Lecture 1

Introduction to Explicit Dynamics

16.0 Release

Introduction to ANSYS
Explicit STR
1 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Welcome!
Welcome to the Introduction to ANSYS Explicit STR introductory training course!
This training course is intended for all new or occasional ANSYS Explicit Dynamics users,
regardless of the CAD software used.
The contents of this course is limited to those features of ANSYS Explicit Dynamics covered
by an Explicit STR license.
The Introduction to ANSYS AUTODYN training course explains additional features
in ANSYS Explicit Dynamics covered by a full AUTODYN license.
Course Objectives:
Introduction to Explicit Dynamics Analyses.
General understanding of the Workbench and Explicit Dynamics (Mechanical) user
interface, as related to geometry import and meshing.
Detailed understanding of how to set up, solve and post-process Explicit Dynamic
analyses.
Training Courses are also available covering the use of other Workbench modules
(e.g. DesignModeler, Design Exploration, etc.).
2 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Explicit Training Course Offerings:
Two day Introduction to ANSYS Explicit STR
Four day (with STR being prerequisite) Introduction to ANSYS AUTODYN
Two day Introduction to DesignModeler and Meshing for Explicit Dynamics and
AUTODYN
One day advanced courses:
Material Modelling: Ductile & Explosive Materials
Material Modelling: Brittle/Geological & Composite Materials
User Subroutines
Course schedules and further details on:
http://www.ansys.com/Support/Training+Center
3 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Course Materials
The Training Manual you have is an exact copy of the slides.

Workshop descriptions and instructions are included in the Workshop

Supplement.

Copies of the workshop files are available on the ANSYS Customer Portal
(www.ansys.com).

Advanced training courses are available on specific topics and are available by
request only.

4 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 About ANSYS, Inc.
Developer of ANSYS family of products
Global Headquarters in Canonsburg, PA - USA (south of Pittsburgh)
Development and sales offices in U.S. and around the world
Publicly traded on NASDAQ stock exchange
under ANSS
For additional company information as well as
descriptions and schedules for other training
courses visit www.ansys.com

5 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Agenda: Day 1
8:30 9:30 Lecture 1 Introduction to Explicit Dynamics
9:30 10:30 Lecture 2 Introduction to Workbench
Workshop 1 Cylinder Impact
10:30 12:00 Lecture 3 Explicit Dynamics Basics
Workshop 2 Impact of pre-stressed Container
Workshop 3 Drop test of pre-stressed gas bottle
12:00 1:00 Lunch
1:00 2:30 Lecture 4 Result Processing
Workshop 4 Result Processing (Cylinder Impact)
Workshop 5 2D Axisymmetric Impact
2:30 5:00 Lecture 5 Material Models
Workshop 6 1D Shock Propagation
Workshop 7 Turbine Blade Break
6 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Agenda: Day 2
8:30 10:30 Lecture 7 Explicit Meshing
Workshop 8 Comparison of Meshing Options
Workshop 9 Can Crush
Workshop 10 Oblique Impact Simulation
10:30 2:30 Lecture 8 Body Interactions
Workshop 11 Drop test on Reinforced Concrete
Workshop 12 KEP Impact on Reinforced Concrete
Workshop 13 Circuit Board Drop Test
12:00 1:00 Lunch
2:30 4:00 Lecture 9 Analysis Settings
Workshop 14 Add Mass Scaling to Can Crush
Workshop 15 Bottle Drop Test
Workshop 16 Pre-stressed Beam
4:00 5.00 Lecture 10 Optimization Studies
Workshop 17 What If Study (Cylinder Impact)
7 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Implicit and Explicit refer to two types of time integration methods used to
perform dynamic simulations
Explicit time integration is more accurate and efficient for simulations involving
Shock wave propagation
Large deformations and strains
Non-linear material behaviour with material failure
Complex contact
Fragmentation
Non-linear buckling

Typical applications
Drop tests
Impact and Penetration

8 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Impact Response of Materials based on load level
Solution Impact Velocity (m/s) Strain Rate (/s) Effect

Implicit <10-5 Static / Creep

< 50 10-5 - 10-1 Elastic

50 -1000 10-1 - 101 Elastic-Plastic (material strength significant)

Primarily Plastic (pressure Level material

1000 - 3000 105 - 106
strength)

Hydrodynamic (pressure Level >> material

3000 - 12000 106 - 108
strength)

Explicit > 12000 > 108 Vaporization of colliding solids

9 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Typical Solid Response Behavior at Different VELOCITY

VELOCITY LOW HIGH

Deformation Global Local

Response Time ms - s s - ms

Strain <10% >50%

Strain Rate < 10 s -1 > 10000 s -1

Pressure < Yield Stress 10-100 x Yield Stress

10 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Electronics Applications
Quantify the interaction/load
transfer between components
Quantify the failure event during
impact

11 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Aerospace Applications
Bird strike:
Structural response
Failure and damage
footprint

12 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Applications in Nuclear Power safety
Quantify the damage extent and structural
survivability
Quantify energy absorption

Characterization/component level Performance Simulation

13 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015 (Performance = Safety)
 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Applications in Homeland Security
Energy absorption
Lightweight design
Survivability

14 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Consumer Products Applications
Impact behavior
Component interaction
Acceleration response

15 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Why Use Explicit Dynamics?
Sporting Goods Application
Energy absorption
Deformation and reaction force study

16 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Basic Formulation Implicit Time Integration
Governing equation in Dynamics
mx cx kx F (t )
m = mass matrix,
c = damping matrix
k = stiffness matrix
F(t) = load vector

At any t, this equation is a set "static" equilibrium equations with Inertia forces and
Damping forces.
Solution Method: The Newmark or HHT (Hilber-Hughes-Taylor) at discrete time points
The time increment between successive time points is called the integration time step

17 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Basic Formulation Implicit Time Integration
Properties/characteristics of Implicit Time Integration
For linear problems:
Implicit time integration is unconditionally stable for certain integration parameters.
Solution does not oscillate about the solution
The time step will vary only to satisfy accuracy requirements.
Time step (load increment) starts with a user defined/program selected initial value and will
reduced if necessary during solution process.
For nonlinear problems:
The solution is obtained using a series of linear approximations (Newton-Raphson method),
Iterations might be needed to achieve convergence in each time step each time step
The solution requires inversion of the nonlinear dynamic equivalent tangent stiffness matrix.
Small, iterative time steps may be required to achieve convergence and accuracy.
Convergence tools are provided, and needed to be adjusted
Convergence is not guaranteed

18 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Basic Formulation Explicit Dynamics
Properties/characteristics of Explicit Time Integration

For Linear/Nonlinear problems:

The equations become uncoupled and can be solved directly (explicitly).
No convergence checks are needed since the equations are uncoupled
No inversion of the stiffness matrix is required. All nonlinearities (including contact) are included in the
internal force vector
There is no iteration needed in each time integration No convergence difficulty will be seen
The convergence is guarantied unless problems such as element distortion or energy error exists in
the model

The solution could be unstable need a condition for stability

19 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Stable Time Step in Explicit
To ensure stability, time step size is limited by the CFL (Courant- h
Friedrichs-Levy) condition: t f
Time step must be limited so that a stress wave cannot travel further than the
smallest element characteristic length in the mesh, in a single time step.
c min
Explicit Implicit

Calculated by solver
Input by user / default option
Time step determination (Estimated based on CFL
of the solver
condition)
Large (based on convergence
Time step size Very small
behavior)

e.g.
for element with characteristic length h = 1 mm (element size) h
Material sound speed c= 5000 m/s (Material properties)
Safety Factor f=1
Stabile time step t= 0.18 -seconds (CFL condition)
555,556 time steps requires to solve this simulation for
0.1 second
20 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Stable Time Step
The element characteristic length, h, has a direct relationship with stable time step

h
t f
c min
Element Shape /
Characteristic Length
Geometry
Hexahedral /Pentahedral The volume of the element divided by the square of the longest diagonal and scaled by 2/3
Tetrahedral The minimum distance of any element node to its opposing element face
Quad Shell The square root of the shell area
Tri Shell The minimum distance of any element node to its opposing element edge
Beam The length of the element

Ref: R. Courant, K. Friedrichs and H. Lewy, "On the partial difference equations of mathematical physics", IBM Journal, March 1967,
pp. 215-234

21 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Basic Formulation Explicit Dynamics
In Explicit Solution, Central Difference Time Integration scheme (Leapfrog method).
After forces have been computed at the nodes (resulting from internal stress, contact, or
boundary conditions), the nodal accelerations are derived by dividing force by mass:
Fi
x i bi
m
where xi are the components of nodal acceleration (i=1,2,3), Fi are the forces acting on the nodes,
bi are the components of body acceleration and m is the mass of the node
With the accelerations at time n - determined, the velocities at time n + are found
from n 1 2 n 1 2
x xi t
n
i
x i
n

Finally the positions are updated to time n+1 by integrating the velocities

n 1 n 1 2
xi x t n 1 2
n
xi i

22 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Basic Formulation Explicit Dynamics
The basic equations solved by an Explicit Dynamic analysis express:
conservation of mass, momentum and energy in Lagrange coordinates.
Material constitutive model
Set of initial and boundary conditions
For Lagrange formulations, the mesh moves and distorts with the material it models, so conservation of mass is
automatically satisfied. The density at any time can be determined from the current volume of the zone and its
initial mass: V m 0 0

V V

The partial differential equations which express the conservation of momentum relate the acceleration to the
stress tensor ij:
xx xy xz
x bx
x y z
yx yy yz
y b y
x y z
zx zy zz
Conservation of energy is expressed via: z bz
x y z

2 2 2
e
1
xx xx yy yy zz zz xy xy yz yz zx zx

For each time step, these equations are solved for each element in the model, based on input values at the end of
the previous time step
Note: Only mass and momentum conservation is enforced. However, in well posed explicit simulations, mass, momentum and energy
should be conserved. Energy conservation is constantly monitored for feedback on the quality of the solution (as opposed to
convergent tolerances in implicit transient dynamics)
23 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Explicit Solution Cycle (Time Step)
Solution starts with a mesh having assigned material properties, loads, constraints and initial
conditions:
Integration in time, produces motion at the mesh nodes
Motion of the nodes produces deformation of the elements
Element deformation results in a change in volume and
density of the material in each element
Deformation rate is used to derive strain rates
(using various element formulations)
Constitutive laws derive resultant stresses from strain rates
Stresses are transformed back into nodal forces
(using various element formulations)
External nodal forces are computed from boundary conditions,
loads and contact
Total nodal forces are divided by nodal mass to produce nodal accelerations
Accelerations are integrated Explicitly in time to produce new nodal velocities
Nodal velocities are integrated Explicitly in time to produce new nodal positions
The solution process (Cycle) is repeated until the calculation end time is reached
24 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Stable Time Step and Mass Scaling
The maximum time step that can be used in explicit time integration is inversely proportional to the
sound speed which is proportional to material density
1 1 m
t
c C ii VC ii

where Cij is the material stiffness (i=1,2,3), is the material density, m is the material mass and V is
the element volume
Higher mass Larger time step less computational time
Mass Scaling: Artificially increasing the mass of an element to increase the maximum allowable stable
time step.

Automatic Mass Scaling: applied only to those elements which have a stability time step less than a
specified value. If a model contains relatively few small elements, this can be a useful mechanism
for reducing the number of time steps required to complete an Explicit simulation

Mass scaling changes the inertial properties of the portions of the mesh to which scaling is applied. Be
careful to ensuring that the model remains representative for the physical problem being solved
25 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Wave Propagation
Explicit Dynamics computes wave propagation in solids and liquids
Average Velocity

Velocity at Gauge 1

Rarefaction

Shock

Constant pressure applied to left surface for 1 ms

26 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015
 Elastic Waves
Different types of elastic waves can propagate in solids depending on how the motion of points in the
solid material is related to the direction of propagation of the waves [Meyers].
The primary elastic wave is the longitudinal wave. Under uniaxial stress conditions (i.e. an elastic wave
travelling down a long slender rod), the longitudinal wave speed is given by:
E
c0

For the three-dimensional case, additional components of stress lead to a more general expression for
the longitudinal elastic wave speed
K4 G
cP 3

The secondary elastic wave is the distortional or shear wave and its speed can be calculated as
G
cS

Other forms of elastic waves include surface (Rayleigh) waves, Interfacial waves and bending (or flexural)
waves in bars/plates [Meyers]
Ref: Meyers M A, (1994) Dynamic behaviour of Materials, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-58262-X

27 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Plastic Waves
Plastic (inelastic) deformation takes place in a ductile metal when the stress in the material exceeds the
elastic limit. Under dynamic loading conditions the resulting wave propagation can be decomposed
into elastic and plastic regions [Meyer]. Under uniaxial strain conditions, the elastic portion of the
wave travels at the primary longitudinal wave speed whilst the plastic wave front travels at a local
velocity
d
c plastic d

For an elastic perfectly plastic material, it can be shown [Zukas] that the plastic wave travels at a slower
velocity than the primary elastic wave, so an elastic precursor of low amplitude often precedes the
stronger plastic wave
K
c plastic

Meyers M A, (1994) Dynamic behaviour of Materials, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-58262-X
Zukas J A, (1990) High velocity impact dynamics, John Whiley, ISBN 0-471-51444-6

28 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Shock Waves
A shock wave is a discontinuity in material state (density (), energy (e), stress (), particle velocity (u) )
which propagates through a medium at a velocity equal to the shock velocity (Us)

1 0
e1 Us e0
1 0
u1 u0
Relationships between the material state across a shock discontinuity can be derived using the principals
of conservation of mass, momentum and energy The resulting Hugoniot equations are given by:

29 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015

 Shock and Rarefaction Waves

Rarefaction

Shock

Elastic precursor

Shock (compression) and rarefaction

(expansion) waves generated by a
pressure discontinuity

30 2015 ANSYS, Inc. April 15, 2015