Emission standard

Further information: Air quality law heavy-duty vehicles (e.g., trucks and buses), heavy-duty
engines and motorcycles.* [2]
Emission standards are the legal requirements govern-
ing air pollutants released into the atmosphere. Emis-
sion standards set quantitative limits on the permissible 3.2 United States of America
amount of specic air pollutants that may be released
from specic sources over specic timeframes. They are Main article: United States emission standards
generally designed to achieve air quality standards and to
protect human health. In the United States, emissions standards are managed
by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Under
federal law, the state of California is allowed to promul-
gate more stringent vehicle emissions standards (subject
1 Regulated sources to EPA approval), and other states may choose to fol-
low either the national or California standards. California
Many emissions standards focus on regulating pollutants had produced air quality standards prior to EPA, with se-
released by automobiles (motor cars) and other powered vere air quality problems in the Los Angeles metropolitan
vehicles. Others regulate emissions from industry, power area. LA is the country's second-largest city, and relies
plants, small equipment such as lawn mowers and diesel much more heavily on automobiles and has less favor-
generators, and other sources of air pollution. able meteorological conditions than the largest and third-
largest cities (New York and Chicago).
California's emissions standards are set by the California
2 Vehicle emission performance Air Resources Board, known locally by its acronym
standard CARB. By mid-2009, 16 other states had adopted
*
CARB rules; [3] given the size of the California mar-
ket plus these other states, many manufacturers choose to
An emission performance standard is a limit that sets build to the CARB standard when selling in all 50 states.
thresholds above which a dierent type of emission con- CARB's policies have also inuenced EU emissions stan-
trol technology might be needed. While emission perfor- dards.
mance standards have been used to dictate limits for con-
ventional pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and oxides California is attempting to regulate greenhouse gas emis-
of sulfur (NOx and SOx),* [1] this regulatory technique sions from automobiles, but faces a court challenge from
may be used to regulate greenhouse gasses, particularly the federal government. The states are also attempting
carbon dioxide (CO2 ). In the US, this is given in pounds to compel the federal EPA to regulate greenhouse gas
of carbon dioxide per megawatt-hour (lbs. CO2 /MWhr), emissions, which as of 2007 it has declined to do. On
and kilograms CO2 /MWhr elsewhere. May 19, 2009 news reports indicate that the Federal EPA
will largely adopt California's standards on greenhouse
gas emissions.

3 America California and several other western states have passed

bills requiring performance-based regulation of green-
house gases from electricity generation.
3.1 Canada
In an eort to decrease emissions from heavy-duty diesel
In Canada, the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, engines faster, the California Air Resources Board's Carl
1999 (CEPA 1999) transfers the legislative authority for Moyer Program funds upgrades that are in advance of
regulating emissions from on-road vehicles and engines regulations.
to Environment Canada from Transport Canada's Mo- The California ARB standard for light vehicle emissions
tor Vehicle Safety Act. The Regulations align emis- is a regulation of equipment rst, with verication of
sion standards with the U.S. federal standards and ap- emissions second. The property owner of the vehicle is
ply to light-duty vehicles (e.g., passenger cars), light-duty not permitted to modify, improve, or innovate solutions
trucks (e.g., vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles), in order to pass a true emissions only standard set for

1
2 5 ASIA

their vehicle. Therefore, California's attempt at regula- 5 Asia

tion of emissions is a regulation of equipment not of air
quality. This form of regulation prevents most grassroots
5.1 China
type creative individuals from participating in the math
science and engineering that could lead to breakthroughs
See also: Energy policy of China
in this area of research. They are wholly excluded from
modifying their property in any way that has not been ex-
tensively researched and approved by CARB. This could Due to rapidly expanding wealth and prosperity, the num-
be entirely prevented by regulating and testing emissions ber of coal power plants and cars on China's roads is
only. rapidly growing, creating an ongoing pollution problem.
China enacted its rst emissions controls on automobiles
The EPA has separate regulations for small engines, such
in 2000, equivalent to Euro I standards. China's State En-
as groundskeeping equipment. The states must also pro-
vironmental Protection Administration (SEPA) upgraded
mulgate miscellaneous emissions regulations in order to
emission controls again on July 1, 2004 to the Euro II
comply with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
standard.* [8] More stringent emission standard, National
Standard III, equivalent to Euro III standards, went into
eect on July 1, 2007.* [9] Plans are for Euro IV stan-
4 Europe dards to take eect in 2010. Beijing introduced the Euro
IV standard in advance on January 1, 2008, became the
rst city in mainland China to adopt this standard.* [10]
4.1 European Union

Main article: European emission standards 5.2 Hong Kong

The European Union has its own set of emissions stan- See also: Air pollution in Hong Kong
dards that all new vehicles must meet. Currently, stan-
dards are set for all road vehicles, trains, barges and 'non-
From Jan 1, 2006, all new passenger cars with spark-
road mobile machinery' (such as tractors). No standards ignition engines in Hong Kong must meet either Euro
apply to seagoing ships or airplanes. IV petrol standard, Japanese Heisei 17 standard or US
EU Regulation No 443/2009 sets an average CO2 emis- EPA Tier 2 Bin 5 standard. For new passenger cars with
sions target for new passenger cars of 130 grams per kilo- compression-ignition engines, they must meet US EPA
metre. The target is gradually being phased in between Tier 2 Bin 5 standard.
2012 and 2015. A target of 95 grams per kilometre will
apply from 2021.
5.3 India
For light commercial vehicle, an emissions target of 175
g/km applies from 2017, and 147 g/km from 2020,* [4] a Main article: Bharat Stage emission standards
reduction of 16%.
The EU introduced Euro 4 eective January 1, 2008, Bharat stage emission standards are emission standards
Euro 5 eective January 1, 2010 and Euro 6 eective instituted by the Government of India to regulate the
January 1, 2014. These dates had been postponed for two output of air pollutants from internal combustion engine
years to give oil reneries the opportunity to modernize equipment, including motor vehicles. The standards and
their plants. the timeline for implementation are set by the Central
Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environ-
ment & Forests.
4.2 UK The standards, based on European regulations were rst
introduced in 2000. Progressively stringent norms have
Several local authorities in the UK have introduced Euro been rolled out since then. All new vehicles manufac-
4 or Euro 5 emissions standards for taxis and licensed tured after the implementation of the norms have to be
private hire vehicles to operate in their area.* [5]* [6]* [7] compliant with the regulations. As of 2014, the coun-
try is under a combination of Euro 3 and Euro 4-based
norms. Euro 6 norms are planned to be introduced across
4.3 Germany the country by the April 1, 2020.

According to the German federal automotive oce

37.3% (15.4 million) cars in Germany (total car popu- 5.4 Japan
lation 41.3 million) conform to the Euro 4 standard from
Jan 2009. Background
5.5 Israel
Starting June 10, 1968, the Japanese Government passed
the (Japanese: Air Pollution Control Act) which reg-
ulated all sources of air pollutants. As a result of the
1968 law, dispute resolutions were passed under the 1970
(Japanese: Air Pollution Dispute Resolution Act). As
a result of the 1970 law, in 1973 the rst installment of
four sets of new emissions standards were introduced.
Interim standards were introduced on January 1, 1975
and again for 1976. The nal set of standards were in-
troduced for 1978.* [11] While the standards were in-
troduced they were not made immediately mandatory,
instead tax breaks were oered for cars which passed
them.* [12] The standards were based on those adopted
by the original US Clean Air Act of 1970, but the test cy-
cle included more slow city driving to correctly reect the
Japanese situation.* [13] The 1978 limits for mean emis-
sions during a Hot Start Testof CO, hydrocarbons,
and NOx were 2.1 grams per kilometre (3.38 g/mi) of
CO, .25 grams per kilometre (0.40 g/mi) of HC, and
.25 grams per kilometre (0.40 g/mi) of NOx respec-
tively.* [13] Maximum limits are 2.7 grams per kilome-
tre (4.35 g/mi) of CO, .39 grams per kilometre (0.63
g/mi) of HC, and .48 grams per kilometre (0.77 g/mi)
of NOx. The "10 - 15 Mode Hot Cycle" test, used to
determine individual fuel economy ratings and emissions
observed from the vehicle being tested, use a specic test-
ing regime.* [14]* [15]* [16]
In 1992, to cope with NOx pollution problems from
existing vehicle eets in highly populated metropoli-
tan areas, the Ministry of the Environment adopted
the (Japanese: Law Concerning Special Measures
to Reduce the Total Amount of Nitrogen Oxides
Emitted from Motor Vehicles in Specied Areas),
called in short The Motor Vehicle NOx Law. The regula-
tion designated a total of 196 communities in the Tokyo,
Saitama, Kanagawa, Osaka and Hyogo Prefectures as ar-
eas with signicant air pollution due to nitrogen oxides
emitted from motor vehicles. Under the Law, several
measures had to be taken to control NOx from in-use ve-
hicles, including enforcing emission standards for speci-
ed vehicle categories.
The regulation was amended in June 2001 to tighten the
existing NOx requirements and to add PM control provi-
sions. The amended rule is called the Law Concerning
Special Measures to Reduce the Total Amount of Nitro-
gen Oxides and Particulate Matter Emitted from Motor
Vehicles in Specied Areas, or in short the Automotive
NOx and PM Law.
Emission Standards
The NOx and PM Law introduces emission standards for
specied categories of in-use highway vehicles includ-
ing commercial goods (cargo) vehicles such as trucks and
vans, buses, and special purpose motor vehicles, irrespec-
tive of the fuel type. The regulation also applies to diesel
powered passenger cars (but not to gasoline cars).
3
In-use vehicles in the specied categories must meet
1997/98 emission standards for the respective new vehi-
cle type (in the case of heavy duty engines NOx = 4.5
g/kWh, PM = 0.25 g/kWh). In other words, the 1997/98
new vehicle standards are retroactively applied to older
vehicles already on the road. Vehicle owners have two
methods to comply:
1. Replace old vehicles with newer, cleaner models
2. Retrot old vehicles with approved NOx and PM
control devices
Vehicles have a grace period, between 8 and 12 years
from the initial registration, to comply. The grace period
depends on the vehicle type, as follows:
Light commercial vehicles (GVW 2500 kg): 8
years
Heavy commercial vehicles (GVW > 2500 kg): 9
years
Micro buses (11-29 seats): 10 years
Large buses ( 30 seats): 12 years
Special vehicles (based on a cargo truck or bus): 10
years
Diesel passenger cars: 9 years
Furthermore, the regulation allows fulllment of its re-
quirements to be postponed by an additional 0.5-2.5
years, depending on the age of the vehicle. This delay
was introduced in part to harmonize the NOx and PM
Law with the Tokyo diesel retrot program.
The NOx and PM Law is enforced in connection
with Japanese vehicle inspection program, where non-
complying vehicles cannot undergo the inspection in the
designated areas. This, in turn, may trigger an injunc-
tion on the vehicle operation under the Road Transport
Vehicle Law.
5.5 Israel
Since January 2012 vehicles which do not comply with
Euro 6 emission values are not allowed to be imported to
Israel.
6 Africa
6.1 South Africa
South Africas rst clean fuels programme was imple-
mented in 2006 with the banning of lead from petrol and
the reduction of sulphur levels in diesel from 3 000 parts
4 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

per million (ppm) to 500ppm, along with a niche grade
of 50ppm.
The Clean Fuels 2 standard, expected to begin in 2017,
includes the reduction of sulphur to 10ppm; the lowering
of benzene from 5 percent to 1 percent of volume; the
reduction of aromatics from 50 percent to 35 percent of
volume; and the specication of olens at 18 percent of
volume.
[7] European technology emission standards: how to check
your vehicle (PDF). Plymouth City Council. Retrieved
2013-12-13.
[8] China to adopt auto emission standard equal to Euro III
in 2008. Chinadaily.com.cn. 2004-07-07. Retrieved
2011-02-02.
[9] China Launches Tougher Auto Emission Standard.
English.cri.cn. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

[10] China: Beijing launches Euro 4 standards. Automo-

tiveworld.com. 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
7 See also
[11] Yamaguchi, Jack K. (1979), Lsch, Annamaria, ed.,The
Air pollution Year of Uncertainty?", World Cars 1979, Pelham, NY:
The Automobile Club of Italy/Herald Books: 6162,
C. Arden Pope ISBN 0-910714-11-8
Carbon dioxide equivalent [12] Yamaguchi, Jack K. (1977), The Year of the Third
Power, World Cars 1977, Pelham, NY: The Automobile
The Center for Clean Air Policy (in the US) Club of Italy/Herald Books: 54, ISBN 0-910714-09-6
Emission factor [13] Yamaguchi, Jack K. (1978), Lsch, Annamaria, ed.,
Successes- Excesses, World Cars 1978, Pelham, NY:
Emission test cycle
The Automobile Club of Italy/Herald Books: 61, ISBN
Emissions trading 0-910714-10-X

Environmental standard [14] http://www.walshcarlines.com/pdf/Global%20Vehicle%

20Emissions%20Standards%20Tables.pdf Japanese
European emission standards gasoline emission limits page 28

Flexible-fuel vehicle [15] Emission Test Cycles: Japanese 10-15 Mode

Fuel eciency [16] fuel$aver.govt.nz

Mobile Emission Reduction Credit (MERC)

Motor vehicle emissions 9 External links
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Dieselnet pages on vehicle emission standards.
Pollutants
EPA National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Labora-
Ultra-low-sulfur diesel
tory.
Vehicle emissions control
Emission Standards Reference Guide PDF (141
KB) for heavy duty and nonroad engines.
8 References Federal Income Tax Credits for Hybrids placed in
service.
[1] Archived November 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends:
[2] Vehicle and Engine Regulations. Environment Canada. 1975 Through 2008
Jul 17, 2013.

[3] How Stu Works: CARB EU

[4] International Council on Clean Transportation (January

2014). EU CO2 standards for passenger cars and light-
commercial vehicles. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
[5] Taxi emissions ruling set for January start. Woking
News & Mail. 18 October 2013. Retrieved 17 December
2013.
[6] Chichester District Council: European emission stan-
dard EURO 4. Chichester District Council. Retrieved
2013-12-13.
Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 13 December 1999, relating
to the availability of consumer information on fuel
economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the mar-
keting of new passenger cars PDF (140 KB).
Council Directive 80/1268/EEC Fuel consumption
of motor vehicles.
 5

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