water level is
increasing and decreasing. This is due to the effect of the valve opening since the
water is pump into the tank first and causes the pressure at the valve increasing.
However, the effect of the valve opening is reduced since the valve is opened at 50%
compared to 30%. Then, when the water is to be released, it affects the flow rate of
water to flow out from the tank.

As for the graph 6 and 7, there is not much difference when the water level increasing
and decreasing. This is due to the constant air pressure inside the tank can be
maintained as the tank is in open condition.

7
No. Tank Flow rate Flow rate Sight Differential pressure Flange-Mounted
Top of the of the glass transmitter differential pressure
pressure, increasing decreasing reading, transmitter
psi level, level, mm Level Level Level Level
L/min L/min increasing decreasing increasing decreasing
1 0.5 10.0 3.5 100 104 105 132 30
2 0.5 12.0 6.0 200 167 163 258 70
3 0.5 13.0 6.5 300 232 226 370 179
4 0.5 14.0 7.0 400 290 282 445 222
5 0.5 15.0 7.4 500 351 347 543 265
6 0.5 16.0 9.0 600 412 406 634 364
APPENDIX

Table 1: Data Tabulation of Determination of Flow Resistance

No Level of water(mm) Valve opening
30% Flow(L/min) 50% Flow(L/min)
1 100 10.0 21.0
2 200 11.0 23.0
3 300 12.0 25.0
4 400 13.0 28.0
5 500 14.0 32.0
6 600 16.0 35.0

Table 2 : Closed Tank (30% open)

No. Tank Flow rate Flow rate Sight Differential pressure Flange-Mounted
Top of the of the glass transmitter differential pressure
pressure, increasin decreasin reading, transmitter
psi g level, g level, mm Level Level Level Level
L/min L/min increasin decreasin increasin decreasin
g g g g
1 0.0 10.0 5.0 100 107 104 109 105
2 0.0 11.0 6.0 200 166 164 198 194
3 0.0 12.0 7.0 300 225 220 284 274
4 0.0 13.0 8.0 400 289 295 370 371
5 0.0 14.0 9.0 500 347 334 458 448
6 0.0 16.0 10.0 600 412 547 546 414

Table 3 : Opened Tank (30% open)

No. Tank Flow rate Flow rate Sight Differential pressure Flange-Mounted
Top of the of the glass transmitter differential pressure
pressure, increasing decreasing reading, transmitter
psi level, level, mm Level Level Level Level
L/min L/min increasing decreasing increasing decreasing
1 1.0 21.0 19.0 100 106 102 110 106
2 1.0 23.0 21.0 200 164 165 193 194

8
3 1.0 25.0 22.5 300 226 220 280 274
4 1.0 28.0 24.0 400 288 286 371 368
5 1.0 32.0 25.0 500 351 337 464 475
6 1.0 35.0 28.0 600 414 410 555 549

Table 4: Opened Tank (50% open)