D ) 5

2(
X
ee
.

2 5 12 .

V o
l 5 No 4
.

e
R e ig
n a
n d U te
sea
5 4 c h in F o r
r l 1 1 , a
e
r

( 1 0 871 )
,

:
,

, ,

H ar
i

s , , ,

; ;
:

1
.

, , , ,

, ,

;
,
: ,

,

s s
u )

( o
c se
n n
200
4 4 Gc
o r
g k
o (1 9 8 8
e
f )
:
8 9
,

,

, , ,

, ,

Chal s
r B
e alv
, ,

l b
A e rt s
e c
h e
h a
y
e an

l , pa r
o le la n g a e
g
, , ,
e

Ch
a le
r s l y
Ba


,

l b
A e t
r
e c
s h e
h a
y

,

2 S pa r
i
.
,


,

19 8 8


,

:
ai
s P : L
a u
n
g a
g e

a
S pi
r

,

]
,

, ,

(
n on in st in e t v e
i )
) ( o
n
-

(p
p
.

2 7 ; c
,

. :
( 1 94 9 )
, , , , ,
 2 5
0 4

ve n t io n a l sy s t e m p ) ;
.

3
,

,

(d m
a n C o n si ise
e
ds a
de r
a b le e x e re
f Se
-
f
l

c o n sc i ou S a t t e n tio n
,
p

11 )
;

, ,

( in it u : io
an st n a l o r e u
lu ra l en tit y
, ,

p
.

10 )

(
:
10 )

, ,

S p
a r
i
, ,

,

, ,

( )
,

3
.
,



,

( S a u ss u r e 1 9 5 9 / 19 7 4 :
67 70 )
,

6


:

,

:

,

, ,

,

6 f ( )
-


b
,

(o
e
k s
h s )
,

;
, ,

, ,

(
:
71

)


,

, ,
,

,

, ,

, ,

, ,

,

( )
,
,

so
r
u

s
i e
t ; O h c
r
s
, ,

bo f
u
,

;
73

:
( )
,

l8


h o m m e
hi
C en o
f lin is tie e
r a lit
y re m a in s in eo m p le t
e
.

(
,

, ,

, , , ,

:

, , ,

, ,

; ;
,

3
, ,

( 7
:
4 )
,

4 H a s
,

y Ha r
o i

s
R ) ( )


,

, , ,

, ,

, ,

;
,

) C d m in
n
r
o
o
(i g
(H 19 5 8 4 9
a 5 : 4
) m rn i g

(11 ) go d n
o
,



, ,

H as

, ,

go o
d m o
m in
g
,

S in lin is tie 1 15
b ira
t
th e la n
-
ee 5 a
r
a
,

,

d wo u ppea
r to b e m m in
-

a g e a s 50
a
f r
in
de f e
ld a an a
C o d
o
g
d a p ta b le s te m w h ie h a n i e d in
e an o z an
be y
, , ,
:

w lik 15
-

y
a o n e es an
d b ase
d so
l ly
e u pon a pr
i n
,

e ip e
l o
f r
a ti on a
lity s o e ia
h
.

Its l n a tu r e as su e
, , ,

15 in m p a t ib le w ith th is v ie w S o e ia l p s y
-
n o t eo
.
,

e
h o lo g
y do u
l ess
bi m u st o pe r
a te on m o
e
r th a n
, ,
, ,

a
e ly lo g ie a l b a sis ;
pu r a e eo u n t m u st
be ta ken o
f
,

ev e
th in g w h ie h m ig
h t a
e
f
e*
h
t e o p e o tio n o
f

( 5
0 )
:

o
s in Pr
a tie a t io n s e tw e e n o n e in
-
a n c
e
r l r
el a
b di H as
,

id a n
h
t e r t o
j
b
e e tio n
.
v u a
l d a n o
B u t h
t a
1 5 n o t h
t e
g o d
,

to e g a r d in g
r a
la n gu a ge a s a m e
e
r e o n v en t io n
,

CO O d m o
m in
g


w h ie h e an
be m o
d if
i e d to su it t
h e in te r e s t
s o
f : ,

ose
in l
o m h in g We
.
et
h
t ve
d e
e
r 15 so
ls e
.

v
h
T
e ,

m u s t e o n si
d e r w ha 15 b r
o g ht bo u t by t pas
-
t u a
h e

sa ge o
f tim e a s w e
ll a s w h a t 15 b r
o u
gh a
b t ou t by
, , ,

th e or
f e s o so e ia l in te a tio n W ith a k in g
t
.

ou t
c f
,

in to a ee o u n t h
t e eo n
i b u tio
r
t n
f
o t im e o u r sp
,

l9
 2 5
0 4

Co d m m in

o
g
,

go o
d H a r is g o d m o
n in g
r
,

Ha
r
- ,

is
r
o od
G m m in

o
g
,

o od m

G m
, ,
o -

ig
n
,

:
, ,

?


, ,

Ha s
(
,

h
:
o

m m e

) ;
,

c
h in
e
, ,

,

, ,

, ,

(s
a u s su re
9 5 9 / 9 7 4 :
:
78 )


,

,

, ,

H as ?


;
, ,

(
:
74
)
,

, ,

Ha i
r

, ,
s
,

,

,

,

,

;
,
, ,

, ,

(
:

,

68 )
,

,
H a r is
( 17 )
: ,

Go d la
ear
t e H ar
i

o
f re e s

m o
m n g
i
,

,


( )
,



, ,

< )
,


(H o
b sn
o ) (

0 1 : 10
3

20 )
,

2O


16

, , ,

, , ,

, , ,

, ,

, ,

, , ,

,

o
(J w 1 8 7 1/ 1 89 2
o e tt

)
:
332
, ,

7
4 h
e

ta
, ,

( 33
5

)
, ,
:

8
7
,

A g is P o le m E up
-

( )
a re
hu s o

( )


,
Ia t r o e le

le m

u s
( )
s

A e e s im b r

tu

( ) o s
( )
, , , ,

( 3 6)
:

, ,

( 3 6
3
26
4 )
,

,
-

( 18 5
,

254 )
,

/
,

( R b i 19 7 9

o n s :
19 )
,

9

,

.

5 14
, ,

(w il ia m o
f o e k ha m )
,

(
,

)
,

,
:

: ,

21
 2 5
0 4

( gn if
si
ica

o
i
t
n
)
,


, , ,

(
,

Pa
n i 2999

ae e o :
53 )

, ,

w


o ,

v
c he

a
,

(C o p le s to n 19 5 3 : 5 4 2 8
-

(3 )
, , ,

1977 1 12

on s
)
:

17

1 690
, ,

,

8
1

, ,

(id t i )

ea o n a th e o
l
,

( k 16 9 0 3 3 l ) 19

e : , , ,

(W D Wh
t n
i e
. .

y)
,

, ,

,
4

,

186
7

(3 2
, , ,

2 ;4 2 1 4
,

,
)
, ,

,
,


: ,

, ,

,

, ,

;
,
,

, ,

( )
,

(W h it 1 86 7 / 19 9 7

,
n ey :

, ,

14

)
(b y
a vo
l un ta im po
-

,

t
i
s o
i )
n (3 2
, , ,

( 32 )
:
1)
, ,

(3 4 1 1 )
,

, 6 , ,

;
, ,

( v
o ln
u a r
t y
,

ig
s n )
,

(3 2 2 ( 7
0
:
7 1)
, , , ,

22


2
)

( : 4
3 8)
, ,

1875

is p e
u t
3
,
,

4 a s
H

) W h it
e
(2 (
) l 62
X
: n n
B lo e
ld y

1875 19 18 14 )
:
) (
:

,
( 7
6


w l itn y
e
l

, ,

s
s u
u
a

e
r

S
,

,

5 H
, a s
t
e uc
a u n
e
;
,
c o
c lu
n s io n n es t
po ss
ib
l e
( )

a zT s
i

,
: 6 H
, ,

7 H a r
i
r :
(19
8 8 2 ) 7
5 4
, ,

( s a u s s u re 19 5 9 / 19 7 4 : ) 8

,
,

, ,

9 ,

8
: , ,

(
:
76 ) ,

,

,

,

s :
g H ( 58
)
, , ,

,

,

,

T
h i g n s e n a n a t
ha
v m e s
by

10
8 )
( 6
:

,


11 E
n o
.

M
,

o r
Ed gh
i l
n a
m e

e


n
n
h
t
o
19 4 1
in g 15 b y

40

n a t

n o b in
e
r
u
a

(M
:
n
u Ke
o ) s

,


)
5 eo n
e it o
n
: n
by n

(197 9 19 gu 1 v
,

:
i
s n c e n o n e s se n a
y

m
a u
t
l
a
r (
)
,

2
1 ign t
s c
a
i
o n
14 (
3
W
e s te r
N in th N e w C o l e g
i t D i ti
a e e o n

b )
,

:
g
n (b
e ig
s n f )
o
a

ko
f m in g
e
n
a
n ee
( )

1 ( ) r
e
, , ,

, ,

: c e
16 9 0 : 3 3 11 16 9 0

13 k
, ,

:

,

, ,

,
14
,

p
eo n e e t ,
id e a


,

;
,


23
 2
0 5 4

ide
a
n is t ie ht L Z
d,l l M d
.

R
-

,
o e on
d
n
n : o t, t
h u
T g
n
o i
t n ie
o d

, ,

le d g e

o n
c e
P t
c 4 J
]
o w e tt, Be j
l
r a
m in tr 18 7 1 / 1 8 9 2 h
T
e
D ia l te s f
o
. . .

M
.

ox o
f d o U n iv e r s ity p r
e
.

20 20
o
f
x-
:
c e
o n
c P t
,

r d
r ss

id e a tio n l 5 ]b 16 9 0 / 19 5 9
.

Co i I
ke An
a
m
t he x a n e e ,
J
s
v
E
o
a {
.

,
, ,

P ut l
c e a
i r
s l lie
s
( ta
d i [ M N w Yo r D p

o n m
n
e
k : o v e r

c ;, , a -

) ie I
a
ti
d
o n s n e
.

, ,

6 L yo n s
19 7 7
.

e zu
. .

C ar
-

J n n r i v r

! ) S
o
.

M l
.
,

15 C K 1 (19 2 3 )
.

A
.

br
i dg e Ca m br
i d g e U n iv e rs iry p r e s s
.

o g de n R ie l, a l s
d :
. .

7 M Ke o R ie h a r
.

d
.

19 4 1
.

e n
T lle B a s iC kS f

d e

] W
o r

,

[M R Il
.

6
1 ro zl
e N w Y e o r : a n
d m o o u se
.

8 Pa io C
.

19 9 9
.

Sem n
a , ie an
d Me n ta l La
1 3 n
a ee s n -

, , ,

(3 4 17 ) A I p
.

g e
V Sp d ( d )
e
7 C a n
, a
.
n
.
a e

e

, , ,

r
i o ekh a m
.

a ,: o n
i to Ca n l
b r id g e
dge o
C C
:
(1 9 8 7 332 34 1 ) ( 19 9 2 13 8 14 1
: :
)


,

C m br
idg U i
.

a e n ve
s ity p re s s

r


17 }Ia s T a y lo r
(19 9 7
:
12 6
138 ) 9 R o
b in s
R o b e rt H 1979 A Sh o t
r to o
f L: ,
. .
, ,

s M d
.

u
g s
i t
c
i
n o n : n ,a n
.

(1 9 9 2 89 1 13 )
:

18 ]a la n e
r F e in
.

19 5 9 / 1 9 7 4
.

: e e st u n e eo n v e n
10 a u ssu an e
Co : : s e
i, :
-

S d d r
,

a l LI g s tie
i
[M
.

(; l F
.

n e
t io n , et
la n a tu e du
r s
ig n e
do n t o n e st e o n v en u e st
r ll u s a s
g o w : o , lta , 1 0

}, it n e y
.

1867/ 1997
.

11 D a ,:
d , }e
{ )W W 2
.

n d
i
i
re tn
e , ,,

, ,

St f
o lo d }1
: e
M t le
n o n
g /
.
: 0 ,, {

19 T ho
e mm es
Pr s s

e
.

19 2 M
.

:
12
.

13 2 0 0 1 19 10 1 9 1 1
. .

( ) M
.

:
:

.

l )H 1988 Sa o e
r
-
a s
R s u a o
tt
n

. .

d
, ,

. .

19 8
1 14 J
.

i
[M Ro l dg o
.

s te , : n ut e
,

n
do :

2
.

20 0 1 e
r r e r
e te rs
[M (3)
.
-
u a ,
d h is I
n Ed
,

a
s
.

in b u r g ll : E d in b u r g h U rziv e r s ity Pr
e 15 ]
.

19 8 7
.

< >

ss

M
.
:
[ 3 Il r & f l T
ar
. . .

19 9 7
s
k
.

a
lt a o r
J m i
s

,:
i d
, , ,

24
 De
c 2 5
.

) 5
2(
X 12
V l 5 No 4
.
o
.

h in
e
R ign gU ge an d U U r
e
se
F Il a te r
a t
5 4

Pr a g m a t ie R e
s o n g
a :
o m Pr
i n e iP le s to M e n t a l M o d e ls
X u S he n g h
u
an

A b s tr a e t : B e g in in g w ith G r
iee eo it h a s
be en t e m m on p r a e tie e p ra tie stu
dy

n 5
h
t h eo
o
f r a
,


to ta k e h
t e
o
f m
r
o
f pr
i n e ip l e s in d eser
i b in g th e p r
o e ess an
d t
h e e
h r
a a e te r
i st
i es o fp r
a a t ie in e r
f e n ee

Howe v er
h
t e Pr
i n e iP e s
l su g g e s te d a
r e
h yp o th e t ie a l in v e n tio n s w ho se ex is t e n e e
ha ve
been qu e n tly
e
r
f
,

n ew
qu e s t io n e r e se n m p ts h by p u tt in g f w a dr
r m d pr
a t ie
.

p t st dy a tt e a ppr ae
d e l ba se a

d h
T
e
u a
o o a o

re a s o n in g
.

th e o r
y
o r
K e y w ds : Pr
i n e iPle ; m en alm
t o
d e l; P
x
o
r im it
y/ s im ila
i ty
r

D o You U d e r s ta n d Yo d e r sta n d ? ?
n u
n
u

i
L ao
Me
i z
he n

A b st
r a et : B on
lle e te
d in H u n
a g sh i d W u h a n in H u b e i pa per ex in
m
a
ase
d d a ta eo an
h
t e e s th e
,

n e t io n s Do
g Bu la
n a g e p h e n o m m in
n
a
t
o n n g? u n
u
f f Do (y
ou
ders d? ) a e n on e x
e
r
t
e
ly r
feq
U
en t
,

t
r llin g d is e o s
r d th e tr
i p la in t e n ey
f th e p h e
-
u n e te u a n au
h
t o r
ls o es to h e c au se o
ft
h e
r eq u o

o
f e a e x
f

h e lp p p le b e t te r u n st
de r a te l in g tin n ore
d s o e ia e u
ltu r
a l

a s to eo n
d f u
t
r
n e a e
ho l a n
d

o
,
n o n e n o n 50

Ph e n o m en o n in C h in a
.

o
w
r
K y
e ds :
do n g b u do n g ? (y
o u un
de
s
r ta n d ? ) ; d is e o u s
r e a n a
ly sis ; o
f t
r u n e te llin g

a ct s o n
r
P
a gm i
t e F
n
u i n
o f1 t
h i
n k in E gl is h I
n te r a c t
i o n s

H u
Jia n

A b st r a e t : h
T
e pr
e sen t pape r
o
f eu se s its a tt e n t io n on th e p ra a
te f
i u n e t io n s o
ft
h e
d is e o u r
s e

m ke r 1 T H IN K in b a
r l in te r tio n l ys is l e e te d d a ta in E CC L
.
ar v e
a e
t e r th e
Af an
a o
f th e eo
it 15 f
o u n
d

h
t at
1 T H IN K e an o ee u r in a n
IU in itil
a p o s itio n o r a s a par
a te IU an
u l
d f i
f l d if
e re t
n

se
Pr
a gm a tl c

n e t io n s r e s p e e t iv e m m ic r o p e r
s p e e tiv e m ig h t h e lp to r
e th in k o
b t th e
-

y
l
.

u
f S u e
h a st u
dy o
r
f
a a u
u
f n e

tio
o
w in w h ie ha
b le w ith e g ar
d h e ir
n s o sm a te e t ie
a
r et o n
h e ta e to t s yn ta
-
ft
h e
ll r
ds in i a
e d
r r eo n

S tf a l n tS
.

o r
Ke
y w ds :
h in k ; in to
1 t n a tio n u n it ; Pr
a

at e
i f
u n e tio n s ; in te a
r et o n s
i

O n Sa u
s su r e 5 A r b itr a r in e s s o f L a n ag e

J ia n g W
an
g qi

A b s tr a et : is p a p d is e u s s e s S a u s s u r v ie w s o n
h it
t a ri age t w it h
n
We r

er 5
h
t e a n ess o
f la
.

s ta
h
T e r
75
 ) 5
20
( 12
e e
D 20 5
.

5 4 h in Fo i 1 rlg age o
Is
e U a d t e m
n tu V o
l 5 4
.

N
.

la te P o f
r s so r
h
t e Xu G u oz
ha n g 5
id e a s an
d quo te ex te n s iv e ly m Sa u s s u re to s
ho w th a t t h e re 15

e o
r
f
so m et
h in g w n g in P ro f
e ss o r
Xu 5 in te r
e ta tio n h
T w d is e u s s in m d e ta il th e o d Pr
.

en e so e r
ofe s-

o
r

H as v ie w th a t r
b it a
r t io n u se
e m ean t
d if d p o in

an
so r 5 a
d eo n ve n a
l d by Sa u ss u
r e
re n
ly
i a n t

o u t th e p r b le m s in H a 5 a r g ll m e n ts In th e e n w e r e v ie w th e histo f d e b a te th o qu e s t io n

o s
.

d o s o n

o ft
h e re
la rio n b e tw e en w o
d
r an
d t h in g an
d e on e u l de th a t th e r
e 15 a n ev o
lu tio n o f w o r d in g m
o
r
f
,

t io b itr
r Pa rt f t tio n a lis t s

e on v en n a to o n th e o
h e o n ve n
.

l a
a e

Ke
y w o r
ds :
S a u s s u re : a
b itr
r a : e o n ve n tio n l
a

A S tu d y o f th e su j
b e e t i z a t io n o f C o m Ple x s e n te n c es

N iu B ao

A b s t r a e t C o g n itiv e lin g u is tie s h o ld s

:
th a t m ea n
i e d w ith
in g 15 id e n t if eo n ee Pt u a liz a t io n W ith in
.

h 15 th e o e tie a l m ew o r th e eu e e t iv iz a t io n
f th e m in g f
e
r
n t s tu
t r a
r
f k dy pr
o po ses th a t t h e su
j
b
o ea n o a
,

eo m pl ex se n te n e e 15 th e eo n ee p tu a li
z a
ti on o
ft
h e in re n
r a
lr
el a t io n b e tw e en tw o ev en ts in to a ee t
r a in

in d o
f lg ie a tio n w ith r th g 5 p e rs p e e t iv e m t io n itio

k o
lr
e l a
e f
e r en ee to e
l an u age u ser e o eo g n n
, , , ,

te
h
T tiv iz t io n f th e m in g m p le x in lin w ith m 10 9 1
e e su sen te n e e o p e te e to n
-

j
b
e e a o ea n o
fa eo ra s on o e

l in f 15 t ie ip a t io n r
ea
er tha t th e par f th e spe a
ke 9
h e e tiv e fa e to r s
j in t o t h e e o n st
u
r t io

e n ee o su e n o
f
, ,

m e a n in g f co m p le x 15 e
h r
a e te i s t ie
r re s
r ie t io
t m pen sa tio n d
ex
te n s io n
.

th e o a se n te n e e a o
f n eo an
,

y w o ds
r tiv iz a tio m
Ke : eo m p le x sen te n e e s ; su
j
b
ee n : o n o to n e
lo g ie a l in f
e r en ee

C o lo n s A s S Pa c e b u ild er s in N e w s T itle

Pe n g J i
a n u Ji Yi n g k u i

A b st a et : e on e e pt fm en a l sp a
t e t he 15 m e n ta l sp aee w ho e o n st
u
r t io n n s u p
-

r h
T
e e o
e
r o
c o se e
le a
on spae e
b u ild e r e x p r e s s io n s
h
T is p a p e an a
ly z in g t n ew in n e w tit le w h ie h
.

by e u ses o
f e o lo n s e
-
r
h
,

m er i n ds t
f in t
r a n i it t io n s e o lo n s e a n t io n a b u ild e r
s

ge d ree en t ly h t u
f n e s Pa e e

a e e s
u a s
,

K w o r
ds m en ta l s p a e ; sp a e e
b u ild e r e x pr ss on s i ; eo
lo n

y
e
: e
e

T h e S tu d y o f Ch
i + N S tr u c t u r e in th e

F ra m ew o r k o f O Ptim a lit y T h e o r y
an
W g Fu f
a n g Zh a n g Yu n
q iu

A b s tr a e t : W h e n stu
d y in g on e o
f t
h e
o to typ ie a l in s ta n tia tio n
pr s o
f ver
b p lu s o
j
b
e et st
u
r c tu r e

th a t
Ch i (l ) r e ty
i f t tie
(2 )
em a assi to
+ N w e fn d
i : a va o
h o le s
r e an
be ed h
t e v er
b e
hi ;
,

m o st th e m tie o
r le s a tt a e hi +
u
r s a re m ore o r t to p a t ie w h il
-
a e to e st e tu e ss s u
j
b
n ts
h d N e
r l ee e o
h
t
,

e s
r a
e
r n o t Based o n
h
t e a ttr
i b u te s o
f pr
o to typ ie a o le s
lr an
d th e m o
e la ti v e
d el o f r e n t a ilm e n t s in h ie r-
.

ar
c h ie a l e a te r
i es w e eo m e to f gu r
i e o u r h
t e
o to typ ie a l h ie r
pr acr hy o
f th e d if
e
r en t k in d s o
f p a rie n ts
,

d ie a te hi + B e s id e s ly s is f th e h ie
r a r-
su t to th e p r hi in u
r w m
j
b
ee e st e tu r e
.

e
e e
N a
ke a n a n a o
,

e
h ie a l sy s te m o
ft
h e
d if
e
r en t o u tPu t r a in ts
eo n st o
f e
hi + N st
u
r e tu
e in t
r h e
h
t e o
e tie a l f
r r a m ew o rk

76