Physics Today

( Wojciech H. Zurek. Physics Today2014(10)44

http://ptonline.aip.org)

02

3



3


| |
2
03

4

4

4a)4b)

1



2
5



4 5

2
s 0

t

st = Ut s0



Ut
4a) 5 4b)
H

U t = e-iHt/





0
S
1 (a)

(b)(c) k, l k, l s k l
S A
s k l

690 43 (2014 ) 10














S
2 (a) S

(b) i (c)
( + ) | 0
HS
|
F j
.
+ = S

S
S
= 0

F A
S
(
S \F)


( 2)
4b)

S
(envariance)
S A
S
S
5 ()
1(c)
S
A
S

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